Unit # 2 Theory of Quadratic Equations

Exercise # 2.1
Question # 1
Find the discriminent of the following given quadratic equations: (i) 9x2 30x + 25 = 0

Solution:
9x2 30x + 25 = 0 Here, a = 9 , b = -30, c = 25 Disc Disc Disc Disc (iv) 4x2 7x 2 = 0 = = = = b2 4ac (-30)2 4(9)(25) 900 900 0

Solution:
4x2 7x 2 = 0 Here, a = 4, b = -7 , c = -2 Disc Disc Disc Disc = = = = b2 4ac (-7)2 4(4)(-2) 49 + 32 81

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Question # 2
Find the nature of the roots of the following given quadratic equations and verify the result by solving the equations. (iii) 16x2 24x + 9 = 0

Solution:
16x2 24x + 9 = 0 Here, a = 16, b = -24 , c = 9 Disc Disc Disc Disc Hence, Roots are real rational and equal Solution of the equation 16x2 24x + 9 = 0 16x2 12x 12x + 9 = 0 4x(4x 3) 3(4x 3) = 0 (4x 3) (4x 3) = 0 (4x 3)2 = 0 4x 3 = 0 4x = 0 + 3 4x = 3 x= Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 2 = = = = b2 4ac (-24)2 4(16)(9) 576 576 0

(iv) 3x2 + 7x 13 = 0

Solution:
3x2 + 7x 13 = 0 Here, a = 3 , b = 7 , c = -13 Disc Disc Disc Disc Hence, Roots are real irrational and unequal Solution of the equation 3x2 + 7x 13 = 0 Here, a = 3 , b = 7 , c = -13 By quadratic formula x= x= x= x= = = = = b2 4ac (-7)2 4(3)(-13) 49 + 156 205 > 0

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Question # 4
Find the value of k , if the roots of the following equations are equal: (ii) x2 + 2(k + 2) x + (3k + 4) = 0

Solution:
x2 + 2(k + 2) x + (3k + 4) = 0 Here, a = 1, b = 2(k + 2) , c = 3k + 4 The roots of the equation will be equal if Disc = 0 [2(k + 2)]2 4(1)(3k + 4) = 0 4(k2 + 4k + 4) 12k 16 = 0 4k2 + 16k + 16 12k 16 = 0 4k2 + 4k = 0 4(k2 + k) = 0 K2 + k = K2 + k = 0 K(k + 1) = 0 k=0 k=0 k=0 or or or k+1=0 k=01 k = -1

(iii) (3k + 2)x2 5(k +1) x + (2k + 3) = 0

Solution:
(3k + 2)x2 5(k +1) x + (2k + 3) = 0 Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 4

Here, a = 3k + 2 , b = -5(k + 1) , c = 2k + 3 The roots of the equation will be equal if Disc = 0

[-5(k + 1)]2 4(3k + 2) (2k + 3) = 0 [25(k2 + 2k + 1)] 4[6k2 + 9k + 4k + 6] = 0 25k2 + 50k + 25 24k2 -36k -16k 24 = 0 K2 + 50k 52k + 1 = 0 K2 2k + 1 = 0 K2 k k + 1 = 0 K(k 1) k (k 1) = 0 (k 1) ( k 1 ) = 0 (k 1)2 = 0 k1=0 k=0+1 k=1

Question # 8
Show that the roots of the following equations are rational: (ii) (a + 2b)x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + (a + 2c) = 0

Solution:
(a + 2b)x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + (a + 2c) = 0 Disc Disc = [2(a + b + c)]2 4 (a + 2b) (a + 2c) =[4(a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca)] 4[a2 + 2ca + 2ab + 4bc] Page 5

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Disc Disc Disc Disc Hence,

= 4[a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca a2 2ca 2ab 4bc] = 4[b2 + c2 2bc] = (2)2 (b c)2 = [2(b c)]2 (perfect square)

The roots of the given equation are equal

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Exercise # 2.2
Question # 1
Find the cube roots of -1 , 8, -27, 64

Solution:
Let x be the cube roots of -1 x = (-1)1/3 x3 = -1 x3 + 1 = 0 (x + 1) (x2 x + 1) = 0 If x + 1 = 0 x=01 x = -1 If x2 x + 1 = 0 Here, a = 1, b = -1 , c = 1 By Quadratic Formula x= x= x= x= x= Hence, Cube roots of -1 are -1 , ,
2

* *

= =
2

or

x=

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(ii)

Let x be the cube roots of 8 x = (8)1/3 x3 = 8 x3 8 = 0 (x)3 (2)3 = 0 (x 2) [(x)2 + (x) (2) + (2)2] = 0 (x 2) (x2 + 2x + 4) = 0 If x 2 = 0 x=0+2 x=2 If x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 Here, a=1 ,b=2 ,c=4 By Quadratic Formula x= x= x= x= x= x= x= x= or x= Page 8

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x=2 Here,

or x = 2

Cube roots of 8 are 2, 2 (iii) -27

,2

Let x be the cube roots of -27 x = (-27)1/3 x3 = -27 x3 + 27 = 0 x3 + (3)3 = 0 (x + 3) [(x)2 (x) (3) + (3)2] = 0 (x + 3) (x2 3x + 9)= 0 If x + 3 = 0 x=03 x = -3 If x2 3x + 9 = 0 Here, a = 1 , b = -3 , c = 9 By Quadratic Formula x= x= x= x= x= x= Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 9

x= x= or x = 3(- ) or x = 3( x = -3 Here, Cube roots of -27 are 3, -3 (iV) 64 , -3

2 2

x= )

or x = -3

Let x be the cube roots of 64 x = (64)1/3 x3 = 64 x3 - 64 = 0 x3 + (4)3 = 0 (x + 4) [(x)2 +(x) (4) + (4)2] = 0 (x + 4) (x2 + 4x + 16)= 0 If x - 4 = 0 x=0+4 x=4 If x2 +4x + 16 = 0 Here, a = 1 , b = 4 , c = 16 By Quadratic Formula x= x= x= Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 10

x= x= x= x= x= x=4 Here, Cube roots of 64 are 4, 4 ,4

2

or or x = 4
2

x=

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Exercise # 2.3
Question # 1
Without solving find the sum and product of the roots of the following quadratic equations: (iii) px2 qx + r = 0

Solution:
px2 qx + r = 0 Here, a = p , b = -q , c = r Sum of roots = = = Product of roots = =

(iv) (a + b)x2 ax + b = 0

Solution:
(a + b)x2 ax + b = 0 Sum of roots = = Product of roots = (v) (l + m)x2 + ( m + n)x + n = 0

Solution:
(l + m)x2 + ( m + n)x + n = 0

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Sum of roots

= =

Product of roots = =

(vi) 7x2 - 5mx + 9n = 0

Solution:
7x2 + 5mx + 9n = 0 Sum of roots = = = Product of roots = =

Question # 2
Find the value of k, If : (ii) Sum of roots of the equation x2 + (3k 7) + 5k = 0 is times the product of the roots.

Solution:
x2 + (3k 7) + 5k = 0 Here, a = 1, b = 3k 7 , c = 5k Sum of roots = = -3k + 7 Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 13 =

Product of roots = = = 5k As given, Sum of the roots = (product of the roots) -3k + 7 = (5k) 2(-3k + 7) = 3(5k) -6k + 14 = 15k -6k 15k = -14 -21k = -14 21k = 14 k= k=

Question # 3
Find the value of k, If : (ii) Sum of the squares of the roots of the equation x2 2kx + (2k = 1) = 0 is 6

Solution:
x2 2kx + (2k = 1) = 0 Here, a = 1, b = -2k , c = 2k + 1 Let and be the roots of the equation Sum of roots + = =

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+ = 2k Product of the roots = = = 2k + 1 Given,

2

=6 =6

( + )2 2

(2k)2 2(2k +1) = 6 4k2 4k 2 = 6 4k2 4k 2 6 = 0 4k2 4k 8 = 0 4(k2 k 2) = 0 k2 k 2 = k2 k 2 = 0 k2 + k 2k 2 = 0 k (k + 1) 2( k + 1) = 0 (k 2) (k + 1) = 0 k2=0 k=0+2 k=2 k = 2, -1 or or or k+1=0 k = 0 -1 k = -1

Question # 4
Find the value of P, If : (ii) The roots of equation x2 3x + p 2 = 0 differ by 2 Page 15

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Solution:
x2 3x + p 2 = 0 Here, a = 1 , b = -3 , c = p 2 Let and ( - 2) be the roots of the equation Sum of roots + -2= 2 -2=3 2 =3+2 2 =5 = Product of the roots = ( - 2) = ( - 2) = p 2 ( )=p2 =

( )=p2 =p2 5 = 4( p 2) 5 = 4p 8 5 + 8 = 4p 13 = 4p =p P= Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 16

Question # 5
Find the value of m, If : (ii) The roots of equation x2 + 7x + 3m 5 = 0 , Satisfy the relation 3 - 2 = 4

Solution:
x2 + 7x + 3m 5 = 0 Here, a = 1 , b = 7 , c = 3m 5 Let and be the roots of the equation Sum of roots + = + = -7 = -7 Product of the roots = = = 3m 5 Given, 3 -2 =4 From (i) 3(-7 ) - 2 =4 (ii) (i) =

-21 3 - 2 = 4 -5 -5 = = 4 + 21 = 25

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= -5 Putting in (i) = -7 (-5) =-7+5 =-2 Putting the value of and in (ii)

(-2) (-5) = 3m 5 10 = 3m 5 10 + 5 = 3m 15 = 3m =m 5=m m=5 (iii) The roots of the equation 3x2 2x + 7m + 2 = 0, Satisfy the relation 7 - 3 = 18

Solution:
3x2 2x + 7m + 2 = 0 Here, a = 3 , b = -2 , c = 7m + 2 Let and be the roots of the equation Sum of roots + = + = = Product of the roots = (i) =

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= = Given, 7 - 3 = 18 From (i) 7( - ) - 3 = 18 (ii)

- 7 - 3 = 18 -10 -10 -10 = = Putting in (i) = ( ) = = = = 2 Putting the value of (2) ( ) = = -8 = 7m + 2 and in (ii) + = 18 = =

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-8 2 = 7m -10 = 7m =m m=

Question # 6
Find m, If sum and product of the roots of the following equation is equal to a given number (i) (2m + 3)x + (7m 5)x + (3m 10 ) = 0

Solution:
(2m + 3)x + (7m 5)x + (3m 10 ) = 0 Here, a = 2m + 3 , b = 7m - 5 , c = 3m 10 Let and be the roots of the equation Sum of roots + = Product of the roots = = Given, = and = Comparing (i) & (ii) = Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 20 (ii) (i) =

-7m + 5 = 3m 10 -7m 3m = -10 5 -10m = -15 10m = 15 m= m=

(ii)

4x2 (3 + 5m)x (9m 17) = 0

Solution:
4x2 (3 + 5m)x (9m 17) = 0 Here, a = 4 , b = -(3 + 5m) , c = - ( 9m 17) Let and be the roots of the equation Sum of roots + = + = Product of the roots = = = Given, = and = (ii) (i) =

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Comparing (i) & (ii) = 3 + 5m = -9m + 17 5m + 9m = 17 - 3 14m = 14 m= m=1

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Exercise # 2.5
Question # 1
Write the quadratic equation having following roots: (d) 0 , - 3

Solution:
S= S= S= S= P= P= P= Sum of roots 0 + (-3) 03 -3 Product of roots (0) (-3) 0

The required equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (-3)x + 0 = 0 x2 + 3x = 0

(e) 2 , -6

Solution:
S= S= S= S= Sum of roots 2 + (-6) 26 -4 Page 23

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P= P= P=

Product of roots (2) (-6) -12

The required equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (-4)x +(-12) = 0 x2 + 4x - 12 = 0

(f) -1 , -7

Solution:
S= S= S= S= P= P= P= Sum of roots (-1) + (-7) -1 7 -8 Product of roots (-1) (-7) 7

The required equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (-8)x +(7) = 0 x2 + 8x + 7 = 0

(g) 1 + , 1 Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 24

Solution:
S= S= S= P= P= P= P= P= P= Sum of roots 1+ + 1 2 Product of roots (1+ ) (1 ) (1)2 ( )2 1 (-1) 1+1 2

The required equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (2)x +(2) = 0 x2 - 2x +2 = 0

(h) 3 +

,3-

Solution:
S= S= S= P= P= P= Sum of roots 3+ 6 Product of roots (3 + (3 )2 ( ) (3 )2 ) +3-

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P= P=

92 7

The required equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 (6)x +(7) = 0 x2 - 6x +7 = 0

Question # 2
If (d) and + are the roots of the equation x2 3x + 6 = 0 , Form equation whose roots are:

Solution:
x2 3x + 6 = 0 Here, a = 1 , b = -3 , c = 6 and are the roots of the equation Sum of the roots = + = + =3 Product of the roots = = =6 Given roots are S= + and

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S= S= S= S= S= S= P= ( )( ) P=1 The required equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 ( )x + 1 = 0

x2 + x + 1 = 0 2x2 +x +2 = 0 (e) + , +

Solution:
Given roots are S= S= + and +

+ + + + +

S= ( + )+ S=3+ S=3+ Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 27

S= S= P =( + ) ( + ) )

P= ( + )( P = (3) ( ) P= Required quadratic equation is x2 Sx + P = 0 x2 x + = 0 2x2 7x + 3 = 0

Question # 3
If (i) and
2

are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 .Form equations whose roots are:
2

Solution:
x2 + px + q = 0 Here, a=1,b=p,c=q Sum of roots = + + = = -p

Product of roots = Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 28

= = q Given roots are

2

,
2

S= S= (

+ )2 - 2

S = (-p)2 2q S = p2 2q P=( P= P= ( P = q2 The required equation is x2 - Sx + P = 0 x2 (p2 2q)x + q2 = 0

2

)(
2

)2

(ii)

Solution:
Given roots are S= S= S= S= + and

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S= P= ( )( ) P=1 The required equation is x2 - Sx + P = 0 x2 ( Or qx2 (p2 2q)x + q = 0 )x + 1 = 0

Exercise # 2.6
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Question # 1
Use Synthetic Division to find the quotient and remainder, when: (iii) (x3 + x2 3x + 2) (x 2)

Solution:
(x3 + x2 3x + 2) 1 2 1 1 2 3 -3 6 3 2 6 8 (x 2)

Quotient = Q(x) = x2 + 3x + 3 Remainder= 8

Question # 2
Find the value of h using Synthetic Division, If (ii) 1 is zero of polynomial x3 2hx2 + 11

Solution:
P(x) = x3 2hx2 + 11 1 1 1 -2h 1 1-2h 0 1-2h 1-2h 11 1-2h 12-2h

If 1 is the zero of the polynomial , then R=0 12-2h = 0 Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 31

-2h = 0 12 -2h = -12 2h = 12 h= h=6 (iii) -1 is zero of polynomial 2x3 + 5hx 23

Solution:
P(x) = 2x3 + 5hx 23 2 -1 2 0 -2 -2 5h 2 5h+2 -23 -5h-2 -5h-25

If -1 is the zero of the polynomial , then R=0 -5h-25 = 0 -5h = 0 + 25 -5h = 25 h= h = -5

Question # 3
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Use Synthetic Division to find the value of l and m , If : (ii) (x -1) and (x + 1) are the factors of the polynomial x3 3lx2 + 2mx + 6

Solution:
P(x) = x3 3lx2 + 2mx + 6 By Synthetic Division 1 1 1 -3l 1 1-3l 2m 1- 3l 2m-3l+1 6 2m-3l+1 2m-3l+7

If (x -1) is a factor of the polynomial , then R=0 2m-3l+7 = 0 And 1 1 1 -3l -1 -1-3l 2m 1+3l 2m+3l+1 6 -2m-3l-1 -2m-3l+5 (i)

If (x -1) is a factor of the polynomial , then R=0 -2m-3l+5= 0 -(2m+3l-5) = 0 2m + 3l -5 = 0 (i) + (ii) (ii)

2m -3l + 7 = 0 2m +3l -5 = 0 4m +2 = 0

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4m = 0 2 4m = -2 m= m= Putting in (i) 2( ) 3l + 7 = 0 -1 -3l + 7 = 0 -3l+6 = 0 -3l= 0 6 -3l = -6 3l= 6 l= l=2

Question # 4
Solve by using Synthetic Division, if : (ii) 3 is the root of the polynomial 2x3 -3x2 11x + 6 = 0

Solution:
P(x) =2x3 -3x2 11x + 6 = 0 By Synthetic Division 2 3 2 -3 6 3 -11 9 -2 6 6 0

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Depressed Equation 2x2 + 3x -2 = 0 2x2 x + 4x -2 = 0 x(2x -1) + 2(2x -1) = 0 (2x -1) (x + 2) = 0 2x -1 = 0 2x=0 +1 2x = 1 x= or or or or x+ 2 = 0 x=02 x = -2 x = -2

The roots of the equation are -2, , 3

(iii) -1 is the root of the equation 4x3 x2 11x 6 = 0

Solution:
P(x) = 4x3 x2 11x 6 = 0

4 -1 4

-1 -4 -5

-11 5 -6

-6 6 0

Depressed Equation 4x2 5x 6 = 0 4x2 + 3x 8x 6 = 0 x(4x + 3) -2(4x + 3) = 0 (x 2) (4x + 3) = 0 x-2 = 0 or 4x + 3 = 0

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x=0+2 x=2

or or or

4x = 0 3 4x = -3 x=

Roots of the equations are

, -1 , 2

Question # 5
Solve by using Synthetic Division, if : (ii) 3 and -4 are the roots of the equation x4 + 2x3 13x2 14x + 24 = 0

Solution:
x4 + 2x3 13x2 14x + 24 = 0

1 3 1 4 1

2 3 5 -4 1

-13 15 2 -4 -2

-14 6 -8 8 0

24 -24 0

Depressed Equation x2 + x 2 = 0 x2 x + 2x -2 = 0 x(x 1) +2(x -1) = 0 (x + 2) (x -1 ) = 0 x+2=0 x=02 x = -2 Roots of the equation are -4, -2, 1, 3 Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 36 or or or x1=0 x=0+1 x=1