-This paper presents an analytical design method of

a passive harmonic filter for industrial process application and

uses a new transfer function approach in the analysis and design.
The transfer function approach derives an analytical
formulation of a utility system including passive filters with a
basis of Laplace transform. In addition, it provides a graphical
formulation so that a visualized insight into an interaction
between individual filter and system response can be attainted.
Harmonic impedance, voltage division and current division
transfer function are used as a design tool, which makes
calculated filter parameters to satisfy IEEE-519 requirements. A
simple six-step design procedure is introduced in the filter design
and the procedure consists of measurement and analysis on
system, selection of filter location(PCC), calculation of filter
specification, decision of tuning order, filter design for system
and fit filter to system. Philosophy governing the design
procedure is based on a numerical/ graphical iterative solution
as well as trial and error with visualization feed-back using
"algebra on the graph". Finally, performance of the designed
passive harmonic filter is verified by experiment and it shows
that 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics are decreased within
IEEE-519 requirements, respectively.
I. INTRODUCTION
ecently power electronic equipments and nonlinear loads
are widely used in power systems, and they are bringing
about serious harmonic problems. The traditional approach to
solve a harmonic problem has been through the use oI passive
harmonic Iilters|1|-|3|. Currently, passive harmonic Iilter
application is used as a common practice and is readily
available to power system engineers and designers Ior
reducing harmonic voltage and current distortion through
alternate circuit path operation. Several IEEE transaction
papers have been written and published which introduce the
theory and implementation oI advanced techniques Ior

Y.S. Cho received B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering Irom Changwon
National University, Changwon, Korea, and received his M.S. degree in
Electrical Engineering Irom Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
He joined the Electricity and Control Department oI KINS(Korea Institute oI
Nuclear SaIety), Daejeon, Korea(e-mail: yscho kins.re.kr).
B.R. Kim received B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering Irom Inha
University, Incheon, Korea. He joined the Electricity and Control
Department oI KINS(Korea Institute oI Nuclear SaIety), Daejeon,
Korea(e-mail: k060kbr kins.re.kr).
H.J. Cha received B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering Irom Seoul
National University, Seoul, Korea, and received his M.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering Irom Pohang University oI Science and Technology, Pohang,
Korea, He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering Irom Texas
A&M University, Texas, USA. He has been joined the Electrical Engineering
Department oI Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea since 2005
as a ProIessor(phone: 82-42-821-7006; Iax: 82-42-821-8895; e-mail:
hjchacnu.ac.kr).
controlling harmonic current Ilow such as magnetic Ilux
compensation, harmonic current injection, dc ripple injection,
series and shunt active Iilter systems, and pulse width
modulated static var harmonic compensators. However,
practical systems have not been extensively developed and are
not yet available on the market. It may still be sometime
beIore these advance techniques are Iully developed and are
readily available so as to successIully compete with passive
harmonic Iilter systems; by the time they can compete,
advanced rectiIier/converter design which use active line
current shaping technique will reduce the need Ior large scale
harmonic Iiltering systems in new installations assuming
industrial implements the technology. Hence, the liIe
expectancy and success oI these advanced harmonic control
techniques may be limited. Until that time arrives, iI it even
dose, passive harmonic Iilters can be designed and applied
alone or in combination with transIormer phase shiIting and/or
higher pulse number rectiIier conIigurations to waveIorm
distortion on the power system|4|.
In this paper, Ior analytical design method oI a passive
harmonic Iilter Ior industrial process application(especially, a
three-phase diode rectiIier), a new transIer Iunction approach
is proposed in the analysis and design. The transIer Iunction
approach derives an analytical Iormulation oI a utility system
including passive Iilters with a Laplace transIorm. In addition,
it provides a graphical Iormulation so that a visualized insight
into an interaction between individual Iilter and system
response can be attainted. Philosophy governing the design
procedure is based on a numerical/graphical iterative solution,
trial and error with visualization Ieed-back using "algebra on
the graph." also we propose that two basic design parameters,
tuning Iactor() and quality Iactor(Q), to be considered prior
to R, L, C.

II. ANALYSIS OF A PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER
A. Current Harmonic Distortion Limit by IEEE 519[5{
Table I lists the harmonic current limits based on the size oI
the load with respect to the size oI the power system to which
the load is connected. The ratio
L SC
I I / is the ratio oI the
short-circuit current available at the point oI common
coupling (PCC), to the maximum Iundamental load current.
The requirement listed in Table I should be used as system
design values Ior the 'worst case Ior normal operation
(conditions lasting longer than one hour). For shorter periods,
Transfer Function Approach to a Passive Harmonic Filter Design for
Industrial Process Application
Young-Sik Cho, Bok-Ryul Kim, Hanju Cha
R
978-1-4244-5141-8/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE
963
Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE
International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation
August 4-7, 2010, Xi'an, China

during start-ups or unusual conditions, the limits may be
exceeded by 50.
TABLE I
CURRENT DISTORTION LIMIT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
(120 V through 69000 V)
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
L SC
I I / 11
11_h
17
17_h
23
23_h
35
35_h TDD
20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
2050 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
1001000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
~1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

B. System/Filter Transfer Functions
Passive Iilters are well understood and represent
conventional technology. These Iilters, consisting oI reactors
and capacitors, typically provide an alternate how impedance
path Ior harmonic currents generated by the oIIending` load,
resulting in lower harmonic current distortion in the utility
grid current|6|. Most passive Iilters need to be custom
designed to operate with site speciIic system impedances, load
current harmonics. The most convenient mathematical tool in
the analysis and design oI analog Iilters is the Laplace
transIorm. It owes its widespread application to the Iact that it
transIorms diIIerential into algebraic equations that are a lot
easier to manipulate. The Laplace transIorm oI ) (t h is
deIined as
)
=

at e t h s H
st
) ( ) (
Where, s is complex variable oI e o f s + = . Signal ) (t h
can be recovered Irom ) (s H by applying the inverse Laplace
transIorm. Fig. 1 shows system conIiguration and equivalent
circuit in general.


(a) System conIiguration (b) Equivalent circuit
Fig. 1 Harmonic equivalent circuit

A given circuit can be represented simply as below.

Fig. 2 System/Filter Impedance Representation

In a Fig. 2, System/Iilter transIer Iunction ) (s H can be
represented as;
) (
) (
) ( ) (
s I
s J
s Z s H = =

(1)
Where
) (s Z : Synthetic complex impedance in s-domain
) (s J : Terminal voltage in s-domain
) (s I : Source current in s-domain
From equation (1), we can get express with ) (s Z
f
and
) (s Z
s

) (
1
) (
1
1
) ( ) (
) (
) (
s Z s Z
s I s I
s J
s H
s f
s f
+
=
+
=

(2)
Also
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
s Z s Z
s Z
s I
s I
s H
s f
f
s
cas
+
= =

(3)
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
s Z s Z
s Z
s I
s I
s H
s f
s
f
caf
+
= =

(4)
From equation (3) and (4), we can get the relation with
caf
H

and
cas
H , i.e.
) (
) (
) (
) ( s H
s Z
s Z
s H
cas
f
s
caf
=

(5)
Where, ) (s H
cas
is the ratio oI system current to injected
current and ) (s H
caf
is the ratio oI Iilter current to injected
current. From Fig. 2, we can get Iilter transIormation ) (s H
fs

as below;
) ( ) (
) (
) (
1
) (
1
1
s Z s Z
s Z Z
s Z s Z
H
s f
s f
s f
fs
+

=
+
=

(6)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( s H s Z s H s Z s H
caf f cas s fs
= =

(7)
ThereIore,
) (
) (
1
) ( s H
s Z
s H
fs
s
cas
=

(8)
) (
) (
1
) ( s H
s Z
s H
fs
f
caf
=

(9)
) (s H
fs
is a powerIul tool that can be used to gain insight into
the combined Irequency response oI Iilter connected to the
system|5|.
III. DESIGN OF PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER
In this paper, proposed Iilter design is Ior the 3-phase
rectiIier load, and Iilter design Procedure is used 6 steps
totally as Iollows;
A. Measurement ana Analysis on System
In order to design Iilter, Iirst oI all, we have to measure
circuit parameters, and then we have to analyze accurately.
Measured and analyzed results show a Fig. 3;

964



(a) Wave Iorm oI source current (b) Harmonic spectrum oI source current
Fig. 3 System/Filter Impedance Representation
TABLE II
MEASURED RESULTS
Items Fund. 5th 7th 11th 13th
Current(A) 9.8 8.0 5.49 2.58 1.57
Containing
ratio()
100 81.7 56.0 26.3 16.0

Table II shows that system contains much current harmonic:
5
th
, 7
th
, 11
th
and 13
th
harmonics. ThereIore, we need to
decrease these current harmonics with the suitable method.
B. Selection of filter location(PCC)[4{
As shown in Fig. 4, there are two practical locations where
passive harmonic Iilters may be eIIectively applied. Similar to
power Iactor correction capacitor placement, the optimum
location results in maximized harmonic reduction
perIormance and minimized equipment costs and system
losses. These Iilter locations are named as a PCC(point oI
common coupling). Like this paper, iI the IEEE 519 limits are
used as the design guidelines, the PCC where the limits are to
be determined. As shown in Fig. 4, once the PCC is
determined, the short circuit ratio(SCR) oI the system can be
calculated Irom equation (10) to (12). The Iilter system
current has been included to account Ior its contribution at 60
Hz.


Fig. 4 Practical passive harmonic Iilter locations
kA
Z
J
I
s
SC
369 . 3
10 1 . 0 60 2
3 / 220
3
=

= =

t

(10)
A
JA
I
L
79 . 31
3 / 220
10 038 . 4
3
=

=

(11)
Thus,
98 . 105 ~ =
L
SC
I
I
SCR

(12)
C. Calculation of Filter Specification
First oI all, Ior the required distortion limits, the minimum
Iilter attenuation ratio can be calculated. This value is
considered as
spec
H

that deIined by equation (13), and it
shows graphically in Fig. 5|4|. Table III shows calculated
spec
H Irom 5
th
harmonic to 13
th
harmonic, exceeded a
guideline.

I IEEE G H H
cas spec
/ 519 = = =

(13)
) ( log 20
10
G G
aB
=

(14)


- In case oI a 5th harmonic Iilter, required
spec
H is
147 . 0 7 . 81 / 12
5
= = =

G H
th spec

aB G G
aB
65 . 16 ) ( log 20
10
= =



TABLE III
CALCULATED FILTER SPECIFICATIONS
Items 5th 7th 11th 13th
G 0.147 0.214 0.209 0.344
aB
G -16.65 -13.39 -13.59 -9.27

Also, Fig. 5 shows representation oI
spec
H with the graphic.


Fig. 5 Representation oI
spec
H
D. Decision of Tuning Oraer
We have to decide two design parameters beIore the
decision oI R, L and C. They are tuning Iactor() and quality
Iactor(Q); these are considering the Iact that in advanced, the
resonance Irequency escape which is caused by variations oI
parameter value. First oI all Iilter capacitor and source
inductor will exhibit parallel resonance(high impedance) at a
Irequency below that at which Iiltering is eIIective|7|,|8|.

- Decision oI tuning Iactor()
The extent oI Iilter detuning Irom the nominal tuned
Irequency is represented by the tuning Iactor(). This can be
occurred Irom various causes: (i) variations in Iundamental
Irequency, (ii) variations in the Iilter capacitance and
inductance caused by aging or temperature, and (iii) initial
oII-tuning caused by manuIacturing tolerances and Iinite size
oI tuning steps.
965

The overall detuning, in per unit oI the nominal tuned
Irequency, is shown by equation (15)

n n
e e e o / ) ( =

(15)

Moreover, the 2 change oI L or C causes the same
detuning as change oI 1 system Irequency|9|. ThereIore
is oIten expressed as
) (
2
1
C
C
L
L
f
f A
+
A
+
A
= o

(16)
From equation (16) and table IV, we can decide that optimized
tuning Iactor() is -0.0375.

TABLE IV
ANTICIPATED ERRORS
Items Anticipated errors
Frequency I : 2
Inductance(L) variations L : -1020
Capacitance(C) variations C : -4.56.5

Table V shows a tuning order oI each harmonic, was
calculated Irom equation (16) and using the errors in table IV.

TABLE V
Tuning Orders in a Applied Tuning Factor
Order 5th 7th 9th 11th
Tuning 4.813 6.734 8.663 10.59
Order 13th 15th 17th 19th
tuning 12.51 14.44 16.36 18.29

- Quality Iactor(Q)
The quality Iactor(Q) determines the sharpness oI tuning
and is related with a scale which shows a degree oI harmonic
current absorption quantity. In this respect, all Iilters will be
one oI the high or a low Q type according to user. From Fig. 6
shows changes oI the tuning sharpness by Q variations; Fig. 6
(a) shows gain curve oI 5
th
harmonic Iilter, Fig. 6 (b) shows 7
th

harmonic Iilter. As shown Irom Fig. 6, when quality Iactor is
bigger than 50, Iilter sharpness is nearly similar. ThereIore,
we can select that quality Iactor is 50 in this paper.


(a) in case oI 5
th
Iilter (b) in case oI 7
th
Iilter
Fig. 6 Impedance Characteristic Curve
E. Filter Design for System
- Determination oI Capacitance(C)
Passive Iilters are based on power Iactor improvement
capacitors, which are tuned to a particular Irequency in order
to trap the current component at that Irequency|10|. In this
system, because measured power Iactor was 0.7, we aimed to
improve power Iactor with aim to 0.9.
Thus,
) tan (tan
2 1
u u =
L c
P Q

(17)
1
2
1
1
cos
cos 1
tan
u
u
u

=
,
1
2
2
2
cos
cos 1
tan
u
u
u

=

(18)

Irom (17) and (18)
)
cos
cos 1
cos
cos 1
(
2
2
2
1
2
1
u
u
u
u

=
L c
P Q

(19)
and
2 2 2
7 , 5
4
1
f C
L
o t
=

(20)
Q
L
R
e
=
7 , 5

(21)
where
c
Q , Q : Reactive power
L
P : Active power
1
cosu : power Iactor beIore improvement
2
cosu : power Iactor aIter improvement
7 , 5
L : Inductance oI 5
th
and 7
th
Iilters
7 , 5
R : Resistance oI 5
th
and 7
th
Iilters
Here, we can get parameters oI 5
th
and 7
th
harmonic Iilter
using table IV and decided Q Irom above. These results are
arranged in Table VI.

TABLE VI
Parameters oI 5
th
and 7
th
Filter
Circuit parameters
Items
R /mO/ L /mH/ C /F/
5
th
FILTER 381.3 10.76 29.59
7
th
FILTER 267.6 5.297 29.59

F. Fit Filter to System
f
H is used to build
cas
H and plotted graphically with the
Iilter design template
spec
H to determine IEEE compliance
under both ideal and component tolerance variations. An
iterative procedure is used to optimize
f
H and
cas
H based
on the consideration oI practical operating conditions and
economic alternatives|4|. Fig. 7 shows graphically how the
transIer Iunctions can be used together. For example, iI a
single IiIth harmonic Iilter was being designed, Fig. 7 shows
graphically how the transIer Iunctions can be used together.

Fig. 7 Fitting
cas
H to
spec
H Ior 5
th
harmonic Iilter
966

Finally, we can get an impedance characteristic waveIorm as
same as Fig. 8.


Fig. 8 Iinal impedance characteristic waveIorm aIter Iilter Iitting
IV. SIMULATED RESULTS
We simulated using a PSIM6.0 program. Used simulation
circuit in this paper shows Fig. 9 and current harmonic
contents without Iilters are shown by table VII and Fig. 10
respectively.

Fig. 9 Circuit Diagram Ior Simulation
TABLE VII
Current Harmonic Contents without Iilters
Harmonic distortion ()
Items
5th 7th 11th 13th
Without Iilter 72.6 61.8 20.9 13.2


Fig. 10 A current waveIorm beIore Iilter installations
And, aIter Iilter installation, each input current
characteristic waveIorm is shown by Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and table
VIII.


(a) AIter 5
th
Iilter installation (b) AIter 7
th
Iilter installation
Fig. 11 Current characteristic waveIorm aIter 5
th
and 7
th
alone installation

Fig. 12 Current characteristic waveIorm aIter 5
th
& 7
th
Iilter installations

TABLE VIII
Current Harmonic Contents aIter Iilter installations
Harmonic distortion ()
items
5th 7th 11th 13th
AIter alone 5
th
5.55 12.94 3.26 2.02
AIter alone 7
th
27.91 3.48 4.32 3.00
AIter 5
th
&7
th
11.66 1.52 1.97 1.08

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Fig. 13 shows experimental sets Ior Iilter perIormance.


Fig. 13 Experimental sets Ior Iilter perIormance

A. Before Filter installations
In case oI beIore Iilter installations, current harmonic
contents in all harmonic orders exceeded on IEEE 519 current
limits. Table IX shows measured harmonic contents oI source
current(
s
I ), current waveIorm and current spectrums.
TABLE IX
Current Harmonic Contents without Iilters
Items Fund. 5th 7th 11th 13th
BeIore 100 72.6 61.8 20.9 13.2
IEEE 519 - 12 5.5

967

B. After Installation of 5
th
ana 7
th
Filters
Table X and Fig. 14 show measured results aIter Iilter
installations. AIter Iilter installation, current harmonic ratio
was decreased than those beIore Iilter installation. Finally,
Iilter perIormance were suIIiciently met IEEE 519 current
limits: requirements Ior harmonic control in electrical power
systems.

TABLE X
Current Harmonic Contents aIter Iilter installations
Items Fund. 5th 7th 11th 13th
Only 5
th
100 16.5 10.5 6.6 3.0
Only 7
th
100 39.9 4.8 4.9 2.5
5
th
7
th
100 7.9 11.2 4.5 2.9
IEEE 519 - 12 5.5


(a) a current waveIorm (b) a current spectrum
Fig. 14 Measured results aIter Iilter installations

VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents an analytical design method oI a
passive harmonic Iilter Ior a three-phase diode rectiIier and
uses a new transIer Iunction approach in the analysis and
design. The transIer Iunction approach derives an analytical
Iormulation oI a utility system including passive Iilters with a
basis oI Laplace transIorm. In addition, it provides a graphical
Iormulation so that a visualized insight into an interaction
between individual Iilter and system response can be attainted.
Harmonic impedance, voltage division and current division
transIer Iunction are used as a design tool, which makes
calculated Iilter parameters to satisIy IEEE-519 requirements.
In this paper, a simple six-step design procedure was
introduced in the Iilter design: i) measurement and analysis on
system, ii) selection oI Iilter location(PCC), iii) calculation oI
Iilter speciIication, iv) decision oI tuning order: tuning
Iactor() and quality Iactor(Q), v) Iilter design Ior system vi)
Iit Iilter to system. Philosophy governing the design procedure
is based on a numerical/graphical iterative solution, trial and
error with visualization Ieed-back based on "algebra on the
graph". Finally, perIormance oI the designed passive
harmonic Iilter is veriIied by experiment and shows that 5th,
7th, 11th and 13th harmonics are decreased within IEEE-519
requirements respectively. AIter Iilter installation, comparing
beIore Iilter installations, 5
th
harmonic decreased Irom 72.6
to 7.9, 7
th
harmonic decreased Irom 61.8 to 11.2, 11
th

harmonic decreased Irom 20.9 to 4.5, and 13
th
harmonic
decreased Irom 13.2 to 2.9. ThereIore, a transIer Iunction
approach Ior passive harmonic Iilters proposed in this paper
was conIirmed suitable.

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