Chapter No.

ANCIENT, MEDIryAL & EARLY

2OTH CENTURY

MODEU;

For calendarlcar purposes .s we as an Interes0n8 and chalte.ging aslbnonlc.l p,obleh, jn rhe hbrory ofmanktnd there have ben constsrenr efiorts
ro delermano when and whererhe nek tunarcro@nt

wll

be

lrst

seen,

t]e,esutrs

of these ealons have boen numeroG 6nd have been based on dtlle.ent technlques 6nd tools.lhose results can be temed as 't odets/Crireria tor the oadtest vtltbi|lry or nw runar cfescenr,. Most ot the earty modets are de ved dtioc y trom the obsoations of the new tunar crescent and are enDnjc.tin natlre. Some are based on thorellcalconslderations. MGI tmpon.nt of these eftons hctud6:
The Aabyroni.n rule of thumb .when the age ot the .ew Moon is 24

hooB only then the crescent can be seen,. fte redlscovery of the more mrrhematrc.lly lnvolv6d crfte on ot Etong. on + LAG > 21. lhal w6senunciatedw beforechisrian or. (Fatooht et at, 1999).
)

Tho cdena deveroped In ihe medtevat periods by Mus ms/Adbs ba*d on obsenarion, sph6ri6t vtgonomtry and lhe ephemerid of

lhs Moon and the Sun (8rutn, 1977). This happen.d as earty .s rhe

llr)

The exploration or Foth ngham (1910), Maunda (1911) and orheF

quarter ot the twontl6th @ntury. These effort! were moG ot slallstil in natur based on th obseda ons mos y in Room by ln the

fi6l

75

In rhb ch.pter we stan wtth a b,t.f dtscGston on retativety Ecent G di<ov.ryofthe Babllorlan cdrorla for tho 66t 6t vbtbltty ol new tunar crcscenl. A sel or obsenatlonal d.ta solectld from rhe r*6nt tlteratore ts lsed to examtnerhe ments orlhe Sabylonlan cnbrbn.Thts ts folowed by 3ome sphencat trigo.omeuc
conslderations ihat are llgnlllcant tor th condilloN on whtch the vlsibitiry or the invisiblllty of th6 nw lunar'o6cont haydepend.

On lhe basls of lhe t,igonom.tdc

cofttdhtion the Lunar Ripene$ funclion

altrlhuled ro rheArabs rs.xplored and a tvodlfled Lunar Ripeness raw is suggested and examrned in vlew ot th ,.ordod oEerva{ons h rhe dara sel men oned
above. Thi3 Is dono uslng iho curient k.owtedgs, loots 6nd rechniques and the

.6uts of

rhls erprorarlon ar6 present6d.

a[ codputational wolk

ts done Gtng the

In the end ot the ch6pter the gfrpktc.t modeL due io moden asldnomeG

olrhe early 20s century ar. retsttd and compartson ot ihe same
Babyronlan and the medievat mod6ts.

is done

wilh the

BABYLONIAN CRITERIA No lrisonobery or spheriqt rrigonomelly existed till rhe

developnenb in,\rabia in lhe 9u
descnbed

halheharical

dd

rhc lorh cenlu.y AD; the probteh

w6 o.ly
I in lhe

i.

rems ofcertain obseNable paranercs shown in rhc Fieure No

Ll

dcienr and lbe early Chrhlian e6.lfdny visibitiry $ireion was deduced musl have been basd on the observations and nedsulemenrs ot rhes observable qumtities. The figure
snows lhe sesiern

bolizon a dnc

when the sun S

h6

gon

deerees

bebw norizon

(the sole deprc$ion) and rhe crcsenr at M isjusr visible. AB is rhe equaror lhat nakes

agle q, $e geogBphical latitude oflhc ptace, wirh rhe nomat rhe sepeadon bteen lhe Sun tud $e tvl@n comhonly knoM
an

ro the horizon. SM

s .@ of lishl. and

16

abbelialed

ARCL but shoM

aL

in th. figue. SD is the

su dd rhc Moon lnow .e of vision dd abbrevi.tcd s ARCV). Not that the aidnrde of lh. Esenl abovc hodan is,l $ lnal a, = r + ,l As rh. ooitr( A is al lh. se altnude 6lhc cFsenl dd B at lh. sme depBion d th. su, A8 is .quabnal $pdti@ b.teen the Sun 4d rhc Moon called "arc of *pdrion ' ad is .qnivd6t b rhe Moon*r - SuNr tig shoM in the fisld d as The fig@ cd bc u*d to h.aua fi 4.s ofdesenl ed liehl for a
alrirudes of the

difidce b.isFn the q "dc of dcs@nr" dnoid 6 ao (ako call.d

Sivcn lalitude

once an accurare enough .phemetdes shows the

dc of sepdalion and

wheE to loot for the dimly illminaled cBcent againsl lhe briehl evening twiliSht.

lig No.3.1.1 Angule Pamcters as@ialed wilh

sighling ofnew lunar crescenl

l,

modem tines the earliesi Ffee.cc of

ey

syslemalic study

of the earliesi

sigbring of nev

lud

cEs@nr is thrt du. rolhc.inShm (Fothainghd.

l9l0). He refe6
SahcliJi.otion

ro l2s enlury Jryish phildopher Mcinoni<16. Asordine to lorhcringhm. the work

.ppearcd in the

TEti$

by Mlimonid.s (Moshc bcn

Md@n) o\ \\.

oI

th. Ntu Mo@ 0",islre''.'rotalt: Scfq z.hnim

Hilhot Kiddush H'Hodcsh, I l?8

fial

77

wA diislaled by S. Oddz

6 Crlr of Moituntd.s, Boot Thr4, treatite Eigtu,

volh.
XI, Yatc Univesity pE$,

SmdiJicdtion ol the Nee M@a Yelc Judaic. Seris,

No Hav6

CT, 1956). Maimodidcs mrk w studi.d by von Lifl.ow in SiEunghberichk da Wiehu Altd.nie, Math-Natrre, Cl6e,lxvi, (1872), pp.459-480, ln his *ort Maimonides nak6 rh. snalLsl visible phe ofthc M@n depqdenr on trc variables, as claimed by Forh.in8hd. Th.se veiables bave ben temd ss rr? rr
etonAorion otthe Moon a\d

tle aplbre.t ahgle of tision - F6\.noghe

slarcs rhal

if

by

hgk ofrision

dirlaccs then
lower

m.es the diffeEncc of the Sun md the Moon in rc.irh th. nle of Mainoid6 .nd his om rule for hinimlm visibt. pb4 of
Mai1onides

Moon ae ndly the

enc

Howevcr he f!fther says lhat Maimonides rute sivcs

slidrly

oininun alliludes that could be duc tc, b.(.r ob$fring condirio.s in Jeruslem lh& in Atbos. Unfodu.alely Fohednghah .dmik that hc could not sumcienrly
undedand Maimodis' dithmdiol nelhod
same (Foihciinsham,

dd

has not giecn a dchited

@ounl of rb.

l9l0).
a

Lder, Bruin(Bruin. 1977)gives

moe debiled

eounrof

any medievalatenpr

ol

solving

fie probln of findin8 sronomial

onditiotu for thc

fi6t visibility of
AlBamni

crscnl. De$ribinglhe Isl.mic astonomical procedurcs Btuin says $a1Al-Khurizini

gives mathenadcal rules and rablcs lor pedicling thc new cre$e.t where6

peeds

a conplerc soludon. He aho nenlions lh

lato accounl ofMo$s ber Madoon

lnd clains rhst ibn Mamoon larsely follos Al Balloi. One oflhe nost inponanl dp.cl ofBruin's accounr ofrhc eflods oftbe bedicval

Anbs^rulins orthis ea had olEady rcalizd rhe sienitlcece of cE$cnr widrh. This inpoiant aFcl enaincd
era is rhar

hissins frem all th. najor cooiribudons of lw.ntietn century bcloE Bruin.
dscription

Bed

on this

ed

thc modein loowl.dge in ihis work lhe sme

d

h6

been explocd

dor.

.xlecively od is pEsnt

latu id

the chaPler.

lilcatue that app.ared duing 2od c.nrury lhe gencral rule of Babylods for first visibilily ofnew lunecrescnlis:

78

lual su6.t shottd be g.ater than 2't hows the su6el ohd the no6et thDuld be g.ot* than 12 tim
at the

titu

of

(l.l.l)
l2 rim. deBes is cquivslenr ro

;$

ofo

hour or48

ninu$ (Brura I9??.llv4 le944

lto$ev4, il wd Fat@hi, Stephe$on and At'darghdlli who havc 'xPlorol lh to lhe histotiel cflon5 of lhc Blbylonians dlsiv.lv &d have epond rnal eording h Eords of re* c.Mnl siSlftings ol PG Christie m lhe cderion attibured oi Babylonis is d ovr simplificalioi (Fabohi.t al 1999) Ac@tding lo $en $udv
209 recoids of Posi{ve new crsceol 3ig} ing

extdctd fom Babvloni&s Astronon'car

mathem'lical lunar lheory di&ies. the Babylonitus had succceded in ioduladng a lrulv wrlhoul $hich ihey 6ed to pEdicl !&ious par@ele$ of lumr notion Unfortumtelv aboul be presnline my iheorerical dlaih of Babvlonian eE lh'v appear 10 above Bluin\ slgscsion thar Babvlonia criterion was whar is mentioncd as Follo*s: lnstEd.1hey clain that Babvlonian ctilerion wEs
is een

"ilicdl

(l l l)'

Tnc

ies cEsce.r

it
laE

'' Elongutio, (ARCL)

+ nooe|st6't

tine

(Uc)
(3.12)

Even, rhis cdrerion is

apon d on

d'$rip$on *bich th lt@ rhsrv ol Babvlonids las nehtioned two svstns of sol& moliors on
1955)

&d nol

a rcsult of

ov

(Neue'ba@r' b6sis of the sueestios ol Ncusebaud of a madehalcal lh'orv Ttev have

based, but

wD drived al $ nol hoq lh new rul they hav. attdbded to the Babvlonims h8d on lhe giv6, They have gone on lo plesd .lifleant valucs fo! th' @nslul 'kh lalEs Engc fton 5 DiniDum of2loro a maximM ol23" lnlhe

;ideof(3.1.2) Thse

p!ent work we adofl fte followins slss.sted by Fatoohi el

as a bener

critcrion alfiibutcd lo de Babvlo'ians

as

'

.l:

79

(r. I

r)

80

The

Mon

ar

divi.s coaii

this qitcda

6 d.sc'ib.d by th*.
r th

aurhos is thar (D ihc

of lisht

d6dibes how bnghr

is

th. cFac.nl &d (ii) ihe moon*i*utuel lag de*db. hov lons the
abovc

ctcse

@uld

horian.n

$n sl. MoE

is rhe vql@

ofqch ofdrqc

paluelea moE
conbined

is the

po$ibilily ofsishdng offie ce*cni. Howver, drcr. h6 to b.5

ni.imun ofthe two dd the sigh{ne Eords wcre the only heans to verify lhc crilerion or diving al the (itrion. Using $is condition Fatoohi a al hsv Fponed thc aslhs of lhcir @mpu|,alioB for 39 rw cEsnt 3ighings rhal in lud. bolh lhc
Bab)lonirn cEscenr
qighr ing

Rordc tud thes'ghtine Ecords Eponed in $e 2Odcenrury

liredtule. Th. aulhos have rcponcd ihat oul l99 cdcs the Babyloni.n
succestul in 98.7% of

lerion was

fic posilive siehliog {cE$e.r claioed to h.v. b.en sn) c45 but fsiled i. 45.7'lo c66 of the nesalive siShine GF$.rt no( *o) ces
In rccnt lins a number of
sighting or non{ighline @ords.

orsdialios haYe smnged for coll.cdon of r.*ent Th*e inclu& Isldic Ctffint Oberyalion Prcjdl lh

So h African aslononical Obsaatory and rheii websiFs Sinild rccords are reponcd ro aid colhdd at lhe wbsile @!sS.h!i!s.eol1 Morevet, lhc ldrgest data el
yd availabl. in lhe pubhh.d paFG
of lhes dords ofdening
is lhal by Odh (OdGh

2004) we hav' *lecred 463

studied in

cEsnts el.dcd

for

tE compdison ofrhe nodels

Usins

(l.l.l)

applid

lo

the dar.

9l cletd

for this

wlk

the

ln this lable ollv lhose rccords are prcscnled when thc + crescent wa reponed to hare ben seen wilh or snhoul ev optical aid ad ARCV LAG is les lha 22 degr6 Th. rabL is end on ARCV + LAc It shows lhal thcrc

pEs

ed in the lable no.

Ll.l.

'6!lts

ft

oplillt unaid.d sighinss of new ce$enl tol salisfving $e Babvlonian cileion gi!.n by (l,l,l). The complG dola sel is P!sentd in the Appe'di\-ll Thc
? claims of d on visibilily colum N in d$ending older, so thal all oflically @id.d visibility ces of crc$cnt sighing in ordtr of ARCV + LAG (in dcSt*t app.d al lhe top of the llbl The table in Aptndia'll sho* S No ihc
table

i. App.nditll

is

en

obseffation No. (odeh, 2OO4), dare ofobsryatio!, latitude of

ed

lonsitude of rhe location

ob6dtr, visibihy N' for uaided visibilitv' 'B' for visibilitv thrcugl binmld, T
8l

for visibilny

thftud rel.$ope. IlE vis'bility @lul6 @.mPty if rhe cjt*nt M not Fen and co.tains V' in an apprcpriatc colLlm if the c!.sc.nl is sen. The esl of lhe coluens oflhe nbl @n!in age ofMoon, LAC, ARCL, ARCV md DAZ. Th lasl file
@lmns arc ior the five models coroid.rcd in this chapler, The colllm h.dded A is for

This tabl shows $al out of 196 daims ofopdcally unaided sighlihSs oftbe nes

@ only ? cbes nol saisfyjn! lhc Babylonid critmon. HoEler, oul of 267 cdes vhen 6e cc*cnt wd nor e.n wilho any opftal aid ARCV + LAC is gleate! thdn or 6qul to 22 deg@s i. l07.ses. Thus for pdniw siehli.8s rh. critno.
cresccnl there
is foutrd lob successlul in 96.4% c.ses

dd !frongsl

lhe hegalive sigbdn$ ii su@ssful

in 59.92%

css

cal

success

of model in desciibihg posilile sighlings alonc is tul a ofa nodel. Thc model is not suned seu if n is nol able to dc$tibe the
The sucess

negalilc sishfng

wcll as ir d@s the p$ilive siShtings.

SOME SPHERICAL TRIGONOMfTRIC CONSIDERATIONS

Thh
is inportant

hd be.n m.ntioned e&lio

rhal ior rhe ploblcm ofsiglting of new lund

crescenl $e orienlation ofthe ecliplic plays md inportant lole (article 1.2).

Thecfoc, il
is

b rrisil

lhe ne|hods thai lead lo lhe ddelhimion oflhe mgle lhal the

*lipric nlkes wilh

the horircn al the

tinc of snel on the *$em hotian (il

panicularly significer in view oflhe fact that the new c!e*.nt appeds close lo n). This
angle lalies as agaiNi rhe lixed celesrial equalor lhe orientation

laries lhroueh the year.

lis

ofthe ecliPtic slowly fislE no 3 2,I on lhe nexl pag. shovs lhe wcsrcm pan of

$e cclcnial spheE wilh impodanl points &d angles

m d de$nM

below:

w' t,

the west cardinal point,

rh

vml cquinox, inleclion of.cliptic dd cqulor.

Nonh

P, the

c.l.sti.l

pol.

82

qv - r
8}'r1

rb ouiq'iry of6..dinic,

Z ZSr

- 900 + 9, 9 bdte lb.lditd. od6. d...' - 9 + 4 lb dSb ofrb.cliP(ic xdft 6. v..dc.l,

rs-d-G5tlirst
PZ

d.clhnioofrn

tu,

- 90'- o, St - ?e 6. lonSili. ofd!

$'!

FrsNo

32l
ttrtgL
oe
SPZ

FMn

1! 6su!

3.2.1 in lhc tPhdic.l

PZ

3phicrt

ti8oiodt

tt.rdA non &. !id.

gBs:

'pplvi'g

1.l{ of ctsiE of

tlne=cort.o.PSz

(Jr.r)
5

'ft. g@d |!l

ioo

b..e..o d..lidlor

.d

lonSind'

i3:

.int - doP co.. +.o.P.i!'rin

83

(3.2.2) (3.2.1)

FDm

ridcle sh,

st nir8 !r Pr:

@s(PSz +@+

A)=rer.@r,1.

(3.2.4)

usins (3.2.2)

!d

(3.2.3):

0.2.5)

6d (32.t) tosethd *irh

(1.2.1) leds lo:

(1.2.6)

(3.2.5)

sd

(l.2.6) thd sivc:

Ju"'
This show that e + A or the .ngl. thlr ihc

dcp.rdcnt

elipti. nEt s wirh thc v.nicsl is 5.e! 6 n d.peo& on the lorgitud. ofthc su only for a fix.d place {or latirude 9).
900 -

ln th. Esr of rh di$usion in rtis snicl. rhc anglc

ncxl

q + A is dnord

V. In dE

.!ticl. etr@ cv.r

In

? + A is

L*d

it h

olol&Ld

on ibe

6is of (3.2.7).

the dslinaion of th. Moon is $u1h of th.t of lhc Su in NonhqD H.nisphft (md north of the Su in th. rcuth@ hemisph*) it is possibl. thsr d.n .ncr conjuction th. tr.w

llM cKar $i! b.f@ lhe slNr

in which

ir ir simply

84

impossibtc io 3a thc

cr.!ent, TLse circmshnc.s aF shom

in the 68ure 3.2.2 on the

Cl, lh. cclsli.l .q@lor, 1 i! th.

iD TS is the diuFal path of th.

vdal eqlinor. Sm thar is just *riirg

al s.

iii)

DE b thc diumal palh of the Moon th.l st before thc

sUNl

3t E.

Ds =

6M

6s,
6M

decliMtion
the Moon

letpendi.ula. to the clesial equlo. is lh dif.rence of lhe of ihe M@n &d the deli.ation 6s of rhc sun. Declinalion of

south of lh sun md rhe upper limn of Ds is 50 9'. lhe inclihalion

to lhc

oflund orbit

trliplic.
is the

v) vi) vii) viii)

zcvs =
NS

9Oo

-4

agle

bctween

$e c.l.srial equ.tor lnd $e horihn

whee
dM

teprenls

lhe lotitude oflh

Pl&. TheztSD

=C

DM =

qs, lhe dilreEnce of risht a$cnsio. dM ofMoon and rhc rishr

eension os oflhc Sun. For higher lairudcs DE nav b. htgc allowing laigc
vllues ol ncepliE LAG
sF = pM lhe

aftr co.junction

9s

0M is

p,Fndicultr ro

fi.

E lifljc

is $e difiercnce

bctw*n

c.l6ial taliluds rhelinilof5'9'.

of the Men and lhc

Ss

As for DS

Sf

never xcads

ptrallel lo FE (E' .ol showo in rhc fisure 6 it almost coincides wilh E) h

the

ix) lislhe Vemal Equinox ed Z)6t = v h !h. angle of lhe Ecliptic with $e
lary ftum zeto horizon. Dep.ndniS on laliude C and lh se@n, 'Y naY is alons the botizo') lo 90 deB6 (when cliptic is
(vhctr ecliptic
pc+endicula! to lhe holzon)

l!

cas' when

is small

DE

thal has

be

paEllel lo the 4liplic is nuch ltrsei tha' DE (ftol is paEllcl io lh cqualo!) of$is oSle md and hdc. E sd E aE mrch s.panted Tlle detmi'arion
its

x)

laftude d , $e

sienifidc. shall be di$sed in the n'xt drcL I'lt figurc shos rh SM is jN| about o sel in a pl&e oI sdall b ndiud *l (dd M@n havins ddlinarion eulh of il' sun ha al@dv
set at

wd

poinl E)

th.l lh LAG = TiG of

Mdnct Tim of suNer is

E'

fig. 1.2.2: G@tn r.y ofP@riv. Ag. .rtd N.gaiE L.g

A@rding lo rlE luN
tha

elqdr

b.!.d @ IIE binh of Nd M@ b.bc tlE

ssa

mn$ b.gio .l dr tirc of o.!a 6 $ii vrt Ming- How6, for tll. lu@ c.lsds b.!d d rn viltbilitr of $. n4 s@4 w hN mfli &e.ol b.gii on thb cming B n b 3inply ioF{bl. lo $ tlE w luu c|!g in this cinhtee. Fd plE witt lrSc ldind.. d|r dbw for llre v.l6 of DE |,d h.@ DM ln. tri&gl6 uidd 6!&l6.riB o rbt tr rtrdl .dd.!xl ..otl b. tBt.d s ryhdicrt r.iugl6. tlc! d y @ll lo tr|.diun hdnd6 @ qEidqld e th|r th. tdugl. EDS i! r 3rdl dgh rlgld oilElc o *y wih dt.!gl. tt D t..Ia E .d S tu 9oo !r!d rlE a.sl. d S b.rsa D !d E i! ?. $. ldind. oftlE pL& Th@foE:

nd

lun|r

SD

Af

(328)

86

sioiLdyrt rrtdSL

AEFS b

dlo.ndl

r!d. t codrt.ld|plEdilati|lgbqi6

tilr,.=
Pcpl$iry
SD by 5M

(3.2.e)
PM

E!, SF by

!! lid .llrdrudi8

ES

illn

(3.2.8) ,nd (3.2.9)

tN
Ag.in in ISDE tm

-ts-$N -6d,H
t!rc:

02.r0)

-r=S,
ln

.DE

DA-@,

-6,161

(3.2.U)

b frrr! !23 $,ldd It dlr d. Dlc ntDglc Ft sDE of6. Flvior6 68rta
DM

rEql'itld.ortun.8 dvcLAOi.i.i.EDM<aEhr:
-

(d{-!.)
4.2.t2,

(l.2.ll)-

DM

-(au-asr<Qu -,s)r$a

Pig.3.2.3

87

usirg (3.2.l0) il

tlr4 lat s into:

(aM

-as)<tPu - Ps).inttsinv

(r.2.8)

ThN whcmvd ih. Ncw M@n is bod jsl bcfoG le.l su!54 ln. LAc .hould bc tu8lliv. if condidon (3.2. | 2) o. (3.2.1l) is s.lkfi.d if thc ce.d i3 $ulh of th. Sw.

offic M@n d th. tim of S!Mr. lf ARCV is nc8.tiv. rh. LAG ha ro bc rceaiivc. Still lhc conditioN (3.2.12) d (1.2.13) show lh. d.Fn&nce of thc ph.mmenon on dE (i)
ln rh. hod.m s.tup oE rh. Elarivc ,ltirudc ARCV

csjud olcul.

$d th. Moon, (ii) thc hnudc e of lhc ple, (iii) thc aliptic hlitud.s ot th. Su. srd ih. M@n .nd (iv) lh. egl. v or.cliplic with $. hoden. Thc Tlble 1.2. I sho*s smc of lhc n gltis LAG ces during the ye6 2000 to 2010 AD tor Kech'. Paki$d (lariud. 24.85 d.g6. lonenudc 6?.05 d.e@t.
.q@to'ial

Mdidle.

of lh. Su

Ne8{iv. LAG ces

on thc da, olconjun tiotr

Frlly oeu tom smdl

!o

n di6

llritld.s bul @ sis.ili@l a. cld dividine linc b.l$q conju.dioMl luN qlcn&6 ed th. obacMiioMl lune cd. t!3. for hirl| htitud. pl*ca rcearirc LAG 6cn anc. conjuictioi dly @cu moE fqu.ntly. The coluntu of 0E r.blc in scqucncc fom bn
ro dsht

e d.*dH
tsrl

b.low:

dllc of coijuiction.

tncd Timc of Conjmtion,

Zorc (PST) tihe of locd

su!a, As. of M@tr .t le.l suet in ho6, Elongadon or Moon rroo tlF 56 in dcrFs,
Delimtion of M@n
in dceE$,

Delidlio! of Su itr &88, Righr AsEion of M@n i. dcgG, Rieh AsEid of Su in dcgr6,
EE

Laliild. ofMoon in d8rc6,

Angle of E liptic wilh Horizon in d8rees,

LAG, Moonkt

{u6el

in oinut

s.

rable No

3.2.1 : posirive Ase

Nesaiifr&B-;s-i66l2oliT;R;;iifr;;

3.3

LUNAR RIPENESS LAW & ITS MODIFTCATION

Befor

|h. rin$ of ptolefry lh.rc ws no knoyn sy$enalrc descriprion ofthe

dynamics of thc planeb and rhe Moon, Theretoe pblemy,s explor.tion Che epicycle based description ofthe pltret4y noiion) sens to be rhe tirst sciious. scientific 6d

ststemlic aucmpl to d$nbe

1he

dymics oteld

systed obl*is. Muslim 6ed lhis

tyiem b cxploc lhe condidoE for 1hc fid visibility of ns lutrd crsce . plolemic thory hal d.*rib.d th plderary nodon Eins rhe epicyctcs tcory rhal could Dddict the pl4ehry, lunar .nd sol& ephenns to a g@d soush d.er. of accuacy. Tne Muslins had put ro use lhis iheory weu ond had developed sotr dnd lu.ar tables. The pos ion of$e Sun ws predictable !o a g@d dce@ ofprccisio. and @nsequendy rhe aele !r lhat ih. *lidic hal6 with ihc hoizon ar the line ofsue( ould
b

calculard

Bing rne sphe.ical uigoroheFy that Muslim naomddn hav dv.loDed thn*1v6. As decribd by Bruin ( 1974 sing lhc &8lc of ectiplic ,y wid! the hoiizon al lhe tine of su*! the lalitude of th place of obseFarion, egle of sepsauoo brseen Moon

dd

a9

Sm p.r.[d lo lqldo. (difrcqE of ddr dgii L!..dioB), tlE !sl. of d@!n (dife|i@ of a|lnuda o. ARCU !d ri tid[ ofsc.'n the M4lin aslorcEcrs $@ aU. to develop ! hisltly rdi.ble qilcion for tlE visibilry or invisibihv ofrh6 @

enicl ir r r.otuttu rin offg@ 4t ofBtui. ( le77) shovs tl|st dF sD IEs jur !.r sin of r/t{. Thc liie \nX D85rg tb.o{8! $ts drllal poilt W, is th e{uror irclined d o dsL g (tlE ldihd. of lhe ple) fim tlE @rnd to rhe
Figua (l.1.
I

bclow

k th. dimd pdn ofth. Sun !h!t is p66llel lo thc.qualor is shom as broko 1i... TIt diurnrl BIh ofd. Md MZ is tls sboM wnh 3 3imilt trot.linc

horiar

AS

tL E lipaic lh.t drd e .ngl. A wfi th diurol path of 6e Su d $..qulor ThBtL FiiiFb D!l6.td..8L q + d witl the Mnrl. MS t th. s.r.r.dd b.'ra rlF Mdn !d ttr Su (e of liSln).
Ddralll Io

ih. .qudor. TIE lin. HS ir

\:\.

Fig No

l.l. | : Trigmrdic

ddiFin

of @rdni@ of

luE d6ern

i[. ..lirdc rII8 ar.h l}a TS - 1 - 16. b 6. 'Etl tinsb MIII, rn - fu d ft. erb a H b..r!.r Eclbrb (IIT9 jd &. Ho.te|.l olM) - 9d - (r + AI Tb - rilrb tm{ b lisb.raLd d T yE tq!.d3L i M
MT i3 p.rDodoio to

!cvl.{HddT-9+A.Itrb.ioplyk &b6crdtio: ra-Er +rS-t,6lp+D+L

|hir

4.
HgB b

(3.3.1)

Fldih

.e.

.r .$|d@ O)

of B.uh O9ZD.

Irtia8b

rlcd s . ph.

codr+ a)

(3J:)

{d ti.lgL

ABS

lad! lor
(3.33) (33.4)

(3.3.t

tih in hi! .qurid (a) |b h cbiD. nr b..o obi!.d by ld4 lhe tigoffiy. Ittt smc 6ru. i,
'slr
(3.3,5)

'Il&

i! dimalot

Aom

eb &uii

O9,D t&

t'.d.d ||3toglpt ric.l

!i!@.tty, turiotbADs

8it&.1

f|(!o .phqi6l trt|tEL tlTMr

9l

sin

sn(e+a)
erhlr
I.

rr'r _ rh&
@s(e+a)

(3.1.t)

rs = sili(sin r!.r..(e + 6r+,L

-,rr

0.l_6)

sphoical iridglc ABS:

stnaD

stn

4r @eP

(1.1.7)

and in

spherial lridgle HCS:

sinfls=-l]1gll +
co(@

a)

l].l.8l

:l

glj! ! !. ) ".(
(:

t::! :9:.q
; +a)
(3.3.9)

-t [.

laegles Hs dd ss @ snall cqua$ons (3.3.6) lnd (1.3.9) yhld alnost sme lesutB s thos by (1.3.1) ad (1.1.4). If the valuc of 9 b lege. then Hs dd as ae nol shalland th spherical trisonoderric rsults (3.3.5) and (3.3.9) should be ned for doF Muale

of (3.3-6) is thlt if th. cphcmedes of both rh Su and the Moor m tnoM @uErdy (aj th.y c rcw) ud rhe &gl. 900 (p + A) = v of etipri. {irh ihe honan lculalcd fom (1.2.7) rh. !.lE of HS @ bG aal@ted for rbc tire of
11'e sienificdce

sUM

for

dt

day of lhe

yw !trd psrti.uldly

for rh.

dlt

or rt y

.Rc

UE bnh ot ncq

92

hinimm &stc of sepaDrion !s (.quivd.nt ro LAc) fo, $e visibility of @w l@d ct.st is tnoM for thc day the @rcspondine agle HS sinS (1.1.9) cs als b. .vatua&d. Horev.r, rhc ue of (j,j.6) is ind.p.nd.nt ofany visibility
oncc rhc

Moon.

wlee6,

condition

ed

is fixcd for rhe day ir d.pcnds only on rhe posirions oflhe Sun and lhe

M@n for fie rim. ofobsenato. &d the locaiio. ofrhe obF ei. On the u$ or (3.1.9) dep.nds on trE vjsibifty @ndiiioG, @cly lhe

o$( hahd rhe mininu del. of

s@ml'on tu, thar.& b.

kmh

only on lb. bdis ofa

gc

nunbd of oboMrions tor

At rhe rim of Muslih Gtrononcts rhe .phenerdes of $ Moo. oay nol hale ben so aeudely tnown s ir is today, but rhe Eligiou tecnn.ss oflhe seing $e new

lund crs@t nusr hlve tcad ro moc rcchre valu6 or,s. Bruin (t9?7) hs i.dicared that Muslim arbnoheG rveE welt awe of rbe f&! lhar d8Lnce oalhe Eanh ild rh Moon and hence rhe width ofcrescent for sde uc oflighr varies. Though exploiations
ancienr considcred lhis variarion ro behdve tibearly we now know thal it inlolves lne lflgononefic func on. In lnis worL $is prcbleb is h&dlcd by considering rne actual eni_d.inler of th. Mooh dd lhc fer $at MnslinvABbs ob*tued thal ar shone r .lisrances the
crcscenr

ofdr

wasseenwhehtheLACo!arcofseparationaswaslOdelccsor40minulesoftimcand
al lae! dishcca thc cErcent
-r1li5

48 ninules of timc.

ks seen Nhen rhe m ot seplFrion dJ B t2 d8res or teads b a siople Eladon blwn /s md lhe aduat semi-

^-Using rhis etalioo thc

22
necded for ce$enr

ol
Hilalol.

r0)

@ of *pdlion

*p@tion felor

is .alcutated in ihe sonwar.

9l

As mc ioned abov. dE Mulin sao&Ders have alaldy dduad from obrpatios lhar for very thin but visibl. cE$ent mirimm ss @ 12 lime degds (48
minureO

dd

for d {ider but bmly vbible cresent mininm as w6 only

l0line

nininm as ie acturlly dep.ndcnr on the width of $e crc*ent rhar @ be dedvcd 6ins (2.E.E) dd (2.8.9).nd rhe Elarive atitud. (ARc9 thar cd be obtained using (2.8.5) for th. sun ed the Moon. Th. issue shall b. dieussed in noe
degl6
(40 minulcr. This

d.tail larer. Usins 0.3.10) rh.t shows 6s beins dependent o. the lisull dimers (in arc minulet of lh. M@n in our sky one ce compute lhc Lun Ripi.s Fudio. A(,i9)
as henrioned by

Btuin (Brui., 197?) or tha! is siven by (3.3.6). Aaodihslo Bruin rhe rul. ddrd by M6lims w6 thal if thc lalue of HS calculatd using (3.1.9) equals or

exccds lhar @lcolared by (1.!.6) rhe

work this rule has ben named

c..s

would be visibl. orhcNi* nor. In thn

M6lin

Lunar tupness Law or

sifrply Lumr

Ripenss

According ro Bruin (19?7) $e valu6 ol HS de.ored

(3 3.6)

R()., 9)

obkin.d fron

seE pGsenled in

rhc

$+

lled Lunat Ripenss Tables sDd

fisr visibility ofne!

Lunr cmcent ws walulcd by Mulin BltonomcB HS a3 deived tom (3.3.6) h dnokds,l4 and:

usiog rne sboE rul. In lhis work

^d.,

sin

r[sin/, r.nre+^t+lM ts

(l.r.r l)

ofl,, sin ly is also smatl &d lko n ahosl sme as rv ,j. Bui when the *liplic is wll inclihel io$&ds lhe
Fo, a fixed pl&e (e constal0 it is noted lhat forsDallvalues

hoien (q

+ A is large bu lcas rhan 9oo) 1r'4, nay becode noE rhan

1! ri(iflv

>

snd ecliptic is roweds nonh) or renain le$ rh&

1, - .ls (ir pr, <

0 and etipric is

iowdds nonh). Ho@er,{da is endely independenl of Oe se@. aod depnds only on

rhc rcladve coordinates of rhc sun md rhc Mood. As rhe major componen in (3.1.t

l)

is

lhc diferenc. ol longnudes of rhe

su

and lhc Mooh ,taa

h closely linked

to ihc ACE

of

Mftovd. ir
sign

9M

0.3.1l)

shows

th

x&" * l,{ - k. Bur whcn boil 0M 6d I + A hav. the s4e &4 *ould b. mor. thd l, - & and if pM dd e + have
o,

differcnl signs

&e

would bc

l.$ the ,L -

.ts.

Bul thcF v&iatioos u nor

^ sMnal

The vahes for HS ohained

fom (3,3,9) dc denolcd s X,b and:

(l

12)

^,,=.'""(
For a

fi&d

place (9 consrd.t) R,, dcPcnds on ae

sun

spa6tio. a,

(rhe equabrial

t'Ac
b

ber@n the

ed

the Moon).nd thc

s.en

6I

+ A is

*son

dependeot

fiat shall

shoM larer. Using

(he

looh sod le hniqu.s di*ussd in.hapter 2

ie,

fo! $e dav or

lh.

ii .valuaEd. Ille ninihud valueofas is @lculaled 6ing rne lrchnique d.srib.d al lh. .nd ol Ptviou .nicl $ lhat ,tB is dedu.ed. If lt- is calculat d using h csdml.d value ol a, rh.n w call il X." (m Erimared valk ot Lunar Ripencit funclion), Il ir is .al.ulated uin8 an avedge vrlue 10.5 degres of a, thcn *. c.ll il I- (d .vcaec wluc ol Lud tuFns nrtudo.) Ac@drnely A&" = i- - X,a,6d Alt-, = i^ - 1&) Thc sinplst fom ofrhe Ll|E
day alier conjunction aor s placc of ob*ryarion

i3i

'"'(

:)

$i"

a;t+,ry

-rsj'o
(3.1.r)

Tlus Lunar Ripeness Law that piolidc

a solution of the probleh

oldelemining

rhe first day of visibility of nw lunar cre*enl

based on the Angle lhat the Ecliptic

nat6

bodzonlal or $e angle 0 + a ihal it dak.s wilh the venical. on the dav or the day after conjunciion once lh. coordinatcs of the Sun dd the Moon at the tim of

wilh

the

suns for &y leation.rc

applopnab value

calcuhted. (3,3.1l) allo*s onc lo calculale,e,4

ed sine
be

oi4 d

sivenby(3.3.10), in (3 3 12) the valu.

95

ofx"i ce

tound ltr

viw of $udying ihe behaliour of lhe Rip.nes iunction oler a yea! for any pl&c calculding Ie, for cvcry day of the yd is not useful. This is bc@w of thc &ct lhat
yar ro ye

dd da,

(o day vdiarions in lalitude oflhe Moo.

dd

hence

nd, ats not

as

depndent on the rime of

ye.!. However, *ith posiblc lalues of4, one cd calculate

el.v
degc.s bdis of
lS6. foi

val@ of

l*

for @h day ofa

yd

&d study ns veialioG scenally

sell

d
12

$irh chdging lalilude of pl.cc. As possiblc values

an appopdate value for the day the

of,,

vary from

l0 degcca lo
values

oi day after conjunctioh is obtained only on the

a

ule disraice o. sminimd.r of the Moon. Still tor

ladrudes,

compdie.

of

dill@lt

se

calculaled lor both $e cxrene valucs

,, = loo dd
b

a,

120 and the

curves,t,r aeainsr the longitude oflhe Suo (fiom March 2l) aft ploned in

FiSuGs (3 3 2) lo (3.1.5) These

cws

snow inleFsting featres lbat

cs

sunmdized

i)

from fi8.1.1.2 il is clar rhar forg =

sinusoid.l wirh

O0

i... for

a placc on

$eequabr&i!

is

mdina.t

March 21, Septcmber

2l dd hinima

at Ju.e 21.

D4ember 21. Snalle! v.lues of

rounger cEsent m.y b

iG nems

shaller lalues ]?d4 or !larivly

rn.

L&gr values of x i" dcans largq valus

iia

orrelaliv.ly oldcr crcscenl may b. seen. Thw close to equalor older cEsceht nay be visible near equi.oxes and Elatilely younger crescnl .ea! ehrlcs. If $c Moon is nc{ jls apogc lhen il is noving faner and apFaB rhicker in sky Blatively younger cescents bcone ripe for visibilny. Funher rhe paencc of two maxim and two binima ihdicates four stong innecdon
points. There arc rwo regions ot

lpMd

concaviry (douod solsdcet

dd

rs

of downwdd concaviiy {&ound cquinoxs) As rhc larirude of rhe place in

rc66

(one move ro rhe nonh

ofequabt $e

muinum ol1." at $e venal equjnox loseu nDline ir eard lo k d a youngcr cescenr bul the ndimum of lhc veml equinox ris.s e $al it becones norc difiiculr to ec a yodge! crc$ed (69. 3.3.3). On thc o$er hmd fte ninimM of lhe s|!md ehric mo6 rowuds sdng (v.mal equinox) ad that of rhe wintd rchric. movs rowds autumn (aurunnal
eqlinox) md in ei$er

c&

d.crcae funner making ir esier

ro

*e

a younger

96

cwc ahaFs clos. ro ll alhlnn l m6d thc solsti.6 flltt ns.

F g. No.

Ll.2 X* forg=00

15

13

Kg.

ffi
I

12

10

..
9o

.r.

.,.rl,
180

210

Fi8 No.l
BcyoDd tropic of

ll

rt'L forg= l0o

iiD

.alF

two of the infl@don Poids

re

simPlv gone

&d $e

hsimu

al lhc

aotmnal quinor

ds

tunner malir,g n FoE difficuh lo

91

(f8; 3J.1). Tb nioidsn oftL qttc Ed,. tt !t .quinox mrli!8 it .did io r.c yomg.r @3@l! n tr ro ml .qu$ox . yomg.r

ct!.c.

ttl

iv)

frltd iF!.ic i. dr ldtr& &. D!!io@ bcoc tt}.' rd !i8le lrd dt. ril!i|!@ t cF &cr!.'nry tuvi!8 &n ftr biSba ld'ndd il i5
rG g6.r.lty .si6 ro @ younScr cr!.c.nt3 cl@ clqe b aull|nn l cquilor.
'17

to

vlrnll equimx .ltd

diffrct lr

t6
13

1o

to
Fis. No.

l.l.4r X"i

for g

- 25'

1}. siuDtidr r!\/{r!6 .dirlly i! fivou ofam|'llll cquiM ft. lb

-ttld!

Sn cr ih& 63.5 &8t a!) il k liDplt ml polribL to s rh. s9 loM q.!..oi cloa. ro .utmt .quinox 6 th. vrl'r of&i t @06 gt lddra 9d. Tb vdE G snll.! 50 ofx* cl@ to tqDd .quid indielc riqlt &.t cr!.c.nts y@gq tle 6
For the Arctic Circle .nd to it3 lorth (latitu<tc|

c@!d!d

!o thor. clde

10

lutunn l cquiaox

bc

!.d

9E

a0

50

20

Fi&No. 1.1.5.

i^fore=61

50

plavs e impona role lhai i-., whctht thc cc$eni is !o!ih or north of ihc Sun dcFndst Now lh' stDns nuimum dercmin6 rhe v.luc ofrtdo lhal is lronglv btnude vbibl' lttitud6 indicat's thtt e old'r M@n rov rc1b'
at lhe

Howevr lhe narcr i! lrot

sinplc beca6' tuc olc of latitude of

rhe

cKdt'

b s the AGE offt. Mo@ iNrrsd $ do6 iG elo'sdi@ ad brighlress

is

v.oit

.qrinox for hi8h.r

valucs posibL ftat invisibilitv $g86l.d bv $' Rrpcnas tun.lid vd6 drd sm lqrlEof x'L h rlnt Thh inly l.!d lo ltlollN for sdalld LAG dab avlilablc in lilettrurt e $!d( th. RiD.G$ tulcrion vtl@s for dE ob!'dltioml dx' s't th' c!56 whd thc cscenl .dculacd sd pr6.ntcd in ApFndirlt Out oflhis RipGs ltw rE also s||os nor h lg.mdt *nn dE L|M

ThtebE n m'v b' nisleding

(Odeh' obae liontl dah k $lccLd AoF lh4 tPo :d bv Od'h re cosidercd onlv Ttblc ;0{a) fron *hich c.*s or cvdi!8 '6cnr obs'naiioN (Od'h' 20Oa))' dtt' of obseNttion ldnud 3.1.1 shows o. No. (th. oberysti@ nunb'r LAG' snele v of ecliPlic sitt' ,ftt longin/. of ih. t@dron of obaa$s' M@n\ !8e and ed th' 3d' Rd giv'n bv (13 12) rrorLo, t"lio,a" or Uo.,, toogirudes oI the Moon d'8r*s' Ri' sircn bv *ill !6 siv@ bv (3.310), Re sivn bv (3 3 12) *ith 's = 10 5 O.3.I l) and a&. = Rdq - &"

Eporr.dly

sd

bui .rc

in nblc rc. 3J.1. TtG

'Ihe table in Appn.tix'U shos S. No , the obseNation No (Odh 2004)' date or visibilitv 'N' for lbaided obseNalio., latiiude dd longilude of the locaiion ol obserur, lhouel binGuld''T for visibihv thbush lelescope The

lisibility,'B' fot visibiliiy visibility coluds d empty

iV' in an the.res.ent wd nol s*n sd conlaitu oflhe t8ble contarn .ppropriltc colmn ifth qsftnt is sen The rcsl ollhe coluons file columns de fot the live age ofMoon , LAG. ARCL, ARCV dd DAZ The ld the Babvlonid model' models consideted in this chrpter The colu. headed A is for

if

B and A for the Lunar Ripeness model The colnmn headed

cod'ins

AR"

,Appendixll shows lhat oul of 196 cdcs in shicb $e crese has thee tle onlv 14 cases hat do not ben reponed to hove been een wilhoul oplicdl aid rhcs obscrydlions de tinther obey thc LuMr Ripencss La* stalcd above The debils or The nodificalion is below *ltn a Modi6ed L@r Ripeness Law is sugeestd
The lobl

i!

exploEd

needcd in ordet 10 sepdarc tbc used for clescent

caes of dked eve visibilitv and rhe caes when optical is

visibilitv

wnh the helP of A tot.l number of l2 posiliv obsedations ih tbis dala hav b'en vilhout oplical aid dnd the bin@ules ed klcscopes when $e cr.$enl ws nor visible

Luai
$ ork

Ripe.ess Law is

was deduced

.ot elisfied 'nth is logicallv valid as the Lua' Ripencss Law durine thN onlt for mlcd eve ob*tvatiotr Tlis bas he'n the dolivadon
ss

lo ood i fy th Lunft Rip.ne

Law ro e ocompass the otricallv aided

obse

d'tions

ofihe table contain Ob$flario' Ssial Nunber as led bv Odeh ol the Place Visibililv (2004), Date of ob*tvation titilude oi lhe Place Longitud (wirh iele*ope)' The* colunN N (lor unaided visibilirv), B (wirh bimculd) and T lisible Rst of lhe colums d. mptv io! invisible cresent md co ain v for
The columN

visibilily

colws

fo' the best ime (Y6llop' 1998)' Lae in (ARCL)' the angle v = nin(es, S.padtion btwcn the Su ed tbe M@n At of LiShl hotizon on the wsted holizon for the dav 900 - (9 + d), that thc clipiic mai<es wih ile Is th latitude ol $e Moon' l'M rh longtude of rhe M@n
contalns Ase of ctesce.t in hou6 of c'lculrtioi/obsedation,
OM

100

the lonsirnde orthe

sd, Arc{f-*pdtion

fa.tor,

Sitd

by (3.3.10), Esdnat d Ripencss

Iuclion, ,{.r olcularcd eqution

(3.4.2), Ar6of-epdalion ractor, Aversge Ripen.ss

Fwrion X., calcllared Ning avcds. tu = 10.5 d.gEs dd lh quarion (1.4.2), Aclul RiDene$ Fucrio. ,Rdy calculated sins equtioh (3.4.I ), AP-" the difiencc of AveEge RiFn s Fwrion & th. Acrul one. Th. ribL l.l. I des nor show thc visibility @luons s tbis table @mprises of css wher ihe cesftnt Ms rPodedly seen withont oflical

The lsbl is soned on the values

ofd&y.

On the basis of a

clo* dalrsn of

the

results of conparing ARNi ihe dilleences of Av.lage Ripeness Funclion valus End lhe

Actual Ri!..ess Fuclion v.lucs we ob*de dEt:

The Tablc shows

ft.t lh.E

are

only

14

pGitive sidrrines out ofa rolal nmber

of

196 positive siShlings that are nor according

lo lhe Lunar Ripe.ess

t{

(ARo, = Rn",

The a!. no posilire siSndne wirh A&q < -1.58 wirh or wirhour oprical aid the Ens in wnich

l8 aft.npb

have

ben nention.d in the lne6ud. We

Ripencas

considr

it

as

Coup-A for thc Modificd Muslin Lund

Las lhal we slal. ih ihis

erlq 6:

''tt th. tlill..e,ce ofAv.rase

Np.ts

Fanctior R-, omt the Actuot Rip.h6s

see

Fu"cion Rro F /Re) is l.ss nnh -J.6 it is ihDossibl. to tor att ldtitula uith or Nilhott optical aid'.
The ncxl I27 c6es

nE n.N

luat .rcsc.nl

dc

grcuprd

coup-B. Therc de la (llolo) mked cye

viibility cdes,

25 (19.?%)binoculd visibihy

cesdd

l6 ( 12.6%) rlesopic visibiliry

14 natred cye

cses for values of AFw lying betwen -1.58 dd 0.0. Oul oflhe

lisibiliry

ca*

Th.* e No. 286. 2 dd 2?2 witb AR.!i valu. -3-5, -3.4? md -2.88 All lh* c4s m ner autumnal.equiiox (Sepr.20. Oct.2l &d Ocl. t epecdvety), r$enl hs oldc. age (39.1 l, 39.24 dd 4l .91 hous Elpectiv.ly) md hav consqueitly larger phe.
in thn range, threc lery low AR{yfvalue cdcs have comon chancterisdcs.

l0t

All lhe* conditions falolr

(1.41) that
aor

lisibility and it wds ncntDncd above in view of oldcr a8e cresccnb (/.M ls tae) sh! er arc or scparation may be
rhe

auowed. Thisexplainsrhe very sm.ll LAG (29.s, 33.62 and 32 07 respecrivly) in rhese cas. Modovr, in all $.s cases lhe arc ofvbion is snau (ARcv
6.85, 6.8

dd

7.34

(DAZ = 18.4,2O.j and 18.l dgrees r$perilely) aioh the sun and tosr widlhs (51,65 ed 5r dc seconds respccrilely). Atl lbese lacloB suppolt thc ctaims of lisibitjry md weE anlrcrpatcd above whcn il sas
taree

deg!es rcspectively)

buftelorile uihulhs

rc

All dF clains de latirudejusr moE rhm 30 des*s. The shath, values ot Rj"y in conpdison to R.,, h lnes cscs is due ro larsc lalues ofa + A (noe th& 54 deee$),lhe &gle oalhe eclipric with venical ed large nesaivc vatu$ of tarnude of Mooo LM (tes than _ 4.5degrcs) lhar rcduces Rla to hate n nuch shalter lnu /w _
cases.

suggesred rhat smalter

L,{C valnes oa!,

be

alosed in such

fon

1.. Alt rhe* rhr

obsen.rion de rncgR.nedqrrh rhe Babytonru cr.rerion

Therc is no fudhq c6e

ofcesenr visibitity
O,

tjl.

varue of

dong$ otherposilile

dRq < -1,6. Fbh

cases

wilh -1.6 < AR."r <

two de very young

ccenr'

Thee

t02

obddation no.274 (ARm = -1.19 ) drd 416(A&tr- -l_06) i{i$ age 14.8 sd t5.9 houE rcsredvely. Despile being lery yorS having FLlively l&aer LAGS (39.j md
17.7 ninulcs

sperively)

in both

c&s

rhe Moon

ws
l.8

very close ro the Eanh rcsuhine

(10_?

in ldse

visua.l

dimcler bur lh

cltsnl

widrhs wcrc

sb.ll

&d ll.9 e. s@ndr

only). with

$all

the rclalivc eimurhs (4.6

dese,

the crcsent eas atnost

ve'liMlly abov. the

elative altitudes

su rhat bring it in ihe ided cordnion foi visibiliry bul lh snau (8.5 ed 9.1 deele) nake rhe$ claims highly oplini$ic. Borh th6e
Lh

obse^ario6ec in d$dgreementwirh

BdbyloniM qirenon.

Out of th 14 positive obseru.tioi wnh

i.e.

A&r

< O,

ihte

werc very

f.ini

cEscenrs

obsrarion n@be6 389 (d&. = {.94), 341 (AR^, = -0.87) ed a55 c0 62) The* crscent werc low in ottitude (?.2, ?.8 and 8.j deg,es respdively) ed hrd sna erongarion (10.9. 13.3 dd 9 deg@s Esp.cively), This hakes these ct6i6s lo be higbly
opr'n'strc
cnlenon
os

well. Two otthcsc {389 and 455) are sko in djeereocot

341 is a

{heec

viri

Babylonian

mdSiMl6e

in Babylonian qirerion (with ARCV + LAC =

Howvr, for all

$ee

I I 9 c6es when $e

crescnt wd daoed

ro hdve been

wirh naked eye,lhe conmo. ieatule

S0 degrres on ilher side

sen

w6

relarivty hi8h l&uoes {generalty g@&r

thq

of rhe quator) except fo! obFNatbn no. 416. Th cbim 4l6 n tioh latitud 6.5 degres nonh Apan fmm rhh lonely c6e it appe&s lhat fo, A&r < O n is ihpossible to see lh cE*entatpt&es witlllatiruds less fian 30 desEes (borhNodh

Inlhe l19caksofsroup B,lhe frequency for optica y aiddyisibiliry (botb wnn binocula and retescopcs) ihceses ed one ce cdily gnerau lhal whcn Atqr, ties between -3,58 and O.O theE is s hjgh rDssibility of crescenr visibilhy wilh soe oprical sid for bod lh high latifude as wel s low l.rilude obefres. I hereby jn this wort the s4ondpd of rhe Modilied t\4ujlih Lus RiFne$ LaB $$Rds

t0l

b.nv.r -3,t otd 0.0 th. posibili9 oJ rhibilit! ollittt crcnetl *ith and *itio optical did ln re6s vnh ihcE6iig tolu6 o!.4R-. fot hlEh.r latitqda, gq*o ! gedt.r thon 30 d.erc$ notth a4d souk ard ZR*. b.l"g h th. ronq. -3.5 b A0 h. postibility ol nak.tt erz visinlw ako irceqe llowvq, in t'. tong. oI th.G wluzs oJ r'RnIor tMllo lotitad6 th. .tz vitibilitr h dlMt
tizt

''if h. nns

"oh.d

Nxt is the Oroup-C $at mnrains 76 cases wilh AFrv in rhe dnB.0.0 ro L6, In lhB goup rh.r. 12 naked cye visibihy.as.s (15.8ol.),26 binocuta (14.7%) and 15 &l6copic visibilily cs4 (19.?%) e lhar vGibility with both naled cye and with opdcal

rid b.com$ ooe probablc. UnfonuMtty rhe dala is h.avily inclined lowads the high htnude clesanda clrdenarcation for u.aided visibilit, for snalter laritudc ob*Fe6

cd

nor be made. Srill, the

thid pan oftbe [,todilied Muslim Lund

Ripeness Law is

''fth. wtu6

oJ/R@ tk 6ztwa 0.0 an.t r.6 ttt. pEribitiiu

of,i,n i,

oJJint

cftsceat teith and tuithout oplicdt k ,trong fo, higlrq latitud.d,. The Croup-D containine a ro|at nlmber
unaided

of 221 c6es

has 170 cases ofoprically

vhibilitr oflunar cscs

forr'i!'

> 1.6,Il is

^il r'B@ >t.6 ttt. posnbitu, oJ ,bibititr siorg lot boh towt aMt hiEha totitd.r".

of

li61 c6c.nt fitttott opti.dt b

Finally, the 3umnarized Moditied Muslim r_umr Ripencs

l-awr:

ZR-< -3.5 ihpNibL

2,

to tee

th. n.v luaar c.6c."tlo,

a tdrru!., ,ith o,

/R@ < A0 ihposibt. to ee the neN crcsce"t with ot *,tthout oplicnt oit! Jo, tnt .r latitutl$. For hiehe, t,titnds therc b n high pnsibiti,r ol gibititt otli6t cE .nt dth oyial
-3.5 <

104

0.0 < .1R,. < 1.6 p8tbiti,tr o!

optt ol

,hltw

o!

Ji6t M@nt btrh ond withoul

h staq !o, tigt.r tdlituds. Lo.a!|rA N6t tuith opticd! a ! a".! th.a try nelnE lt Nlth haL.d e!. h6 a eood .ranc. o! opticdlr u"tided

ne,>

1.6 th.

pNtlbnrr

oJ'

tbi!i!, oifust

cnse

wtuhout optcat

st ona

Jor bo& Iow.r and highu tatttud.t,,

Another way oI lootjng inio ih delaih of Lue Ripene$ hodel is lo look inro the plots ofaverage ripehess fmcrion md rhe acod ,ipenes tuncion for borh vhibh &d invisiblc crcsei$ for single talirude, U.forluarcly, rhe dru avaitable dd considercd in lhis work h Esrficlcd in rhc F6e lhat scieltifically re@rded ob*dalions fo, a sinetc

hnud a nor found lery frqucnrly xcept tor Athens (ladrude 38 dc8,as .orrh) ed
Cape

sn,Ir tatitudes. plac6 cto* IoequarorobseruatiouarelolvcryfFquenuyav.ilable.Anunbrofplaccsecsetecred

herc

Tou

(laritude 13.9 degr4s so!rh). !n panicula, for

od

tbeir

d.h pto(cd for Alerage Ripenes Fundion &,,

Fuiclion R6y for borh rhe Eponedty inlisibte plees with laritudes L8N, 33 95,
6.5N

and the Acllal

Ripen*

dd

the vilibtc

oe*mr!

Thesc jnctudc

dd

38N

(FiguB

3.3.6 1o 1.1.9).

Figure 3.j.6 for tadtude

L8N snows tbe bsl slc

of 6 (83.37") in asrcen wnh $" obscdat'ons (6 our of6) e in agrccmnl wilh the ta* toi this
'rown-(hnnde
od, ol

sieh,incs ou,

,_J:'iff:ln:"11,'#:J:
larilud. Nexr is Cap.

ll.9

S) wirh succcss percenhgc 65%

(ll

20, the needrvc obseryauons fo, Cap Toq are In agrehenr sirh la\ tor 9lJ% c66. This 6 ao owed by ,40r.6 (ladrlde 39N) w,rh 2 oul of3 {66.7910) posirivc eghlingsad II o of l8 (61.l%) neSariv sighdnes a8rce snh
deg!.es, I our of2 (50%) posilive sightings od 4 oul of6 (66 ?y.) asE. wirh rhe tan.

posrlire siehings in sgenenr

fic lav. Ior

laritude 6.5

I05

4
15

't0

loo
^

zlo

3b

400

actual RF

br in\isibte . e.lrrr nr Or ri"tOre

Fia No.

3 3.6:

Rjp.@r Fundion for r-ditute 3 L8 dg.c Nonrr

---r;-+:
;b.,RF6.'"".b,.
Fig. No

.acrld

1.7:

RiplB Fudid

for C.p. Tow4

Sqth Anic!, Lgnbde r3.9

itlr*

t06

-111+.-Ig'1.rl'1
Fig. No 20
1a

r.tl'::.gE::.

l.l.8: Ripdess Fudi@ for Lrtibde 6.j d|:gG Non\

l6

10

20n

300
]

/too

J.E""'g:f*,","..,v"ltr" iU,ar nr b. rnti"itrc

Fig. No 3.1.9: Ripdcas

luDrid

for Arhdq

lrriMe t8 d@ Non[

Loogitudc 21 7 d.grca Easr

t01

All thes. figu6 show ! lend for lhe Aveog. RiFns Funcrion lhal is indicaL<l bt rh6&thal consitt ralions tud deEocr.at.d in figGs 3.3,6 b 3.3.9, c..ealy ihc

ce$enr hav. Actu.l Ripne$ Fucrion vdu6 b.low lh. AwnC. Ripoess "Cwe md lh. visibte cBcens have v!l@s rhal @ abov. rhc cle. Devi.tions oa
invisible
both foms ac prc*nt ald

discu$ed ,bove. A rhorcricalty visiblc cG$en$ (aclual

Ripn6s Funclion valu.

.ounts

noE rb& the avcRg) is reponcd invisibt. $ar gendlty 'Positive E@lied lh.oErically i.visibte qscm (acr@l Ripc.ess Function

valuc les 1ha lhc ave@g) Eponed to be se.n, a..Negalive Edof,. The posirive ero^ dponed halc no atiecr on the modet as rh.se cm6 nay occurdue ro mdy uncontroued fado6 ( like seather cond id ons and obseNer,s abi I ity to scn* lhe conr 160, Thc negative cmB nay eirher by hiShty oprimislic bur inconect clains or they nsy rndicsre hcr of authcnticity ofthe nodet both di$lsed abole ih derajlfor $e LunarRipenes Law

pcllNe cs$ fq lh ipenqs law h 92.8% aeaitrsr 96.490 or Babytohid qiroion. Ior the negatve si8]]iings lhc .iFne$ las succ*dr in 57.?ro css ,ainn 59.9%
for the

ovd atl @hprrisoi of the Lud Ripness taw wih thc Babytoni& oitcrion shows lhat lhc Babylonie crjrelion huch noe succcssfut. .ltE succcs percenr,g for
,a,n

3,4

EMPIRICAL MODELS OF EARIY 2o.rr CENTURY

After lookine

Modd

oftheMslinsa

is rcv.ated. The following figee3.4 t whicb an exlhsion of fie 3.t,1, in addrrDn to Moon bing nonh of $c rcfiptic. als shows rhe M@n b be sourh ofectipric. In lhis 6e though sign of latillrde. pM oflhe M@n tats c@ ofwhcrher rhe tmgih HT is to be added or subrracted nom ln - ,6 in equario. (3.1. r t) or (3.3.6) bur tuother qwsron becones rlever rn rhe cae shoh in rhe tisuE for sane as tbe Moon is huch tunner away ror lhe Sun when Moo. is south of $e Sun (in nonhem hemisphec), rhe cese n6 ldes m of tishr

oara rn comparison

&d lne co.srE,nrs of rhe tupcness ctoser look in|o rhe figw3.3.1 ad tne eatysis of th obseryed to itc Lu.& RiFnss Las, d impond dpct
success

o Ine deraits of

tc

108

FlriFM@ dir.E. So n n DosibL thlr $e d6acrr eirh m.lld & md @.r.qudtly strdla .o mr b. vi3ibt . Ilis i! p@j$ly thc ce for rhe obgMtaom m. 286,2.rd 272, lna @.ctn s ct.itried ro b. sl eirh nrld eyc but the Lury RiFnB te i.di.d6 rh. otsuriB P@ imf.sibt. (My lo, A&, vlluet wh@ the Blbylonia. dilsio. atlos fi.n. So lb. quGrion lriss, for pt.as
mwh

rd t

thidd fd

!.d

hdia Dd dE qegn binA o. hori@n !id. oI ilE eliptic ah@ld w giv. do.! .Uolle for !c? Shoutd rhe p.I! ol
with hign6 bdlud.q etipric mch inclin.d rorsds
tlE

Rip.B

Fundion

{q

be

low th.. $c, e

&cotding io

.quimr? TrF luF ii ddd, lcr.rt @nsloinrs ofrhc Lu@ &F|3s tuturion wtEn ir i5 poi.t d od rhr for rcry low AR", v.ru.3 rh. d*qn of bw LAc hn okt agc.td hjc DAz i, E ofl.d ro ben sd. thjs nay b. th. po$ibl l6$n for rt. nrort n sirob@! tik. MDidd !.d Fothdiigh|n qploriig tu .el.ri@ b.tqq ARCV .d DAz for the ft51 vhibitity of tu@ cresn to tlE

rltmr.l

6glB 3.1.2 to 1.3 5 clos. jn lh. dilosio. of thc

o,^.

--.
ig

Fig No 3

4.t: Spncriql Trigonomfiic ih..iFion

of

6ndiiid,

of

nq

lu@

de*nt

t09

In cae ofMoon nonh

ofediflh:

DAZ

ES = EJ

J JS

lassine I es

-elr

@te

{r.4.r)

and

'n

c4c ofM@n soulhof(tipric:

o,lz - o5 -

p1g

115

o,

"in,

*6s - 6n
cos

(1.4.2)

DAZ siven by (l.a.l) js much sfraller

(3.4.1) rhe

$&

difirEicc of dqliiatioD of rh Sun qd rhe M@n (\ _ 6M) rr{ in (3.4.2). wnh k4er aRcL (SM') for M, (3.4.2) as compared
rar8.r bul

rhar eivcn by (1.4.2) for th.

r.son tar in is sna er |han

&[

or Rd. is

sdc.

Ahhongh

A&,i (Ra,

crc$cd al M. is older, rhick.. and brighrei mucb soaler rhan for M. Esutts into dill.Enr ofarcs oftishr (ARCL) or older cE$eit with large! ph6e. Thus in case of in case ofM it hst be difijcult to ke the crescqr s conp&.o ro rne c6eofM..
Whenler as is v.niet (perpodicuttr optihue- aidnioo of I Oo (when

&ryJ

|o M (1.4.r) &ry

j,

sme tdr the two ca$s bur

to rhc horiz!) DAZ

vanishs tud

ol. DaZ cohs inro play lnd Oe oplimum condiroN for as ca b retded. For hucn ls8er valus of DAZ 4d older dd wjder cescnr may b. visibte wirh s@ er vahca of ARCV or aD. So rhe oodels inlolvine ARCV-DAZ rclarions comc into play. these hodel ARCV is a runcrron ofDAZ so as should aho be a fuction ofDAZj

f.nhd frcn rh Ea.rh) ccu_

Moon is ctosesr !o rhe t dnh)

l2v (,hen lhe

M@i

is

As and whei tu

i;

nor vniet lhe

4,. = 4.. cosa

ad ARcy = ftDAz)=aL
(J4.3)

- -[(DAZ)

Il0

This

n@s

rhar for coBtaor LAC

(e a)

ARCV

decE|s

com|anr 9, t.AG

ktnude LAC.

ed ARcv e di@tty lotDnionat ro ech L lrgc DAZ dd taige ARCL m@s mallr ARCV

Duing Elarivety ucnI lioes rhe dploorions of rhe @tist visibiliry

rurc du ro
(Foth*inshm

visibjtity of rhe old cFscnr b.gd wnh lhe obstuations oad in Alhens and iG viciniry by Schnidt md othes. fteoretical
exploradon was iniriared

rutu crsc.nt or

rh

lat

oa

nd

@leldtui@t

E6otu ll)e

ey

paniculd sbononiqt qusdon

1903).

@nriburo^

lhc beginning of th. trcnlietb ceirury n was eatized rhat ncrhods of verifying dates, panicltarly tum, dotes, wcrc nor avrjtable md pspje were @ncehed 6bout the 6r6noorc.t ondniom thar govn dE nsted rc visibilny of $e lun.r .,esccnr (FodE nsllah, t90l). To evatuare anonohicrl condirions for rhc ktiesl risibitny of *.ber ofsrudies ,ppeaEd. .rhe slrk ofr. K. " Forhe,iishd (1910) hinsell4d that ofE. W. Mau.dq (l9ll) is of vjtal importance. aou rhcsc onu'bur'ons *eE bed on fie nald er. obcenarions ot new luna cr*enr nade by Augusl Momeseo, JutiN schhidt sd Friedricb schn

rs

::::::

*'*!'

"-"

ee .,p,.r*, i" "'*

";;

;;;;:;Til:,#:lTJ:,i:;;

lonn n.ghao claim ro havc sueg.sEd (in his d,crc aprHed in rh roumat of Philqophx ^, . 90) lhat in ord.r to catcularc thc rrue date ol phasis on ough ro have a lable of te requisne depre$ion of the Sun
1

aurtude

ol

the M@n at ttE

sun.

He

h6

Motre.-;;;rJ,'* T,,'1:::;:;llTf moo. hade h the laGr

Monhsn
in ,his rcead.
Schmidr and

.l$

or of lhe $tuer for difre o8uld dishnces of the M@r fom rhe adnitted abou his hl'en* .

betow honzon at

fic 6oonkt,

Morn*n himslr n

half of thc nine&flti century by Jutic Schnjd| Iriedrjch

hblcs menlioned

bdh of

such

obFrystios dut were povided in Monm*n, s chromtogie lt8a3),

e;liq euld be @nslrEred

on the W_

lll

69{0. Fo(brilgb.(l (t910) hs &!.rd,!od lt !. oh.{trdo.! giviq cilit drB of ot66htio! od ir! r!$lnc Fsvit d Dy tioi.iaod ll. !E!Xind.,nd thaidltrh of t! M@ Ebiis ro lh. Stl! r drc lim of Ms.r (or !ui!.) crrqld.d by Fo$dDgh.n tin!.lt Tt4 ob6.'vdo$.r. ,!lrrr!8ed i! rh. T$tc No. 3.a.2 { h sb. rddidool .rlc-rr@.. Tb culs &! .ts Fs&d oo o ARCV-DAZ chti in Fi8@ No 3.4.2. Fo{t.iishn (t9t0) .t$ Gidna I ddrrEy r.u. lhar is r.prottuc.d a Tibt.3.4.1 b.lo% rhd sivB rt nisinM lltiidc for lh. !.nibt. @*a|l fot rr|ridl! valu.s ofrcldirc .?hn'h.

T.bL No. 3.t. t:

H.

Fortsiryhrn,.""-r,rffi
rion lo

.!o it"EtoFd . mlrhoni.d Gt

dc'qitc rtc k,E:

0r.0OrZ,

Mioioue Atrtr*

12..0 _

(3.a.a)

d!

*** ni5 cod. d.fn* a r.sioD or sry lroud rh6 poiot of y* ]T1,:.* $Ds a $ow! u n6 tgu 3.a.2 b.!oe.
cu.rc ir ltould tc viliuc orh.eirc

.l 6. d4 of su!.! rL crBc..l i! .boE iot T[. cruE h crinlit to. Fo6qingh.n,s

If,

Fit. No. 3.al Fortdbgh!$!

clrl!

lt2

T.ble No. 1.4.2

Forh.dng[d\

Rutc

d66

A@-on

ii-

'

3' 1,1 lo&!

&
ia

I|l

w. d.firc a pa@et . !r , .,visibihy pamerd,,

accordiDg ro Forheringhao

sl

rt

(aRcv - t2 + 0.00s21)

| tO

(1.4.s)

rn lhc T!bl. No. 3.4.2 rhe

oD.eryaxon Epond by Forherineh@

tsl colhn

@nrajd ihe v!l@

is

of

,.

fo, mh

ed rhq rh.lablc

$n

d in rh. inccasiag ordcr

ccsnl

ofyl . ln !i.w of{1.4.4) iflnc lund attitlde is lcss rba. 12,-0-0..OO8Zr lhe qcscent should nol bc visible_ Alrmatct, in vjw of(1.4.5) if rhe value or ,ts is rcSalive
shoutd nor be visible, Thc

the

vdB

roDsnar'oo no.4t). Hosrver he

nor

ainuths aE rho* calcul.&d by Fothqinghah. Ir is e.s y nobd thal out of 20 obsetuations ao. which lhe varueof,r is negatilc two obseryario$ ar posilivc: One. on Oci 27, 1859 (obseru.don no.2) od tbe 0lh0 on tlE nohmg ot scpr. 14, t87t

of Elarivc altiiude of the Moon

dd

irs

Gtaliv

hin*lfdnilslhat

labte.bla. Thc eo is exhibile{r All ir'c esl ofdE posnjvc ob$dadons aborc FotheringtEn

$ Etiabtca tE sumary

his marheh.dcl elarion (3.4.4) js

i.lhe FiC@No.1.4.j.

3 vnibitiry

cw..

ofEtying on lh. ..bueb,. rylDxihale natbeharical nay consider the su6My tabte dala and ltr a quadratc cune approxrhation. Following rhis we oblliEd lhe tolosins @.a@n ARCV dd DAZ jor rhe shmarJ rabt. r.4.r d,h:
hsread

/RCv

= -0 0ot2g Da

z'

+o.o7442aDAZ

+|.86429
or Seond

(3.4.6)

dlkrure visrbitiry pamercr ya ba*d apProx'&afior d folto$:

I L\ =

ed

dennc

d88 L@r squd

URcl/ +a.00929D,42,

'.O.O14429DAZ _|t.s642g)I

|)

(j.4_7)

lt4

Tabl.No.1.4.3

fhis nbdi6c.tio!
repsrd by Forh.ingh.n

i! rn oL
.rd e$lrs

by Fo$dnBltn
!t ir

it

lpplid to dE obseutio4
TIE dat! of the

e pc5I.d in Tlble m. I 4 I
4ily sa
th3t rh

lnbL n

d$ pr*ftd
have

in FiA No

I4.1

s@nd dgE polynohisl h.5

ob*N.don

id

l@t sq@e ntins ro a inprovcd $ylhin8 6ttF tN nore positive

lilln into th mg ofn g{ive vd!$ of l7 (F.b 20, l87l).

Mdundg

vd Th*

ee Nmbred 6?

(ofo.t

27, 1878) a$d

Dunng th
the

sme.6

(l9ll)

@Nidrcd &olhr b6io data s.i given in

hbl. .o

3 4 4

b nr $e obwnioml drl..

20

30
Forh6rinoham

hvl3bL cro.c.nt3

. villbL cr.8cnb .
s

tute

Fig. No 343 Fothringhan

Rule

l16

25

F-d;:

Fi8 No 144
A last

sque qu.d6dc poltDnnl 6ncd b $jt d.L iGld! [E fi)llowing cl.rion:

at-v

DAz'1 PAzl

lm

20

tt
the

(r.4 s,

Usiig lbls polynoni.t ed $e @nditid

$d

(,B@tt

would be visiblc if:

ARC1'>

!4: V1+r
rdtsirghd
$e @h3

(34e)

a.d lppli.d
3

to dd. usd by
In

4.4

!dfig.no 3 44

lh. tabb

obrlid 4c prc&tn d in t$lc m t t lh. 'visibility p.mrcl dcfin.d asl

, ,fl!0o20)) , =f no",

-l

DAzl

-P4.,\\

(3 4 r0)

II?

35 30 25 20
15 10

5 0

-10

. hisible

Crecents . Visibt Crsconts

fig. No 1.4.5 Th. rrbl. 1.45 3how U[r !E @ft! br.d on Medd,s oaM &. such inprevcd Md rhs. b dly * obqvdid j.. m 4j d le?l t4, tS7l, thd dqin6 eon rhc @rdidoa (3.4 9) IE irbt. j 4.4 and dr fg!rc ooln sr|N rh|r ood.t du ro M.udq is nu.h inpotld s ohprld lo rh. Dodet (!l. b ho Ein*hrn.

rin.lly in
appljed

e p'lsrd i! ffBod m. I 4 6 (Fo.tEngn '!br n,r mdct) &d 1.4 ? (Mr!id6t

arld

vort bolh the @ddq .trl. Forhdi|ghe .tr rh.r due |o M&i<t, ro thc Ft..i.d 463 obs.rio$ nm nr6d),e (Od.b 2OO4)
rhis

&

nE

@lb

mod.t)

oc rpFndix-tr (Colu@ C .d D, r6pdjidy).

Th. fiCW m. 3.4.6 Dd dE r.bte i, r'p.ndir-n (@bm C) lhow Lt l rhq. !E a larae tumbd (90 our of t96 po.nirc 3igtni.g) of ,on! wh.n rh. dcaar reloned vbibte fi.r dwin. AM FortEi.eho,s

obb

by th tul (3 4.4) d@ to

highly relr.icted

rt. linir mvij.rt Fdtdi,Bh.r Thi. a|g.q! tb.r rrh. ll@s of the dte is to ih d!r. m which Fothdingnm wdr.d on and .equind siou
Lc betow

trFdet

rd

ll8

E- 6i

6i

intTii:i

'E

na

s
E

n3

ll9

:i:: alF{s_?{";+E:'-.-l

{-:

'l

Fia. No

l4

tl od ol 196 pGniv! nShd.Ss o,ly lO o6@tirotu d*i.1e |ion Ihur M.unders etton is mrch b.rid lho dd of
6ppe.dix

On lh orher han4 figure 3 4 ? ,nd rh.

tdlte

i.

Forb.gnant

t20

lh. Babylonia cdlcnon ed Lud RiFnc$ Law coBider.d in the prelioN two articls 6 fd s lb. nMbq ofdeviorion fon the law in the ob*tued @seni d @ren.d.
su@esstul Anolher eforr ofgEar significance rnar h found in tir.6tuE is based on rh of Schoch ( I93O) and h known d lndie Melhod give. in the Exp tnlnion ro The trdian

lh. floft

nol

wft

Astronohi.at Ephenetis , t^ ttlh nlhod

3_4.6,

dr

ba5ic dala u!d rs

givs hee

il

lablc no

leasr square quadralic

polynoniat fincd b rhis dala yields lhc fo owing Etaionj

nC

= l0

t74l -

u Ot 3l)DAZI _ O.@aj

DAZI

(1.4 r r)

UsinS lhBpotynomiaI

od

rhc condirion dur rhecre*enr $outd be

\6rble

ii
(t.4.12)

RC

v >1e

it4i

- o.ot lTDAzl_ o.@st DAZ.

@d applied il to dara

*l
G

Ihrs

Pc*nled in fis. no.1.j.8. For 6is figuE ,// Bed

hrl( $e

Esutrr ohained aE

''visibilily peamelef defined

sl

=(ARCV _ lt}.3:,43 _ O.o137DAzl _ o.!n97 D,12..)) (3.4.1:l)

19 our 196 porir.\e sishrinss Dar devidrc

,,,,,.i." "" -O

rbn l,ll.

condi on

TIs rill rhe hrer hatfofrhc 2Od c.otury rh. Indiao n.rh@ ws Horck in viw of rhe analysis of Babylonian
exploFd

consid.red to be rhe besr.

6d

cnlcrion and the Lund Ripen s Law prsenred in this voik. dot w.d rhe Indim mehod rs s sle6sful in |.ms

l2l

of Fsnivo 3igidier dwidirB froo rbd.l. Dring rlE nodsa tis6 rh. Belylonim cniqioo dd Ripenss tuaction h.! no( ben exploEd s rho@8fly 4 is done in rhe

wott

This cxploorion

nE<tls

hs lqd ro a sianili@1flnding rhai rh. eient md rh nnievat for rn orlien visibility of @ tuD ff*rr e s u$tuI s loe of d

{-.

ilr

.;'.':i. .,

lgrlq-;':t! *:;19;!t *j:.t

Fig. 3 4.3

3.5

COMPARJSON AND DISCUSSION

TIE wort

F6qn.d i. rhi, .h!rr6

b.

sDtuis.d e & os:

ondition for visibi|ny of B tuE @$.,n Thij i! p.niotdy impolt nr in es wnen tbe M@. @ s.t b.fore $ma *n .na @juldion Thus

o obe*rioid lur c.L.d!r h is inpondr b rel,& uur rhe @ndnion "binh of @ MM o difri@ b.fd. tqt $dc- i, d .t .|| . rclirbl.
For
a

o.onjudid ofM@ *ith rh. sr b.forc trE b..t $nst dd e obseitio@t tue c.lcid., rh.t ..qui6.dut sighdne of rh. ew cltenr
@lerdd bred
nav lo
De

lunr

slnirtty dif@nr.

t22

th condirioE of edli.st visibility ofn.w tun( cese.i. For norlhd h.misrhcre if. conjunctio. falls nes aururual equinox this ssle is snall for borh hiddle md high.r latitudes md fircfoE cBeol is eidlcr cloe to rhe horian or .vcn blow lhe

Tne

ddc

oa

aliflic

wirh lnc horizon plats

impondt olc for

hori&o .r rhe lin

ofsu*!.

Th.EfoG old.r @scenG may

*ape si8hli.g.

Th acicnt Bobllonie crildion for the

elid

h6

the hienc$

suee$ pcencge

(96.4rr'o)

lhis cbaprr for posiljve sighdigs coGidered in lhjs tr!,k. Ho$!ver, $c su@e$ perccnlage fof neSalive lidri.gs is nol good enouSh (59.9%). Th$ the o!e6[
succ.ss
pe rcen

visibitit, or new tunar ccscenr monesr alt rhc nodets consid.Ed in

rzge ot lhe

Babylonie c rir.rion is 75.4%.

thar sdaced againsr lhis nethod i3 lhc sightings that deviared from rhe nodl i. hisher tatlludes. Thee are older c,*ents a.d brighler crcscentr h,v lowq Rip.ness rh s@ess per.nlas. of Lunar RiFnB rarv for posnive siel incs G 9.8% (bcrb rhan alt hod.ls coNidcEd excepl Babylonitu cril.rion) bul rhal fo regadve sightings n only 57.?% (wose lhan all ofter crneria consideEd in this .hapte.). The o!.hlt succe$ p.,cenbg is 72.l./o.

ohpulltioB rhis hs Esultcd i o a useful ne6od for det mrnrng fi6t sighdlg of @w lumrc&$enr. The probteh
onl/

b lh. Luar Ripeness tuncrion thal deletoped dlrin8 $e nedi.val ca ae lhobughly invcsligared. Wirh ftoucm rahnques
The ideas retated
lhe day ofrhe

of

11"' ly:.

Theadw.rage ofnelhods lhar sre bakd on Etarion beNeen ac ofvision &d !hdve .zinulhs ed thal dc moE lhomu8hly invesric"ted durjng Eod.rn.6 is a6o exptored. Il is fomd lh, rhe Indie Dcrhod b.sed on dr b.sic dala of Scho.h is rhe besl aDones! lhe ARCV_DAZ ba*d Dedods
amon3st the

npidel

Dodels

rollw.d b) rhe Mlmdets

e&ly 20,r cenrur', rh rndid De$od be.l uccss peEenlaec tor posnrve srghrings {eo.l"b) herhod r84?%r and rh. me$od due ro Maundcr

ofte

t23

Howv.r, in t m of th. su.6e pc@nla8e {o. eSatve sighdnes Forhdinghm\ crilfion is rlE bcn (@ons$ slt m.thods consid@d in th.
(54.lYo).

chaptet wnh 94.7% fotlMd by Momdeas (82%) /67.8r/'.

ed

thn rhe

Indid ednod

The oveEll success pcrced.ge of rhe In<tian mcthod is 79.5%, merho! is 81.lqodd rhat ot FohrinShm\ method

oflhc Maundeas

a 7@.

inoe.s wirh insca* in moe

1988a). -IheEfoE

The .uth@ ciry or succ.s of .ach is m.6uEd in rems of nhb.r of cGscnr siShtirgs wirhour oprical aid (posi,jve sigtrings) rhal ae In aEreehent qnh $ecnl.non. Some aurhorc have sre$ed on lesdng cdt.ria on rhc basis oI nunbcr of 6es whcn rh. cnlqon prcdicts sighrins ed dlc qe*ent i, nor s@n (nee.rv. sghrncs) (Far@hi e1 sl, 1999) 6 wctl. Howvq odlcB hav indicated rhar cban

.,"","J;; ;;::,;:T:::"::i1",#;

our eftpbdis is on .xploring @nditions uder ehich cE$enr cm be scn od not on whcrh.r il is &rE y stu or noi e rhat lDNo.s may be 3tlchcd for Judeing ft-eliabiliry ofthe cl.jG of siShtin8e A3 menrioned cadier thee c& be a ro ngadve sightings. rfa c terion pedicb sighilg snd mc @rccnr E not 6crldly *en d@s nol sl dll ncm lhat 1h. $irerion is not rcliabic. TIE condi,roro 8@,ry str6, vis,brny.!cn ,f sry,{ no, ovft$r as sh,rr br *.n 'nc rn rhc nxt chapG. B.tole authcndcn, of a cdledon is ,

:::lq

":t, ::_ :jTt Frwcn the dimtt illmimied Ihin

*; ; ;;;;".;" *:lj:: :"ffj;j:T

cecot ad
lhe bignrnes ot

IM&h

sky,

t24