201 - FundamentalsHandout 2

Bayyinah Institute
Three Kinds of Words in Arabic

There are three kinds of words in Arabic:
1) Ism:
The name of a person, place, thing, idea, adjective,

adverb and more.
2) Fil:
A word that has a tense (past, present or future)
3) Harf : A word that makes no sense unless another word

comes after it.
Write the alternative definitions for these words below:
1) Ism:
2) Fil:
3) Harf:
Identify whether the words in the table below are isms, fils or harfs.
table
Dallas
jumps
from
on
a
at
cake
country
cats
of
peace
slept
freedom
Makkah
students
typing
America
Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic
in
loudly
tall
soundly
red
mother
rollercoaster
house
smiles
Page 1
Bayyinah Institute
Every ism has four properties.

Write the four properties of the ism here
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Three Forms of Status

(SUBJECT) Doer of the act: / Raf (R)
(OBJECT) Detail of the act: / Nasb (N)

(POSSESSIVE) Word after of: / Jarr (J)
Examples:
R
A teacher entered the classroom.

R
A student of his was sleeping soundly.

R
The teacher threw a pencil.

J
The teachers student woke up suddenly.
Page 2
Bayyinah Institute
Three forms of status. Place an R, N or J over the highlighted words.
1) My teacher drinks chocolate milk regularly.

2) He doesnt like vegetables or fruits.
3) He buys his chocolate milk happily.
4) He knows his children like it, but he doesnt share.
5) My teacher also likes yummy shawarmas.
6) His students also like shawarmas.
7) He buys shawarmas for his class sometimes.
8) My teacher loses his phone often.
9) My teacher patiently explains hard concepts.
10)
May Allah(swt) forgive my teachers.
Page 3
Bayyinah Institute
How To Tell Status
Raf Recognition:
(u) or (un)
ending for singular
( aa) or ( aani) ending for pair

( oo) or ( oona)
ending for plural
(aatu) or ( aatun) ending for plural feminine
Nasb Recognition:
(a) or (an)
( ay) or ( ayni)
(ee) or
( aati)
or
(eena)
( aatin)
ending for singular

ending for pair
ending for plural
ending for plural feminine
Jarr Recognition:
(i) or (in)
( ay) or ( ayni)
(ee) or
(aati) or
ending for singular

ending for pair
(eena)
ending for plural
(aatin)
ending for plural feminine
Page 4
Bayyinah Institute
Write the status (raf, nasb or jarr) of the words below. Indicate if the status is
determined by ending sound or ending combination.
Word
3.
5.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
Sound/Combo?
1.
7.
Status
Word
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
Status
Sound/Combo?

Page 5
Bayyinah Institute
Status
Forms
MASCULINE
FEMININE
BROKEN PLURAL
How to Tell
Light v. Heavy
Flexibility
Plural
Dual
Singular

Page 6
Bayyinah Institute
Light vs. Heavy

Normally an should be heavy. All the words in the Muslim chart are
heavy.
An ism is made light by removing the extra n sound. Do this by:
Removing the double accent (tanween) OR
Remove the extra at the end of the ism.
NOTE: doesnt like tanween, but an ism with isnt considered light.
The Muslim chart in light form:

Masculine

Feminine

Identify whether the following words are light(L) or heavy(H)

1.
6.
11.
16.
21.
2.
7.
12.
17.
22.
3.
13.
8.
18.
23.
4.
9.
14.
5.
10.
15.
19.
20.
24.
25.
Page 7
Bayyinah Institute
There are only FOUR reasons to for an ism to be light. Write them
below as we learn them:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Page 8
Bayyinah Institute
Flexibility
There are three categories of flexibility:
1) Fully flexible
Most isms are fully flexible.
Can be heavy or light.
Can show all statuses ( , and ).
Muslim chart on page 6
2) Non Flexible
Only have one form.
Looks the same in all statuses.
Some words that are non flexible:
o Words ending in alif eg:
o All ism mowsool (listed below)
the ones who(m)
the ones who(f)
the two who(m)
the one who(m)
the two who(f)
the one who(f)
whoever(m)
whatever(m/f)
o The singular and the plural pointing words
, , ,
,
,

3) Partly Flexible
Cannot be heavy and cannot take a kasrah at the end.
Has two forms: one for and one form for and
Page 9
Bayyinah Institute
Partly Flexible: A Closer Look

Words that are partly flexible:
Proper names of places:
o Proper names of all places, whether Arab or not.
o Exception: names of places spelled with 3 letters
o Examples
How is it Treated?
Jarr
Nasb
Arab place more than 3 letters, partly

flexible
Non Arab place, more than 3 letters,

partly flexible
Exception: place with only 3 letters,

fully flexible
Raf
Non Arab Proper names:

o Based on hadith, there are four Arab Prophets. The rest are non
Arabs. They are: (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
o Exception: names spelled with 3 letters
o Examples:
How is it Treated?
Jarr
Nasb
Raf
Arab name, fully flexible

Non-Arab name, partly flexible.

Exception: Non-Arab name three

letters, fully flexible
Are the following words Fully(F), Partly(P), or Non Flexible(N)?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
6.
12.
18.
24.
30.
Page 10
Bayyinah Institute
Number
1)
2)
3)
4)
Normal masculine plural (Muslim chart)

Normal feminine plural (Muslim chart)
Human broken plural
Non human broken plural
Broken Plurals
BPs dont have plural endings like those in the Muslim chart. Broken
plurals have ending sounds. They can only be identified through
vocabulary, otherwise they look singular.
Human Broken Plurals:
BPs representing intelligent beings. eg:

Treated as she or what they really are they.

Non Human Broken Plurals:
BPs representing non intelligent beings. eg:

ALL non human plurals (broken or not) are treated as a she.
Word
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Meaning
the perpetual liars
Treatment?
plural
the mountains
faces
women
seas
those who
race/compete
the graves
clear proof
Word
9.
10.
12.

13.

14.
11.
Meaning
miraculous
signs
a person
Treatment?
sing, fem
hellfire
the
elephant
the earth
deeds
the angels

two men
16.

15.
Page 11
Bayyinah Institute
FEMININE BECAUSE THE ARABS SAID SO

During a , a soldier was daydreaming looking up at the
until the came up. When he snapped out of it, he realized
he was the only left on the battlefield. He was surrounded
by so he used a full of water to make a and a
all the way to safer . In the hot blowing he was
desperately looking for a to draw water from. In his search,
he found an empty inside which he finds a

full of .
He is tempted despite his fear of and

to take a sip
but wards off his temptation and uses his to strike the
drink.
Body Parts In Pairs in the Quran:
Hands
Eyes
Ears
Elbows
Cheek
Shoulder
Feet
Ankle
Lips
Heel
Page 12
Bayyinah Institute
Gender
Masculine
Default
Feminine
Real Feminine eg: ( mother) ( cow)

Fake Feminine
o ( in some cases)
o
o
o
o
Word
Non Human Broken Plurals

Places
Body parts in pairs
Page 12
Meaning
the perpetual liars
Hows it
treated?
plural, masc
the mountains
faces
women
seas
those who
race/compete
the graves
clear proof
messengers
the one who asks
Word
Meaning
miraculous
signs
a person
Hows it
treated?
sing, fem
hellfire
the elephant
the earth
deeds
the angels
the easiest
a fire
the believers
Page 13
Bayyinah Institute
Tell the Status, Number and Gender of the following words:

Status/Number/Gender
Word
Status/Number/Gender
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
26.

27.

28.

25.
Page 14
29.
30.
31.
32.
J/S/F
R/S/M
Word
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Bayyinah Institute
Common vs. Proper

Common
Default
7 Kinds of Proper
1) Words with
2) Proper names
3) The one being called
4) Pronouns (page 18)
5) Ism ishaarah(pointer words) eg:
( page 30)

6) Ism Mowsool eg:
7) The word before of if the word after of is proper

For example, in the following ayaat, the hightled words are proper.
Indeed, this is in the former scriptures, (87:18)

The scriptures of Abraham and Moses. (87:19)

And you, [Muhammad], are free of restriction in this city (90:2)

And the messenger of Allah [Salih] said to them, "[Do

not harm] the she-camel of Allah or [prevent her from] her drink." (91:13)
[He] who gives [from] his wealth to purify himself (92:18)
Page 15
Bayyinah Institute
Indicate whether the words are common(C) or proper(P).

Word
C/P
1.
Reason
Word
2.
4.
6.
8.
3.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
the messenger of Allah
a scourge of punishment
7.
9.
15.
17.

19.

21.

16.
18.
20.
22.
23.
24.
the fire of Allah
the people of the right
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

32.
rising of the sun
freeing of a slave
33.
34.
35.
36.
Reason
5.
C/P
Page 16
Bayyinah Institute
)Write the four properties of each of the words (Status/Number/Gender/Type

S/N/G/T
Word
S/N/G/T
3.
J/S/M/P
6.
9.
12.
18.
21.
15.
24.
27.
30.
33.
36.
39.
42.
45.
48.
51.
stories

Page 17
Word
S/N/G/T
2.
N/S/M/P
5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
26.
29.
32.
35.
38.
41.
44.
47.
50.
54.
57.
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.
28.
31.
34.
37.
40.
43.
46.
49.
markets
plants
Word
53.
56.
52.
55.
Bayyinah Institute
Pronouns
Nasb/Jarr (attached)
or
Raf
Both of them Raf
Nasb/Jarr(attached)
or

You (m. pl)
Raf
You (f. pl)
She
or
Raf
Both of you Raf
You(m.s)
Raf Both of you(f)
Raf

Raf
or
Raf Both of them(f) Raf

Raf
or
They(f)
He
3rd Person Pronouns
Raf
You(f.s)
2nd Person Pronouns
They(m)
We
Raf
nasb / jarr
1st Person
Pronoun
Raf
(both are attached)

Page 18
Bayyinah Institute
Write your pronoun notes here:

1) An independent pronoun is always in the __________ status
2) An attached pronoun is nasb in two cases:
i.
ii.
3) An attached pronoun is jarr in two cases:
i.
ii.
Page 19
Bayyinah Institute
Pronoun practice: In the following story, write the Arabic

pronoun for the highlighted word.
Yesterday I decided not to go to school. It was raining, and my
friend (she is also my roommate) suggested we make pancakes
for breakfast. Both of us got excited.
I emailed all of my friends and told them(f) to come over
immediately. Two of them replied and they said, Dont you
think Ustadh will be sad if we dont come to school?
I replied to both of them and said, What are you two talking
about? He wont mind if some of us are late.
Ustadh was not happy when we came late. He said, Where
were all of you(f)? I said, We were eating pancakes. We
brought you some also. He took a pancake and ate it happily.
Then he told us not to be late again.
Page 20
Bayyinah Institute
Primary Rules for the Idhafah

1. The ( word before of) should be:
a. Light
b. No alif-laam ()
2. The ( word after of) should be
a. In status
3. No long distance relationship

4. The last property of the , type, is dictated by the
5. Both the and the should be isms.
Basic Kinds of Idafah
1. of translation eg: Imam of the masjid

2. Pronoun attached to an ism eg: His house
3. Special Mudhafs
eg: Under the earth
Page 21
Bayyinah Institute
Special Mudhafs
(dont give an of meaning)
after
behind
right in
front of
especially
from
some,
some of
besides,
other
than
below
in front of
behind,
beyond
other
than
with
which,
any
above
before
between
around,
surrounding
with, at,
has,
by/beside
each, all,
every, the
whole
Page 22
Bayyinah Institute
Idafah Practice: Tell whether each instance is an idafah or not

4.
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
32.

36.

40.
44.
48.

52.
56.

60.

28.
Page 23
64.
68.
72.
3.
7.
11.
15.
19.
23.
27.
31.
35.
39.
43.
47.
51.
55.
59.
63.
67.
71.
2.
6.
10.
14.
18.
22.
26.
30.
34.
38.
42.
46.
50.
54.
58.
62.
66.
70.
1.
5.
9.
13.
17.
21.
25.
29.
33.
37.
41.
45.
49.
53.
57.
61.
65.
69.
Bayyinah Institute
Idafah with pronouns. Fill in the blanks with the pronouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

___________selves
___________ rebellion
___________ glitter
___________ command
___________ nation
___________ family/people/dwellers
___________ boundaries
___________ place
With ___________ example/likeness
Then for ___________ mother
___________ family
One of ___________
___________ associates
___________ marriage gifts
___________ action/work
___________ lord
Page 24
Bayyinah Institute
Special Mudhaf Practice. Fill in the blanks with the correct meanings
1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

11.

12.
13.

14.
15.
16.

17.
______________ the right justification

______________ all of you
______________ them
______________ two women
______________ them
______________ you all
______________ us
______________ them
______________ two sisters.
______________ that for all of you
______________ behalf
______________ the obligation
______________ that
______________ have
______________ her/it
______________ the tree.
______________ both of them.
Page 25
Bayyinah Institute
Primary Rules for Mowsoof + Sifah

1. Mowsoof ( ) must be

a. First
b. Only one
2. Sifah( )
a. Has the same 4 properties as the Mowsoof
b. Is after the Mowsoof
c. May be more than one
d. Can tolerate a long distance relationship
Note:
The mowsoof is never a pronoun, pointer word, or ism mowsool
The sifah is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.
Look out for non human plurals and their feminine sifahs.
Examples of Mowsoof Sifah. Write the 4 properties of the highlighted word.

the greatest calamity

purified scriptures

a great test from your Lord

elevated beds

like eaten straw

the great attainment

an intensely hot fire

for two orphan boys

a heavy word
Page 26
Bayyinah Institute
Primary Rules for Harf of Jarr

1. The harf of jarr makes its ism jarr.
2. No long distance relationship.
3. There are 17 harf of jarr. We will learn 11 that are in the Quran.
4. The harf of jarr is called the and the ism it makes jarr is the

like
(comparison)
in/about
for/have
(pronoun all else )

about/away from
to/towards
swear by Allah
only
from/because of
)
(not
until (2)
with
oath
(Not the forand)

on/upon/against
Additional notes:
When attached to a pronoun, the is pronounced otherwise it is .

For example:
vs.

Dont confuse the harf of jarr lam with the lam for emphasis. The lam for
emphasis does not make isms jarr. For example:
Most certainly, I swear to it, we.

For us (harf of jarr).
Dont confuse the harf of jarr (for oaths only) with the connector
which means and

and
are attached to they are written as and .
When
When attached to a pronoun, and are pronounced with a . For
example: or

Identify if the following are harf of jarr fragments
1.
2.
3.

5.
6.
7.
9.

10.
11.
13.
14.
15.
4.
8.
12.
16.
Page 27
Bayyinah Institute
Primary Rules for Harf of Nasb

1. The harf of nasb makes its ism nasb.
2. Can tolerate a long distance relationship.
however
so that, hopefully, maybe
alas (express regret)
certainly, for sure
that
as though, as if
because
Note:
The nasb form of the pronoun is and the nasb form of is . When
attached to a harf of nasb, these pronouns can be written fully, or the can be
dropped. or and and . For example:
Those who say, "Our Lord, indeed we have believed." (3:16)

Indeed, We sent it down during the Night of Decree. (97:1)

Indeed, I am your Lord (20:12)
Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me (20:14)
Determine if the following contains a harf of nasb fragment.

1.
5.
9.
13.
17.
2.
6.
10.
14.
18.
3.
4.
7.
8.
11.
12.
15.
19.
16.
20.

Page 28
Bayyinah Institute
Harf of Jarr: Examples from the Quran

With the believers (with, because of, by, at, in, etc)
They said, By Allah!
Like eaten straw
And for you(pl).

(I swear) By the fleeting passage of time!
From amongst yourselves.
In just retribution there is life

They ask you regarding the spoils of war
And upon Allah the believers should place their trust.
Until the rise of dawn(1).
Until a time(2).
It (the Quran) guides towards what is right.
Harf of Nasb: Examples from the Quran

Certainly Allah is
That they are/ that certainly they are
As though there is a deafness in his ear (literally barrier)
That is because they said.
Woe is me! I only I didnt take so-and-so for a friend.
On the contrary, righteousness is
So that you may be grateful.
Page 29
Bayyinah Institute
Pointing Words
Near
Masculine
and
Feminine
and
Masculine
and
Far
Feminine
and
Page 30
Bayyinah Institute
Using pointers:
1. To make a fragment:
a. The pointer must be followed immediately by
b. 4 properties of the pointer ( ) and pointed at ()
must match
2. To make a sentence:
a. Pointer should not have after it
fragment this house

fragment in this worldly/lowest life
fragment this Quran

sentence
Those are the boundaries of Allah.
sentence
Those are the companions of the fire
sentence
This is the she-camel of Allah
Determine if the following are sentences or fragments

1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
Page 31
Bayyinah Institute
Jumlah Ismiyyah
Finding the Invisible IS:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Independent pronouns are usually followed by IS

I am a Muslim.
Pointer word followed by other than .

This is a house
Harf of nasb and its ism is usually followed by IS

Indeed, Allah is

Proper followed by common
The books are small.

A break in the chain
The man is in the house.

Additional examples from the Quran:
Page 32
Bayyinah Institute
Past Tense
Plural
They helped.
Pair
They (2) helped.

He helped.

They(f) helped.
You (2) helped.

You helped.
You all(f) helped.
You
(2f)
helped

You helped(f).
We helped.
They (2f) helped

She helped.

You all helped.
Singular
I helped.
Masculine 3
person
Feminine 3
person
rd
Masculine 2
person
Feminine 2
person
rd
nd
nd
st
1 Person
Page 33
Bayyinah Institute
?What is the pronoun behind each past tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
12.

14.

16.

18.
20.

22.

24.

26.

28.
30.
32.

34.

Page 34
11.
13.

15.

17.
19.

21.
23.

25.

27.
29.

31.

33.

Bayyinah Institute
Attaching Pronouns to Fils

Recall that pronouns attached to fils are nasb because they are details.
To translate fils with attached pronouns. Eg:

1) Identify and ignore the attached pronoun: is the attached pronoun.
2) Translate the fil by itself: means he helped.

3) Translate the attached pronoun by itself: means me

4) Put it all together:

He helped me
Examples:

I helped
She helped
We taught
Both of you taught

All of you taught

He helped
They said

I helped him

She helped me

We taught all of you(f)

He helped her
Both of you taught both of them

All of you taught us
They said it
Circle the attached pronoun:
1.
5.
9.
2.
6.
10.
3.
7.
11.
4.
8.
12.
Page 35
Bayyinah Institute
Translate based on the English clues
1. ( to destroy)
2. ( to come)
3. ( to become heavy)
( to settle someone/something)
4.
5.
( to forbid)
6. ( to put in error)

7.
( to follow)
8.

(to whisper evil suggestions)
9.
(to swear to someone)
10.

( to taste)

11.
(to wrong)

12.
( to expel)

13.
( to do)
14. ( to command)

( to make illegal/forbid)
15.
16. ( to come)

17.

(to deny/to be arrogant)
Page 36
Bayyinah Institute
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronouns.
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.
7.
8.

9.

10.
11.
12.

13.

14.
15.

16.

17.
18.
___________ created ___________.

__________ came to __________.
_________ provided comforts for ____________.
_________ made ____________.
and ___________ came to ___________.
Then __________ made ___________.
__________ understood ____________.
Then ___________ slaughtered _____________.
___________ touched _____________.
___________ gave _____________.
__________ wronged ____________.
___________ seized _____________.
__________ rescued ____________.
_________ favored ______________.
__________ expelled __________________.
___________ taught ____________.
______________ brought before _____________.
_____________ raised ______________.
Page 37
Bayyinah Institute
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

____________ forced _____________.

____________ hamstrung _____________.
____________ warned _________________.
___________ sent ___________ down.
_____________ obey _____________.
____________ made ____________ immortal.
_____________ made ________________.
____________ gave ______________.
___________ gave _______________.
____________ hated ________________.
______________ killed ________________.
__________ helped ____________.
31.
__________ accepted ____________.
32.

and ___________ caused __________ to grow.
33.
34.

35.
___________ purified ___________.

__________ came to ____________.
___________ lied against _____________.
Page 38
Bayyinah Institute
Present Tense

Plural
They help.
Pair
They (2) help .

He helps.
They (2f) help

She helps.

Feminine 3 person
You all help.
rd
Masculine 3 person
They(f) help.
Singular
You (2) help.

You help.
We help.
Masculine 2
Feminine 2 person
I help.
You all(f) help.
You
(2f)
help.

You help(f).
rd
nd
person
nd
st
1 Person
Page 39
Bayyinah Institute
Present Tense Tips
Remember a present tense can start with a

sound.

1. Y
2. Y
3. Y
4. Y
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T
10.T
11.T
= he
+ aani = both of them
+ oona = they
+ na
= they (fem pl)
= you
+ aani
= both of them(f)
+ aani
= both of you (masc and fem)
+ oona = all of you
+ na
= all of you (fem pl)
= she
+ eena = you(f) youshe
Page 40
Bayyinah Institute
Translate based on the English clues
to remember
1.

2. to wrong/do injustice
3.
to live and to die
4.

to lean
5.
to say
6.
to take a reminder

7.

to fear
8.
to want
9. to put together
10.
to walk

11. to say
12. to know

13. to create
14.

15.

to explain
to wait
16. to teach

17.
to learn
Page 41
Bayyinah Institute
Present tense and pronouns. Translate based on the English cues

1.
3.
5.
7.
to bring

to advise
to take

ask
converse with
11. to help

9.
13.
15.
to take

to hold
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
accountable
to gather
19. to sadden

17.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
to teach
to eat
to inform
to give good news

to warn

fight
to impress
to want
to criticize

to carry
to know
to afflict
to seek
permission from
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
to place in
obey
reach
to ask
to harm
to warn

to cause
to die
31.
33.
35.
37.
to inform

to harm

to love

to spend
32.
34.
36.
38.
hurt
to command

to distort

argue

Page 42
Bayyinah Institute
Inside Doer vs. Outside Doer
.
If the doer of the fil is a pronoun, then it is an inside doer. Eg: I wrote
If the doer is NOT a pronoun, it is an outside doer. Muhammed wrote.

Rules for the Outside Doer:
The outside doer must be:
After the ( doesnt have to be directly after)
In status
The should be in the

or form ONLY.
Examples:
A Muslim said.
Two Muslims said.
Muslims said.
A Muslim woman said.

Two Muslim women said.
Muslims(f) said.
What is the doer (), if any, in the following sentences? The fil is highlighted.
1.
4.
7.

13.
16.
19.

22.

10.
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
3.
6.
12.
15.

18.

21.

24.

9.
Page 43
Bayyinah Institute
Making Present Tense Light

To make the present tense light:
1) The
and

versions do not change.
2) If the present tense ends in a
then change the to a .
3) If the present tense ends in a then remove the .

Light Present Tense Chart
Page 44
Bayyinah Institute
Light Present Tense Harf

The following harfs make the present tense light

Word
Meaning/Notes
to
Used as a connector. Eg: I want to read.
will not
so that
in that case

This word has three forms:
until
Examples of light harf in the Quran
Indeed, Allah is not timid to present any

example

Indeed, Allah commands you to slaughter

a cow.
We will not associate anyone with our

Master.

So that we may exalt You much
So that he may be to the nations a

warner
Until the Messenger says
And do not marry polytheistic women
until they believe
Page 45
Bayyinah Institute
Making Present Tense Lightest ()

To make the present tense lightest:
1) The
and
versions do not change.

2) If the present tense ends in a
then change the to a .
3) If the present tense ends in a then remove the .

Lightest Present Tense Chart
Page 46
Bayyinah Institute
Lightest Present Tense Harf

The following harfs make the present tense lightest

Word
Meaning/Notes
if
Can be used with past and present tense.

did not.

Only used with present tense, pushes meaning to past tense
not yet.

If used with present tense it means not yet
If used with past tense it means when
should
Examples of lightest harf in the Quran

Indeed, if You leave them, (then)
they will mislead Your servants
All of you didnt find a scribe
Rather, they have not yet tasted My
punishment
Then (as a result) they should
respond to Me and they should
believe in Me that they may be
[rightly] guided.
Page 47
Bayyinah Institute
)Determine if the present tense is Normal(N), Light(L) or Lightest(T
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.
30.
36.

39.

33.
Page 48
42.
45.
48.
51.
54.
57.
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
26.
29.
32.
35.
38.
41.
44.
47.
50.
53.
56.
1.
4.
7.
10.

16.

19.

22.

13.
25.
28.
31.
34.
37.
40.
43.
46.
49.
52.
55.
Bayyinah Institute
Common Sense Observations about Commanding and Forbidding:

1) You cant command/forbid in the past tense.
2) You cant command yourself.
3) You cant command/forbid someone whos not there.
4) Its easier to forbid than to command.
5) A grammatical command isnt always really a command. It could be a
suggestion, motivation, permission, advice, request, imperative or sarcasm.
Forbidding
+ lightest present tense 2nd person.
Examples:
Dont go! (you sing. Masc)
1) 2nd person present tense.

2) Make it lightest.

3) Put in front: !

Additional examples:
English Command
Normal Verb Lightest Verb

Dont eat!(you f.)

Dont learn (all of you)

Dont write (all you fem)
Forbidding
Statement/Observation: You dont write books.
Dont (you sing masc) write books!

Forbidding:

Note: The difference between a statement and a command
Page 49
Bayyinah Institute
Commanding
Creating a command:
1) Start with the lightest 2nd person.
2) Remove the first .
3) If the word can be read, leave it alone.
4) If the word cant be read, add a helper alif.
5) Harakaat for the helper alif:
a. If the second to last letter in the present tense has a then the
helper alif gets a .
b. Otherwise the helper alif gets a
c. The family is weird. It gets a
Examples:
1) Go! (you masc).
Start with normal 2nd person present tense:
Make
Remove
Add helper

lightest
alif
first
Determine
harakah for alif
2) Help! (all of you fem)
Normal 2nd person present tense:

Add helper
Make
Remove
lightest first
alif

Determine
harakah for alif
3) Learn! (you fem)
Make
Remove
first ( no helper alif needed)
lightest
4) Warn!(all of you masc)

Add helper alif
Make
Remove
lightest first

from family
Page 50
Bayyinah Institute
Label each as Commanding(C), Forbidding(F) or Observation(O). Then translate.

Can you retrace the commanding and forbidding to the original fil?
1.
to go
3.
Go!(you masc)
2.
to taste
4.
to congratulate
5.
6.
8.
11.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
21.
20.
23.

to send
22.
to pour
know
to be afraid
to stand
fight
19.
take witnesses
to protect
17.

write
bring a witness
15.

to ask
hold accountable
13.

prostrate
to call
waste
leave out
9.
mention
obey
7.
to make firm
24.

to spend
help
Page 51
Bayyinah Institute
Cummulative Practice. Grammatically label the parts of these ayaat
Then let mankind look at his food 80:24
But when there comes the Deafening Blast 80:33

Verily this is the word of a noble messenger 81:19
And indeed, the wicked will be in Hellfire. 82:14
So give them tidings of a painful punishment, 84:24

Verily, it is a conclusive word, 86:13

Indeed, they are planning a plan, 86:15

But I am planning a plan. 86:16
Page 52
Bayyinah Institute
Fundamentals of Classical Arabic - Class Map
Ism Studies
Fragments
Fils
Bayyinah Institute
4 Properties of the Ism:

1. Status
a. Forms pg2
Raf(doer)
Nasb(detail)
Jarr(after of)
b. How to Tell pg4
Ending sounds
Ending Combination
Pronouns are weird pg 18
o Raf: Independent pronouns
o Nasb/Jarr: attached pronouns
Nasb: attached to HoN or fil.
Jarr: attached to HoJ or ism.
c. Light vs. Heavy pg7
Heavy: Default, page 6
Light: Remove extra n sound.
Only 4 reasons for light.
d. Flexibility pg9
Fully Flexible (page 6)
Non Flexible: Only 1 form can only tell R,
N or J by context.
Partly Flexible: No Kasrah, always light.
Location names , non-Arab names.
2. Number pg11
a. Singular/Pair/Plural
Masculine/Fem page 6
Brkn Plural pg 6
b. Brkn Plurals
NHBP treated as she grammatically
HBP treated as she or reality.
c. Note: All non human plurals are treated as
a she. Page 6 masc pair and plural
include fem also. Fem pair and plural fem
only.
3. Gender pg12-13
a. Feminine
Real fem (biological)
Fake Fem
o Words ending in
o Body parts in pairs
o Broken plurals
o Arabs said so pg12
1. Idafah pg21
Mudhaf: ism before of
Mudhaf Ilayh: ism after of
No distance
MIL determines type of Mudhaf
Three kinds:
i. Of translation
ii. Attached pronoun pg 18
iii. Special Mudhafs pg22
2. Mowsoof Sifah (Noun Adjective) pg26
Mowsoof(noun):
o Only one
o Always first
o never a pronoun, pointer
word, or ism mowsool
Sifah(adj):
o 4 properties match mowsoof
o Can be more than one
o Long distance ok.
o never a proper name,
pronoun, or pointer word
3. Harf of Jarr pg 27
HoJ makes ism after it jarr
No distance.
17 HoJ, 11 in Quran

4. Harf of Nasb pg 28
HoN makes its ism nasb.
Distance ok.

5. Ism Isharah pg30
Either a sentence or a fragment:
o Sentence: no after pointer.
o Fragment:
right after pointer.
4 properties of pointer
match 4 properties of
pointed-at (musharun ilyahi)
Finding the Invisible IS pg32

4. Type pg15
a. Proper. Seven reasons for proper:
1. Independent pronouns usually
1. Words with
followed by IS
2. proper names
2. Pointer word followed by other than
3. the one being called
4. pronouns
3. HoN and its ism
5. pointing words
4. Proper followed by common
6. words
5. Break in the chain
7. The mudahf if the MIL is proper.
1. Fils are not verbs. Every fil

contains an in-built doer.
2. 2 kinds:
i. past tense
ii. present/future tense.
3. Past Tense Chart pg 33
4. Present Tense Chart pg 39
Pg 39 words are normal
Light Present Tense pg44
and dont change
If ends in change to
Else, remove last

Lightest Present Tense p46

and dont change
If ends in change to .
Else, remove last

Commanding: pg49
+ lightest 2nd person.
Forbidding pg49
Start with lightest 2nd
person
Remove first
Add helper alif if
needed.
5. Attaching Pronouns to Fils p35
Pronouns attached to fils
are nasb because they are
details.
Steps to translate:
Identify and ignore
attached pronoun
Translate the fil
Translate attached
pronoun
Put it all together
6. Inside vs. Outside Doer pg43
Inside doer: doer is a
pronoun.
Outside doer: doer is not a
pronoun.
Outside doer rules:
o Fil is in or
form only.
o Doer is after fil and
raf.
Page 53
o Doer does not have
to be right after the
fil.

201 - FundamentalsHandout 2

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

201 - FundamentalsHandout 2

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Bayyinah Institute

Three Kinds of Words in Arabic

The name of a person, place, thing, idea, adjective,

A word that has a tense (past, present or future)

3) Harf : A word that makes no sense unless another word

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Every ism has four properties.

Three Forms of Status

(OBJECT) Detail of the act: / Nasb (N)

(POSSESSIVE) Word after of: / Jarr (J)

A teacher entered the classroom.

A student of his was sleeping soundly.

The teacher threw a pencil.

The teachers student woke up suddenly.

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Three forms of status. Place an R, N or J over the highlighted words.

1) My teacher drinks chocolate milk regularly.

May Allah(swt) forgive my teachers.

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

How To Tell Status

ending for singular

( aa) or ( aani) ending for pair

ending for plural

(aatu) or ( aatun) ending for plural feminine

ending for singular

ending for singular

ending for plural

ending for plural feminine

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Light vs. Heavy

The Muslim chart in light form:

Identify whether the following words are light(L) or heavy(H)

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Can show all statuses ( , and ).

Muslim chart on page 6

o Words ending in alif eg:

o All ism mowsool (listed below)

the ones who(m)

the ones who(f)

the two who(m)

the one who(m)

the two who(f)

the one who(f)

o The singular and the plural pointing words

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Partly Flexible: A Closer Look

Exception: place with only 3 letters,

Non Arab Proper names:

Exception: Non-Arab name three

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Normal masculine plural (Muslim chart)

Treated as she or what they really are they.

Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

FEMININE BECAUSE THE ARABS SAID SO

until the came up. When he snapped out of it, he realized

he was the only left on the battlefield. He was surrounded

by so he used a full of water to make a and a

all the way to safer . In the hot blowing he was

desperately looking for a to draw water from. In his search,