www.ijep.

orgInternationalJournalofEnergyandPower(IJEP)Volume2Issue2,May2013

ImpactofIntegratingTidalPowerGeneration ontheReliabilityofBangladeshPower System

ShohanaRahmanDeeba1,NahidAlMasood2
DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,BangladeshUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology Dhaka1000,Bangladesh
1

shohanadeeba@yahoo.com;2nam_039@yahoo.com,nahid@eee.buet.ac.bd Although tidal power has the disadvantage intermittent production, its advantages are clearly predominant: no potential risk, no pollution to human environment, free and endless fuel, 2 or 3 times longer life than that of other types of power stations. Moreover tidal power based electrical plant can be integrated into the grid too. Therefore it is one ofthemostidealenergysourcesintheworld. Many researches have showed that ocean energy has thepotentialofprovidingasubstantialamountofnew renewable energy around the world. A multiarrayed tidal current energy farm and the integration method of the power transportation is presented in (Chul Hee Jo, 2012) where the application of tidal current power (TCP) on the west and south coastal region in Korea with the maximum current speed of up to 6.5m/s is analyzed. In (Chul Hee Jo, 2012), the interaction effect and the power connection methods for each turbine unit and the integration method for 200MW tidal current farm are conceptually introduced with the offshore power integration platform. Design and stability analyses of floating tidal current power generation test platform is described in (Shujie, W., 2010) where a floating tidal current power generation test platform to study flexible blades turbine, a novel ocean tidal current energy convert equipment, is proposed. Both dynamic simulations and steadystate performanceofatidalpowergenerationsystem(TPGS) containing a permanentmagnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven by a tidal turbine through a gearbox are presented in (Wang, L., 2011). Hybrid power generation system using offshorewind turbine and tidal turbine for power fluctuation compensation isproposedin(Rahman,M.L.,2010).

Abstract This paper presents the impact of integration of tidal power generation on the reliability of Bangladesh Power System (BPS). Energy crisis is considered as one of the major issues all over the world in recent times. In this critical stage renewable energy (RE) is regarded as the most important alternative energy source. With the crisis of global energy sources and severe environment pollution, distributed generation (DG) based RE has become a development trend for electric power industry. Power generation from RE sources like photo voltaic (PV), wind, tidal, biomass and geothermal has been gaining momentum in many countries. Bangladesh with a long coastal area of 710 km with about 2 8 m tidal height has some large tidal sites and many channels of low tidal range in a large number of deltaic islands, where barrages and sluice gates already exist. Tides in these sites can generate about 440 MW of electricity. Integration of this tidal generation into BPS improves the reliability of the system. To observe the impact, reliability index, loss of load probability (LOLP) of BPS is evaluated with and without tidal generation for the period of last five years. Keywords Loadmodel;Reliability;RenewableEnergy;TidalPower

Introduction It has been realized for long time that tide contains a huge amount of energy. The rise and fall of the tide result in a dissipation of energy roughly equivalent to 3109kW ofwhich one thirdsare producedinshallow sea(Salman,S.K.,2008,Bryans,A.G.,2005).Asearlyas the 12th century, tidal mills had come into existence on the west European coast. Because of the development of powerful turbines and the improvementofharnessingtechnology,France,China, Canada and Russia etc. are the countries where this power has been successfully started to exploit.

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Due to integration of RE sources, the reliability assessment of the power system has become more challenging. It is mainly due to intermittent characteristics of REsources. It is wellknown that the primary objective of a power system is to provide electrical energy to its customers as economically as possible with an acceptable margin of quality. Reliabilityofpowersystemisoneofthemajorfeatures of power quality. The two constraints of economics and reliability, competitive because the increase in reliability of supply generally requires increased capital investment are balanced in many different waysinvariouscountriesandbydifferentutilities(Do, M.T., 2011, Du, Xun, 2011). The appropriate incorporationandrepresentationoftheimplicationsof uncertainty are widely accepted and utilized as fundamental components in the analyses of complex systems (Guest Editorial, 2004). There are two fundamentally differentforms ofuncertainty in power system reliability analysis (Hoffman, F., 1994). Two uncertainties, aleatory and epistemic are considered in power system reliability evaluation in (Billinton, R, 2008) where aleatory uncertainty arises because the system can potentially behavein manydifferent ways. The method of incorporation of the failures due to aging in power system reliability evaluation is presented in (Li, W., 2002) which documents the developed calculation approach with two possible probability distribution models for the unavailability of aging failures and implementation in reliability evaluation. Another important topic contributive to power system reliability analysis is weather. Adverse weather such as hurricanes can have significant effect onpowersystemreliability(Davidson,R.A.,2003,Liu, H., 2005). In present time power system engineers face the challenge of weather effect. That is why the challenges of incorporation of weather effects into power system reliability evaluation are to assess how adverse weather affects the reliability parameters of system components. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) built by using fuzzy clustering method is analyzed in combination with the regional weather model to solve the preceding problem (Liu, Y., 2007). State enumeration approach, a new computationally efficient methodology, to calculate the reliability indices of a bulk power system is described in (Jonnavithula,S.,1997).

The reliability index LOLP is defined as the probability that the available generation capacity of a system will be insufficient to meet the demand. There are several techniques to evaluate LOLP of a system, namely i) state enumeration technique, ii) recursive method, iii) cumulant method, iv) capacity outage table building algorithm, iv) segmentation method etc among which, segmentation method is considered as the best one for its wide range of load data considerationandefficientcalculation. This paper evaluates LOLP of BPS for the period of last 5 years, using segmentation method, with and withouttidalpowergeneration. Prospect of Tidal Power in Bangladesh Bangladesh, a country with low use of electricity (per capita consumption of 95 Kw.hr) and considerable needfordevelopmentalongitscoastalarea,hasalong coastal area (710 km) with 2 to 8 m tidal height/head rise and fall as well as some large tidal sites and many channels of low tidal range in a large number of deltaic islands, where barrages and sluice gates already exist. Therefore, the potential for tidal power to be harnessed is significant, because the barrages necessary to create controlled flow through turbines (to tap tidal power) are also needed for flood control, which avoids the problem of high capital cost as the engineering is either already there or needed for cycloneprotection. The energy available from a barrage is dependent on the volume of water. The potential energy contained inavolumeofwateris(Bryans,A.G.,2005),

E
Where,

1 A g h 2 2

(1)

h=Verticaltidalrange A=Horizontalareaofthebarragebasin =Densityofwaterand g=AccelerationduetotheEarthsgravity Inputpower,P=E/86400(sec)(2) OutputPower,P/=PxTurbineefficiency(3) Using (3), total power generated at different station is showninTable1.

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www.ijep.orgInternationalJournalofEnergyandPower(IJEP)Volume2Issue2,May2013

TABLE1POWERGENERATIONFROMTIDEINBANGLADESH Nameofthe TidalRange Station (m) Sandwip 5.53 Mongla 4.27 Sadarghat(cht) 3.94 CoxsBazar 3.54 Hironpoint 2.90 Golachipa 3.55 Patuakhali 3.54 Barishal 3.9 Chandpur 3.8 Sundorikota 4.78 Mongla 4.8 KhalNo.10 5.21 ShahapuriIsland 4.65 Sandwip 8.56 CharChanga 5.6 Charramdasour 4.8 Nalmuri 3.58 Narayanganj 2.4 Khepupara 5.69 Potuakhali 4.87 Barishal 3.67 Galachipa 4.1 Total OutputPower (MW) 28.83 17.19 14.64 11.82 7.93 11.88 11.82 14.34 13.61 21.54 21.72 25.59 20.39 69.09 29.57 21.72 12.08 5.43 30.53 22.36 12.70 15.85 440.63MW Gen No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

TABLE2GENERATORSOFBPS Capacity (MW) 210 50 109 55 55 210 210 210 210 64 64 150 150 150 56 56 30 100 210 210 60 28 28 12 12 12 15 15 15 15 35 35 21 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 FOR 0.16 0.113 0.07 0.185 0.185 0.095 0.019 0.08 0.08 0.116 0.116 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.321 0.321 0.15 0.3 0.197 0.197 0.117 0.6 0.6 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.122 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gen No. 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Capacity (MW) 120 77 100 125 125 110 60 28 28 20 20 20 20 60 8 450 235 125 142 45 45 110 110 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 FOR 0.04 0.101 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.301 0.402 0.5 0.5 0.045 0.2 0.2 0.119 0.5 0.3 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

The power generation from tide is not constant, rather it is time varying. The energy is not always available; which depends on the environmental factor like weather. Moreover the availability of tidal itself is of statisticaluncertainty. To incorporate the above uncertainty into the availability of tidal power, an uncertainty factor of 30% is introduced which is chosen to investigate the historical time series data of tide at different locations ofBangladesh. Generator and Load Model of BPS This section presents the statistical model of generatorsanddailypeakloadsofBPS. GeneratorModel Simply,ageneratingunitforcontinuousoperationisa RunFailRepairRun cycle stating that every generator has two states i) Unit availability and ii) Unit unavailability or forced outage rate (FOR). The unit availability means the long term probability that the generating unit will reside in on state and unit unavailability or FOR means the long term probability thatthegeneratingunitwillresideinoffstate. MathematicallyFORcanbedefinedas,

Where, FOH=Forcedoutagehours SH = Service hours or operating hours at full availability Unitavailabilityofageneratingunitcanbedefinedas,

Unit availabili ty , p SH FOH SH

(5)

FOR , q

FOH FOH SH

(4)

Consider a generating unit with capacity of C MW FOR of q and unit availability of p, the probability density function (PDF) of forced outage capacity is

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InternationalJournalofEnergyandPower(IJEP)Volume2Issue2,May2013www.ijep.org

showninFig.1.

Step2:FormationofSegments: i) If there are N no. of generating units, segment size, C=HCF(C1,C2,C3,Cn) Where, HCF=Highestcommonfactor Ci=Capacityoftheithgeneratingunit ii)Numberofsegments,

FIG.1GENERATORMODEL

It is evident form Fig.1 that when the capacity outage is0MW,thegeneratorisatonstateanditsprobability is p. On the contrary, when the capacity outage is C MW,thegeneratorisatoffstateanditsprobabilityisq. The individual capacity and FOR of the generating unitsofBPSareshowninTable2. As 30% uncertainty factor is considered, the FOR and the availability of tidal generation are 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. LoadModel In order to calculate the load model ofBPS,daily peak loads are collected from National Load Dispatch Center (NLDC) of Bangladesh. The occurrence probability of a specific load is then calculated for a specific year. The probability of occurrence of a specificloadiscalculatedas,

NS

C
i 1

1 (7)

Step3:PlacetheloadPDFinthesegments. Step4:Convolutionwiththegeneratingunits: i) Multiplying the original load distribution with the availability(p)ofaunit. ii) Right shift the original distribution of the load by thecapacityofthatunit. iii) Multiply the shifted distribution with the FOR (q) ofthatunit. iv) Complete the convolution by summing up the probabilitiesof(i)and(iii) Step 5: Repeat the above process for all the generating units. Step 6: Compute LOLP. The probability of the last segment of finally obtained distribution represents the LOLPofthesystem. GraphicallyitisshowninFig.2.

Pg
Where,

Ng Nt

(6)

Pg=Probabilityofoccurrenceofaload Ng = No. of occurring days of that load in the observationperiodof1year Nt=Totalno.ofdaysintheobservationperiod Segmentation Method Segmentation method is based on modified convolution technique. LOLP is calculated using segments and the starting point for the method is the sampling of the daily or hourly chronological load curves for the period under study. In this regard, the segment size must also be defined. The computational steps for the calculation of the segmentation method aregivenbelow: Step1:LoadPDFisobtainedfromhistoricalloaddata.

FIG.2GRAPHICALILLUSTRATIONOFSEGMENTATION METHOD

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www.ijep.orgInternationalJournalofEnergyandPower(IJEP)Volume2Issue2,May2013

Simulation Results and Observations BPS has total installed capacity of 6545 MW. Using segmentation method, LOLP ofBPS, with and without tidal generation, is evaluated from year 2008 to 2012. Table3presentstheresults.
TABLE3LOLPOFBPS LOLPwithouttidal generation(%) 5.97 5.88 5.87 5.63 5.72 LOLPwithtidalgeneration (%) 5.12 5.02 5.03 4.82 4.85

reliabilityincreasesby0.846%duetotheincorporation oftidalpowergeneration.
REFERENCES

Billinton, R. and Huang, Dange, Aleatory and Epistemic Uncertainty Considerations in Power System Reliability Evaluation, Proc. Inst. Probabilistic Methods Applied to

Year 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008

PowerSystems,pp.18,May2008. Bryans, A.G., Fox, B., Crossley, P.A. and OMalley, M., Impact of tidal generation on power system operation in Ireland, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, pp. 20342040,2005. Chul Hee Jo, Lee, K.H., Lee, J.H. and Nichita, C., Multi arrayed tidal current energy farm and the integration method of the power transportation, International

Fig.3showstheincreaseinreliabilityofBPSduetothe integrationoftidalpowergeneration.
0.88 0.87 0.86 Increase in reliability (%) 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.8 0.79 0.78 2012 2011 2010 Year 2009 2008

Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, AutomationandMotion,pp.14281431,2012. Davidson, R. A., Liu, H., Sarpong, I. K., Sparks, P. and Rosowsky, D. V., Electric Power Distribution System PerformanceinCarolinaHurricanes,Nat.Haz.Rev.,vol. 4,no.1,pp.3645,Feb.2003. Do, M.T., Sprooten, J., Clenet, S. and Robyns, B., Reliability evaluation of power system with largescale wind farm integration using firstorder reliability method, 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications,pp.110,2011. Du, Xun and Liu, Wenying, Evaluation of power system reliability based on the maintenance state, 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies,pp. 1016 1020,2011. Guest Editorial, Alternative Representations of Epistemic Uncertainty, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 85(2004),pp.110. Hoffman, F., and Hammonds, Jana S., Propagation of Uncertainty in Risk Assessments: The Need to Distinguish Between Uncertainty Due to Lack of Knowledge and Uncertainty Due to Variability, Risk Analysis,vol.14,no.5,pp.707712,1994. Jonnavithula, S., and Billinton, R., Topological Analysis in Bulk Power System Reliability Evaluation, IEEE TransactiononPowerSystems,vol.12,no.1,pp.456463, 1997.

FIG.3INCREASEINRELIABILITY

It is observed from Fig.3 that reliability of BPS increases by 0.85%, 0.86%, 0.84%, 0.81% and 0.87% in 2012,2011,2010,2009and2008,respectivelyduetothe integration of tidal power generation. On the average, system reliability increases by 0.846% due to the incorporationoftidalpowergeneration. Conclusions This paper presents the impact of integration tidal power generation on the reliability of Bangladesh Power System. Bangladesh with a long coastal area of 710 km with about 28 m tidal height has some large tidal sites and many channels of low tidal range in a large number of deltaic islands, where barrages and sluice gates already exist. Tides in these sites can generate about 440 MW of electricity. An effective simulation of the system, with and without tidal generation, using segmentation method is carried out during last five years. It is observed that system

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Li, W. Incorporating Aging Failures in Power System ReliabilityEvaluation,IEEEPowerEngineeringReview, vol.22,no.7,pp.59,July2002. Liu, H., Davidson, R. A. Rosowsky, D. V. and Stedinger, J. R., Negative Binomial Regression of Electric Power Outages in Hurricanes, Journal of Infrastructure. Systems,vol.11,no.4,pp.258267,Dec.2005. Liu, Y., and Singh, C.A, Methodology for Evaluation of Hurricane Impact on Composite Power System Reliability, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 9, no.9,pp.18,2007. Rahman, M.L., Oka, S. and Shirai, Y. , Hybrid Power Generation System Using OffshoreWind Turbine and Tidal Turbine for Power Fluctuation Compensation

(HOTPC), IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol.1,no.2,pp.9298,2010. Salman, S.K., Gibb, J. and Macdonald, I., Integration of tidal power basedelectrical plant into a grid, 43rd InternationalUniversitiesPowerEngineeringConference, pp.14,2008. Shujie, W., Kejin, Y., Peng, Y., Huajun, L. and Shuyi, L, Design and Stability Analyses of Floating Tidal Current Power Generation Test Platform, AsiaPacific Power andEnergyEngineeringConference,pp.14,2010. Wang, L. and ChaoNan, L., Dynamic Stability Analysis of a Tidal Power Generation System Connected to an Onshore Distribution System, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 11911197, 2011.

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