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Chapter 1
Introduction to Si l ti Simulation
Outline
When Simulation Is the Appropriate Tool When Simulation Is Not Appropriate pp p Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulation Areas of Application Systems and System Environment Components of a System Discrete and Continuous Systems Model of a System y Types of Models DiscreteEvent System Simulation Steps in a Simulation Study
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Definition
A simulation is the imitation of the operation of realworld process or system over time.
Generation of artificial history and observation of that observation history
A model construct a conceptual framework that describes a system The behavior of a system that evolves over time is studied by developing a simulation model. model The model takes a set of expressed assumptions:
Mathematical, logical Symbolic relationship between the entities
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Advantages of simulation
New policies, operating procedures, information flows and son on can be explored without disrupting ongoing operation of the real system. system New hardware designs, physical layouts, transportation systems and can be tested without committing resources for their acquisition. Time can be compressed or expanded to allow for a speedup or slowdown of the phenomenon( clock is selfcontrol). Insight can be obtained about interaction of variables and important variables to the performance. y can be performed p to discover where work in Bottleneck analysis process, the system is delayed. A simulation study can help in understanding how the system operates. What if questions can be answered.
Disadvantages of simulation
Model building requires special training.
Vendors of simulation software have been actively developing packages that contain models that only need input (templates).
Simulation results can be difficult to interpret. g and analysis y can be time Simulation modeling consuming and expensive.
Many simulation software have output analysis.
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Areas of application
Manufacturing Applications Semiconductor Manufacturing Construction Engineering and project management Military application Logistics, Supply chain and distribution application Transportation modes and Traffic Business Process Simulation Health Care Automated Material Handling System (AMHS)
Test beds for functional testing of controlsystem software
Risk analysis
Insurance, portfolio,...
Computer Simulation
CPU, Memory,
Network simulation
Internet backbone, LAN (Switch/Router), Wireless, PSTN ( call centre),...
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A system is often affected by changes occurring outside the system: system environment.
Factory : Arrival orders
Effect of supply on demand : relationship between factory output and arrival (activity of system)
Components of system
Entity
An object of interest in the system : Machines in factory
Attribute Att ib t
The property of an entity : speed, capacity
Activity
A time period of specified length :welding, stamping
State
A collection of variables that describe the system in any time : status of machine (busy, idle, down,)
Event
A instantaneous occurrence that might change the state of the system: breakdown
Endogenous
Activities and events occurring with the system
Exogenous
Activities and events occurring with the environment
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A continuous system is one in which the state variables i bl change h continuously ti l over ti time: H Head d of water behind the dam
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Model of a System
To study the system
it is i sometimes ti possible ibl to t experiments i t with ith system
This is not always possible (bank, factory,) A new system may not yet exist
There is a fundamental difference between models used in science and engineering engineering. Science is concerned with natural world, whereas engineering is concerned primarily with the man made world. Science uses models to gain an understanding of the way things are in the natural world. Engineering uses models of the manmade world in an attempt to achieve what ought to be.
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Types of Models
When used as a noun the word model i li representation. implies t ti Th The word d model d l may also be used as an adjective carrying with it the implication of ideal. Finally, the word model may be used as a verb, as is the case where a woman models clothes.
Types of Models
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PHYSICAL MODELS Physical models are visual geometric equivalents, either as miniatures, i i enlargements, l or d duplicates li made d to the h same scale. l ANALOG MODELS Analog model; the focus is on similarity in relations. Analog models behave like the original. SCHEMATIC MODELS A schematic model is developed by taking a state or event and reducing it to a chart or diagram. MATHEMATICAL MODELS A mathematical model employs the language of mathematics and, like other models, may be a description & then explanation of the system it represents.
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What to do with Logical Model: Need to find a way to deal with the model and analyze its behavior
For simple model use traditional mathematical tools like differential equation method, queuing theory, linear programming etc. For complicated system Computer Simulation
Model Development
In the model development steps we make the description of the system being modeled explicit by quantifying the relationship among all of the variables and the performance measure Acquiring sufficient understanding of a system to develop an appropriate model is one of the most difficult tasks in simulation Two approaches are used
Physical flow approach State change approach
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SIMULATION THROUGH INDIRECT EXPERIMENTATION In most operations, objective sought is the maximization of an economic measure of effectiveness. Rarely, if ever, can this be done by direct experimentation with the operations under study. For example, a sales price that maximizes profit cannot be determined by changing price over a range of values until the optimum price level is located. Such a method is expensive, timeconsuming, and in addition, may eventually destroy the price structure itself. Hence, operational polices are usually established by intuition, judgement, and simulation rather than by direct experimentation.
The primary use of simulation in systems engineering is to explore the effects of alternative system characteristics on system performance without actually producing & testing each candidate system. There is no available theory by which the best given system y simulation can be model for a g selected. The choice of an appropriate model is determined as much by the background of the systems analyst as the system itself.
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Static or Dynamic
Is time a significant variable?
Continuous or Discrete
Does the system state evolve continuously or only at discrete points in time? Continuous: classical mechanics Discrete: queuing, inventory, machine shop models
Simulation Languages:
GPSS, SIMSCRIPT, SIMAN Learn in detail about their features and how to use them effectively
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Model Taxonomy
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Specification
On paper May involve equations, pseudocode, etc. How will the model receive input?
Computational
A computer program Generalpurpose PL or simulation language?
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Validation
Computational model should be consistent with the system being analyzed Did we build the right model? Can an expert distinguish simulation output from system output?
Problem formulation Setting g of objectives j and overall project p j p plan Model conceptualization Data collection Model translation Verified? Validated? experimental p design g Production runs and analysis
More runs? Documentation and Reporting Implementation.
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