Statutory / Constitutional Bodies

Commissions/Committees/Missions

National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Board, Haryana Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)
National Commission on Farmers

Councils

National Horticulture Mission Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) National Co-operative Union of India (NCUI) National Council for Cooperative Training (NCCT)

Ministry of railways
Councils

All India Rail Safety Council

Ministry of chemical and fertilisers None

Statutory Bodies, Commissions & Councils

Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA)

Ministry of coal none Ministry of commerce and industry

Commissions/Committees/Missions

eSCOPE - Forum for Facilitating Exports Tariff Commission

Councils

Baroda Productivity Council (BPC), National Productivity Council (NPC) Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) CHEMEXCIL - Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Export Promotion Council Chemical and Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL) Coimbatore Productivity Council (CPC), National Productivity Council (NPC) Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC), New Delhi Council for Leather Exports Dr.Ambedkar Institute of Productivity (AIP), National Productivity Council (NPC) Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) Export Inspection Council of India (EIC) Export Promotion Council for EOUs and SEZs, New Delhi Export Promotion Councils (EPCs) Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC)

National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) National Productivity Council (NPC) Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council (PHARMEXCIL) Plastics Export Promotion Council (PLEXCONCIL) Poona Division Productivity Council (PDPC), National Productivity Council (NPC) Project Exports Promotion Council of India (PEPC) Services Export Promotion Council, Gurgaon Shellac and Forest Products Export Promotion Council, Kolkata South Gujarat Productivity Council (SGPC), National Productivity Council (NPC) Sports Goods Export Promotion Council (SGEPC) State Productivity Council West Bengal (SPC-WB), National Productivity Council (NPC)

http://www.nia.gov.in/imp_weblink.aspx

In this project, I am going to study the need of various devices used in 66 kv substation Patiala. I am going to have knowledge of various components used in the grid, what is the use of various components, how are various components installed. It would also give me knowledge regarding safety measures that should be kept in mind while working with high voltage devices like power transformers. It would also give me insight into how power is distributed in the grid and how it is distributed to others. I am working under guidance of Er. Harkesh Singh,Punjab State Power Corporation Patiala.This station is situated in Patiala. This is P .S.P .C.L (Punjab State power corporation limited) concerned. It has responsibility of controlling the supply of power. The incoming supply of 66KV is received and transmitted further . This substation mainly control the supply of feeders. Introduction to Substation: A Substation may be defined as an assembly of equipments, which changes one or more characteristics of supply . The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to dc freq. p.f. etc) of electric supply is called sub-station. . The main characteristics required to be change by substation are: 1. Voltage step up/down 2. Rectification from AC to DC 3. Frequency 4. Power factor Need of substation:

Electricity is produced by generators at 11,000 volts or now a days it is 33,000 volts. However this is not enough to send it long distances, so the electricity first passes through a transformer at the power station, that boosts the voltage up to 220,000 or 400,000 volts or now a days 800 kv DC. When electricity travels long distances it is better to do so at higher voltages as the electricity is transferred more efficiently. When the electricity leaves the transformer it goes into the grid. The grid is the network of cables and wires which are spread across the country. This grid carries the electricity from the generating stations to the towns and cities that will use it. The wires that carry the electricity in the grid are called transmission lines, which are carried across the country by pylons. Electricity from the grid is much too powerful to use in our homes and businesses. Therefore the high voltage transmission lines carry electricity long distances to a substation. The power lines go into substations near businesses, factories and homes. Here transformers reduce the very high voltage electricity to 132, 000 Volts before it enters the distribution network, which is the low voltage network. The regional distribution network carries electricity to substations, where the voltage is again reduced to 11,000 volts. The 11,000 volts network supplies towns, industrial estates, and villages, as well as some industrial customers who have large electricity requirements. The voltage is once again reduced to lower limits at local substations to deliver electricity to most homes and businesses. As we can see in the above figure voltage is supplied to the bulk industries is 11,000 or 33,000 V. Now whats the reason behind that. Does the machinery of these industries work on such high voltage?? No, actually reason of this is that their main target is to minimize the tripping of the supply. Because in the Big Industries or in the Manfacturing Units even tripping for a short while can cause loss up to crores of rupees.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM Power systems are extremely complicated electrical networks that are geographically spread over very large areas. For most part, they are also three phase networks each power circuit consists of three conductors and all devices such as generators, transformers, breakers, disconnects etc. are installed in all three phases. In fact, the power systems are so complex that a complete conventional diagram showing all the connections is impractical. Yet, it is desirable, that there is some concise way of communicating the basic arrangement of power system components. This is done by using Single Line Diagrams (SLD). SLDs are also called One Line DiagramsSingle Line Diagrams do not show the exact electrical connections of the circuits. As the name suggests, SLDs use a single line to represent all three phases. They show the relative electrical interconnections of generators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, loads, circuit breakers, etc., used in assembling the power system. The amount of information included in an SLD depends on the purpose for which the diagram is used. For example, if the SLD is used in initial stages of designing a substation, then all major equipment will be included in the diagram major equipment being transformers, breakers, disconnects and buses. There is no need to include instrument transformers or protection and metering devices. However, if the purpose is to design a protection scheme for the equipment in the substation, then instrument transformers and relays are also included.There is no universally accepted set of symbols used for single line diagrams.

BUSES Concept of bus in single line diagrams is essentially the same as the concept of a node in an electrical circuit. There is one bus for each phase. Buses are shown in SLDs as short straight lines perpendicular to transmission lines and to lines connecting equipment to the buses. In actual substations, the buses are made of aluminum or copper bars or pipes and can be several meters long. The impedance of buses is very low, practically zero, so electrically the whole bus is at the same potential. Of course, there is line voltage between the buses of the individual phases. COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION 1. Outdoor switch yard (i) Incoming lines (i/c) (ii) Outgoing lines (o/g) (iii) Bus bars (iv) Transformers(t/f s) (v) Insulators (vi) Sub-station equipments such as circuit breakers, insulators, earthing strips, lightening arrestors, CTs, PTs, isolators, clamps & connectors. (vii) Overhead earth wire shielding against lightening strokes (viii) Galvanized steel structures for towers, gantries, support (ix) Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) equipments including wave trap, turning unit coupling capacitor etc. (x) Control cables for metering protection & control (xi) Road railways track (xii) Capacitor bank (xiii) Station lightening system 2. Battery room direct current( D.C.) distribution system (i) D.C. dry cells batteries & charging equipments (ii) D.C. distribution system or D.C. panel (iii) D.C. dry cells batteries & charging equipments (iv) D.C. distribution system or D.C. panel 3. Mechanical , electrical & other auxiliaries (v) Fire extinguishers (vi) Lightening system (vii) Oil purification system

(viii) Telephone system ELEMENTS OF THE SUBSTATION Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use closer circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation. DESIGN OF THE SUBSTATION The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability without excessive cost. The design should also allow easy expansion of the station, if required. Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money overall. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. Grounding (earthing) and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by during a short-circuit in the transmission system. Of course, the substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. LAYOUT OF THE SUB STATION The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers and transformers) arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. In a common design, incoming lines have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In some cases, the lines will not have both, with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off, or to cut off a line when power is flowing in the 'wrong' direction. When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this is detected through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to trip the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center. Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or more buses. These are sets of bus bars, usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world.

The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or so-called "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt power to other circuits, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations. Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be connected between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (Commonly called a short circuit). Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the various breakers to open in case of the failure of some component. SWITCHING FUNCTION An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction, for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer.To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system running. Perhaps more important, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other component. Some examples of this: a line is hit by lightning and develops an arc, or a tower is blown down by high wind. The function of the substation is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time.There are two main reasons: a fault tends to cause equipment damage; and it tends to destabilize the whole system. For example, a transmission line left in a faulted condition will eventually burn down; similarly, a transformer left in a faulted condition will eventually blow up.While these are happening, the power drain makes the system more unstable. Disconnecting the faulted component, quickly, tends to minimize both of these problems. AUTOMATION Early electrical substations required manual switching or adjustment of equipment, and manual collection of data for load, energy consumption, and abnormal events. As the complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to automate supervision and control of substations from a centrally attended point, to allow overall coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operating costs. Early efforts to remote control substations used dedicated communication wires, often run alongside power circuits. Power-line carrier, microwave radio, fiber optic cables as well as dedicated wired remote control circuits have all been applied to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for substations. The development of the microprocessor made for an exponential increase in the number of points that could be economically controlled and monitored. Distributed automatic control at substations is one element of the so-called smart grid. TYPES OF SUBSTATION According to the service requirement: Transformer substation

Power factor correction substation Frequency change substation Converting substation Industrial substation

According to the constructional features: Indoor substation Outdoor substation Underground substation Polemounted substation