EXPT NO:

STATIC CALIBRATION OF LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER DISPLACEMENT SENSOR

DATE:

AIM:
To calibrate a linear variable differential transformer displacement sensor using slip gauge blocks & to determine the following static characteristics :i. Accuracy ii. Linearity iii. Hysteresis iv. Probable Error

APPARUTUS:
LVDT with its indicator, slip gauges, a column for dumping & holding LVDT vertical.

THEORY:
LVDT is an inductive variable type displacement transducer. Excitation to such devices is normally a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 3 to 15 V rms & frequency of 60 to 20,000 Hz. It consists of a primary coil and two identical secondary coils all in linear arrangement with magnetic core free to move inside the coils. The core is normally made up of Ni-Fe alloy & has a longitudinal slot. The emf induced in secondary coil by changing current in primary coil is given by e=M Where M is Mutual Inductance. To primary coil, sinusoidal input current of i=Isint. Thus emf induced in two secondary coils 1 & 2 is given by, e1=k1sin(t-) e2=k2sin(t-) The difference (outputs are in series) e0=e1-e2= (k1-k2)sin(t-) = phase difference between primary & secondary alternating voltages.

PROCEDURE:
1. Clamp LVDT to the column. 2. In case of 5mm displacement LVDT, place gauge block of 10mm below LVDT & bring it down till indicator shows near to zero clamp the LVDT on the stand at this position. This point is closer to null position of the core. Adjust null to zero, using null balance knob. 3. Add 1mm block to already kept block. The indicator reading should be 1mm. 4. Increase input displacement using slip gauge blocks in steps of 1mm up to 5mm & note down the values. 5. Decrease displacement in steps of 1mm up to 5mm & note down the values. 6. Increase of LVDT with +50mm range the displacement using slip gauges to be applied in steps by 5mm for increasing the displacement 0 to 50mm & then decreasing from 50 to 0mm.
1

OBSERVATIONS:
% error Sr. No. Input qi Output qo1 Output qo2 Output qomean Error qomean- qi T.V. FSD

q i =
% error (T.V.) = % error (FSD) = qiqomean = qi2 = (mqi + c qomean)2 =

qomean=

CALCULATIONS:
Straight line fitting by least square method: Slope:

m = (n (qi *qomean) - qi * qomean) / (n qi2 ( qi) 2)

Intercept: c = ( qomean* qi - (qi *qomean)* qi) / (n qi ( qi) )

2 2 2

For any measured value of qo corresponding input as per the straight line relationship Predicted Input = (qo c)/m

(Standard Deviation of output) = sqo = (m*qi + c - qomean) /n

2 2 2

(Standard Deviation of input) = sqi = ((qo c)/m - qi) /n

2 2 2

sqi =
2 2 2

But, sqi = s qo / m

sqi =
Estimated error in the input (with 99.7% probability) = qi 3sqi

= qi

Probable Error (with 50% probability) = 0.6745sqi

GRAPHS:
Calibration curve for loading and unloading and for mean value Linearity (from straight line fitting on mean value graph) Input Vs %Error F.S.D

RESULTS: Accuracy (% F.S.D) = Linearity = Probable Error = Hysteresis =

CONCLUSIONS: