The Aryan Indus Script

Unfolding Hitherto Unknown Secrets Of The Indus Script

And Approaching The Final Decipherment .



Vijayabhaarati
Acknowledgements
This work is a sequel to Bharata- the language of the
Harappans; The deciphered Indus Harappan(Indo-Anatolian)
Inscriptions ;The writing in the Indus script;Indus script- its
origin,contents and final evolution etc. Through
each work we have examined the possibilities of a satisfactory
decipherment and each work has served to lead us closer to
the final decipherment .And with great satisfaction we can
now read several inscriptions ,the way the Harappans read it !
I am greatly indebted to the works of many scholars and
researchers in this field without which this article would not
have been possible.The sources for this work are shown in the
reference list. I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to
them and express my thankfulness to those authors and their
publishers whose articles I have used in this work either in
whole or in part. Special mention may be made of
Harappa.com,Ancient scripts.com,Dr.Asko Parpola,
Dr.I.Mahadevan,Dr.Brian Wells, Dr.Kalyanaraman,
Dr.J.M.Kenoyer, Dr.Subhash C Kak , Dr.Nupam Mahajan,
Dr.B.B.Lal,Roger D.Woodard,James Prinsep,Lionel D.Barnett ,
Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball ,Dr. Roy Davies and Glyn
Davies , Dr.Colin Narbeth , Dr.Marvin A.Powell,Dr.Jimmy
Dunn,Dr.T.S.Subramanyan, etc.in this context.

Vijaya Bhaarati







References


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Copperplate Inscription; Coins ; Dram (unit); Shekel; Kohen Gadol; Mitre ; Atum; Rice;
kramuka ; Sed( Heb-Sed) Festival ; Gharial;




2.Harappa.com

64. Monkey figurine; 63. Elephant head; 62. Turtle figurine; 27. Bull seal, Harappa; 154.
Unicorn seal;
42. "Priest King."; 41. "Priest King."; Libation vessels.;M-18A; 135. Inscribed storage jar,M-
1196;
126. Inscribed mold fragment; Ravi Phase Pot ; 102.Ravi Phase Motifs ; 101. Hand-built
Pot ; 124. Inscribed Ravi sherd; Textile Evidence; 90. Molded tablet; 15. "Granary,"
Harappa; 2. Ox- or water buffalo-drawn cart with driver from Harappa; 133. Unicorn
seal; 22. Toy carts, Nausharo.; 149. Three groups of tablets; 150. Stroke direction; 151. Two
inscribed tablets; 156. Long rectangular seal with no animal motif; 60. Seal Fragment;
36. Silver seal, Mohenjo-daro.; 25. Unicorn Seal, Mohenjo-daro;
145. Unicorn seal; 8. "Great Bath," Mohenjo-daro.

3.Archeologydaily.com

Oldest modern human found in England; DNA study deals blow to theory of European
origins; Into the Stone Age With a Scalpel: A Dig With Clues on Early Urban Life; Ancient
Middle Eastern stone structures revealed by Google Earth; Solving the Mystery of a
Megalithic Monument in the Land of Giant; More on Family ties doubted in Stone Age
farmers; No Family Plots, Just Communal Burials In Ancient Settlement; Digging up
Turkeys past. Totally stone age: James Mellaart at Catalhoyuk; Archaeologist argues
worlds oldest temples were not temples at all; 9,000-year-old ancient figurines were
toys not mother goddess statues are discovered; The earth mother of all neolithic
discoveries; Pyramid Exploring Robot Reveals Hidden Hieroglyphs; Big Question for
2012: The Great Pyramids Secret Doors; Solving the Mystery of a 35,000 Year Old
Statue; Udupi: Ancient Unicorn Idol Found at Kalya; Site hints at Asian roots for human
genus; Ancient Egypt was destroyed by drought, discover Scottish experts; Company
digging mine in Afghanistan unearths 2,600 year old Buddhist monastery; Ancient City
Mysteriously Survived Mideast Civilization Collapse; Tamil Brahmi script found at
Pattanam in Kerala ; Worlds Oldest Erotic Picture ; Worlds oldest Copper Age
settlement found at Plocnik


4.Dr.Asko parpola for his works

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University Press; Cambridge

DTISpage21; DTIS-page32.Sumerian tablet from Uruk indicating 54 oxen and cows.; DTIS
page 55 Indus script on a late Harappan seal Dmd-1.; DTIS page 55; DTISpage55.
; DTIS page 82; DTIS page 83. M-314; DTIS page 91. H-3305; DTISpage92.H102;
DTIS page92.M-318; DTIS page92.
M-1203; DTIS page 108.DK-7535; DTISpage108.DK2119; DTIS page109 H-3458 ;
DTIS page 109 H-247; DTIS page 109.M- 478.; DTIS page 111 B12B6; DTIS page 111 C2B7;
DTIS page111 A7B10; DTIS page 65.; DTIS page 132 M-228; DTISpage 132.BM120228; DTIS
page181 IM87798; DTIS page 183; DTISpage183.Monochrome goblet painted with three
star symbols from Mehrgarh.3000-2600 B.C; DTIS page 185.
M-305.; DTIS page 188.M-304. ; DTIS page192.Shahr-i Sokhta,; DTIS page 194 .H-302;
DTIS page194.H-3452; DTIS page 195 H-9.; DTIS page 213.Bull statuette with trefoil
inlays from Uruk(w.16017).; DTIS page219. BM-123059; DTIS page 219.M-489B;
DTIS page 227.H-182; DTISpage226.M-453; DTIS page 226.H-306 ; DTIS page228.H-
147.Signs of fireplace and intersecting circles.; DTIS page 231 M-172.The sign sequence Fig
tree+ fish.; DTIS page 231 .H-6.Fig tree+two long vertical strokes.
DTIS page 234.Two sets of copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro ;DTIS page 243.M-414
; DTIS page 247.M-308;
b) Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus civilization Dr.Asko Parpola
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-contributed-indus-
civilisation.html
C) The Indus script and the wild ass
http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece

5 .B. B. Lal, Director General (Retd.), Archaeological Survey of India Lecture given at
the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi ).
Why Perpetuate Myths? A Fresh Look at Ancient Indian History .
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The Ancient languages of Asia minor- H i t t i t e , The Lycian alphabet;
7. Copyright 2006 The Royal Society
Carob bean seeds

8. James Prinsep

Coins, Weights, and Measures of British India
9 Lionel D. Barnett
Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan

10. Ancient scripts.com
Luwian ,Brahmi,proto-Sinaitic


11. Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball
Hittite
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/hitol-BF-X.html
12. http://www.hindubooks.org/scriptures/manusmriti/ch8/ch8_191_200.htm
Manusmriti: The Laws of Manu
13. www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15621229.html
The Oxus river Civilization: the Bronze Age of central Asia.

14. P Gopakumar

In his Hindu article The Viiraraaya FaNam


15. http://www.taxguru.in/accounting/history-of-accounting-and-accounting-
standards.html#ixzz0vMIuX0Tp

Accounting existed in Vedic India

16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm
Earliest writing found
17. Roy Davies & Glyn Davies, 1996 & 1999
A Comparative Chronology of Money
18. Colin Narbeth
Colin.Narbeth@btinternet.com

The cowry shell as money
19 Marvin A. Powell
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 39, No. 3 (1996)
Money in Ancient Mesopotamia
20. Nupam.Mahajan@moffitt.org
Ancient Indian coins
21. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.html
Shekel
22. JewishGates.org
The History of Coins: How We Got From Shekels to Sela'im
23. www.Mehrangroup.com/rice/ricegrain)
Rice grain
24. Jimmy Dunn
The Sed-festival
25. T.S. Subramanian
Bull-baiting of yore
The Bhirrana potsherd
Harappan link
http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091255372200.htm

26. Iravatham Mahadevan,
May 6 2006 |
A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe
Discovery

27. The Australian coin collecting weblog
Proclamation Coin - Indian Rupee
28. Subhash C.Kak
The Indus Script-Its Connection With Brahmi
29. J.M. Kenoyer
Hariyupia and the Rg Veda
30 .Akkadian dictionary Association Assyrophile de France
Akkadian
31. http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/Corpusmain.htm
Corpus of Indus Inscriptions
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Mahadevan.1977.ASI,New Delhi.
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1998. Canada.
34.Sumer. Wikipedia 15.2.2008(SWP).
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Lanark. Scotland.
36A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (ACDME). Raymond O Faulkner .1991.
Griffith Institute. Oxford.
37The Hebrew Greek Key Word Study Bible. 1996. AMG International Inc. U.S.A.
38.Sanskrit - English Dictionary. Sir Monier Monier Williams. 1999. Munshiram
Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
39Sanskrit Malayalam Dictionary. Kanippayyuur Sankaran Naambootirippaatu.
1996.
Pancaangam Pustaka Saala, Kunnamkulam, Kerala.
40 .Sabdataaraavali. Sriikantesvaram G. Padmanaabha Pilla .April 2000. National
Book stall , Kottayam, Kerala.
41 Puraanic Encyclopedia (PEP). Vettam Maani. 1991. Current books, Kottayam.
Kerala.
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Kerala.
43 The Vedic people (VP). Their History and Geography: Rajesh Kochhar. 2000. Orient
Longman. Hyderabad. India.
44 A Phrenologist Amongst The Todas (APATD). William E. Marshall. 1995. Asian
Educational Services. New Delhi.
45 Iythareya Brahmanam(IB) .V.Balakrishnan,Dr.R.Leela Devi . 1992 .The Vidyarthi
Mithram Book Depot,Kottayam,Kerala.
46.Life In Ancient India In The Age of The Mantras : P.T.Srinivas Iyengar .Asian
Educational Services-1991
47.Dawn.com
Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan
48.Other references are included in the main text itself.


1
A brief summary of the previous works :
In Bharata the language of the Harappans we saw that the
Harappan language is Bharata(bhaasha-language,bhadra-
king,patra-bird-word-god=sasa-bda=sound-vacas-
wordasva-bull/elephant/sun/kingsapta-
sevensaptasvara-seven notessvar=suura-
sun,sound)=veda /deva/devi/rava/ravi from which India got
the name Bhaarata. Bhaasha is bhaata(usha-dawn-
bhaasa-light,paada-quarter cf. the cross/swastika).The asva
medha(uksha-ahas-usha-mesha=dawn-Ariesthe spring
equinox-vaisaakha-vishu-pascha-passover) played a great
role in their seasonal sacrificial service(corresponding to the
Easter/passover of the Christians and Jews). There were
kings with the name Bharata , but the language is the real
king.
Later we identified the vedic soma with rice (anna)and rice
wine(madhu) though soma has implications of
fire,wind,sky,moon,gold,water, lemon, areca etc. in The
decoded Indus Harappan Scripts And The True Vedic Soma.
Soma sacrifice is luna(noon-moon-soma-sky) sacrifice when
the sun is at noon and at the winter solstice(seasonal sun at
noon corres ponding to the Pongal-anna-rice festival of the
Tamils,Christmas of the Christians etc. ).
We attempted at tentative partial decipherments of the
IVC seals in The deciphered Indo-Anatolian inscriptions,
The writing in the Indus script etc.
We have also shown that the modern alphabets evolved
from the Indo Anatolian alphabets especially as the Greek
sigma is the IVC simha itself in the work The Indus script-its
origin readings and final evolution.
Earlier scholars and researchers got confused by the
Dravidian hypothesis(Dr. Parpola et al), Indus non script
theory ( S.Farmer et al ) etc.
The vedic asva (uksha-bull,arka-avasa-yahva-Yahve-the
sun/king/god) was mistook as the domestic horse and the
absence(or rare presence ) of the domestic horse bones in
earlier layers of IVC was sited as evidence for the absence of
vedic Aryans in the IVC prior to 1700 B.C by the supporters
of the Dravidian IVC hypothesis. They ignored the evidences
from the writing in the seals,the vedic fire altars etc.The
second group proclaimed the Harappans to be non literate !
But we have shown that the vedic asva(arka-avasa-
u-kshabull/kingbhadrabhadraasvaBharadvaaja-
the clan and the arka/gira/Rik veda;suuya-sacrifice,vaca-
speech,agna-fire;cf.ukshaaakaasa-uccha-high,ukta-
uktha-word,sentencevacu-roar,gaja-garja-
roaraja/sa-king/god-va/pa/u-tiger/king/roar) is not the
horse but the bull /the elephant denoting the
dawn(usha/aja), sun(asva/avasa/aja),
sound(sabda/asva/vaca-bull-garj-bellow,Hindi-bol),
king(aja/avasa), year(abda),eye(aksha),sky(aakaasa-
aksha-svarga-turaga,the bull /hill(giri-srii-raaja-king)
shows sreshthasrii-stha=noble denoted by the sky-the seat
of the sun cf.asvattha implies the same) etc. The
king(simha/lion,cihna-symbol/seal) was denoted by the
winged(patra,bhadra-king,sa-bird,god) lions(cf.Asoka used
a bhadra-cakra- raaja-srii-wheel instead of patra-wing)
and the wing(king)ed bulls and not the winged horses in
those ages.The bhadra(king,head,water,bull,cipher) is
patra(leaf,bird;pa-sara/sira)/pa(leaf,king ,water) so that
the kings kuupa(well,gopa/bhuupa-king) and the kings
measure(maasha/karsha) are indicated by ma/ka
aasa(naasa-nose/head,ma-aasa-buttocks cf.the buttocks
with tigers)/kaaca(karshakaacatulaa-scale) etc.
The vedic asva is the aleph (bull-bulla,aalap-
speech,aapaNa-market)of the semitic people and the apis
(bull) of the Greeks or the Egyptians.
Asva being arka they celebrated the arkaasvamedha also.
arka(a = sa) + dva(sva)/dyu/div/diva/deva/ravi/siva/u
naasa(medha/raaja/nripa/parNa/varNa)
asvamedhaarkaasva medhabhadra/Srii Divo
raaja/daasa/jaata Sa-u-varNasuvarNa/karsha/gold
paNa
The king(raaja,daasa-slave,cf.INRI) is sacrifice(suuya-
kratu- yuupa-Christ) and money(paNa-parNa-nripa).Divo
is born or descended from heaven like usha . Usha is aja-the
king.Raaja is Ra(agni)-iisa(lord),aja(king,ram cf.ram faced
Ra) and ja(jaata-born). The sun of man was the son of the
sun.Being sacrifice he is the sacrificial ram. The king /soldier
as Christ/rakshaka /traataprotector
is the symbol of ultimate sacrifice as he is raktaka(giver of
blood/giver of life) for the people. He was the bali/sacrificial
victim of the of the gotra/graama when the enemies
struck. He protected the people and their wealth and in
return he was given a portion of the protected wealth as
bali/tribute/ tax to him. Divodaasa is Bhardvaaja(RV.6&1).
He was protected by Indra(the east and the rising sun) and
the Asvins(avasa/usha).His father was Bhadra-sva(cf.arka-
asva-bhadra).He was the father of king Su(srii)-
daas(ushas,divasa,jaata,diva-jaata) . The Rig/arka/gira-
word is god!



2



A Lydian coin. 1/3rd stater electrum .
Leo/simha is Deo/deva/king,cihna-emblem/insignia. Simha
( garja-roar)/ Karsha(kara-hand,hara-fire,ass,sa-
god,bird,snake,fence,like)/PaNa-cash-money.
PaNa(vana/parNa-leaf,nripa-king,VaruNa-god) is shown
by the kala(taala/pana-palm leaf,count,kalaa-1/16,kala-
kantha-pleasing voice) on the gala(neck) of the lion is
significant as hari(lion)+pa(leaf)nripa(king). Money is
god.In fact PaNa (VishNu,house ) and fane(Lat.fannum-
temple),fan
(circle ,pan-paana-paatra-pot,paNa-svar-sun,dvaar-
hole/coil/cakra-sarpa-svar-sun/sky) , phanus( ,
cf.phaNa-the butterfly wings matches the cobra hood Grk.
Phaein-to shine,phainein-to showphallus)
Fana(Lat.pannus acloth,flag vasna-netra-vastra ) etc.
indicate the same kara -karsha-garja-gaja -paNa- srii
-svar-ka (head) of Sa(snake/god)/Ra(agni).
, , kara(hand,tax;kala/gaNa-count;paN-to make
sound;arka/naga/svar-the sun)/ra/sa/ha(hasta-
hand)gira(hill,word)/srii(the sun,fire,word;raaja-
king)/sira-head(masta-head,matsa-fish;cf.for blessing and
taking oaths hasta is placed on masta linking kara-sira-
srii)/svar(the sun,sound,sky)paNa (hand,money,gold
coin;vana-tree/leaf/water;nava-new,nine;naava-praise-
hands folded to make the fish indicate (Mal.vaNakkam)
namas(folded hands+ head make a fish;bhuja-hands-hasta-
hands,masta-head,matsa-fish;va/bha-
hand,bull,varuNa,tiger,auspiciousness etc= also as
jhasha cihna/fish/hand symbol/welcome symbol.)/ welcome
and hands crossed show a bond/wedding /boat
;baaNa/suula-arrow/spear , cf.spear money;K
sara-arrow,ka-sira-bhadra-head,bull,gold;thus the
unicorn is bull+snakeka-bull/head +sa-snake/godgaja-
elephantgarja-roarkarsha-godheadgarta-throne)
arka(sun,copper,sacrifice/festival)/argha(price)asva(bull,
elephant,king,dawn,sun)bhadra(king,bull,gold,elephant,
girl, cipher)bhadraasvabhadravaaca(auspicious
speech)paNa(praise)
kara+kara/bhuja=kara-
Na(deed)/nakara(city)/hariNa(raa-gold,give)
pushkara(the sun,elephant) karsha/garja/gajaSakra-
Indra. Raasa is raaja/srii/nri - the king ,
karsha-money/raatra-sacrifice/satra-sacrifice/haatra-
wages
, caturbhuja/pancabhuja/saagara/sekhara-heap,face
etc.
PaNa as a house has a praghNa/vaara , , similar
to the kara(ray) of paNa(Vishnu-sun) or
viirabhadra(vaara+paatra)/giirvaaNa(gira+paana/paNa).
PaNa(house) has a vaara(roof) and viira(hero) gets
paNa(praise,prize).Paartha-king is shown with vaara-tail
and bhaara-load in , etc.SvarNa-gold too has a vaara
And is dva(two=vaara=gira=hill,word,sky etc.Svar is the
sun,sound and the sky.Hence the sun/paNa is svarNa/gold
and bhaasvara is auspicious and shining like the sun)+
nara(man) in , etc.Svar/sound making
animals(elephant,tiger,bull,croc,buffaloe,snake,arrow,drum
beating men etc. , svar+nara=svarNa) denote
paNa(sun,sound,money,praise,price,house).Pra-
gaNa/vaara may be so many times/multiples(brih-
gaNa/varganaa- multiplication/division as in
vargamuula /pancamuula/pacaloha/pancamukha etc.Thus
vaara/kara
(ta-tail ) is can denote panca/penta/bandha also.

The karsha/mudra with vaara , can indicate
kaarshapaNaavara=having the value of at least one
karshapaNa also.
Jala(ka,pa,ma,ha=water,head)ka(head,water)-ra
(hand,tax,5)sa(god)-ra(arrow,water,5 ) kala(gala,jala)
-sa(pot/jar )sal(kala,jala)-ka(scale-balance,fish )
sankha(conch)sinha(lion/tiger)sulka(tul-ka;tul-tula-
tulya-equal,ka-waterprice,water) . A pot(paana-phaNa)
carries paNa(water), an arrow(baaNa-phaNa) is paNa(water),
fish(muuka,matsa,drava) is paNa(water) and sankha/sinha
is also paNa(ka-rsha;ka/ga-sara/sira/srii).PaNa(mana/mina-
money,phaNa-snake,nabha/svar-sky,argha-price;rava/srii/arka-
the sun)/aapaNa(market)/vipaNi(market) is
vasna(money),vadana(face),panca(5),bandha/sandha(market,a
greement) and VishNu(god,the sun cf.M-457).Sriimukha/srii
mudra/simhaasana/bhadraasana/(Mal.kovil/koil/go-aalaya) is
paNa(sun,money,gold,copper;pa/na/bha-
yama/dvi/twonayana-eyenaaNya-moneymiina-
fish)/phaNa(snake)/baaNa(arrow)/
paana(camasa/cashaka-jar)/nabha(heaven)/nava(9)/
naava(boat)/vana(tree,house,water).

http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origin
s_of_coinage.aspx
http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html

The Lydian coins were produced around in the seventh century
BC with a design on one side and marked with punches on the
other side like the Indian Karsha PaNas.
These early electrum coins were minted according to a strict
weight-standard(cf.the Harappan standard weights). The
denominations ranged from one stater (weighing about 14.1
grams cf. sta-tersata-mana/cara coins;sata is 100,cara-is
cyprea moneta) down through half -staters, thirds , sixths ,
twelfths , 1/24ths , 1/48ths to 1/96th stater (about 0.15gm
cf.the ,1/4,1/8 etc. Karsha PaNa).
It is likely that for bulk transactions the coins were weighed and
not counted.

Stater with a seal . The Greek for seal being 'phoce' , the coin is
attributed to the Greek city of Phocaea. But this is the evolved
paNa(mukha -face)-bhuja(phoce)- fish itself.

An examination of the hoard unearthed by Hogarth on the site of
the Artemision at Ephesus shows that between the earliest issues
and those with the Lion types (apparently the royal signet) there
were at least two distinctly recognizable varieties : (i) those which
bear on the obv. the Forepart or Head of a Goat (1/2, 1/3, 1/12,
1/24, 1/48 stater), and (ii) those with the type two Cocks or Cocks
heads (1/2, 1/3, 1/6, 1/12 stater). Their primitive style indicate
that they are antecedent to the Lion types, which seem to have
superseded them about the time of Alyattes (B.C. 610-561). It is
likey that during the reigns of the predecessors of Alyattes, Gyges
(B.C. 687-652), Ardys (B.C. 652-615), and Sadyattes (B.C. 615-
610), the electrum coins struck in Lydia were issued by wealthy
traders or bankers to meet the requirements of markets or fairs
held in connexion with religious festivals,(cf. mukha-
face,makha,sacrifice,magha-gift,present) such as those which
were celebrated at Sardes in the reign of Gyges .The subsequent
predominance on early electrum and, later, gold coins, of the Lion
type, suggests the idea that it may have been adopted as the
royal signet (cf. Hdt. i. 50, 84, and 92), and probably by Alyattes
(B.C. 610-561), who, like the Persian monarchs, may have
asserted his claim to the sole right of coinage in the precious
metals.
http://snible.org/coins/hn/lydia.html

Persian Achaemenid Daric, circa 490 BC Reverse of a silverTetradrachm from Athens, circa 480-420 BC.

Sara (arrow ) is sira(ka-head;karshaka-srii/sara),
srii(the sun,word) and sara-
pa(bearer,king) is bhadra(nripa-king) /patra(writ) /
mudra(seal,netra-king,Indra-god,dharaNa-10 pala cf.

M-848

;
; ; ;sara/sira/dhara/pada/devaka
cf.dharakaacaka-aasa;paadapa-aasa;ka-head=pa-
king=sa-god;kaaca-pa /dharaNa/Indra ;
Kesava/Vishnu/vasna/panca/paNa-the sun).Bhadra(king,ka-
head,bull,elephant,girl,gold) is pa(king,leaf,water)-
sira(ka)/sara(arrow,5,water)gaja(elephant)ka(head)-
sa(snake,bird,god)the unicorn elephant bull-the king/gold .
The archer is DroNa(Bharadvaaja, throne,owl,scorpion,araNi
, cf.dharaNa/graNa,4 aadaka/32 seer etc. Sara is
dara/cara/kara and ma=pa=va=ka=water.
Thus mass ma-aasavolume / mass
of water was the basis of maasha/paada/vaaca/kaaca
of the maa- great ,aasa/aja-jaghana/sankha/the
throne/king) / bali(paNa,baaNa- arrow). Kausikaayudha
is Indras bow.
The owl is kausika(owl/Indra/Visvaamitra/treasurer,sa-
God cf.kac/vaac/gaja-naaga-elephant,snake,the
sun/kosa/kalasa/camasa/caksha/naaga/paana/
paksha/srii/sira/mukha-face/name,fame/naama-name,gift/sa-
bird,god,snake,money ). It is called muunka/kuuman (cf.
kuuvi- owl, muuka ) in Malayalam and indicate its
paNa/sound like the ass/tiger/croc/elephant/cow etc.
The branch vana is paNa (srii/strii vedi/jaghna/sankha/zanga-
union,piitha-seat,Grk.phyton- plant ,kara-hand,srii ) itself.
It is / 3 tri /
3
srii /vedi/pada/vac + druma/mudra as
in Nausharo/kulli bulls/bulla/mudra/mantra/srii tied to trees or
kalibangan K-65 to make srii mudra/
The large eyes(nayana-naaNya-netra-dinaara ) and bent
nose(naasika-nahusha/nishka
cf.nose money
) of the owl indicate
netra/naaNya/king/money like the IVC fish/eyes , ,

and
nose , etc.
PaNa became phaenos for the Greeks as is seen below :
A famous early electrum coin, the most ancient inscribed coin at
present known, is from nearby Caria(cf.the man on a tree
performing caryaa in some IVC seals). This coin has a Greek
legend reading phaenos emi sema
[14]
interpreted variously as "I
am the badge of Phanes", or "I am the sign of light",
[15]
or "I am
the tomb of light", or "I am the tomb of Phanes". The coins of
Phanes are known to be amongst the earliest of Greek coins,
a hemihekte of the issue was found in the foundation deposit of
the temple of Artemis at Ephesos (the oldest deposit
of electrum coins discovered). One assumption is that Phanes was
a wealthy merchant, another that this coin is associated with
Apollo-Phanes and, due to the Deer, with Artemis (twin sister of
the god of light Apollo-Phaneos). Although only seven Phanes
type coins were discovered, it is also notable that 20% of all
early electrum coins also have the lion of Artemis and the sun
burst of Apollo-Phanos cf.paNa-Vishnu . Alternatively, Phanes
may have been the Halicarnassian mercenary
of Amasis mentioned by Herodotus, who escaped to the court
of Cambyses, and became his guide in the invasion of Egypt in 527
or 525 BC. According to Herodotus, this Phanes was buried alive
by a sandstorm, together with 50,000 Persian soldiers, while
trying to conquer the temple ofAmunZeus in Egypt.
[16]
The fact
that the Greek word "Phanes"(paNa/faNa/jina/sama/sina )
also means light (or lamp cf.the figure of the paNa-sun or the
stars in the IVC seals), and the word "sema"(piNa,sava,sma-
corpse,face-mukha-makha-magha ) also means tomb makes
this coin a famous and controversial one.
[17]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins
PaNa(Vishnu) being sama(equal) and sava(piNa-a corpse) ,
dead bodies/dead snakes were buried with milk (kshiira-
milk,suura-sun,sunlight) and paNa(rava/svar- the
sun,sound,praise).



This emblem of the Reserve Bank of India
(http://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/Anc
ient.aspx ) is based on the Karshagarta-thronegarja(svar-
sun,heaven,sound)-roargaja(khaga-sun,ka-head,sa-
god,snake;it is godhead and snake head cf.God Ra/Siva/Ganesa
with a snake head)-elephantgraaha/varaaha/makara-
alligatorsimha-lion/tigerpanca-5punch; karsha -gold-
suvarNa weight= 80 rattis or 146.4 grains according to Manu and
Kautilya;karaja-finger/nail-count;carat;cakra-wheel,rakta-
raaja-srii-nri-king; rakta-red,blood;raksha-
protection;vrisha(bull,varsha-year,bhuja/va-hand,vac-
word),Sakra-Indra;harta-the sun;harsha- erection of hair/sex
organs;harsha-siilkaara-hiss of snake /croc etc. used in the IVC
seals to indicate sapatha(paNa- satyaapana/word/giving
word/pledge/promise)-promise(cf. I promise to pay the bearer
the sum of xrupees-Governor) on the rupee notes is
sapatha-vrita-paNa-satyaapana-pledge/agreement.It is use of
word as money or barter of words;giving word is giving
money);sapta-seven , sabda-sound-pound-count etc. Count-
number and pound-weight were indicated by sound . The fist
and the counting index finger was compared to the erected
male sex organ in the act of coitus ,the hood of a snake, the trunk
of the elephant,the tree etc.
h009a va/bha/svar/sabda/paNa= and we
have sapta(seven)svars(notes) of
paNa(praise,price,prize,sun,sound,gold).The unicorn
bull(va/bha) is the fish itself.Va(VaruNa/nripa)+rada(horn)
is Bharata,bhadra,paartha,bhaarata,paatra,patra/mudra
etc.Note the paatra-aasana/bhadraasana placed in front of the
Bharata symbol to show it is the bhadraasana(throne)/patra-
writ/mudra-seal of king Bharata.The unicorn is sa-with a kara-
trunk to make it garja/gaja/simha elephant/tiger
cakra/bhadra-wheel,Sakra-Indra ,garta-throne,karsha/paNa-
money.Elsewhere the elephant,wheel,tiger combinations are
usedto replace the unicorn.
pa/kha/na/ma/ha/bha(egg,water,leaf,king
cf.pa=ma=ha=waterbhadra-king,bull,cipher,girl)/ca(cakra) +
na paNa(sun/pa/bha/na cf.cipher=kha,bond=mu/nu
and salka-scalesankha-conchmukha-facesukha-well
being.Hence jhasha-fishvana(tree,house,water cf.palm
leaf)baaNa(arrow)paana(jar)paaNa(palm)bhaanu/
bhaama(the sun)mu-khasukha
sankha)/pala/mana(Mal.maNa-
marriage)/sana/sala/vana/nava/jala/sara
k/kha/na/ra/bha/sa(sun) arka(sun) argha(price)
naga(sun;gaNa/anka-number)
paNa/bhaga/dasma/masta/dasam/matsa cf.beqapanca(5,
/ cf. egg=pa,ma cross=na,
sa/sriipanca/mudra/cihna/simha/Sankha)bandha/sandha-
paNa-agreementmanca
( a bed for a corpse cf. = vedi-
bed/bhedi(spear/piercing/splitting/plucking)
Bha/nakshatra(star)srii vedi/bali vedi-sacrificial altar/cita-
funeral pyre) srii(uurNa-naabha=luuta=mar-
kataka=spider,sun,fire cf. from these names it is clear that the
cipher/cakra is ca/pa,the small legs is la/na/bha and the large
legs is uu/aa and luuta/kataka
kara/bhuusha/bhuuta/bhuja/paNa/aapaNa-
market)/raaja(king) sa/na- ra- ii
iisa(lord/god)aksha(eye,panca-
5)iiksh(look,see)go/gau(eye,gii-
word,sun,bull/cow,bha/nakshatra-star,ku/bhuu-
earth)paNa(sun/star/price/praise)bali(sacrifice,Mal.vila-
price)netra(eye,
sacrifice,king cf.Indra,dinar etc.)
nayana(eye)niyama(law)nigama(trade,market)
naaNya(money).This shows how the vedic sages got sacrificial
gifts of thousands of cows from kings. The cow is
go/gii/ku/paNa(words of praise,money,land) itself.
Dasma(lord) is dasam(10) . Hence ten kings(dasa raaja,number
ten jersey in games !),ten commandments of the god king
etc.10(ten)
1 ra-0 sa srii/dasa/ka/kha-tenraaja/dasma/netra/Indra

Ca + ra + ka cakrakarshakreta(buyer;customer is the
king)garta(throne).
PaNa(kara-hand,tax;jaya-success,saya-sex,hand,snake)
maNa(Mal.)priceprizebride
go/gii/gau/ma/na/sa/va/bha/ +
rada/sara/sirabharata/bhadra/patra/gocara(visible)
gotra(tribe/clan) suutra(thread,formula)
mudra(seal)mukha(face)
muuka(fishface/bhuja-
hand)paNa(Sumer.face)nava(9)go(9,arrow)
Aksha is panca(5).Panca is amsa(division/part/district cf. the
fingers are the five divisions of the hand),
vamsa(race/tribe),bandha/sandha(union,agreement,confluence)
, sancaya(group,hoard) ,svarNa etc. Hence we have the
panchs , sarpanchs,panchayats etc. as equivalents of such
vedic divisions based on amsa(part) and
pancha(five)/simha(lion). Panca mukha/simhamukha-lion faced
is the king.Simhaasana(lion buttocks) indicate hari/srii vedi- the
throne(cf.K-65,K-50 etc.).
pa(leaf,egg,king,water cf. , )-tra(tri-
three)/sara(arrow,water,5)/sira(head)/srii(fire)/cara(going,feet)/
dhara(foot,seat,bearing;dhata- scale cf. ) patra(leaf,bird,writ,veda , )
bhadra(vata,dru,bull,king,girl,elephant,hill,gold,auspicious,
cipher-seat of the sun in the sky is replicated in the seat in temples on hills,on elephants,on bulls,on trees especially the
giant fig/big trees is bhadraasana or throne)-pa/bha+sara/dhara/carabhadraasana(seat of
bull/king/girl/gold/elephant-throne)pa-atra(jar/cup,maatra-measure cf.measure of water as measure of weight,
volume and time cf. paatrakamsa-jar/Kamsa-king,uncle of krishNasankha-conchsimha-
tigersankhya-numbervyaapta-volumesama-equal+ka-head,water,time,light)drava(water,fish
)dru(tree,gold)
cf.M-414 a where fig tree(druu/srii/druma/mudra)+jar(mudra/mukha) + fish (paNa) symbols are
employed to indicate Fig tree(patraasana/bhadraasana-throne/order) karsha(gharsha-mark/trade mark/svar-
suura-suula)/mudra(seal)/mukha(face) paNa(trade,agreement,bond,money) or na-kshatra-vana/nava(9)
.Druma(mudra/bhadra/Bharata cf.Fig/big tree is the Bharata symbol by its name bhadra/vata/asvattha and by its unicorn
leaf .Pa/va-leaf,bull+rada-horn is bhadra and bharata and hence the name of the tree and the use of its leaf to indicate
the bhadras well.It is the head of the Brahmin with its tail to show bhadra/Mal.pattar also.)+svarNa
)+paNa(money,sun,Vishnu) . Pa(leaf)- dhara(bearer) is a tree and pa(ma/ka/ha-water)-cara(going,seated;cf.drava fish;
muu-ka=fish;ma-tsa=fish)/dhara is the fish/paatra-jar. , , Pa(king,water,leaf;bha-sun/star;ka-
head,water,light) + sara(baaNa-arrow,vana-water,tree,house)/ sira(head)/srii(sun/raaja) patra(leaf,bird,writ;
vana-leaf,phaNa-snake/ hood;mudra-seal )
bhadra(bharata-king,bull,girl,circle,elephant,light)
adhara(lips)svar(paNa-the sun,sound;svarNa-gold,suura-lion,hero) sarpa(snake cf.paNa-phaNa) sarva(visva-
whole)
A leaf,the head of the elephant,the spear,the phallus,the tree,
the snake etc are paNa(Mal.vila-price)/sun symbols .
During the marriage ceremony a patra(leafvana/maNa/pa/bha) is held between the bonded (paNa/maNa)hands of the
couple to make the ceremony and the life of the couple bhadra(auspicious) , witnessed by bhadra(fire,king) , making the
man a bhartaa(husband,king,lord) and the woman a bhaarya(wife,pa-aalaya;Mal.maNavaatti shows maNa/paNa/jana/saya-
aapti/gain cf.kanyaasulka shows kanya is paNya/paNa/sulka-price/prize/bride itself) as indicated in paNa or
panca/bandha or as paNa kraya(word/money exchange) and paaNigraha(hand
grasp,marriage,agreement/treaty) go hand in hand in business/battles/treaty(sandha), in marriage(bandha) etc.
Svar(croc)+paNa(bha) is svarNa/bhaasvara. / / have a numerical value of 10 as kara(hand) / +
kara=sara(5) / / / + sara = two kara/sara=dasa=10. Hence even an akshara(script)eka(one)-
sara(5)bhadra(king,gold)pa/va(king,leaf,bull,hand,river,
tiger,VaruNa)/bha(sun,star) panca(5,bandha/sandha/sanga-agreement/confluence;vamsa/gotra-
race/tribe;pa/nri/srii/king-aasana-seatkings seat;vacana-word)simha(tiger/lion)
Garja(roar)gaja(elephant)garta(throne)gaatra(body) kaasara(buffalo)
khecara(the sun) kesara(gold) Garuda(bird)
karsha(weight,suvarNa;ka-head,srii/raaja-
king)aksha(eye,wheel,snake,5 , , , , , ,
cf.aksha + svarNa (hiraNyaaksha)=karsha/tola
etc.)/paksha(wing)/kaksha(bull/buffalo/border/wood/gate/
hiding place) /hasta(hand)
a(Vishnu)-gaja(elephant),kaasa(light)aga(sun,tree,snake,hill)
-sa(bird,god,snake,fence)aakaasa(sky,aga-sun/snake,aasa-
seat) aksharamudra(script/seal)akshara(aga-sa-
ra)vaktra(mukha-face,mudra).Srii(raaja/iisa) mukha/mudra
is simha(sama-kha cf.khaha)/sankha .

Raa(rava-svar-u-na-ma-kha-ha etc.cf. ri in sa-ri-ga-ma) is
sa(s-rii/ra-aja/iisa-god/lord),
a-ja(king,ram;mesha/maasha/maasa/naasa/naada/naama/
daana),
u-sha(dawn),paada(pa-aasa),paata(pa-aasa),vaaca(va-
aasa),bhaasa(bha-aasa),bhaata(bha-aasa),bhaasha(bha-
aasa),bheda,veda etc.
: : Sa(raa/srii/paada) +, patra/bhadra/sriipa , , is
subhadra/savitra/pavitra/mangala patra/mudra/srii vedi
/srii bali(Mal.siiveli)/patra vaaca/bhadra
vaaca/Bharadvaaja , , , etc.

In
(ka/sa/sira/aja/gaja/naaga/naasa/maasha/mesha/raaja/srii/
naga/khaga/mukha/ukha
Cf.srii mukha/mukha srii/vadana/vacana/ panca/ simha/
Vishnu/paNa) the ears form the foot/wings and in the fins
form the foot or wings of the bhadraasana/kings
aasana/throne.
Thus a single script can indiacate the king and 5 karsha.
pa-Na(srii-sun,nri/raaja/pa-king/water-niira,fish-
miina;maana-measure/leaf,tiger,
VaruNa ;na/pa/ma/sa / -like, bond cf.nara-man or
nri/srii/raaja/rex -king is like ra-agni/sun gods image,nabha is
bound to bha-the sun/stars,paNa-is bound to pa) sapta
sapta(7,sabdasvarpaNavacaasvahayagaja)
paNa(avasa-sun,king;asva-bull)svar-Na. Along with
paNa(sun-Vishnu-bhaama) ,the sun-saptaasva- also indicated.
PaNa(money,sun) is sabda(svar-sound, divasa-day,vaca-asva-
bull) and kavaca(amulet).
The sun in the sky(somasu-ma-water) was compared to the
fish in the water(mu-ka/pa-na) .
PaNa(money)/aapaNa(market) is paana(kamsa-jar) ,
baaNa(arrow) ,vana(cf.water mark on rupee note
/pa/bha/va/ma/ka etc) /phaNa even
today.NaaNya(nayana-eye,nii-lead/king) also indicate pa(king)
as do muu(bandha-bond)-ka(sira-head,sara-
water)/bandhaka-trade/paNa-bond.
sa va/pa ma/u (ma=u=ha=moon)
cf.sa(god,snake)saamp(Hind.snake)paampu(Mal.snake)
maamba(snake). Simha/kamsa/ukha( sa/ma+
kha/ha/raa is raaja/Raama/panca / mukha/makha/sukha.

svar(sun,sky;srii-sound;suura-lion) is srii
vedi/simhaasana(gagana/jaghana cf.k-50,k-65 etc.)/paNa
as dva(two)-ra ;nabha(svar-sky) ; gagana(seat of the
sun=aga-aasaaakaasa-svar-sky) and
jaghana(buttocks)/strii(woman) vedi/rati(sex) vedi.
The unicorn bhadra(bha) + u (u-up) naaga/gaja(ka-sa)
vaaha/bhuja/hasta/hastin/kara/gaja) is bhuja(bha-
sa)/paNa/phaNa/nishka itself. The has na/sa(fence) +
sa/na/ra + ka /pa(kalasa/paana/paaNa,kaasa/cashaka)
=nishka/vrisha/bandha/sandha(rope)/aasandha(seat;rope and
seat indicate bond)/panca/bhadraasana /kaasa(ka-aasa)
/gala/kala/karsha in it. Griivagraahavaraaha
kantha(throat/gala-neck) Gaatrapaatra.Hence
Pancaali had an akshaya paatra.
=aasana=yaacana/yajna/ya(yaaga/lakshmi).
Neck is nahusha/sa/ra/kantha/bandha/sandha/sanga/sankha.
The bandha/bhadra/barter is ka(kabandha/bandhaka- trade).
Hence it is a nishka form or nishka/kalasa vessel.
Thus a normal unicorn seal is panca nishka /karsha mudra/vedi
. The kala/vana placed on gala of hari/uksha/gaja indicate
paNa.
PaNa is rava. PaNa/Rava-sun god is ruupa(form,image-image
of god). Hence we call paNa as rupya/rupee(= ravi/devi/Srii
Devi) also.Naaga(hema,ram /hariNa-deer,gold) indicate gold
And the da/sa with a vaara +cross/naindicate svarNa.
cf.
Vaara(tail,cup,ta) is viira(king)and maa(great,mesure)-
aasa(seat,ta-tail) or maasha(5 gunja of weight )
maa-aja(king,ram) or mesha(aja/sa-god) or
karsha(cf.Mal.kezha=garja=cry or roar). The writing indicate
maasha(cf.tail of mesha)/karsha mudra.
Note the paNa kala on the gala,vaksha,udara etc. and the
karsha(aksha) on the tail,body,neck ,head and horn of the ibex.
HariNa( gold,deer) is horn(cf.sringi-gold,sringa-horn. Druu
(tree) with horns (srii with rays is the animal horned /tree branch
horned dities ) is also gold.
Bhadraasana(suvarNa,Karsha,panca) paNa
aksha(5,karsha,trade).Vaara(tail,cup,times,ta) is paana(cup)
,paaNa(kara) , paNa(money,praise) and viira(king,herocf.viira
raaya faNa of Kerala).Vaara with the sa(cross) is varsha,vrisha,
karsha/maasha.The aasana(amza) has the patra(bhadra)
mark.Laksha is aksha/nishka.Capra(svar/sabda) is karsha and
vrisha(bhadra cf.pardos).The long horn of the
hariNa(horn,ibex,gold) indicate karsha.If the garja of
gaja,tiger,lion,snake,leopard/panther(cf.Grk.Leon,pardos)/
jaguar,alligator etc. make them Karsha significators,the ibex
qualifies for this by its garja and keras also. Karsha is denoted
by garja(roar- gaja, tiger,lion,snake,gharial),
vrisha(bull,buffalo),vriksha(tree,asvattha,palm,saal etc are
patraasana and bhadraasana),harsha(rising hair,sex
organs,hands,feet ) etc.
Mu/muu/yu/kalaapa is bandha/bond/muula/bhaaga: : . Muuka
can have a bond with it which is the head
band/necklace/nishka as in . Bandha as vand means to
partition(ru-draday break in Pisces), share,divide,
surround,cover ,praise etc. which agrees with muu(bind)-
ka(light,water,head) . The head for the vedic Jupiter cycle of 60
years(varsha/vrisha/praja) was hence Pisces.Brihaspati(Jupiter)
is varsha pati or prajaapati and his cycle is terminated by
Rudra/Siva who gives him a head of Aja(king/usha) everyday
which is the Daksha(raksha/ahas-that which saves/sa-
gaja/cakra-cycle) yaaga.
PaNa was bound to the neck as it is the source of
paNa/vaNa/rava-sound and the mudra of paNa was usually
hung on the kantha(neck) to indicate the seal of
bandha/sandha/nishka of barter/money . It is srii/sira-head vedi /
seatprabhaata /dawn/Pisces itself.Pada(word) is
paada(foot,quarter)/vedi(seal). paNa vedi is srii
vedi/satyaapana-pledge/promise. PaNa(srii/word/fish) +
vedi(veda/pada/paada/srii/raaja) / : :/ srii vedi
bhadra pramaaNa(kings
writ)mantra(hymn)mudra(script/seal cf.Mal.kachavata
mudra-trade mark).
/. Ra/kha paada(4)pad-rabhadra/srii/iisa/raaja/raa-
aaza/raa/patra srii bhadra.Hence mangla patras
carry this symbol.Raa is srii.Srii-sun is king and gold.
PaNa(sun) is piNa(sava-dead body cf.phaenos)/rava(svar-
sun,sound). being srii/druu/strii(cf.k-65) and
vedi/mudra/Mitra/Rudra.
Hence this vedi/bed symbol is made three times(srii vedi)
using kusa/sara/darbha(cf.talpa) grass/garta(throne) to
prepare a talpa/bed for the dead bodies(sava/piNa) .

Srii sa( )+ raa/rii(
)
+ + bha(star)/kha(sun/cipher)
Nakshatra(bha)naga(tree,sun,mountain)/naaga(sara-
arrow,grass,water,5)/naaka(sky)-
satra(bed)moksha(heaven for the dead is assumed
symbolically and the body is burned to give srii/fire
vedi/bed)nishka(paNa)na/ma +
kusa/gaja/garja/gharsha/garta
Hence the druu(tree) vedi(bed)/strii(woman)
vedi(bedsex)/bull vedi(bed) in the seals/ sarasayya(bed of
sara/arrows) of
Bhiishma(Mahaabhaarata)/Nicodemus(Bible)/cross of
Christ(Bible) indicate srii vedi or nakshatra or paNa or vana
or bha. Nakshatra is naga(sun)/naaka(sky)-
satra(house);moksha(sky)-cara(going-the dead going to
moksha-the heavens)/moving(the sun,moon,planets and
stars moving in the sky).Srii (word/sun) vedi(bed/sign) is
mudra(seal/script)/muurddha(crest)/druma(tree). Sarii-ra
forms srii vedi by the muurddhaa,the two palms/paNa and
the paada/vedi.
Hence bhasma/sandal/kumkuma applied to these parts
as mark of paNa to the piNa.In the seals druma/vana(tree)
on the muurddhaa(crest) of the sira(srii/ka-head) of gods
indicate srii/nri/raja(king) mudra/srii vedi/satyaapana.
PaNa(kara-hand,tax;sama-equal;nama- praise, money, barter,
praise, sun, house,chess,sound,hand;vana-tree,palm,house,sound,
water ; paana-jar;phaNa-hood of snake;baaNa/sara-
arrow,bhaama-the sun,naava-boat,praise ;Mal.pana-palm tree
etc.) evolved from IVC seals like H-094, H-182a,H-183b,M-
290a,M-309a,
M-310a,M-478b , M-1186 etc. The rupee notes issued by the RBI
contain the tiger(garja-simha),the elephant(garja-gaja), the
palm(vana),the boat(nau/naava/paana/yaana,tara/taraNi),the
water(vana) mark etc. being the descendant of the karsha
paNa/punch(cf.karsha-panca-5,gharsha-punch) marked coins as
seen in these Indian bank(bankpaNa-ka)notes ,



The RBI emblem reads-Karsha(tiger) paNa(vana-palm
tree,water etc).
Note the water(vana)mark(white area).Water(pa;va-na/bha-
dra) is money(paNa-bhaama-svar-
sun/gold/count/sound/pound)
cf. , , , , , , , ,
vana(water,house,tree,leaf)nava(nine,new,praise)naava
(boat,praise)phaNa(hood of
snake,snake)paNa(money,praise)paana(jar)baaNa
(arrow)paaNa(palm)bhaama(the
sun)jala(water)hala(plough)gala(neck)gaNa(group,cou
nt)kala(count)kara(hand,tax)khara(ass cf.Dhenuka and
M-290a).Water(vana-a river) flows like a snake(phaNa) as
indicated by symbols shown above. A Naaga
(snake,arrow,elephant)/kanaa(woman) indicate
gaNana(counting),nagna(naked) ,naaNaka(coin/money)
etc.also.
Note the boat(naavapaNa) in the third note.
Which language has an aja(ram) in an
aasana(seat)/aasandha/sandha , ,
Which language make a vaara(tail,cup,roof) , , into a
parNa(patra-leaf) , , ?
Which language can make karaja(finger,nail) , into
karsha(weight),garja(gaja-elephant-unicorn;simha-tiger/lion),
cakra(wheel) ,vrisha(bull),harsha(horripilation) ,
harta(sun) etc.?
Which language can make nahusha(naaga-snake) into
nishka(weight) and nishkarsha(command) ?
Which language can match arka(sun),argha(paNa-
price),vrika(king,tiger,wolf,plough,rat), vrih(garj-roar,shine
cf.karsha),vraja(cow-pen),vrata (command) ,
varsha(year),durga(virgin) and Lat. virga-rod and virgo-virgin?
Karshakaraja(finger- , , unit/digit count,kara-count of
5=palm= , , =V=va/pa-panca-five/fifth note of music-
V/5=symbol of va-vaaha-hand/bull/river and V+V=X=dasa-ten
10raaja(king=ra - 0 + sa/aja/iisa/eka-1 unicorn)
garja(roar,gaja-elephant)harsha(standing on toes
cf.H-3305, hair erection or horripilation or thorns.
Harsha/garja/gaja/simha is cihna -royal insignia often combined
with the asva/bhadra/bull to indicate the king and his pa-tra
, /mu-dra(srii,sira/ka-head srii bhadra/bhadra srii/srii
patra)/vrita/saasana/bulla/writ.In the IVC seals karsha is
indicated by harsha-thorns or hairs on kantha(garja-neck, note
the karsha marks on the neck (gala,kala-count/draw,hala-
plough used to krish or make furrows,kantha-neck also indicate
the bandha-sandha-union of the ka-head and the raaja-body or
karsha or karsa-law/command ) of the unicorns and bulls in
many seals),kara(paNa-hand,gira-srii-word ) , sringa(horns-
simha-garja cf.horns,conch,drum etc. generate sound),trees( hiss
sound of wind is garja of trees like that of croc/snake
etc.)gaNita(calculation)panca(five)simha
cf.leo=fifth sign of the zodiac as karsha-garja-garta-panca is
simhabandha(sandha-agreement cf.Mal. canta-
market,santha-din,sound,kantha-throat;centa-drum;drum-
damaru-mudra-patra-writ/seal-veda-vedi-a seal ring ;cf.IVC-
H-182 with simha-garja-tiger and marta-man,damaru-drum-
mudra-vedi-seal etc.)vaNija-a trader vanita-a woman etc.

The karsha /garja/garta/harsha/hiss symbols on the hands of the
godkings/deities in the seals were partially misunderstood as
bangles by Dr.Parpola et al. though the bangles by their
jingle/tinkle represent garja/karsha. Hence these bristles/spikes
can also be seen on the horns, pigtails,back of elephants(gaja-
garja-harsha) etc. in seals like M-305,M-1186 etc.
The Sumerian paNa-face agree with Indian
mukha(aasa/aanana/vac/vad/face pa/bhaa-sa/aasa) and
muuka( fish cf.matsa-fish,masta-head,hasta-hand;mu/muu-
bind,ka-head,water;paNa-vana-ma-pa-ka=water,head,light cf.
M-1169,M-1170,M-298,M478b etc where the mu- bound ,sira-
muurddha-head indicate mudra) . The mukha(face) and the
muurddha(forehead,head,peak of head) of the king is his
mudra(vedi-cihna-seal,citra-picture). We normally use words of
mudras like mukha(face) mudra,paada
(foot)mudra,kara(hand) mudra,mudra motira(ring/signet),
niNa(blood) mudra,vyakti(man) mudra,natana(harsha-mudra)
mudra etc.to create focal/vocal impressions in various occasions.
Thegarja/karsa/vrita/vaaca of the priest king is the
karsha/patra/writ made by krish/gharsha/punch/engraving on
the seal.This patra is mudra of Mitra/Rudra/rudhira/red seal/red
writ /red tape as rakta is raksha/ raja/srii (cf.cenkol-red rod-
royal scepter and red head band, waist band,wrist band etc.) /
aja-ram,king/aasa-face,seat/arakkillam or house of lac of the
Paandavas/arkapattra-erukku/copper foil used to make red
writ/ with lac(rakta-raksha-laksha-lakh!),the sign of 12
etc.Rakta(cakra) is sa(like,god)-arka(sun) .It is this mark of the
king that is made on the forehead of the varaaha(Brah)-
jana(mana)/house of a-varaaha(Abraaha) jana that gives
protection as the mudra of rudhira-blood/Rudra/Varuna/nripa-
king/netra-king,sacrifice/Mitra/Indra.
karshalaksha(mark) rakta(red,blood
)raksha(protection)raaja(king)cakra(bhadra-
wheel)arka(sun,12,red cf sinduura cihna-suurasrii
mudra-srii cakra on the forehead )kara
(hand,tax,saya-hand sex cf.the x is srii/gaja/naaga/na/ma-
no/bond like mu. Thus we have , to indicate
mana/paNa/naga/bhaga-sun.) gira(word,hill)
hara(fire,ass,Siva) srii(Mal. tii-fire.Heavenly firegod
protects man from darkness.Fire protected early man in the
wild.Fire power protects kingdoms.Srii/raaja/traata-protector is
god/king.Traata/savior is the Christ.). Hence marana and
raaja(gaatra,kaasara,kesara,haatra)Raamasriitri
( ) sara(arrow , ,mri-
deathsarajalacarama/maraNa-death;hariNa-deer;mrita-
dead,sava-corpse,Siva-hara-Rudra,auspicious;traa-to
protect;pa-to protect;paatra-pot;hence these symbols seen
on burial jars ) rada( ),dru(tree ,srii-light,traa/pa-to
protect,vana-tree is paNa-house.Thus Rishis sitting on tree/in the
forest sit in the house!) naama
sriisa(god,bird ,fence ,snake ) . The trident trisuula is
srii-suura-the sun.
Netra(Egy. Ntr-god) is Indra and Mitra. Trinetra is Tirindira and
Surendra.
Uksha(asva-bull) u-gaja(elephant cf.)ukta(word)
karsha(weight,money)garja(roar,sabda-sound,sapta-
seven,divasa-day)haya(asva,vaca-word)7(shows the kara-
trunk of the elephant/index finger of kara-hand).
Several seals follow the vedic style of left to right and right to left
reading style as patra(writ) has to be
bhadra(auspicious,circle,round) and mudra(round seal=round
words =left to right and right to left writng).
Note this symbol where sa(man)- parNa(leaf) indicate s-
varNa (gold)and we will not be surprised to see lexical
meanings of bharma (bha/pa-nara/nrinripa-
king,parNa,VaruNa) wages,hire,gold ,the navel (note the
position of the leaf) and a particular coin . Patra-leaf is
udara-belly/usra-the sun/bull. Naabha-navel is
paNa/sankha-shell.

k065a karsha bhadra(traya)
bhadraasana(tiger seat) paNa(vana-
tree,water,dru=druma=ma=srii=mahaalakshmi)
Sikhara/saakha / -branch denote
sankha/karsha/sekhara(face, heap). Jaghana-buttocks is
sankha/simha/tunga/panca.Garja/Tiger/gaja is
karsha/simha/tunga/panca.Sankha(jaghana) karsha is denoted
by the tiger on the buttocks as jaghanabhaara is karsha bhaara.
Simha being panca ,two tigers is dasa raaja/ten kings.
Not only jaghana,the jangha(shank) also denote sankha
as can be seen from / jangha bandha(maa-
measure,na/nahi-notbandha)-sankha panca
1 maasha/2 maasha. Man/gaatra is sa/sha/kesara .
Srii vedi is shown by the sara/sira bheda /paata/paada
of the vaksha/uksha/ukta/usha
over the srii/strii. Druma(tree,vana/paNa) is mudra. on it
make it srii mudra/srii mukha/srii(druu) vedi (cf.seat on
tree)/bandha/sandhi.SvarNa(gold,karsha) is
sa(with,like,bird,god,snake)-parNa(patra-leaf,wing)tree,bird
etc.
Similarly look at the maasha(naada-svar sun/vowel) by the
aja/aasa-seat/face on the ma(ha- water drop,hair-nose has
smasru- moustache Mal. miisa below it) in , , ,
, etc. The hair make karsha/harsha/gunja.Maasha(maa-
maana-miina naasa-nose-raaja-king cf.nose money) is five
gunja/retti weight.
3
The alphabet
alpha-asva avasa-uksha-gaja-kac-vaac-speech
Srii is cry. The open mouth is A
beta-vaasa-aasana-vas-vadana-face-aasana-
jaghana vedi-jaata vedas , ,
Vaac matches vas
GaLa -cammels long neck,kara- hand,kala- palm
tree
danta/rada/sara teeth
bhuja /vaara
sa-saaksha, tara ,argala ,
vesa /vedi/havana
sa,teja,srii
i/ra /amsa/asma/aham
ka head,cap
La- sama-pada/stambha/thumb/lamba
ma matsa ,makara
nu-naaga/nama
sa-iisa-srii-raksha-aksha-bandha- ,
u/o- mihira/nakra/vakra
pa/va-vaaha-hand
ka-head,water,kuu-pa-well,gopa-king cf.Kings
well in IVC .Ku is eath.Ko is king. Pa is leaf,water, king
and egg.
ra,rava,ravi,rii,ru
sound,war,split,srii,sira,sara,suura,svar

simha/mahisha/nahusha/sankha/sankhya/hari/srii =
= panca
sa god,taya-protection,usha/udaya(ud-aya;u-
taya)- sunrise
upaslesha-embrace,vasti/upastha-lap/genitals legs
embrace the body here
pa+ ka/nabhaga/phaNa/ahi/bha
kha/khaga/ravi/srii/sa/gaja/cross sun/
bhuja -hand
u megha-sky ,mukha-face


4

Identification of the vedi in the seals.
Perhaps one of the most important identifiable vedic
characteristics of the IVC inscriptions is the presence of the
srii(king/agni/bharata-light,word) vedi(devi/seal/signet
ring/mudra) symbols. The srii vedi is usually marked in the seals
as a figure of three vedis/pada/steps/foots/platforms / or
as symbolic portrayals of it like the mukha(mu-
kha/sriimudravedi),fish(muuka),wheel(srii),women(srii
devi-vedi),the conjoined heads,the head(muurddha-mudra)
fixed on the floor,seat(vedi)on the tree(srii) , seat in the tree,the
worship of the Ficus(satya-truth,VishNu) tree,bulls
(bullas/writs/words) tied to the Ficus((satya=satyaapana-
oath/satyanrita-trade and commerce) etc. Look at the following
seal


Srii(spider)seal ring,signet ring
Ra(agna-fire,king,the sun) is aja(king,Aries,usha-dawn cf r ra
is the symbol of Aries ,note the aja in
M-1186,H-177,M-489b etc where with the fig tree it indicates aja
satyaapana/addhyaapana-the promise/teaching of the
king/priest),aasa(face,iisa-god/lord cf.paNa-sun,mu-khaface),
kha(sun,cipher,sky cf.svar-the sky/sun is the element of sound) or
raasa-rava(svar-sun,sound;deva) or ravi (the sun,devi;viira-hero
cf.worship of the hero stones,viira bhadra/raaya fanam-
a gold coin) or srii(sa-god,snake,bird,word,the
sun)kara(hand,ray ;ka-head/water of ra,hence mihira-the sun
wets the earth)hara(fire,thief,ass,Siva)arka(the
sun,copper,red,12 etc.) .
Muula(root)capital,a kings proper territory.
Netra(nidaana-root/foot/cause) /paada(foot of tree)/vedi srii
vedi Srii deviSrii Indra trinetraTirindiraSurendra .
Srii/ashtaapada(spider =srii-gold,word,sun,king,wealth)
srii(sa)+ paada(4) sa-pada
sapta(seven)/sabda(sound,count,pound-
paNa/pala)tapasa/tapana-the sun sapadha/(oath/promise)
mantra(mana-tara sravaNa-ear)prabhaata(usha-
dawn-Uma/aja-king/sa-god)uksha(ukta/ukthi-
word)rakta(blood,rex)raaja(rex)sriiasva(bull,abda-
year,vaca-word)haya(7)gaja(elephant)
Usha(aja-goat)/Uma /Bhadra/praata/u-daya(sunrise)/
u-saya(sex) is srii vedi (cf.M-489b) or the vedi(waist ) of
strii(woman-srii-rati-fire) . Bali vedis used to be given the shape
of the waist of women for this reason.Yajna(sacrifice) is
sayana(sex-the seat of a man as strii is srii,sa-rati sex ) ,
aajna(command cf.The ten commandments on Mount Sinai in
Ex.20.Srii is gira/giri . Prabhaata-the seat of the sun god is
parvata-mountain and vrishabha-bull the golden calf made by
Aaron-Aruna.Calf is half and Aruna is called anuuru-
thighless.cf.the half karsha-vaaha-bhaaga-beqa-beka in the
IVCseals. The calf and the commandment tablets were broken
into pieces by Moses-usha to show day break.Bhaas-light,bhaj-
divide Mal.paati-half),aasana(seat=vedi) etc.
Tri(druu-sa-srii cf.tra = raa/rii as in k-65 )-
paada(Drupada,three foot,Vishnu ,) is
prabhaata(dawn.Drupada bandana in the Mahaabhaarata is
prabhaata vandana.).
Caruu(Mal.caruvam,pan-paana-paNa) srii placed before the
bull or the tiger (hari/srii/suura/suula)in H-94 indicate srii vedi.
Note the bold nakha of the Tiger in this seal . Caruu is
srii/sacrifice.Nakha(claw) is makha(sacrifice)/
magha(present,gift) and sinha(garja) is sa(with/god)-
nakha(claw) . Sa-nakha is kanaka(goldMal.tanka-
gold),Janaka(father,king of Mithila),sankha(cowry-cf.Tiger
cowry),Sanaka( a son of Brahma),sangha(sreNi-group of traders
etc.)
Cari(animal cf.group of animals in seals) srii
vasu(gold,wealth)pasu(animal) subha(auspicious).
Satyaapana=addhyaapana(teaching)
Sriicara Shell cypra monetasara = paNa
/bhuja/vac/cara/carya = shell money
Caarya=espionage (from trees cf. seals like M-478b,
M-309a) indicate srii vedi by the caarya position on trees. A tree
by itself is srii and bhadraasana(patra-leaf,aasana-vedi-seat).
srii-strii-tri-dra-sira paada/paNa/vana-catura-ma
trivedisapta(7)7 women in M-1186
Seven altars(sapta divasa of the vaara-week) on the Citadel in
Kalibangan(DTIS-page 222 Fig.12.14) point to prabhaata/dawn
/sunrise worship.Udaya being saya/ aasa-seat of srii/rati-the sun
king and yajna being sayana the bali vedi is compared to the
vedi of women. Bhaasa/bhaata-
dawnbhaasha(language)vedi and
Prabhaata(dawn)srii(sira) paada(vedi)muuka(mina-
Pisces-the sign of dawn/the man performing siirshaasana=foot of
god)mudra(mu-srii)mushti(fist) mu(siva)-
sti(seat)stoma(sacrifice)
karsha(sa-kara/kara-sa;kara-hala-kaasi-fist)
kaasi(raasi/gaja)mushti(fist)
drachm (handul)paNa-money/pala-weighthala-plough
hara(ass cf.M-290a)phaNa(hood of snake ) paNa
(rava-sound,sun,money).

Prabhaata is sapta/Tirindira/Drupada.
Tirindira /seal Tirindira (RV.8.6.46) and paada of tree
=vedi/paatha-learning/paatha-fire,sun,water.
Sapta-riksha(saptarshi) raaja/naathamoon,nemi-Vishnu.
Riktha=gold ,wealth,property akshara(mudra-
script)raktha-red/bloodvriksha (tree) .
Hence the seal is of draviNa(gold/sapta-7) Rikta
(gold) paNa(money). It can also be read as srii(word)-
pada/pana(word)- akshara(script)/aksha/panca(five)-
panca(five) indicating the number of letters of the seal. Word is
god.Word is gold.Word is money. Fabulous gifts described in the
Vedas were mostly word gifts.
The srii-vedi(cf.the Jews) clan is tripaathi nowadays.It may also
indicate sriipati-Vishnu.
Prabhaata (srii-paada/tri-3 and paada-4) is harmonized as
sapta(3+4=7)vaara(week-vaaha-bhaaga-part) or as the
dvaadasa(3 x 4=12) raasis(srii-sun,12 sun signs of the year).
Prabhaata being praata-dawn and pareta(/pramiita-dead
(sava corpse is sa-god,pa-king or siva ) the pyramids were
constructed with the tripaada(3x4=12) foots to worship Ra(the
sun and the dead king) of the day and the year .
Srii vedi(jaghana) catura(sa-sura/suurya/suura/tula)
bha/srii srii/paada(pa-
aasa;bhaasa,bhaata,vaaca,bhaasha) (srii/gaja/ka/sa)
panca(5)/simha(leo/deo.Note the leo on the pillar
below)/srii vedi(Gobekli Tepe.) u-na-raa-sa-aja-usha-
bhaasa-bhaata-paada(cf. aasa is aja/paada.Prabhaata/Man on
siirshaasana/usha/udaya has foot in the heavens.Hence ,
srii/raaja/iisa/srii vedi/simhaasana/prabhaata/usha/gold/paNa).


5

Satya
Satya(truth) is satya(Ficus,VishNu) is sadya(adya-feast),
sasya(plant),yajna(sacrifice) etc. Satyasandha is truth fullness.
Satyasandha/sasyasandha is bonded to a Ficus tree or any plant.
Satya(Ficus)/sasya(plant)-sandha(bond)/aasandha(seat)-
bhadra(bull,king,elephant,girl)/patra indicate truthful
king/kings writ/promise/oath.Thus the bulls tethered to
the Ficus(dru-bhadra-vata/bata-huge/big/fig) trees,unicorn
elephants bonded Ficus trees,deities
posted inside Fig trees,men dancing(mudra/nrit) on trees(druma)
indicate satyasandha mudra/dharma/bhadraasana/his
highness.Dru(ma)+bha/ha(bhadra/hastin)indicate mahaa/great.
Hence it is symbol of mahaabhadra/mahaaraaja/mahaadeva.
Note the meanings ascribed to the following words
Srii(sru-svar-sruta-sruti)- Srii = to burn, flame,light.
Tamil/Mal. Tii-fire.
Srii-light,lustre,splendour,glory,beauty,prosperity,success,good
fortune,wealth,auspiciousness,royal dignity,insignia of royalty,
Lakshmi(wealth goddess),Sarasvati(speech/word
goddess),speech,lotus,
Honorific prefix used with the names of deities(eg.Srii
Raama,Srii Durga etc.)
Veda- knowledge or sacred
knowledge,obtaining,acquisition,property ,goods,a tuft or bunch
of grass(cf . unicorn-braahmana vedava-sa ;va-bull,sa-gaja-
naaga-snake godasvavasu-gold)
Vedana-procuring,marriage,property,goods.
Vedi(ravi,rava,devi,paada,deva,veda,vidhi,mithi,bhedi)- a wise
man, teacher,knowledge, science,a seal-ring(also vedika
cf.ring is round and the round seal agrees with it)
Mu(muu) a bond,Siva,funeral pyre
Dasa-ten.Dasa is raaja(king),desa(place)
Dvaadasa-twelve.It is Divodaasa(the king sun).
Dri=kha=ha=bindu-dot
Dris-to see
Drii-to burst,break asunder, split open ,divide,tear
Mudra = mu + drii/srii
Daa-to give
Deya-given or presented or granted
Deva-god or people of high excellence,deity
Deva has the right to get deya(gifts).
Panca-five,broad japana-recitation,bandha-
bond/trade,vanda-praise,sandha-agreement,simha-
lion,savanna-sacrifice,sankha-conch
Shodasa-sixteen. It is Sudas(the king sun),suura(the sun)-
sa(god). Shodasa(16) being su(good)-dasa(period) it is the
period of Jupiter in the vimsottari dasa system.
Sata Hundred.It is makha(ma/na=0;kha=0) and mukha(nose is
1,two eyes are two ciphers). Being satamakha Indra is 100/10000.
Satraa(K-65)=together,altogether,by all means
Sadas(M-1186)-a seat,especially at sacrifice
Sat=as
, Vaadyavadyavedisatya vadya =speaking truly/
Satya vaac-assurance/
Satyavrita-vow of truthfulness=satya+vrisha as
vrita(command) vrisha(bull/Indra) varsha(year,rain)
vaaca(word).

Satyaanrita-trade and commerce
Satyaayana/satyaapana/satyaapaya(cf. touch
wood)=verification,ratification of a
bargainSatya(truth/pledge)/madya(wine) +
aapaNa(market)/paNa(value/barter/money) Fig
tree(satya)/plant(sasya)+
asva(aleph/bull/aalaap/lap/bulla/paNa/rava/vac-
sound/word)/paNa(worshipper)/paana(cup cf.
)/yaapana(support)
sriiashtapada gold,chess
board,spider and ka-ra-sakesagaja -dasa being
etc and + kara
5 +5 10dasa(Roman) kara-va(hand ,tiger ,
bull,va-river/ya-yaana-road ) va(v5-hand) + v (5-Roman).
ashtaadasa (18) /ashta bhaaga of karsha/ma/na/sa
+ashtamasta-head/mushti-paNa-fist/nashta-loss/shashty-sixty
also.Ashta naaga,Ashta bandha /ashta mangala is also there.
paNadhaaraNaapatraNaarada/netra patrakarma
saakshirakta saakshi sa-akshisa-aksha(5) I promise to
pay the bearerWord is god. Word of god is money.Barter is
word.The Aryans started it.
Bhadraasana shown in siirshaasana,sitting on tree, standing on
bull head,patra mudra formed by the legs, the head placed on
vedi are mudra and not necessarily real sacrifices.
Rudra-rudhira-mudra is sa(mu)-akshi(srii/nii)/witness.
Rudraraktaraksharaajasrii(fire,sun).
Hence the jews carried the covenant(word/paNa/bali)
tabernacle(vedi) which is the bali(paNa) vedi(mudra)
itself.Abraham (bru-speak bru-hiHebrew)as
Brahma/Braahma(Na) is noteworthy.
PaNa kac kasakaaca gaja khaja
akshasaktasaktisaakshimudraRudraMitra
dharmacakraraajasriigiragiriHari etc.
PaNa(praise) of god is bheri,garja of
tiger,elephant,simha,deer,bull,gharsha of thorn,spear,sword,hiss
of snake,gharial etc.
BhadraasanavedimudraMitra.
Saakshi is sa-akshi/sa-akshasa-gaja.
Dharma(mudra) as cakra raaja(rakta) is implied.
Saakshi is sa(with=wit,god,snake,bird,fence-symbols of sa)-
ness(sa-neha,sa-naaga-wise as the serpent,mata-opinion sam-
mata-agreement) sam-mata-patradhaaraNaa patra
sapatha patrasapta patra/bhadra-women.
By the garja-kanta-kantha-sabda of the king annunced by the
drum karsha is indicated.
Mudradharmamartamitramuurdhaa(head,to place
hand on head and pledge,to put head on vedi/paada and pledge
etc.) indicate the mudra of the king.Sira is srii and raaja.Paada is
vedi. srii-patradhaaraNaa patrabhadraasana srii vedi
itself.
The Mitanni priests descended from the IVC.
Mitra god=mudra of king. Varuna=nripa.
Mitra god witnessing the documents of the Mitannis is mudra of
the nripa(VaruNa-king ).Mu-kha(god)Mu-srii paNa(face-
Sumerian). Thus the PaNa of the Bharats, Sumerians and
Mitannis has a god paNa ravahara(fire,siva,ass.The ass as
witness is the fire/king as witness.
hari(tiger/lion)srii(sun,fire,word)mukhamudra mitra
(srii - kha - ra - ravi - sa - hara - hari- ha) .Srii is
raaja/Raama/raksha/cakra/aja.
Implication of sreshtha(highness) bhadraasana in the seals.
Bhadraasana is shown by seat on tree(patraasana/druu-stha/srii-
stha/giri-stha/hari-stha/pada/aasana)/pot(paatra cf.the cult
throne in the unicorn seals ) ,standing on
Head(bhadra=head,bull,elephant,king,cipher,gold,girl),aasana(
bottom) of bhadra(women/bull),seat on bull,seat insidedruu/ tree
or seat between srii/hari/simha etc.
Simha(tiger) is tunga(sreshtha/high/noble) and su/sa-
naga(tree,sun,snake,hill)/sulka/shekel/karsha.Standing on
sira(head) is sreshta.Thus
Simhaasana is aasana on simha/tiger and naga/tree,hill,sun etc.
The man performing siirshaasana indicate sreshtha bhadraasana.
Similarly the simha/tunga/high bhadraasana/buttocks of women
Indicate sreshtha bhadraasana/simhaasana(his highnesss
throne).Man spearing the bull with his foot(pada/stha) on the
sira/head of the bhadra(bull) indicate sreshtha
bhadraasana.Man performing patraasana/yogic sitting on toe
pose(patraasana/bhadraasana) on a tree(druu-
stha/sreshtha/highness) with a simha/tiger having its sira/head
turned up shows tunga/sreshtha bhadraasana karsha.


6

How does a bali(animal/human sacrifice ) give
raksha (protection) to the sacrificer?

It is simple.Bali/paNa/hana/srii . On cutting the victim,rakta
gushes out which is raksha (raaja-srii-nri-naama-srii mudra-
sinduura etc) for the sacrificer. By applying this rakta on the
vedi(body/forehead) the sacrificer also gets rakta and
raksha(cf.Exodus .12.21-22;24.5-8;29.19-21).In Ex.24.5-8 we see
the Book of the Covenant(veda=vedi),blood of the covenant
that the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these
words.Lord is Rudra/Mitra/mudra.
Rakta is raaja and his mudra/akshara(cf.INRI-LORD).It is red
lac/ red suutra/red mudra/red body smeared with blood as that
of the Christ on the cross with a mudra seeing whom the devils
flee!. Sacramental sariira + rakta raaja sariirasariira
raksha(purodaasa-prasaada-food for devotees).
Akshara(imperishable,protection,Vishnu) is /cakra(arka-copper;
srii-sun,wheel), rakta(blood,copper), raksha(raja-king,srii-
protection ,Sakra(Indra) etc. Akshara is aksha/uksha(ra). Uksha
is kavaca(raksha-amulet/spell).Kavaca is vaacaka(speech/writ).
Writing with rakta/in red served the purpose even better.
Hence the red ink is the mark of authority and fear even today.
Vaacaka/srii writ on arka/rakta(copper Mal.cenbu-
copper,sambhu-siva,auspicious) with a raktasuutra(raksha
mudra) served as kavaca to be kept in shelvess/under the floor
and to be worn on the body . These amulets were believed to give
wealth and prosperity,win love,destroy enemies and drive away
evil spirits,diseases,mishaps,poverty etc.
Kavaca/vaacaka/cash is kac/vac/gaja/garja/u/arka/ravi/srii .
The early IVC tokens might have been used as amulets rather
than trade money like the Sumerians who used amulets even to
cure toothache !


Let us take a myth of the
Buddha(myth/suddha/satya/Rudra/Mitra/putra-son of man and
son of god-Christ) tradition also.
His mother was Maayaa devi(maata-mother,mesha-
Aries/maasa-month ,devi-ravi-the sun;samaya-time/maa-ya-
srii).
He was born on the pournami-full moon of Vaisaakha
(full moon against the spring equinox of Aries cf.Easter ). Usha is
u-sa/ja/suu-birth/mother and the spring equinox coincides with it
in the annual cycle.
He was born under a saala tree. Saala/ taala indicate raaja-
pa/sa-nripa(parNa-paNa)-srii-hari-king .Druu is srii.Paadapa is
Vaasava-Vishnu/Indra. Vriksha is prakaasa-light and prasava-
birth. Buddha is said to have placed seven steps( from
prabhaata/divasa/rava/sabda/sapta-seven) immediately after
birth(cf. the seven bhadra women-vedi in M-1186) .

Buddha got enlightened about satya(cf.Saakya)-the truth
under the Bodhi(buddhi- Sacred Fig -Ficus religiosa) tree. Any
tree is vana(paNa-parNa-nripa) and paNa(pledge). A
sasya(plant) is satya (truth). The Ban- yan is paNa
(satya,asvattha- avasa, vac-sat ) tree itself .
It is a tradition visible from the Nausharo/Mehi perod
Where wecan see bulls(vrisha-vac-srii,bhadra-king) tied to
the asvattha and other trees to show the kings pledge.
The death of the Buddha at Kusi(huti/huta/bali/hatya-
offering,sacrifice,killing,Kaasi)- nagar is also interesting.Kings
and religious preceptors were deified by making them the
avatars of the sungod . Note the following seals:

M-478 b svar(vaara)+paana(na) is svarNa.It is
viirabhadra(vaara/gira/dvi/ravi+ paatra) or viiraraaya fana of
later years.Tiger is svar/karsha/simyha/panca.Vana is paNa.Man
in bhadraasana pose indicate bhadraasana pana.Druu-bhedi(srii
vedi-kings promise=paNa),bhadraasana
druu-vedi(srii vedi) simha(tunga/panca/karsha)-paNa
H180a vriksha(vrika-king,sha-man,sa-god
cf.Mal.naran-man,maram-tree) is riktha-gold,prakaasa-light
and prasava(cf.birth of Buddha/suddha/myth at vaisaakha
puurnima-spring equinox /sunrise) under a saal-raaja tree.He
got enlightened of the satya(truth) under the Fig tree as
vana(tree) is paNa(sun/pledge), sasya(plant) is satya(truth) and
satya is the Fig tree/Vishnu/paNa itself.
The emblem ofdruma/ druu(tree-srii)-bhedi(plucking) and druu-
vedi(seat) along with / srii-vedi/ indicate affixing the
mudra/seal.
Muurdha being mu-srii we bless(anugraha) by placing kara on
the sira(sriisriikara-causing prosperity).
In H-180a the srii-tree on the vedi-waist indicate srii-vedi
(sankha/jaghana/paNa) and the fixing of the muurdha on the
ground shows the fixing of the srii/raaja-mudra/seal.
Pa/va(tiger)-na(two) with human figure(sa) is
panca/bandha/savanna.




7

The Apocalypse

Then I saw in the right hand of him who sat on the throne
a scroll with writing on both sides and sealed with seven
seals . And I saw a mighty angel proclaiming in a loud voice who
is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll. Then I saw a
lamb looking as if it had been slain,standing in the centre of the
throne he had seven horns (cf.the horned deities of IVC)and
seven eyes . He came and took the scroll from the right hand of
him who sat on the throne.Rev.5.
Throne srona-drona-mudra-vedi signet ring
Writing on both sides make it a round seal as in many Indus seals
where we have to read it bothways ie. left to right and right to
left in the same line.
Seven is sapta . Sapta is sabda-sound and sapatha-promise as
indicated by the seven patra- bhadra-girls in
M-1186. Prabhaata is srii(tri)- paada(four) or sapta.
Proclaiming in loud voice is bheri/vedi(cf.Mal.veti- sound of fire
works) as in , , etc.
Breaking the seal is day break ,Ru-dra,
rudhira/niNa/miina/spearing the bull/spearing the Christ .
Udaya(U-saya) brings blood(aruNa varNa) as the seal of
virginity(kaalya-dawn,kanya-virgin) is broken.
The lamb is sa-aja-usha-Aries as shown in M-1186 and several
other seals.
It appears slain as praata-dawn is pareta-dead.
The seven horns are seven days of the week and the seven eyes
are the seven planets.
After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the
earth ,holding back the four winds of the earth to prevent any
wind from blowing on the land or on the sea or any tree.Then I
saw another angel coming up from the east , having the seal of
the living god.He called out in a loud voice to the four angels who
had been given power to harm the land and the sea : do not
harm the land or the sea or the trees until; we put a seal on the
foreheads of the servants of our God. Then I heard the number of
those who were sealed:144,000 from all the tribes of Israel.
Rev.7.1-4.
Four angels(cf.ashta naaga/ashta diggaja-eight elephants
guarding the eight corners as dik is gaja and angel is angle ) are
the paada-feet of prabhaata-dawn,sabda-sound and sapta-
seven as in , .
East(puurva-suurya-sun) is the direction of udaya-sunrise,
vijaya-victory and vidya-learning.
Seal is srii- raja(king)-laksha(mark),light and word.
Loud voice(Ravi/Rudra/RaavaNa etc. Svar sun - ravi-sun
tapasa-sun is svara-rava-sabda-sound,divasa-day ) is
prabhaata-morning and srii vedi.Svar is sabda and and
sapta.Sabda is mudra/patra/bhadra.
Land is dhara .Mudra-seal is mu binding dhara-land.
Wind is marut(mudra).
Sea is samudra. Samudra is
sa(god,bird,king,snake,with,like)-mudra(seal).
Mu-bind,sara/ka/sira-water/head is also
Mudra (cf.muuka- ).
Tree(druu) is druma-mudra-marta-man(cf.Mal.maram-
tree,naran-man). Thus the land,sea and tree is the seal of
the sun god and the king .Druma is mudra and throne.
The seal on the forehead is the
varaaha/simha/trisuula/linga/cihna-symbol/seal naama of
the Brahmans/ the unicorn . Sringa/ is srii-naga/maha or
simha/cihna/mudra/jna/jina/vijna/panca/vasna/VishNu/vindu/
bindu/Hindu.
Janana is jnaana and snaana(cf.jnaanasnaana-baptism).It is
kara-gaja-srii-raaja-king .Trisuula is sa-srii- suura-the sun . It
is marked in red and white to indicate the red rising sun and the
light. It being a laksha-mark and rakta show srii-raaja-king and
raksha-protection. Suutra(sacred thread/raksha on body,wrist
etc.)mudra(red sutrasrii mudrasrii putra/asva/vaca).
Rakta(on copper/written in red or blood) vaacaka (word)
Is rakshaakavaca(protective armour).

Forehead is phaala-paala-pa-king. Pa / +srii / - /
is
bhadra(deva,king,bull,light,noble,auspicious),marta(man),mudr
a(seal),
nrit(dance),hrit(heart),vrisha(bull),mitra(sun,friend),muurdha(
muurdhan-forehead,head,summit cf. H-180a
affixing the muurdda-head as mudra-seal ) etc. indicates the
first of the four Hindu castes. The sinduura-red dot/bindu /vindu-
learned/Hindu is cihna/sinha-suura (the sun).
144,000 is from the 12 horas(suura-sun,duura-span) of the day
and the 12 signs of the year. Sahasra is samudra and mudra .
144=1+4+4=9(nava-9,new;nabha-sky;paNa-agreement;rava-ravi-
sun) mudra(seal)=srii vedi =pra(1)bhaata(4 is stressed by the next
4)-dawn.
Pratiipa(going in opposite direction,reverse) shows
prataapa(glory,strength),prabhaata(dawn/srii vedi) and the
personal name of Pratiipa(the father of Saamtanu and
grandfather of Bhiishma.

8
The Mitannis and the Indus script

According to Dr. Parpola the earliest directly preserved written
evidence of an Aryan languge is found in the documents relating
to the kingdom of Mitanni in northern Syria,dated to c.1500-1300
B.C.Though the majority of the Mitanni population spoke the
local Hurrian language,the ruling aristocracy had Aryan names
and invoked Aryan gods as oath deities in their treaties.It is
now generally agreed that Mitanni Aryan is related to the Indo-
Aryan rather than the Iranian or Nuristani branch.cuneiform
renderings correspond to the vedic deities Mitraa-Varunaa,Indra-
Naasatyaa(Asvinau cf.Vasa,son of Asva of Dholavira).All these
gods are invoked as protectors of treaties in the Rig Veda.Only
Mitra,whose name originally means -contract,treaty- is common
to both the vedic and zarathusran religions.
While varuNa is known from the veda alone..Avestan word for
god is baga.
It is thought that the Proto-Indo-Aryan language associated with
the Mitanni nobles was practically dead by 1500-1300 B.C.as its
speakers had largely adopted the local Hurrian language.
9
The Bible and the covenant
God said to Abraham(Brahmana,pramaaNa-writ,pramaaNi-
noble) every male among you shall be circumcised.You are to
undergo circumcision,and it will be the sign of the covenant
between me and you.My covenant in your flesh is to be an
everlasting covenant Gen.17.9-13.
This is srii vedi/bhedi(paricchedana-brit milah/bris) .It is the
mudra on muutra( instead of muurddha)
saadhana/linga/sisna/cihna/sinha . Sisna(janana-birth) is
dasma(master), masta(head), matsa(fish),
bandha(covenant,agreement,bond)/sandha(bond,union).
cf. the paired fish/spear(spear money-paNa-covenant ) in the
seals penis bhuja.Oath(satyaapana) to the master was
performed taking the master in the hand. Spear,tree,snake etc .
represent srii(sun,word)/sira(head). Its equivalent is placing
the hand on the head/fixing the head on the floor(siirshaasana).
Rakta(srii) coming out of the wound gives raksha-salvation to
the circumcised Jew making a covenant /agreement with god !
Mudra is Rudra- rudhira(blood)-Mitra(of the Mitannis).
Moses then took the blood,sprinkled it on the people and said
,this is the blood of the covenant(mudra-Rudra-rudhira-suutra-
raksha-akshara cf. rakshaabandhan) that the lord has made
with you in accordance with all these words EX.24.8
One of the soldiers pierced Jesusside with a spear.bringing a
sudden flow of blood and water John19.34.
Rakta + water paNa mudra/rudhirasaffronmudra of
Hindu rakta raksha cakrasriiraaja.
Rudhira ru-sira ru-sriimudra.
Varaaha mana(jana/nara-Brahman-vindu-Hindu) and a(not)-
varaaha mana(jana-semitic people) follow a common thread of
religion/ritual/ traditions.Shem(jana-birth,people) is the father of
the latter.Muusa(Moses-muula) and the Torah(svara) rely
on the vedas.Yahova(yahva-LORD) is their god.Panca granthi
(five books) show their vansa (clan)kraanti(transition) from the
varaaha-jana(Brahmans of IVC) to the a-varaaha jana(Jews) .
(Varaaha/va-raaja is the crocodile and the unicorn-vaaraNa-
elephant - in the seals.)
The Tabernacle(paNa/srii vedi) is the chest for the paNa , .
Cast four gold rings for it and fasten them to its four feet,with
two rings on one side and two rings on the other. Ex.25.12.
: : Bali vedi paNa(rava-srii) vedi vedi of paNa (sun god /
covenant.Mitra is mudra.).
The altar (vedi) for burnt offering was of acacia wood overlaid
with bronze .It was three (srii)cubits high, five (panca-bandha-
sandha-paNa-vedi)cubits long and five cubits wide with a horn
at each of the four corners.
Ex.27.1-2.
10
The breaking of the tablets
When Moses approached the camp(of Israel) and saw the golden
calf(bullbulla) he threw the (command-bulla) tablets out of
his hands and ,breaking(bhedi-vedi) them to pieces(day break)
at the foot of the mountain(bhadra-mudra-parvata-prabhaata-
dawn).And he took the calf they had made and burned(srii) it in
the fire(srii-agni sun,daybreak). Break of coconutbreak of
lemon, break of gourd, break of Christ-the bull-
king(John.19.34),break of the curtain in the temple(Mark.15.38),
etc. indicate break of day.
This is again confirmed by the next act Each man(srii) strap a
sword to his side .Go back and forth through the camp from one
end to the other,each killing(bhedi-vedi) his brother and friend
and neighbour. Ex.32.
Note a bull(sriicf.vrisha-vaaca/bhadra/kaasara/kesara)
breaking(bhedi-vedi) five(panca-bandha-vanda)
people(srii/sariira/gaatra) in the Harappan seal M-312 .


This conveys the same message as the breaking of the golden
calf.Bullgolden calfsrii/bulla/bhuja-hand.
Marta(man)mudra(seal) . Kaasara-kaksha(buffalo).Gaatra-
bodykarshakesara-gold.Gaatra is srii.Its bhedi is vedi of
bhadra-king,patra-writ. Bhadra(pa-srii-raaja) azana-throwing
is bhadra aajna-order and aazana-seat,yajna-sacrifice,yaacana-
begging.
Bheda/bhaaga/bhaga vedi(mudra ring cf .Mal. Paati- a half)
The division of the eucharist on the bali vedi as sariira-body
rakta-blood or sariiraraksha(food) is best example of a
transcendence from the Mosaic Old testament tabernacle
sacrifice vedi to the Christian New testament sacrifice vedi.
Blazing fire with food/fuel is pleasing firegod !. Nowadays we
mark a new beginning by breaking a ribbon in imitation of the
god who breaks a day.
The seal DK8165 clearly shows the tri/srii/fire-vedi symbol as
the buffalo(bhuupaala-raaja-pa-srii !cf.buffalo+lionhari+pa-
nripa-king,prabha-light,bhadra-king,auspicious,bhuusura-
Brahman) is speared(bhedi-vedi). In M-492C a cobra(sarpa-hari-
srii-phaNa-paNa) is shown beside the broken (bhedi-vedi)
buffalo(kaasara-kesara-gold, khecara-the sun,gaatra-sariira-
body, man created in the image of god Gen.1.26) to indicate srii
vedi mudra.
srii is sira-jina . Sira / + paada
paada/paala/bhaata/bhaasa/bhaasha/vaaca/miina/muuka
=prabhaada=srii-vedi.This is further confirmed by the
spearing/stamping /tramping the bull/srii/bulla to make the
mudra(stamp). Figures of surata also indicate mudra.
The bull(srii-raaja-bhadra-sira cf. INRI) is speared on the
hrit(garta/nrit,marta-mudra,vaksha-uksha-usha-aja-sa-
god/king) . Kunta(suula-spear cf.tuulika-pen,suurya-
sun,linga-phallus,sara-arrow) is paNa/saya/
bandha/sanga/sandha-bond in mu/pu/ru/u-dra(seal)/su-
rata(se-x cf x is rata/rati-sex or srii/hari/paNa-the sun)/
ne-tra(nayana,sayana,Indra,satra cf. ; etc. ).
This is what happened when the Christ on the cross(sa-
bird/god/snake/aakaasa/prabhaata/patraasana/bhadraasa
na/srii vedi) was stamped One of the soldiers pierced Jesus
side(vaksha-uksha-usha-aja-sa-god) with a spear(sara
paata-prabhaata-srii vedi-stamping the seal) ,bringing a
sudden flow of blood(rakta mudra) and water(ka-bhadra-
jala-sara-sira-srii-vana-paNa).John.19.34.
Matthew 27.55. Many women (strii-srii vedi ) were there
watching from a distance(the crucifixion of the Christ
cf.M-1186)
Bhadraasana /srii vedi/prabhaata is shown by the
aasana(seat) on asva(buffalo,elephant-both being krishna
show karsana and srii-jina,aakaasa- of blue colour)
/asvattha(asva/avasa-
sat/sta)/uksha(asva)/garja(gaja,simha,tiger-
garta)/garuda(garta,patra,sa)/
Bhadra(bull,wheel)/cakra(wheel)/
bhadraasva(buffalo,elephant,sky)/patra(bird-
sa)/rakta(raja-srii-
cakra)/vrisha(bhadra,rat)/varsha(vrisha,bhadra,abda)/
Sarpa(bhadra,sarva,visva,aakaasa,sa-rava/ruupa) etc.
as in


Vishnu Siva Ganesa Ra

Christ Garuda Winged bull
The bird(sa/ra-vi/pada/srii/patra/bhadra/writ/word/bard) is
formed of vedis/padas.Note the large vedi at the centre of
the Garuda/garta-throne/garut-wing to show srii/sa vedi.
Veda (vid/dvi/div/dyu/ravi , ) is pada- word ,paada-
foot/4,paatha- teaching,deva- god,rava- sound/sun . Sabda
is sa(bird,god)-pada(foot,word;rava-sound,sun cf.word was
god John 1.1) cf. sapta (number 7) and stuupas from
Anatolia . Hence veda is said to be the sound of the wings of
Garuda(garja/karsa/kantha-throat). Mahaabhaarata is the
bhaashya (exposition,commentary-Vyaasa ) of the veda
itself.
Garuda/garta is Durga/suurya and svarga or
sa(snake,bird,like cf.naaka)-vakra(curve cf.cakravaala-
horizon) as in kanaa/naaga/naaka/naasa/aasana.
http://www.photoandwallpapers.com/lord-vishnu/

http://www.420mp3.com/2011/10/god-shiva-wallpapers-
hindu-god-shiva.html
http://blog.practicalsanskrit.com/2011/08/shri-ganesha-
stotram.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra
http://spiritlessons.com/Documents/Jesus_Pictures/Jesus_049.
jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_headed_w
inged_bull_facing.jpg
Ra is the Egyptian sungod /vedic agni. Note the ra(na-
ra=man) body and falcon(vi/sa/Garuda) head indicating
ravi and raaja/srii. Note the snake on the head(naga-the
sun,naaga-raaja ,sa-snake god ) with the solar disk(ra)
Making srii/raja. Note the cross(sa) with ra(circle ) held
in the left hand to indicate raja/srii and the heqa (khaga-
sun,gaja/kara -arka-sun/kaca-ray,gada-club
cf.sankha,cakra,gada,trisuula,naaga etc. associated with
the Hindu gods,the staff of Moses and the cross of the Christ)
staff .
Ra(agni , la-Indra,el/el la semitic god)Ra-vi
ra-sa ra-aja(Daksha,Ra was depicted with rams head
also)
Jala(sara/kara-5) is paNa . Jala is sala/sila/sina/jina. Jala
is pa(water,king) and vana(tree,water,nava-9,nabha-
sky,phaNa-naaga-sarpa-svar-the sun,sky,sound,count).
Pavana(marut) is pa-vana/paNa or bha-vana. Jaala
being jala is paNa. Jaala is netra.
sapta asva/varaaha/saraava/graaha/graha
suura(sun) haya griiva
paNa(VishNu) ra vi ( the sun ) suura(the
sun) svar(sun) arka(sun/copper)argha(price)
kara(tax) or va(VaruNa/nripa-
king)pa(king)ka(head)sa(god) .All imply the same.

M-310a patraasana(tree/bird/winged bull
etc.)bhadraasana(seat on tree/crossed legs make a patra and
P/pa-king,leaf caarya-espionage-caara-jaara-raaja-sara-
cara(cyprea moneta)-jala-vana-paNa-kara-gajatree
vedisrii vedi(prabhaata/sun) srii
devimudradharmaDarma putradharma cakra )
karsha(simha/cihna/sankha-hari-srii-dru-gold) . The symbol of
srii-vedi is shown near the tree-vedi . (paNa-nama-
bhaja-praise ) bandha/panca/patra/bhadra is also seen.
Panca(5)vana(tree,water)-ja(born=fish )
ban-dha(seat)satyasandha mudrapaNa-
dha(money,agreement ) (in M-309a)
M-309a .

In this seal ksha/gaja/bandha(maa/na/not cf.cipher) indicate
the dharma cakra/ Srii vedi.It is bandha/sandha/panca/paNa.
The wheel is srii and the space between the spokes is vedi ,
making sriivedi. It is aksha(five,karsha).Tiger(karsha/hari/srii) +
bhadraasana(druu/tree/srii vedi) indicate srii vedi/srii devi. The
dancing(nrit) pose of the marta(mudra) on
tree(satya/sasya,druma-mudra) indicate satyaanrita(trade and
commerce) mudra . Arddhodayaasana(half rising pose) indicate
arkkodaya(sunrise) ,which is srii vedi.Tiger(va)+ nara(na) +
tree(sac f.vrikshabrih-sa/shagod/man)
panca(5)bandha(tree seat is srii seat or word chit)-sandha-
paNa(promise/agreement) . This is again shown by the muuka
bandha /yajana/panca/savana bha/ma sra/dra u/ni
gaja/ksha/kta/shka karsha/nishka ;satyaanrita
bhadraasana panca mudra nishka/ukta/bhadraasva(word of
king) /Visva Mitra panca srii vedi karsha. The kara(hand-gaja-
trunk) is made gaja(hasta-hastin) to make karsha .Gaja is
naaga(sa-snake).Naaga is phaNa/paaNa/paNa.Naaga is
na(not)-eka(one) = two and the hand is shown like the split
tongue/trunk/hoof also. Sankha is sangha-group-not one-two
.The shanks and buttocks signify the two.The naaga is kanaa-girl
,naaka(nabha-sky) and hema(gold).
panca/bandha mukha/mudra/makha rna dva/sva
akshaaksha(5)-suvarNa(karsha paNa)panca
mukha(simha/lion/tiger/king/5 scripts/5 punch marks)
The simha(tiger)/cihna(symbol) + the man(sha) on tree(vana) or
panca(5)/bandha(bond) 5 symbols as written.
Bhadraasana(pa-tra aasana/srii vedi) is also shown by the
man (karsha) seated on the tree(patraasana,druu-vedi).The
tiger is karsha or hari(pra)-asva(vac)/prabhaata-dawn.
Visva mitra nripa/dasma(matsa sacrifice,fire,accomplishing
wonderful deeds)
Panca-mudra-yukta(with 5 scripts)-is the number of scripts in
the seal.
Panca mudra is 5 types of gestures to be made while presenting
offerings to an idol. Panca mudra is indicated by the pictography
also. Panca mudra shows the bandha(bond) of the godking.
The tiger/asva with its uccha/uksha sira is ucchaisravas the
asva/vaca/Vasa of Indra/the king .




M-478 a
Karsha paNa is indicated by tiger, croc,snake,
elephant,wheel,wind instruments(kaahala),horn etc. as indicated
by the symbol (sankha/vaadya) on the left extreme.Sabda is
kavaca/raksha/akshara itself. Patra vaaca is asva.
Druma(tree)/damaru(drum cf. paNava-paNa,tabala-svara)
indicate mudra/PaNa .
Tree(sasya-satya,druu-srii,dru-gold) + worship(paNa-
praise/vanda-worship/bandha-bond-pawn , , ,conjoined
heads /circles/leaves etc./bandha-ka(head)-trade/sandha-
agreement) =satyaapana/vijnaa(vijna Vishnu
satyasasyavanapaNa
vacanapledge)pana/addhya(satyaa cf.sa = a)pana etc. PaNa
is nava /nabha /phaNa .
paNa/satyaapana/svar ca/na= panca/bandha/svarNa
Satyaapana(pledge)/satya-aapaNa nava(9/ new)/paNa
panca(5) karsha/svarNa paNa .

Satyaapana is sriivedi . Karka (crab,white horse) is
kara/gri/grah/gras/gribh(to seize with the mouth/hand-
karsha)/kara.

Sa(bird)- va(vaara)- na/ra viira/bala/su
bhadra/nri/rNa aja/aasa pa/na
Viira/srii/bala/suura bhadra-aasana/asva
savana/panca/bandha/sandha=paNa
Viira(king,hero)/ravi/vaara(tail,weekday,cup) bhadra is shown
in the picture itself.

m1429a srii /nri/sira/kha/ka
Mudra(Rudra/bhadra) kavaca(savitra)-kavaca(savitra)
karsha mudra/rudra/raksha/kavaca/kavasha-amulet
kavaca/kavasha(sukha-
happiness)kaasara(buffaloe)kesara(gold)khecara(svar-
sun)paNa(sun/svarNa) 3 mudra /bhadra/rudra
Rudra is bhadra/siva-auspicious.
m1429b naava (crow-n; drone-crow),
TaraNa/taraNi-boat/the sun is Indra/saraNa(refuge). Pota(boat)
is posha(prosperity),puuja(worship) , subha(auspicious) etc.
Paksha(bird,sa-god) is kavaca(raksha). Naava is
avana(protection,pleasure) and naaga(snake)/naaka(sky). The
manka(mast,mam=kam=sam=happiness,ma-anka/sa-nkha is
mark of Mangala- happiness/auspiciousness) is masta-head or
matsa-fish/subh/siv. The rectangle is vedi(nose) between
srii(eyes,cakshu-pakshi) making srii vedi(cf.man between
tigers.Asva-tiger is aksha/cakshu itself.Mast is masta-head and
nasta-nose). Saa(srii/sa-bird,sa-anka,sankha)-patri/srii is
saavitra
(Braahmana/sun/Siva/karNa/saavitrii/Uma/paarvati/gaayatri)
Saavitrii sutra(mudra) is yajnopaviita(sacred thread). It can also
indicate sa-masta(for all) bhadra (happiness).
m1429c The fish/muuka/anu + graaha
(croc)/varaaha is anugraha(blessing) /varaahamana-
Braahmana.It is San-kara/push-kara/bhaas-kara all indicating
auspiciousness.
PaNa is sava(piNa-corpse cf.the story of Phanes ),Siva and
subha(auspicious .Hence money is considered a good omen.So is
dead body) and zava(water,sacrifice). One has to gift paNa
when paying homage to sava
( dead bodies). One has to bury money along with a dead phaNa!
H182a Srii-vedi-panca-mukha(mudra)/
Kavasha(name of rishi RV .7.18.12) /kavala- a morsel,
kavaca/aanaka/kaahala - a war drum/ Savana(sacrifice,panca-
five)/pavana(wind,bhavana-house). Damuuru(drum) is
mudra/Marut(wind god/wind). Bheri(aanaka is aana-face) is
vedi(bhedi)/sankha(cf.Tiger cowry)/paNa(sound/count). Hari /
simha/garja/karsha/panca-5 is srii/king. Srii mudra is sriivedi.
Muraja is bheri/vedi.
Murada is Vishnu/paNa.
Murada mudrasurata(jaghana bhedasanga/sankha
vedi).
paNa(phaNa,paNa-sun,praise,mukha;mu-kha
mu-sriimudranu-raajasurata.Surata mudra is
jhasha/matsya/mada-saya) is . sa rii/raa mukha
is panca mukha/raajamukha/simhamukha.
=sa(wall),va(hands)
+ =panca + mukha=pancamukha(Siva/king)/panca
makha(sacrifice).Mukha (face)is mudra and as mu(bond)-
kha(sun,fire) is makha(yaaga-savana-sacrifice).
Pancamahaayaagas are there as savana is panca.
The tiger with the grrrr /gira/roar is garja/karsha/cakra/srii.
The paNava itself is panca as vasa(vc) and the
pana(pan-to sound) forms a bandha with the man-sa like ,
, . Hence the srii vedi panca mudra is confirmed.It is
reconfirmed by the 5 vedi series also. Here are in fact 5
Mudra with the tiger,the drummer and the three scripts.
paNa(praise,money) sa mudra (samudra-Siva;with
mudra,candra-moon) is also implied.
karsha paNa ka/sa va/ ca/ka
bhadraasana(bandha/panca/sa) karsha paNa
varaaNa-Indra,varaaha-suukara-a hog,a measure,an
alligator,a ram cf.these figures in the seals might indicate the
measure or name of gold coin as varaaha.
sa var /paNa Na(nishka/mushkamuu/suu-
ra/camudra/phaNa/paNasvarNa/karsha)
paNa/vedi/mudra hari/srii/karsha
+ , svarvrita/suurapaNapanca(5)/bandha
H182b Srii vedi/bandha/panca is further confirmed
by the placement of the svastika-cakra-srii in the square vedi. It
is repeated five times(panca-five,bandha-bandhaka-sandha-
sangha/sankha/paNa) to make the srii vedi perfect.
+ vrita(command/promise ;saa/raa- to give)
paNa(praise-anjali-hands joined in praise/price/promisejhasha
) mudra/sankha karsha is indicated.
The sataa(mane) of the simha(lion) or the jataa(hair plait/hair
bun/vana/druu-tree/srii/siirshaka-title) of the god /king indicate
the dhata(balance) of the trader for the mudra (trade mark)
also.
paNa( pa+ pa paNapanca / bandha-
vaNija-tulaadhara-trader/vanda-
praise/bhadra/patra/raaja/srii/sanga bhadra -
raa(gold,give),va-hands sa(bestowing,procuring)-srii/raaja
/panca/savanna/bandha
Panca(5) -srii-vedi srii-vedi-
bandha/sandha/centa-sound-count-pound etc.
sa/u/va=iisa=ka=ya =purusha=universal soul
Gaja=saka=he that man,she that woman
Sa-saha,sam,sama,junction,conjunction,possession=with,together
Damaru-drum-paNava-paNa-paNya-mudra-dharma-druma-
mitra-muurti-suurya.


H094 panca(5,simha-raaja-king)-karsha(simha)-
paNa(paana/pan) etc. The hand is made paNa .
A caruu(srii,paana/pan/paNa)- kaksha - bhadra-paatra-paana
with the tiger-garja-hari-srii makes it karsha paNa/garta
paNa . Karsha is panca/savana/satra.
Panca srii-nishka/paNa .
Tigersimha-panca-5/hari(lion/gold/vishNu. Hari +
HaraHarihara is seen in M-290a)-srii/garja/karsha.
The vessel caruudroNa( Bharadvaaja / scorpion cf.scorpion
king of Egypt,noble, owl,frog, a measure =4 aadaka=32 seer, a
wooden trough/bucket ) druuNa(scorpion,beetle,bow,sword
etc).
Druu-to kill(cf.spearing the bull or someone), druu-gold, sru-
go,hear
DroNasroNi-kati-nitamba-
buttocks/seat/jaghana/sankha/zanga/zangha/kamsa-jar
sruva-sacrifice/sacrificial vessel
sraa-to cook/bake,
sri-serve/depend on,
srii-to cook/bake
Indra ni-srii
Chanda-sam/zama srii.
svar-the sun,heaven,sound dvaara-hole Any valaya(hole
Mal.vaLa cf.bangles,garlands ,necklace) is paNa.Holes on shells
indicate paNa. Navadvaara(nine holes of the body ) is paNa
dvaara. Holes/coils like that of the snake,the trunk of
elephant,the tail of animals etc. by shape is paNa-Vishnu-the sun
, , , .. PhaNa stay in vaana. Vana/paNa is trees(shape
of arm and fist),snakes,phallus etc. and all snake/curve forms .

srii- any single letter ,Lakshmi,Sarasvati,
word,language,ornaments,splendor,sun,light,prosperity,fame,
lotus,bilva,power etc. Thus the single scripts indicate srii +
bhadra(girl,srava-ear,sarpa-snake-naaga-kanaa-kanya-kalya-
usha-aja-uma-prabhaata-parvata-paarvati-srii bhadra kaaLi-
srii bhadra-heli/kaalya-girl.Dawn is the wife and daughter of the
sun).
In H-094 panca-five/ kamsa-bronze/jar/a King/simha
karsha/hari-asva pan( paana-
jar baaNa-arrow vana-leaf/housepaaNa-palm of
hand paNa cf. the palm square is pa and the fingers is na/ja
making paNa-palm/bhuja-hand as in the fish symbol , the fins
being the fin-gers and srii-solar rays !)
The palm resembles a leaf ,hood of a snake , or a
pan/ladle ,sankha etc.
Raa(agni-sun/hiraNya-gold)- sa(god,bird,snake) is
raaja(bhadra-king / ).Sa is phaNa/aksha-snake. Hence
raa-saraa-maraa-
phaNaRaavaNahiraNyaakshasankha(shell)
sankhya(number/count) cf. , etc.
paNa/bhuja-palm palm parNa(vana-leaf)
baaNa-arrow paana-jar paNa-palm .Matsa-
masta(head)-nasta(nose)-stana(breast)-hasta(hand).
Compare parNa(leaf,palm;pa-
leaf,king;panrinripaking,paaNa-hand is aana-face/nose.)
with varaNa(fence,wall,Indra,camel cf.nripa-king).
The RBI emblem has the palm and the tiger itself,a true
Harappan inheritance and continuity of
the IVC tradition into the present(cf.J.M.Kenoyers classification of
IVC history).The RBI issues rupee (cf.rupya-coins of gold or silver ;
rupyasuurya-sun-paNa ) notes in the place of the karsha paNa
issued by the IVC priest kings.
PaNa(prize,praise,price,satya) is vana( , cf. olive
branch-vana given away as paNa- prize and praise.On palm
Sunday,
palm vana is used to perform paNa-praise of Christ-garta-
kiriita-the king simha-sun-paNa-VishNu). Satya(truth/Vishnu)
is sasya(plant).

Examples of imitation cowries in jade, gold and stone. Note that
a hole/paNa(pa-circle,king;na-bond) has been made in the stone
example for authenticity.
Sankha match the jaghana-loins of women .Hence tigers are
linked to their bottoms to indicate the Tiger cowries,or cowries in
general.
San-kha horn/shofar/svar-sound,sun/aja-king;it is face and
word of the king god paNavana bhana
kra-sana(conch,gold), gra-sana(devouring cf. fish eating
alligator) ,gar-ja-na(karsha) ; svar(the sun) is ravi(dvi) .
The symbol of the sankha shows dvi(two)-svi(prosperity)-
ravi(the sun)-rava(garja/roar)-arka(garja/roar)-u(garja/roar)
etc.and thereby Karsha.It is paada of aja(king/ram cf.the man
on siirshaasana/bhadraasana has his feet above.Hence the kings
feet is touched to get blessings.It is ma-great aasa-seat and hence
mesha-the srii vedi/maasha of 5 Gunja. Panca is simha/the high
itself.Ma , the moon aasa-is the month,naasa, and
the aasa/jaghana of women.Pa-aasa is vaaca.) /pa-aasa/bha-
aasathe sky. The Daksha yaaga is also rakta and riktha
yaaga. Daksha-the sun at dawn changes from rakta to Ayas-
yellow in Aja.

bhadra(wheel) dva/sva
panca/varNa pada(pa + da/ra/panca) (naaga/gaja-
elephant)/ka/sa/mudra/mukha/makha Bhadraasva panca
sabda (patra/writ-asva/vac/word panca-5/karsha/garja
sabda-word/sapatha-pledge SuvarNa
sapta/hapta(gaja/naaga/hastin=ka/sa/na/ha=C)/dhvaja/dvija cf.
, , etc.The elephant-wheel combination is used
elsewhere also.
Suvarna(karsha)panca(five) mukha(face)/mudra(script)/nishka
arka/argha/paNaaksha(wheel,eye,snake,5)aakaasa(svar)
bhadra(bha-sara/srii/dhara)cakrasriiraaja.Raaja is
panca/simha.
Aksha is bhadra/raksha(cf.eye of Horus) and indicate
na/ma(prohibition/not,naught). svar is
ha(sky,gold,cipher,moon)/kha(cf.svar is dvaar-hole.Svarga is
surata.In the asvamedha, svarga was given to the sacrificial
victim by surata-sex of the corpse with a woman)/srii(cf.Mal.teRi-
abusive language is variants of rati/
se-x/sriivedi/gagana(kha/ha)/jaghana/jangha/sankha/sanga/
Kanaka/simha(cf.Mal.tanka-gold,simha-lion,simhaasana-throne
was made of kanaka ti indicate
king/kanaka/svar/svarNa/garja/garta).
Hence

makha(yaaga/homa/moha/yajna/savana)/mukha(cf.
yaagamakhamukhamudraaasaraasabha(cf.
Christ the king on the ass on palm Sunday cf.M290a with ass
+ palm)raajaaja-king,ram/lamb cf. Christ the king is
the lamb of god and the lamp of the
world)/mudra/mitra/netra/Indra
to indicate the face of the king or sacrifice. With
panca (5) it is pancamukha(king,lion) or
pancamakha(cf.pancamahaayaagas-five great sacrifices of
the Brahmins.Panca is bandha/sandha and
savana/yajna/vacana). Simha(the lion/tiger) is seen in
M-290a with the ass and palm also.
Now mukha/mudra/makha
mukha/mudra/makha and panca
panca/bandha/simha(cf.pillar with lion in Anatolia).
Thus pancamukha is the king.The king is
bhadra(gold,bull,elephant,girl).King is gold/lion.
King/simha/gold is sacrifice. He is tree(druu,srii) faced,
Three(traya) faced,five(panca) faced etc. Thus suvarNa
Panca mukha/mudra can be mudra panca panca mudra
(five scripts/sacrifices) also.

Aksha is karsha. Panca(5) svarNa sapatha is indicated with
panca(5) mudra(scripts) . It is the pledge of panca/simha(king).
arka/asva/avasa/cakra/raksha/raaja/srii/sa/ka/a
Dvi/dva/ud/dyu/div/diva /divo /
deva/dva/mu/Yadu/ru/viira/svi/asva/avasa/aakaasa
a(arka-12/asva-1) + is bhadra
paada/pada/vaaca/deepa/deva etc. Asva/azva(nizva-
poor,homeless)/Asvinau-Asvins /aksha-eye-nayana(two
eyes,ravi-dvi )-miina-Pisces -location of the Asvins
- divo raaja/ nripa/daasa/naasa/maasa/medha
mu /vaa/panca mukha/mudra/sira/ka/kha /sa/Na
=Asvinau maasa mukha/mudra/vaaca/paNa/bali. The Asvins-
Pisces- are the patrons of Divodaasa/the rising sun/the king as
dawn/light appears from the northeast position of the
sun.Another interesting fact is that Divodaasa/Sudaasa is
dvaadasa(12),the sign number of Pisces. For the vedic sages Pisces
marked the first month of the year(Jupiter cycle from Jupiter sign
of the northeast)and the first season( vasantha-spring).
a/va ru/mu parNa=sha/sa/na AruNa/arushaYamuna
Arunodayaa is a river.Yamunaajanaka is the
sun.Yamunaabhraataa is Yama. Yamesa is BharaNi.This belongs
to Pisces where Arunodaya-dawn begins. The AruNa VarNa
changes to SvarNa varNa at dawn !
AruNa Mudra MitraaVaruNa also.

suvarNa mukha/mudra = king Divo raaja (daasa) mukha
SuvarNa is Divodaasa /Devaraaja/asva naatha/medha.
King is sacrifice. Aarkaasvamedha is asvamedha.One becomes
Indra by satamagha(100 asvamedha ). Indra is satamagha.
Makha /mukha is sata(nose + two eyes / , ).
Ma=na=cipher. Maa/naa=00. Asvaa(not)-dva(two)
1(advaita).
Asvamedha as asva(1)+ maa(00)-dha(seat) 100Indra .
Arkacopper/12 or 7 indicate Divodaasa(12)/argha-price/arca-
worship.
Svarna asva(bull,king,elephant,tiger)-nri(king) sa(god)-
nripa(pa-king) sava(sacrifice)siva(subha-
auspicious)bhadra(king,bull,virgin,gold,cipher,wheel,circle)u
ksha(bull)u(roar)-gaja(elephant)garja(roar)karsha.
Asva medha Gold maasha
Arka(copper) asva medhaCopper maasha. Arka is ardha
half/argha-price also. Hence this can be the Ardha(half) maasha
or the price and the Jalavishu(Autumn equinox/Deepavali)
celebration also.
Arka (roar/hymn/praise)gira(word)Rik(veda)
Kambu(sankha,kantha-neck,bangle,snail,elephant)-
kanpu(Mal.branch)-konpu(Mal.horn,kam-head,bhuu-
born/borne/bone/worn/horn cf.the deities with horns)-
sambu(kambu)-Sambhu(Siva,Brahma,Vishnu,Indra cf.Trisanku
)-sanku(peg,spike / ,stick ,post,pillar ,arrow,dart
Mal.anpu,spear cf.trisanku, Mal.kanpu/konpu
etc.indicate shell money.Hence often the deities in the seals have
horns/sankha in the hands to indicate shell money/svar-sound-
the sun)-sankha(conch,cowry,shell)-jaghana(buttocks)-
jangha(shank)-zanga(sex)zangha(group cf.sreNi ,H-182
etc.)
Note the vana/paNa mark on the neck of the animals in the seals
to indicate cowries/shell money.
11
Karsha
5 krishNalas/ raktikas/ gunjas(abrus precatorius/liquorice) = 1
maasha (bean)
16 maasha = 1karsha/aksha/tolaka/suvarNa=80 cowries or
sankha=1paNa=
1 handful(paaNi=hasta=handmasta-headmatsa-fish=miina-
fishmaana(bhaara=measure/weight) cf.paNavana-
waterniira-watermiina-fishmaana-measure)
Karsha=146 grains =9.46 grammeskalasa-jarsalka(scale
cf.scale of fish and scale of weight.Miina fish is maaNa-weight
and 60/50 shekel is one mina)sulka-
taxshekel(Mesopotamian/semitic weight)
4 karsha or suvarNa = 1 pala or nishka(cf.nahusha-phaNa-
snakepaNa) cf. , , , , ,
1 rupee = 12 fanams , , , (paana-ruupya)
10 palas= 1 dharaNa of gold.
400 karsha=1 tulaa
1 Money and weights
Mesopotamia
1 talent
(G.UN; biltu)
= 60 mina
= 3600 shekel
= 30.00 kg

1 mina
(MA.NA; man)
= 60 shekel = 500 gr

1 shekel
(GN; iqlu)
= 8.333 gr
1 talent=60 maneh=3,000 shekels
1 maneh=50 shekels=100 beka=1,000 gerahs
1shekel =24/20 giru/gerah
1mina(litra/libra/pound)=60shekel/50shekel=100 zuzim
1 talent(kikkar) =60 litra =3000 shekel
Shekel=4 dinarii
Prutah( a copper coin,vrisha-bull)=0.022gm
Dinar(zuz, netra-eye)=4.25 gm
Sela =tetra drachm=2 shekel(cela,vasana,netra-dress vasna-
paNa)
Dinar(gold)=8 gm of gold(cf Mal. Pavan=8gm
goldpaNa/karsha).
Four weights found in Persepolis indicate that the mina was
499.80 gr.
Compare this with Indian Maund,seer ,paNa etc. The maund is
36.6 kg approximately similar to the Talent(cf.Bharata-
taranda-boattalent,nau-boat,9naava-boatpaNa). The
Indian karsha 80 retti ( 9 .8 gr ) and the Tola kar-sha-
paNa of 12 maasha(96 retti=11.76 gr.cf.satamana-weight of 100
rettis) are close to the shekel(8.3 gr. Cf.Palestanian shekel 11.5 gr.
she-kalkar-sha).The maasha (ma/paO + ma O + sha
=maasha=pan-ca -5=savanna-sacrifice) of 5 retti (0.6 gr.) is
comparable to the grain of .69 gr.Sha is
maanava(man).Maanava(man)maapaNa(scale=maa+phaNa-
sa=maasha=mass)maa(measure)+paNa(barter,wage,money,
chess;sama-equal,palm-panca-5).
Subdivisions of the shekel:
1 shekel = 2 divisions (zzu) or half shekels cf. sasa/aja in
the Harappan seals
Cf .
Beqa/beka: half 9cf.the female sex organ which resembles
the phaNa of the cobrabhaga(sun-srii-savitri-paNa-bhaj-
portion,part Mal-paati-halfvac)
o 1 division = 4.17 gr = ca. 1 Greek drachm=paNa ,
1 shekel is 8 slices (bitqu) = vibhaaga/bhaaga cf. , ,

o 1 slice = 1.04 gr
1 shekel = 12 grains (mahat) cf.matsa/mahisha
o 1 grain = 0.69 gr (Parthian, Late Achaemenid?)
Kara(hand)Kala(count,kala -palm cf.gala-neck,hala-plough
indicate kala/paNa and the gala of the animals is marked with
kala/paNa marks) gaNa(group) gaNita(calculation)
karaja(finger)gira(word,hill,swallowing cf.graaha/nakra-
alligator)
karNa(ear)karsha(weight of
gold/copper/silver)raksha(bandha=sa=latch/bolt , panca-5 cf.
, in H-182) rakta(red cf.rohita-
ibex)kalasa(jar)kiriita(crest cf. M-1170a)
garja(roar)garta(throne)horse
(asva;avasa-king;vrisha-bhadra-bull,king) gaatra(body)
gaja(elephant) gunja(liquorice)
cakra(wheel)panca(five)nakra(nose,gharial cf.nose
money)haraNa(hasta-hand)hariNa(deer,gold)paNata
(price)bandha(bond,chain,agreement,trade,bandhaka)
vaNija (trader)vanita(solicited,a
woman)vanda(praising)varsha(year,rain)simha
(lion/tiger) sankha(conch)
sankhya(number)summum(cf.Tamil-simmam/cingam-
lion)sum(total)sunsameksigma (simha-sankhya)
PaNa(gold/copper/silver) was used as wage of the servants and
as ferry tolls.
From the IVC / (panca=5karaja-fingersgarja-gaja-
simha-lion/tigerharsha-horripilation) ,the Early Phoenician
samek and the
Greek evolved.Sigma is sum or summa(cf.Tamil
simmam/cinkam-simha-lion/tiger.Simha is sankhya-number and
panca-broad,5-the summa-highest number on a normal hand).
Kara-hand /trunk is gaja(garja-elephant,karsha) and the
animal with the 5 feet(the unicorn with the four feet + the trunk)
or the figure of the human body /fish
ma(pa/va/ha-water)-Maa(to measure)-niira(water,it
indicated)-miina(fish)-maana(measure,volume,weight)-
maanava(man )-maapaNa(scale ,maa-to measure,paNa-
sama-equal)-maasha(weight)-maa-sa(month;maa-measure,sa-
god)-mesha(ram , , )-medha(samaapa-savana-
sacrifice cf. Rev.11.1-2 )
savana(sacrifice) sa(with,god,bird,snake)-
vana(water,tree)/paNa(price,praise,prize)
sa-maapa(measure) panca(5) sarpa(snake)
simha/garja(gaja-elephant,tiger,lion,gharial,snake)

Kanaa( kanya-virgo-vanita) indicate gnaa(vaac-
speech),naaNaka(a coin),naaga(snake), nagna(naked
cf.H-3305),gaNana(counting) etc. Strii is
srii(sun,fire,light,prosperity,prii-propitiate,krii-buy).
Bhadra(vanita-Durga-virgo-a girl or virgin) indicate
bhadra(king,bull,gold,elephant,hill,cipher,auspiciousness
etc.),panca(5) etc.
Vanita( vaama-a woman) can indicate
ganita(calculation),panca(5) and vaNija( a trader)
Hari-snake,man,bird,monkey,lion,frog,deer-goldkari-
elephantkalihali
paNa(money,praise,sun;vana-worship,love)phaNa(hood of a
snake)-paana(jar,vana-vansu-wooden vessel and panca-5)-
paaNa(paaNi-hand)-baaNa(arrow)-naava(boat,praise)-
bhaama(sun)vana(house,water,tree)-vaama(a woman
cf.bhaama-the sun,paana-jar)
karshakarNa(ear,hariNa-gold,haraNa-hand,nakra-
nose,karaNa-deed or writ) hasta(hand) matsa(fish)
masta(head)nasta(nose)
The gunja/sankha were counted in units of panca(5) with the
karaja (gunja-abrus/garja-roar/gaNita-calculation/vanita-
woman/vaNija-trader/simha-tiger or lion/samek/zigma cf.tiger
cowry ).
Bhaaravaaha(administrator , ) is bhaara and vaaha(=4
bhaara).

Refer Coins of Ancient India- Alexander Cunningham
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QOM2-
rdspM8C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=karsha++weight&source=bl&o
ts=6KQ56Sai4V&sig=rhE8DN4Jkt61R8Kb7_1HtZjePJI&hl=en&sa=X&
ei=2n-
WULLANcmGrAfhyoGICw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&
q=karsha%20%20weight&f=false
Artha saastra mentions about paNa of
Ardha maashaka,maashaka,dvau ,catvaara,ashtau
maashaka,suvarNa eka,suvarNasu dvau , shatvaara,
Ashtau suvarNa,dasa,vimsati,trimsat,catvaarimsat,satam (cf.the
money divisions of Lydia)etc.
According to Manu 2 krishnalas make one silver maashaka and
16 maashakas/32 ratis(58 grains) make one silver dharana or
puraNa.
The same symbols/measures were used by the Phoenician traders
for their coins as is shown below.
PhoenicianCoin2A.jpg
Nara simha-sphinx-king naava/ paNa .Note the fish+
horse/ass/Pisces /Asvinau. According to the Vedas Asvinau are
Naasatya(matsya-fish) and Dasra(ass,Asvini asterism). Dasra is
disa(direction),satra(house,the position of the sun in the
northeast marking dawn),sarat(the season -
when the full moon in this asterism happens) etc.
TaraNi (boat) is Indra/paNa. Simha is king/sankha.
Naava-boat is paNa-money,praise. Taranda-boat may indicate
DharaNa/ Talent etc.Vana(plant symbols,water,house) indicate
paNa/sankha .
F.W.Thomas indicates a reference to karsha in an Aramaic
papyrus which shows that the money of the Aramaic colony in
Egypt in the 6
th
century B.C .was reckoned in Karshas. This
indicates the survival of the Indus valley system of weights and
measures through the centuries into the historical period not only
in India(through the numerous karsha coins issued by the Indian
kings of the Mahajanapadas) but also in those foreign countires
that had trade relations with IVC. The reach of the karsha from
IVC to Egypt through the Phoenicians can be inferred by linking
this coin and the statement of F.W.Thomas.
Note the karsha paNa in the
garja(lion/tiger/elephant/croc),vaama(strii/srii-
women,wealth,siva,kaama;bhaama-sun-paNa) and
naava(boat).The bhadraasva(Lamasu/Pegasus;asva-bull/horse
with patra-wing and vaara-tail/cup of fish transformed into a
paana(cup) to show viira hero,king as bhadraasva/
viirabhadra(Mahaaraaja-great king cf.viiraraaya fana of
Malabar) itself.Thus the fish(bhuj-hand,food;hasta-hand,matsa-
fish,paaNa-hand,paana-jar,paNa-money ) with garja(simha-
lion/tiger) is karsha paNa which in fact is panca(5)
karaja(finger) of paaNa(bhuja-hasta-hand).The palm square
itself is pa and the karaja(fingers) form
harsha (erection) on it to make na and thus paNa (fana/phaNa-
hood) is formed for the bhuja(hand,bhoga-snake,pasas-phallus).

Following the vedic IVC,the earliest coins of pure gold and silver
were made by King Croesus of Lydia, son of Alyattes as
historians taught us till now. Shortly afterward in the same region
gold "darics"(cf.karsha) and silver "sigloi" (cf.sulka) were issued
by the Achaemenid Empire of the Persians.
Assyria
It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur
(Akkadian: Assryu; Arabic: Ar; Hebrew: Ar, Aramaic:
Aur. God is the king or the nation.cf.Bharata(atharva): suur-
svar-suurya-the sun god .Bhaarata is fire.


Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin,(cf.Sur-the sun;pur-
town- shown by bull,tiger,lion,elephant etc.) showing transport of
Lebanese cedar (8th century BC).
Compare this with the IVC amulet M-1429b



http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_da
tabase/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=367895&partid=1&out
put=Terms%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F16112%2F!%2F%2F!%2FAchaeme
nid%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_th
e_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=10
&numpages=10
Persian coin Inscriptions
Not only the Lydians,the Persians too followed the IVC coin
tradition with the Kings promise of standard
weight/measure/value.
Inscription Script: cuneiform
Inscription Language: Elamite
Inscription Translation: 2 karsha(cf.). I [am] Darius, the great
king, the son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian

Date :6thC BC-5thC BC
Period/Culture :Achaemenid
Description
Polished diorite pyramidal weight: weight of two karsha (Old
Persian, Elamite) = 1/3 mana (Babylonian); trilingual inscription
with five, seven and eight lines respectively stating that "I [am]
Darius, the great king, the son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian"

Pyramidal weight in diorite
The Trustees of The British Museum.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/iran/bm_gallery.shtml?select=03
12
Superintendent of Weights and Measures,
Duties of Superintendents, Arthashastra
Superintendent of Weights and Measures shall begin his work
with the manufacture of the state owned weights and measures.
Chapter XIX of Book II in Arthashastra gives a detailed
description of the weights and measures with the orders in which
it is presented. The units of weights begin with 10 seeds and ends
up with suvarnas. It includes 10 seeds of masha or Ardha-masha
(half a masha), one masha, two mashas, four mashas, eight
mashas, one suvarna, two suvarnas, four suvarnas, eight
suvarnas, ten suvarnas, twenty suvarnas, thirty suvarnas, forty
suvarnas and one hundred suvarnas. Similar weights shall also be
made in case of dharanas. Weights shall be made up of iron or
stone which should not get contracted on heating or expanded
when comes in contact with water.

Superintendent of Weights and Measures will then begin the
manufacturing and division of the weights and measures as has
been specified in Arthashastra. The weights and measures of
Maurya Empire was based on the division of angulas ( ) and its
metallic strength which will decide the amount of weight each
barter consist of and the prices fixed accordingly. For this reason
it demarcates the weight with the division of angulas ( )and
palas( ). The weighing system as mentioned in Arthashastra
includes that a balance called samavratta , with its lever 72
angulas long (cf. the buffalo horn scales of IVC,kaksha/bhadra/
paNa/sama/samavritta) and weighing 53 palas in its metallic
mass, shall also be made. A scale-pan of 5 palas in the weight of
its metallic mass being attached to its edge, the horizontal
position of the lever (sama-karana cf . paNasama) when
weighing a karsha shall be marked (on that part of the lever
where, held by a thread, it stands horizontal). To the left of that
mark, symbols such as 1 pala, 12, 15 and 20 palas shall be marked.
After that, each place of tens up to 100 shall be marked. In the
place of Akshas, the sign of Nand(cf. ) shall be marked.

Likewise a balance called parimani, of twice as much metallic
mass as that of samavratta and 96 angulas in length shall be
made. On its lever, marks such as 20, 50 and 100 above its initial
weight of 100 shall be carved.
The digits being division of the hand the short marks/lines might
denote divisions of the karsha and the long lines might denote
full maashas/karshas.

20 tulas = 1 bhaara (cf.bhaari-tiger/lion)
10 dharanas = 1 pala
100 such palas = 1 ayamani (measure of royal income
Cf.: : ajaayasa4aaya).
Aja-Indra,king,ram
Aya going,a die,chess,the number 4,good fortune,good luck.
Aaya arrival,income,revenue,taxes,gain,the number4, a
formula of sacrifice
Aayadvaara-the place where revenues are collected cf. ,
Aayavyaya-income and expenditure
Pala ravakala hala cf. count-sound-pound

Superintendent of Weights and Measures then mentions that the
state shall have separate balances for public, servants and
harems as public balance, servant`s balances and harem
balances. The palas of each of the above successively falls short of
the same in ayamani by half a dharana. The metallic mass of the
levers of each of the above successively decreases in weight by
two ordinary palas and in length by six angulas. Besides
excepting flesh, metals, salt and precious stones, an excess of five
palas (prayama) of all other commodities (shall be given of the
king) when they are weighed in the two first- named balances.

Superintendent of Weights and Measures while organising the
weights and measures according to a table, shall also have the
freedom to charge 4 mashas(cf.aaya) on stamping weights and
measures. A fine of 27 1/4 panas shall be imposed for using
unstamped weights and measures. Further the traders shall pay
one kankani to the superintendent towards the charge of
stamping the weights and measures. Those who trade on butter
and oil product shall pay a compensation of 1/32 part or more as
compensation of for the decrease in the quantity of ghee owning
to its liquid conditions. While selling liquid traders shall have to
pay 1/50th part as compensation for the dimunition of quantity,
owing to its overflow or adhesion to the measuring can.

Thus, Superintendent for weights and measures is primarily
responsible for the manufacturing, putting right measures for
right weights and collection of compensation in case of any loss or
unavailability. The job of a superintendent of weights and
measures goes with the job of superintendent of commerce who
shall need these weights and measures as manufactured by the
superintendent of weights and measures.
http://www.indianetzone.com/51/superintendent_weights_measur
es.htm

http://www.bethisad.com/weights_and_measures.htm
The Indian Standard measures conform in part to SI standards:

Weights

1 rattika (r) = 3 grana (0.19 g) cf.nakra/sara-water,
na/ma-water/bond
5 rattikas = 1 masha
16 mashas = 1 karsha
30 karshas = 1 tola =suura
5 tolas = 1 grena=graaha
Linear

1 angula = No Equiv. (3.0 cm) =
5 angulas = 1 hasta =
Dhanu = a measure of 4 hastas = , etc.

56 hastas = 1 danda
1,000 dandas = 1 kosa Hence kosala ?
3 kosas = 1 yojana = yosha- na

Time

1 pala = 1 sec
60 palas = 1 ksana
60 ksanas = 1 hora
24 horas = 1 dina

http://sirimunasiha.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/


13
Cash

Cash usually refers to money in the form of currency, such as
banknotes and coins. Cash is kac/gaja/vac/word- the word of the
king/the governor/government about the value of the mudra
patra(writ/chit/note) . This practice was initiated by the IVC
chieftains.

Etymology of cash
The English word cash(gunja-abrus;karsha-weight,garja-roar-
tiger/lion/gharial/snake;gaja-elephant;jhasha-fish) is of the
French caisse, itself a borrowing of the Provenal caissa. That
Provenal word is a derivative of the Latin capsa (box, chest ,
, etc.cf.vac-face,caksha-nayana-eye,king,sabda-sound-
capsa is the mouth), most likely by way of an unattested Vulgar
Latin form *capsea; Spanish caja and Portuguese caixa are their
respective languages' reflexes. From the original sense of a box or
a chest, the word came to refer to a sum of money.
Historical usage in Asia
The word was formerly used also to refer to certain low-value
coins used in South and East Asia. This sense derives from the
Tamil/Telugu ksu, a South Indian monetary unit which can be
traced back to Sanskrit karsa , a weight of gold or silver but akin
to Old Persian karsha - a weight. a unit of value equivalent to
one cash coin. The early European representations of this
Tamil/Telugu word, including Portuguese caxa and English cass,
merged the existing words caixa and cash, which had similar
connections with money. In the pre-1818 South Indian monetary
system, the cash was the basic coin, with 80 cash equalling a
fanam and 42 fanams equalling a star pagoda worth roughly 7
s. 8 d.

This assimilated Tamil/Telugu word was then applied to various
other coins with which European traders came into contact,
including the famous holed cash coins of China, the Chinese cash.
These coins were commonly strung on cords for use in larger
transactions; 1000 equalled a tael.
The Sanskrit word pasu and Latin word pacus or pecunia means
cattle, but it is kac/vac/vac/pasu/vasu-word/gold that was used
as money and not the live cattle.
There are references to Nishka / nishka-griva (gold ornaments) /
hiranyapinda- gold globules / Shatamana as the means of
exchange of uniform weights.
The counting and measuring
The Tamils adopted the counting and measuring systems of the
Bharats like the other peoples of the ancient world.
For counting the basic unit is agna(fire).Agna eka aga
aja mesha naaza(nose) mass
maasha (a weight unit) raaja(king). Maasha/nishka being the
nose (kings face) are nose money for the Chinese.
The root term to measure is maa(to measure , ) from which
comes the maana,miina,maasha,mass,metre,litre, mile etc. The
hasta(hand,panca-5paNa( netra/Dinara/
Indra/homa/muuka)sama-equalkaraja-
fingerskarshagaNita-calculationkala-calculationkara-
handgala-neckhala-plough which produce gharsha-scratch
marks to indicate the count/pound/sound) was the basic unit of
counting.
Hence the dasa(2x5 decimal gaja/dasa/raaja/srii /sa/ka )
and sexagesimal(3x4x5) systems came into force.The five
fingers on both hands gave a bhadra(baahu/vaaha/pasu/vasu-
hand,bull,gold.Mal. Pattu-ten,paRa-measure of grain). This is
the roman symbol of ten=2xV=X.Crossed baaNa(arrow,paana-
pot,paaNa-palm) with vanita(women,panca-5) in K-65.
The V=5=is the palm(insert your palm into the figure of the
number and see) itself.It is
va,pa,sa etc.Hence paada-four and dasa-ten are indicated by X.
The three divisions of the four fingers on a hand multiplied by the
five fingers on the other hand makes shashty(sa-hasta = sixty).
Bhadra being hasta(panca-5 cf.Egyptian deben ).Initially this
may have indicated
the number 5. Sa is patri(pakshi-bird).Bhadra is
hasta(five),bhadra(pasu = ten),paada-tra
or tripaada(twelve).
These units might have been in use either simultaneuously for
different purposes or at
different periods of the development of the civilization itself.
Note the bhadra pakshii or Gaayatri (syena) or soma
bhadra(droNa kalasa/suvarNa/Garuda/suparNa) in the scripts
like , H-166a
This soma bhadra (drona/srona bhadra) is the nirapaRa(
puurNa kumbha full pot)of the Keralites which is still used in
auspicious occasions like marriage,house warming etc.
Haatra (wages) was paid as one paNa (daily) to the lowest and
six to the highest.Likewise one droNa of grain was given every
month and clothing was given every six months.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/65468316/31/The-counting-and-
measuring
A Nishka is four Suvarnas(note the eyes making a four) . A
PaNa of copper/arka is a Krshika (having the weight of one
Karsha). A coin made of a Karsha of copper has to be known as a
Krshika PaNa.
It is also called an Andik. Four such are a Dhnaka. Twelve of
the latter are a SuvarNa. That is also called a Dnra (denarius
cf.netra-king,eye;aksha-eye,karshacf.1 shekel=3.5/4 denarii).

http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe33/sbe3368.htm








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_marked_coins

14
Punch marked coins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The first coins in India were minted around the 6th century BC by
the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and certainly
before the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC.
The coins of this period were punch(panca-5
karshagarjagartagharshaharshadridrusrii/hari
svarsarpamudrapatra akshara writ/script) marked
coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. Several of these coins
had a single symbol, for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull,
and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika, others, like Magadha,
had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a
standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by
cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by
cutting the edges of the coin.They are mentioned in the Manu,
Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries
longer in the south than the north (600BCE-300CE)".
Mauryan Period (322185BC)

Punch marked with an Elephant(gajagarjakarsha, Sun-
paNa)

During the Mauryan period, punch marked coins continued to be
issued in large quantities, these are a continuation of the
Magadha Kingdom coinage as the ruling house of this empires
established the Mauryan Empire. They contained on average 50-
54 grains of silver in each coin depending on wear and 32 rattis in
weight (Manu smruti,4) and earlier coins are flatter than later
coins. Punches on these coins count to 450 with the most common
the sun and six-armed symbols, and various forms of geometrical
patterns, circles, wheels, human figures, various animals, bows
and arrows, hills and trees etc.
The basic coin is called the Karshapana (pana) in numismatic
terms but the Arthasastra stated there are at least 4
denominations of silver coins in pana, ardhapana (half
pana=arka=sun), pada (quarter pana cf. or m290 a) and
ashta-bhaga, or arshapadika (one-eighth pana
cf. , , ). But only the Karshapana is found. There is no
issues found of the other denominations even though cut coins are
found.

The style of these coins is not artistic, but they do show
recognizable designs such as Buddhist Shrines and Chaitya, or
animals such as the elephant, horse, lion, etc. On the reverse side
of the coins is depicted the so-called Ujjain symbol, which is "a
cross with four circles at the end of the two crossing lines."

In the image on the right, the obverse has Bust of the king with
an Asokan Brahmi legend in Prakrit: "Siri Satakanisa Rano ...
Vasithiputasa". The reverse has a Ujjain/Stavhana symbol
facing left. Crescented six-arch chaitya hill right and a River
below. Tamil Brahmi legend: "Arahanaku Vahitti makanaku Tiru
Hatakaniko."
References
^ "Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC - circa 300
AD)". Government Museum Chhennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-shurasena.html Accessed
06/03/2007
^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Accessed
06/03/2007
^ http://www.med.unc.edu/~nupam/ancient1.html accessed
15/2/2007
^ "Coins of Satavahanas (232 BC - 227 AD)". Government
Museum Chhennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
External links
The archaic Indian punch marked coins-Approaches to
classification - by Shailendra Bhandare

M296a
Bhadraasana karsha paNa (vana+baana=aasa). Bhadra/vata is
Bharata by its size and its unicorn leaf.The unicorns again
indicate this.Tree(ma)+hastins(ha)=mahaa(naaga cf.naga-
tree/sun/hill like the big/fig tree ) + the fish pa +
rada/sara/sira=bharata/bhadra indicate mahaa
bhadra/mahaaraaja/mahaa deva/maadhava as in .
Satyaapana(promise)/satyasandha( truthful)/srii
vedi(mudra-seal;druma-tree) is shown by binding
(muu)srii(unicorns)to the satya vana(Ficus tree-druma-mudra
itself as seen in theGoverment of Kerala seal next to it). Raaja
naaga(king cobra) is the king(pa-nri-hari-srii-raaja-naaga-
garta-garja-gaja-kari) and the elephant(unicorn).Ka(head ,
) of naaga(unicorn) is kanaka(hema-
gold).Kaccavata(Mal.trade) mudra(mark) is made with
kaccha(aksha/garja/karsha/garta/kaksha/kakshya/satya)-
druma(mudra/anrita)satyaanrita(trade/commerce/
co-merge/con-verge !)
kaksha(bull/buffalo/karsha/gaja/vaisya/vaNik/paNa/vana)
cf.KR)/kakshya(scale) - aapta(expertise,gain,truth)
kaccavata(trade).
Aapta(gain,expert)/pati(lord) made ka(head)-pati/ka-rsha(srii)
and kapata(false) is aanrita(false).
Gaja+
druu(srii)kshetra(temple)/kshatra(king/tin)nagesa(naga-
agna/eka/iisa/srii/raaja-the sun,tree,mountain,snake,the number
7etc.The god in the tree,on the mountain,on the snake etc. is the
sun/the king.Praise to the tree is praise to srii-the sun/the
king)mahesa(naga/agna-
deva/siva,cf.druu/srii/rudra)mahaaraaja(emperor
cf.iisa=raja=srii=the sun).
Asva(avasa/uksha/ukta/usha/kac/kaca/katha/kaac/kaaca/kesa/
karsha/gata/gada/garja/pada/patra/bhadra/rava/raasa/vrisha/
vac/harsha-speech,writ cf.Hindi.aavaas,Mal. O sa;osh ta-lips)
tied (kaac)to the asvattha is this.Zebu bulls(asva,kac-vac,osa,-
sound,o shtha-lip- bali vedi,kattu-patra-srii-writ,letter) tied to
various trees(satya/sasya/vana/paNa/druu/srii/sira) carry the
same sense (Refer DTIS page 21.Fig 1.14&1.15.).
Asva (avasa-the sun,king/vac-word,Hind.aavaas/vaca-the
sun/srii/nri-light,king/druu-treesrii)-sta/pada/vedi-bed is
asvattha(satya-pledge,Vishnu,Fig treesrii vedi-mudra-seal
patraasana-seat of leaf/king bhadraasana-seat of
bull/elephant/kingseat/bed of bhadra/vata/king which is
shown by the asva-bull/hill/elephant tied to the Fig/big
tree.Being asva it is vata(asvabha-dra/bala -large,elephant
Hind.bata,Mal.val large)/vara/vada/pada/rava/deva.Bha-dra
has bha(cf.stars on trees;pa-leaves) and srii.
Bhadra(bull,king,gold,girl,elephant,mountain,circle) is
drava(fish,dru-gold) and patra(leaf,bird,writ). Asvattha has
netra(aerial root,king,Indra ). Druu is srii/raaja/iisa/deva/rava.
Vriksha is prakaasa.Vitapa/paadapa is
prabha(srii,prakaasa)/ushapa. Paada/vaada/veda/bed is moola
as in , , etc. as vana(tree has roots) / paNa/naaNya-
money/ nayana-eye is suurya/arka/argha/kara/muulya-value
also.PaNa/dhana/sana is kara/kala/gaNa-numbers. Numbers
have squares and square roots .Vaara(roof) is varga/square and
paada/moola is root .Moola dhana is moola paNa/capital.
Netra(eye,king,sacrifice)/mudra(seal)/Indra(god)/Rudra
(god)/Mitra(god)/nayana(aksha-eye,wheel;uksha-uktha-
bull/bulla;gaja-elephant;asva/avasa/vaca-the
sun,king,word;asvattha-satya-paNa-
vana)/naaNya(paNa)/drishti(eye)/
paNa(sun,money,chess,pledge)/rava (sun,sound)/nava(9)
srii(asva/aksha)-sta/vedi/padasa-pta(asva-seven),
sa-bda(sound)sapatha(satya-paNa-vana cf.satya-
Asvattha-Figtree,Vishnu)sa-shti(sixty)
si-shta(balance) na-shta(loss) tri-pti(satisfaction)
srii-pati(Vishnu,king)sri-shti/kri-ti(creation,work)
+ dhana(srii-wealth,plus)
srii /mudra/srii mukha / / / / / / (mu-
three,catura-suurya-sriimudra/patra/seal/writ)



Bharata/bhadra-the bull is
bulla/mudra/mantra/srii/sira/gira-word.The bhadra/druu-tree is
srii/sira/raaja/Heb.sar-king/pa-leaf,king,water cf.fig leaf and
kings well. Hence it is satyaapana/satya-
aapaNa/satyasandha/sriimudra/sriivedi / /or strii
vedi(jaghana/sankha-Aum/sanga-union as / 3 /
(panca/patra/bhadra/mudra/writ) . The mark of srii/sa
mudra(druu/srii-three lines with a central rakta/raksha/red
dot/red bindu/bha/pa to make srii/raaja/bhadra/pa/sa/bha
/drava /deva/rava/paNa/mana/naama/miina) is made
above the trivedi/srii vedi formed by the aksha(eye,aakaasa-
sriivedi) and the naasa( nose,raaja-king,naada/rava/paNa-
sound/count) on the sira(head,srii/raaja/ Raama/naaga/
gaja/garja/simha/harsha / / ).The vedi is also shown
in Fig 1.15. with the bull (kings word) and tree(satya cf.touch
wood/head ! ) to indicate the kings promise by fire(mu-dra/sira)
or by the fire god/word god/svar-the sun.Bhadra(bull-bulla-
bharata-word-srii-veda-vidhi) is
shown with / 3/ /
jaghana(vedi of strii/rati/tri-3)-sankha- of strii/bhadra-women
/patra-bird/word/writ figures and vedi / trivedi/mushka
to show nishka/moksha.
HariNa(deer)/sarabha(deer)/sarpa(snake)/bhadra(king,bull;
patra-writ) /svar(srii-word,sky,sun cf.Word is fire! Fire is god!
Word is god!)/talpa( / vedi-bed/fire
pit/signet/seal/sign/sinha/leo/deo. sara na/ma PaNa/Ra-
va/Mu-dra/Mi-tra/Ru-dra/In-dra/ne-tra are gods !) is shows
karaNa-writ/hariNa-gold which is indicated by bhadra also. Vedi
placed on the plant (patraasana)shows bhadraasana(jaghana-
sankha - bhadra naada-bhadra vaac-Bharadvaaja-bhadra
paada-bhadra aja-Prithu Vasa-paartha vasa- kings
authority,note the elevated position of this script) and
aajnaapatra(command writ. cf.the stone slabs of the ten
commandments).Bhadra is rock and patra is leaf for writing. The
bull/bulla/paNa paNa/satyaapana.Satya(sa)/sasya(sa)-
sandha(mu)-bhadra(patra) is samudra( a name,ocean,mudra of
sa/god/king) or satyasandha(truthful) patra(writ).
Vriksha itself is Riktha/bhadra/king/gold.Aasana(seat) of
patra(leaf/pa/king)is aasana of bhadra/va(bull) and vri-gaja.
The kaaca +gaja/kesa cf.hair buns /rada/sira as in
/(sikya-swing ,scale Mal.uRi;ka-head,paatra-aasa-seat-neck-
paNa-vaacaka-kavaca-kaksha-
buffalo/scale;kaacakarshagarjagajasimhagarta-
simhaasana-throne) is the seat of paatra(bhadra-garta/pan of
scale)and indicate vedi / karsha / kaaca(gold ),ka(head/pa-
king)-aja(king/aasa-face,seat) , kesa(hair),gaja(ka-sa
cf.elephant tied to tree(cf.M-296a,bull etc.later),kac/vaac/
kaac(bandha/bond) etc. King is wing and swing.
Srii/svar(sun,fire,sound) is uRi(Mal.swing) and
uri(Mal.speech,uriyaatuka-to speak;kiRi-ciRi-cuntu-
lips/sound;gira-speech,mountain etc.Srii is word and fire.Srii
vedi/bali vedi/fire place is vedi-signet,seal- of word also.
Cf.Mal.tiippori prasangam-fiery speech. Heb.dabar-
speak,promise;taberah-fire;saabar- to buy grain;seber-
grain,lion.The karsha/garja/garta/srii/hari.URiuri
u nu/nam/paN -ru -roar,praise,pierce,fight ,
Rudra/rudhira-red,blood/mudra/bhadra-
king,bull,circle,cipher,elephant,virgin/mana/paNa cf.round
seals/red seals/seals with bull,circle,elephant,virgins etc.).
Malayalam letter Sa () is the snake(sa-snake,bird,god) and in
the inverted form is U (- siva,moon) also. Thus mukha (aasa-
face) is sukha ( su-kha) , ukha(pot,u-ka/head;Mal.monta-
face,monta-jar as in Egyptian also) etc. Mukha/mudra is
sikya/srii vedi itself. Prasanga(gira-sanga/sira-sanga/ srii-
sanga/strii-sanga) vedi(bed/podium/fire place,sacrificial altar) is
the neck/mudra-seal/muurddhaa-crest fixing as in , , etc.
Miina-fish is niir/pa/vana-water and srii/bha-light/sun/star. Cf.
Heb.neer/or-light.The priest sprinkling the holy water shows the
sun beaming the rays of light.
Kema (hiina-bad/evil) druma(srii-wealth) yoga of astrology
shows poverty . But naaga-druma/srii is naaga/mahaa-raaja
or prosperity shown by gajakesari yoga in this.Kesara-gold is
bhadra( patra -drava -druu )/M-300 .
Gaja lakshmi ,gaja raaja etc are also indicated by these
forms.Bharata/bhadra/paartha-king is pa/va-bull + rada-horn.
Bhadra naaga is mahaaraaja/mahaadeva.
panca/bandha/simha/sriivedi /bhadraasana
=paNa/bhaanu/bhaama/pala/dasa/cara-shell paNa money/srii
(sira/masta/ka/fish) vedi(bhedi/ru/nu-spear)
rsha/paNa nishka(nahusha)
Nishkarsha(nahusha+ rsha)-right to left
The left to right and right to left writing is the vedic round seal
style to make it a royal mudra.
bhadraasana(aajna/yajana)/sii vedi /panca/bandha
paNa/dara/cara paNa satya karsha,bhadraasana
bhadraasana aksha .Note the aasana of the
bhadra(bull,king,gold) gaja(karsha-unicorn) on the patraasana-
tree(dru-bhadra-vata). Vana(tree) is paNa.Vriksha is
vri(srii,tri,dru)-gaja(garja-karsha) denoted by the unicorn(ka-
sa;gar-ja;sa-kara) .
srii mudra /mukha
mudra/bandha/panca /vedi dara/cara/gaja/sankha
paNa
Aksha-business,trade ,
Aksha=collar bone= =5,=aakaasa = kaksha/gaja
Asvattha(Fig tree;asvasttha-trembling leaves;asva-
bull/king,stha-seatma-sta=headma-tsa/drava-
fish;ma/pa=king,water,leaf;patra-leaf,wing,fin,bird;bhadra-
bull/king/girl;paana/paatra/camasa-jar/dhaama-seat/maasa-
month/naasa-nosecf.nose money and the elephants nose;seat of
bird/leaf/king is the Fig/Pisces-
fish/vana/paNa)Asvatthaama(son of DroNa/an
elephant;asva/avasa-sun/king;dhaama-seat/throne
cf. , )garta(throne)Garuda(.H-166a , -
bird/word cf.srii vedi)ka(head,light,water)-
sa(god/snake/bird)karshagajamudra(Rudra/rudhira/
Mitra/Indra/netra) svarNa/srii vedi/sira
paadaprabhaata(usha/u-sa/a-ja;dawn)
Srii(agna-fire) is tree. Agnesa(iisa-srii-raaja-lord)
nagesa(naga-tree,hill,snake,elephant)Ganesa(elephant
god)Mahesa(siva)mahisha(buffalo)Mahaabhadra(the
king)
Aasa(dhaama-seat,face)/aja(king,ram)/ usha(dawn)/kaca/
kaaca/kesa/gaja/naaga/raaja/srii/sira/ka/samu-
kha(face)mu-dramuu-ka(fish)
ru(roar,rava/paNa/sun)/mu(bond)/u(roar)-dra(srii/sira/sara cf.
spearing the bull/king)usra(bullcf.M-318)
/bhadra(gold,bull,king,virgin).
Rudra is bhadra/patra/mudra.
SvarNa(gold) is sva(wealth)/dva(two)-nri;sa-nripa/varNa/
parNa ; sa-va/pa/nri etc.Gold is two kings/three kings!.It is
bhadra(bull/king/gold/ka)asva(avasa/aksha/naaga/gaja/hema
cf.M-300 nishka/kanaga-gold) / / aksha
paada(pa=aja=paada-feet)/hiraNyaaksha/ashtaapada(eight
footed) also.
Thus aksha(karsha/panca/cakra/sarpa/srii/sa-snake)/a/sa +
u/dha/dhi + varNa/parNa/kaara suvarNa(gold)
adhikaraNa(the act of placing at the head)/adhikaara(power
)
Hence the golden throne of the king/deity indicate srii vedi/power
especially when combined with panca
mukha/simhaasana/Garuda/Anantha naaga/Nandi bull etc.
Symbol of srii / / is adhika(plus)/svastika itself.

H-183b vana/patraasana /drumapaNa
mudra/bhadraasana vedi/druu vedi/srii
vedi/trivedibali(Frankincense tree or Pine or Fir) Pine or
palm with its uninodal branches or leaves is special to indicate
varsha(cakra/karsha/raaja;valaya-paNa-vedi)
paNa/paaNa(palm; / ) as the kings usually issued coins for
each year of their reign like the annual branches or rings of the
trees. Druu is srii.Druu(tree) has pa(leaf,king,water).So is
srii/raaja/nri/nri-pa . Druma is mudra(hence druma chosen for
mudra cf vana on muurddha/crest to show paNa mudra and on
aasana/moola to show mooladhana/capital)/Marut/Mitra.Sasya
is satya(srii vedi).Sasya with phaNa/ring shows
satyaapana(pledge and praise of Vishnu).Each ring/cakra being
a varsha/sarpa may be a karsha/nishka . The 8 rings may
indicate 8 nishka(cakra-sarpa-nahusha-nishka) or karsha.There
is more importance for the druu(srii-tree-sun/word/prosperity)
vedi(mudra/devi/altar/dais/vedika) as it is the promise of the
king and symbol of the sun/fire/prosperity.We can see the
TulasittaRa(Holy Basil vedi;tulasisurabhi
su-ravi/paNa/sunpuurva-the eastsuurya-the sun) in the
houses of the Hindu Vaishnavites even now.Vana is
paNa(Vishnu/sun). Srii vedi is kshetra/go-aalaya/ko-il/ko-vil/srii
kovil.Hence the gods/kings beds /temples/palaces are
represented by Fig/big/Banyan/paNa/satya tree beds
(cf.Egyptian bata ) and the hindu houses exhibit the smaller Basil
beds for the same purpose.
The kalpapaadapa daana(gold tree offering) is a form of
sacrifice also. Instead of making a tree of gold a coin/note
marked with a tree might have been offered .
Druu is srii(sa-1,ra-0,ra-0100-satasada/saada-
fruits&vegetables) and satamakha/paNa(tree+worshipper) is
Indra(netra/raaja/srii/strii/Narunda/AruNa+arusha).Mudra is
druma(tree) / damuuru(drum)/ naataka(naada/drama) .
Kaladhuuta/kaladhauta -silver/gold also cf Kalebara is the
body. Kalopajiiva is one wholives on kala(gala/hala)-interest.
Note the kala/paNa mark on gala to indicate interest or nishka
in some seals .
Compare with bhadraasana panca( sankha)-
varsha/mudra/patra/satra-nishka/karsha
Srii-vedi-mudra is shown by nrit/narta-dance in bhadraasana
mudra .Mudra is druma(tree),damuuru(drum) and
drama(naatakanaada).Vriksha is
va/pa(king,water,VaruNa,leaf)- Riktha(gold)/raksha(raaja-
king)/prakaasa(light)/bharga(arka)-
aasa(face/seat).Naga(tree/sun) satra(seat) is
nakshatra(asterism)/moksha(heavens).Simha(tiger) is karsha
,panca and tunga which is the same as sa(with)-
naga(tree)/nakha(claws)/sankha.Panca sankha is maasha.
Narta/harsha is narda-garja roar whereby karsha/nishka
is further indicated along with the gaja/garja/pushkara-
elephant.
var-Na + sa + dra u ma svarNa mudra
svarNa rudra svarNa mitra/mudra .
vana-ca/panca/vanda/bandha mu dra na/ni
jaga/gajapanca mudra/karsha nishka is alternative.
Along with panca/simhaasana/bhadraasana it can make
bhadraasana suvarNa
Mudra or bhadraasana push/panca/bandha ka ra a
ksha also.
Srii(druu/naga/aga)
vedi(vedika/satra(house,sacrifice)/praakaara/prabhaata) is
Naga(aga-
sun,tree,snake,mountain)/naaga(arrow,snake,elephant,a
ram)/naaka(the sky) satra /kshatra/nakshatra(srii
vedi/star)/nishkarsha/nishka-raaja/mahaa raaja/mahaabhadra.
Hence the nakshatra is portrayed on trees (eg.H-179 )and seen
with gods / kings/officials(bhaara vaaha/vaara vaaha-water
carrier.Water/bhadra/vana/paNa/pa/ma is the king.Sriivedi is
raaja pada/power/pa-vara/vaara.). The vedi of srii /naga-satra
is the nakshatra/star of Bethlehem(beth-house,el-god,naaka-sky
srii vedi) in the Bible(Matthew.2). The rising head of the
pancamukha-Tiger indicate the rising sun indicated by the
nakshatra of Tiger/Kritika/Jaatavedas/Ucchaisravas(usha-usra
pada/prabhaata)/Airaavata/vimsottari beginning.
Also sa(god)aja(eka-aga-gaja-agna-1)srii(tri3 srii
vedi/strii vedi)sanga(bandha/sankha/panca/aksha-5,snake-
sa)vimsa(20)
Vimsottari(120) is the nakshatra dasa system and it is
Vimsa(20)-u-srii(100).
Narunde with nakshatra/star(DTIS page262.Fig.14.36)/water
carrier with nakshatra/star(DTIS page 183.Fig.10.7)/three kings
with star indicate bha(sun/star)-dra(srii-the king) and
naaga/naga satra or srii vedi.
H-179b Srii vedi /paNa(vana,nava,nabha-
sky)/patraasana(bhadraasana-throne)/satyaanrita(trade)/
Satya(truth,Fig)/sasya(plant)-antar(inside)/anrita(untruth)
Nakshatra is naga-satra.Satyasandha(truthful) is satya-
aasandha(seat)/sandha(bond). Asva-ttha(Fig tree) as
avasa(sun,king)-sta(seat) is srii(druu,naga,naaga,naaka) vedi
and has more eligibility to attach nakshatras.
Naga/gaNa/kanaka/naaga/hema is the sun,tree,mountain,snake
etc. Vana(tree,water,house) is
paNa(trade,barter,chess,price,money) , vipaNa(trade/sale),
phaNa/vipanna(snake/unicorn).
In fact sa is snake and god.God is love(sneha) .
Sneha(love)/kanaka(gold) is sa-naga(sun,tree)/naaga(sa) or
sata .Naaga is kaama(love) and sa(god).This is nishka
too.Kanaka(gold) is kaamini(Bhadra is king,gold and girl).
A temple is kshetra/kshatra/ka or kha/naga-satra /nakshatra
Itself.It is srii vedi /vedika/praakaara. It is Mal.
ambalaambara-the sky. It is koil/srii kovil indicating
Go(sun/sky)/ko(king) il(aalaya-house).
In this seal
Srii(sira+tra=pa+tra/rada=bhadra/bharata=unicorn=fig leaf)
vedi(paada=bhadraasana=raaja)/paada(raaja/paala/pa-king)
mudra(mu-bind,sira-headpaada bonded to head of
bhadra/bull/bulla/patra/writ) is shown by the kings paada/foot
on the bulls(bhadra-bull,king,gold,girl;patra-writ,leaf)
muurddha(head,mudra),the uksha/vaksha bhedi (
spearing/breaking the chest-writing the writ/stamping the seal)
etc. Sreshtha bhadraasana(his highnesss throne) is indicated by
bhadraasna sira-stha(foot on bulls head) karsha(croc)
paNa(baaNa/spear) which is similar to the seal with a tree on
a mans bottom standing on his
head(bull=head=girl=elephant=king=hill=gold=cipher=bhadra)
Kaksha (bull/buffalo) + pada(foot)kakshya(scale pans)-
padasatyaanrita(trade)kacchavata(Mal.trade)kakshya
(satya-truth,Fig tree) + kapata(anrita-
untruth)paNa(trade/barter/money)
The black elephant/buffalo(gaja/kaksha/asvaaksha-
snake,5,karshaaakaasa-blue sky is aasa-seat of aga-the
sun/snake Seshakarshagarta-throne) is srii vedi.
The croc/varaaha indicate sankha by its sankhamukha.
The deity has the pose of patraasana/bhadraasana/srii vedi and
has a horn/sankha/karsha/srii on his muurddhaa/mudra.
The kaasara(buffalo) is kesara-gold and as mahisha it is
nishka/kanaka.
Manusha is also nishka and hence the vedic sages used to get gifts
of men/women probably not in the form of live slaves but in the
form of money itself.
bhadraasana-kaasara(buffalo-kesara-karsha) bali(tax,hana-
paNa) -nakra(alligator,nose;karaNa-deed;karNa-ear;hariNa-
gold;rukma-nishka-gold ornament) .This is a nose or nishka
money.
Bhadra is a buffalo, a woman, an elephant,a tiger, a cipher
etc.Buffalo throwing men is similar to woman/man throwing tiger
to indicate bhadraasana(azana-throw,amsa-part, amza-
shoulder,naaza-nose,saasana-daana-sana-donation) etc.

A royal golden proof to the language of the Indus script.
This is svar(the sun,sky,ha-sky,gold)-na(gem,like).SvarNa is
hiraNya(hariNa-gold/horn).HiraNya is
bhadra(king,bull,elephant,gold).Bhadras aasana(seat) is
bhadraasana(throne).So if is seen on
an aasana it is bhadraasana .Now note , , , , etc.
indicating bhadraasana.Similarly note hiranya with
aksha(snake,eye,wheel) making HiraNyaaksha (gold money) in
, , , etc.
Note that ka(head, ) is sa(bird,god cf.ears are wings)
and pa(king ) .Sa is ra + ra (raa-ja/gaja) also.

M-511a pa/10/daa/saa(cf .dasa=raaja=srii= )
Na/maa/nu/va/bha(deva)
bhadra/rishabha/raaja/panca/bandha/saya/sa/sha
ka(mukha-face,head)/nishka
(nose)/kasyapa/maashaka/mukha/makha/pancama/pancami
10
kalana/gaNana/anka/amsa/nishka/vasna/Vishnu(vishnu=paNa=
sun).Deva raaja mukha/makha or daana mahaa raaja indicate
a sacrifice or gift by the king.
PaNa/bali/savana/raaja/vasana/vasna/VishNu/ panca/vandhya
mukha(mudra) is the king/seal/Siva. Is it a sa(wall) n de
sa(message)
or sa n nyaasa (mendicant) mukha/mudra ?
Varuna(left to right) - 10/ 10 nripa (right to left)Dasa Raaja(in
Mandala 7 of the Rigveda 18. 8-21), -ten kings is also indicated.
Desa(place)/teja(light) raaja(king/srii) was made Dasa
Raaja/Dasa ratha. Dasa being raaja Dasaraaja also means
Raajaraaja/Samraat-emperor who has ten kings(cf.sataadhipa-
lord of a hundred soldiers) or several kings under him. Udaya is
yuddha(battle/war),vijaya(victory),vidya (knowledge) etc.
Sudas (ushas/divasa/deva) won the battle.Raaja is raasi(sign)
and kaasi(the sun cf.Raasippon paNam). The Puru(guru/Kuru-
Pisces) raasi-sign/jaati-clan is defeated daily by Sudas with the
help of Indra(the east, the rising sun and Aries cf.Mars the war
god is the lord of Aries .The red rising sun is Mars-Marja-
Marut/Rudra/Indra who is victorious by udaya/vijaya and
Ravi/Putra/Buddha/Jina/jna/Rabbi who has come out of the
darkness of ignorance ). Marja is Vishnu and the Maruts
supported Indra hence.TheMahabharata narrates this story as the
Kurukshetra war where the Kurus(Gurus/Purus) were
defeated.The Bible narrates the same story as the Passover of
Israel(Indra) from Egypt(Egya/Iisa-pada=Pisces). Indra helped
the victory of the army of Sudas by changing the course of the
river Parushni(arushi/aaruni red dawn;proshNa-
burnig,bhraajana-shinig cf.the burnig bush in Ex.3 ) to kill the
enemies. In the same way Moses changed the course of the Red
sea(cf.RV.7.18.5) to kill the army of the Pharaoh and and save
Israel. Miina(Pisces-northeast) is niNa(red) at dawn by the blood
of battle/wars of the Devas(Sudas) and Asuras(Purus) everyday.
Why the Veda use a river and the Bible a sea.In fact Rig(arka-
sun/roar/hymn-gira)veda use the term Sindhu(sea) in 7.18.5 for
the same river. Both are place of the fish(Pisces)! And zara -
waterfall,river/sara/pa/ka-water/sira-head is srii/bha/bhaga-the
sun/light.
Vasishtha being vac(the sun)-uttha(risen) was the victor through
Sudas and Visvamitra as avasanidra(avasa-tired,defeated
avaza/asva-king) was defeated through the Purus(guru pisces).
Sleep/sleeping sun is vanquished at dawn. After the great
pralaya(night and sleep.During night the earth is under water)
Noah landed safely on the land.


M-478b karshaavara PaNa (tiger + vaara-cap on
paana); bhadraasana/mudra/satyaanrita/srii vedi (seat on
tree/druu- goldsimhaasana-aasana between tigers as in M-
308.Hari is gold.Svar/hari-Na is gold/deer.Svar/suura is
simha.)/Srii vedi(druu bhedi tree uprooting)/srii mudra/srii
mukha /bandha/vanda(praise-paNa)/savana(sa-with,vana-
tree)/
Samudra(siva;sa-druma etc .).SvarNa is
sa(god,bird,snake,like,with)-
varaaNa(elephant),varaaha(graaha-alligator),parNa(patra-
leaf,wing,),varNa(mudra-script/punch),varuNa(god,nripa-king)
etc. VaraaNa/varaaha is varuNa.Makara(nakra-graaha-
varaaha) ketana (house,flag) is
VaruNa/Kaamadeva(Mahaadeva).Nripa is
nagaraketana.Kaama is
hema(gold).Makara/nakra/naaka/naga is hariNa(gold) too.
Makara is ma-great,kara-saakha/branch
is tree(naga-tree,mountain,the sun,naaga,naaka). Thus
makaraketana is the king in the nagara(city/Drupada),
the man on the tree , the fish in the mouth of makara(sex),
the sun in the sky(noon,the tenth sign is makara-naaka-naaga
for Vishnu) etc. We can locate this Makaraketana in the names of
Nicodemus(John.3.1,Mahaadeva) and Zacchaeus(Zakeus/zakevus
Luke.19).
Jesus entered Jericho(svarga-Dvaaraka cf.noon) and was passing
through.Aman was there by the name of Zacchaeus; he was a
chief tax collector and was wealthy.He wanted to see who Jesus
was ,but being a short man he could not,because of the crowd.
So he ran ahead and climbed a sycamore-fig tree to see him,
Since Jesus was coming that way.Luke.19.1-4.
The meaning of Nicodemusis peoples victory. The tenth sign/noon
is the house of victory.
Tax(daksha-the right,dakshiNa is south or noon.raksha-
salvation).The born again concept(John3.3) of eternal
life(John.3.16) was explained to Nicodemus.
Nico(naga-tree,naaka-sky,naaga-snake)-demus(deus-
god,domus-house,dominus-master) too indicate the man on the
tree and the god in the sky and the master(peoples victory). As
we know NZ. Nico is Zac. Demusdomusvashaeushouse
Thus varuNa/nripa is makaraketana/ nagaraketana/
naakaketatana/nagaketana/naagaketana(Vishnu) himself.
M-461b Bhadraasana paNa - 6 .We are not sure of the
number value. Druu/vana/paNa/sasya/satya-vedi is
srii vedi.Vriksha is va/pa-raksha/riktha/Riksha etc. Dru(gold) is
druu. Patra(leaf) is bhadra(gold). Patraasana(seat of leaf) is
bhadraasana(throne,kings command).Druma is mudra(for
which it is used).
M-462b Bhadraasana paNa- 3
H-742b Paatraasana-bhadraasana-vedi-mudra.Svastika in
square as in H-182 ,m478b etc.indicate the same.K(cup)-aa(neck-
nishka)-sa (fence/bench ca-sha-ka) is saasaka-king and
nishka/karsha paNa .With the unicorn-bhadranaaga- bhadra
vrisha-bhadrakac/bhadravac/karsha it indicates bhadraasana
karsha(kara-bhakara-tax-pa-rulerking) paNa.
H-187b Druu(srii) vedi(altar/platform)+ vana(tree,house)-
paNa(house,sun) shows money guaranteed by the srii/raaja.
Druma is mudra/mitra/Indra and sroNa(throne;jaghana-
buttocks;simha-lion). Three lines(tree/srii) +
dot(na/kha/ha)traaNa(to protect)netra(king,nayana-eye-
that which leads,sacrifice cf.Mal.nerca-gift to temples;naaNya-
money)(Indra-god,Mal.metraan-bishop)
M-1181 s/ va/ rNa ka/sa/gaja/saha/bha
rsha/srasvarNa karsha/garta/bhadra/mudra/mitra/sahasra/srii
vedi. Bhadra is the king and gold. Ka/sa(head) +
naga(tree)kanaka(gold)/sankha(conch)tunga(high)simha
(lion,king). Sringa(horn) is sira/tra-ankaIndra/netra-kasrii-
nagasimha etc.Vana on muurddhaa is paNa/sun mudra.This is
also shown by the kha/ha/naaga/svar/paNa as in ka/sa
+naagakanaga/sankha/sangha/savana/panca etc.The snake
symbol
is pa/naaga which on the head of Pharaoh make bhaga/simha
(cf.raaja ja born of ra-fire/sun god;ra-aja-king etc.).
Pa is patra(leaf,bird,wing),sarpa(snake,sarva-
whole),bhadra(gold,king,bull,elephant,girl,cipher),va(baahu-
hand,river,bull,varuNa,Tiger etc.) all indicating a snake form.
Pa is paNa/phaNa/baaNa/paana/vana.
/ Blessing(the cross-sa-srii-traa , ) the
fish(bhojya;sayayajasavanahavana)/wine(soma/madhu)
and its division(paada-bhaaga-bhaga) is the
Eucharist(balibalivedisrii vedi.).The trident
symbols on pottery indicate, srii(fire,auspiciousness,sraa-
baking),traa(to protect-being breakable handle with care
etc.),raaja(king ) etc.
Traata(Christ,netra-Indra)-the protector god is hence portrayed
on srii/tree/cross and the protector god himself is the
sariiraraksha(foodgod;asana-food and vacana-sun-
wordgod)/sariira(body)-rakta(blood).
by itself is gaja/saya(vedi-bed)/srii vedi/bha/kha. Sa is mukha
and varNa is panca to make panca mukha. Thus suvarNa is su-
nripa/varuNa/king and pancamukha/simha/tiger/king.Hari is
gold , lion and Vishnu/the sun.Hari/kari/srii is
asva(bull/elephant). Karsha paNa mudra is shown by the
kaasara(buffalo,kesara-gold)+ vana(tree/satya to indicate
satyaapana) on the muurddhaa of the sira/srii/raaja/nri-king.
The hoofed legs show bhadraasana/srii vedi. The harsha/bangles
show karsha.
Arddhodayaasana-half rising pose is arkkodaya/srii vedi/sunrise.
KiraNa/horn is hariNa/gold and the sun.Words for horn indicate
the sun and gold.Thus sringa-horn,sringi-gold,srii-naga-
sun;kshidra-sun,horn;vishaaNa-horn,vishnu-sun;bakura-
horn,bharga-sun,bakula-siva;kuuta-horn,suura-sun,kuuNikaa-
horn,suurya-sun etc.Siroruha-horn is srii-ruha-sunrise/sriivedi.
karsha/arka/Indra/eka/asva/cakra/mudra/panca
suvarNa/Chandra Arka Chandra (the sun and the moon-a
name)suvarNa(gold) asva(vac bull-bulla)ardha(half)
suvarNa(paNa).
Karsha -svarNa bhadra(king,gold)/panca(5)-mudra(varNa-
script) .It is the seal of the king with 5 mudras/varNas.SvarNa
is sa(god,with)-varNa(script) samudra(with mudra/mudra of
god,Siva,sea)candra(the moon) also.
Thus svarNa is the mudra itself. Probably they were not using the
real gold money but only virtual/verbal money was used with
potsherds /parchment/animal hide/cloth/palm leaf as paper.


M-309a bhadraasana(vedi-throne)/panca/bandha
mushti(paNa/shtoma = / ).Kacchavata mudra-trade mark
is shown by satya/sasya(tree)-nrit(dance)satyaanrita(trade).
bandha(bond,vana-tree,dha-seat)/panca-5/nishka/
sa/ma/bha dra dva/u-roar/garja/karsha arka-
roar,copper,sun,paNa/aksha/asva/avasa/gaja/saka/jaga/srii
Asva-Rishabha(elephant bull) = Nishka /
bhadraasava/Bharadvaaja/Sudaasa/Divodaasa/dvaadasa-12
kabandha(bandhaka-trade,vartaka-
trader,bronze,hoof;vartana-wages)
/ vedi is also space between the spokes of a wheel.Cakra
vedi is srii vedi . Kara is made gaja(the hoof shape is the tip of
the trunk as karaja-fingers garja/ gaja and indicate karsha. The
split hand shows bhaaskara(bhaj-split,kara-
hand),pushkara(bhuj-snake,push-tip of the elephants
trunk,prosper;kara-hand),nishka(nahusha-snake) etc.also.
is bhadra paada/pada/vaaca/deepa/deva etc.
Asva being visva (whole = 1) asvabhadra /
asvamudra/bhadraasva is also Visvamitra . Hence Visvaamitra
and Sudaasa (dvaadasa/Pisces) oppose each other in the
Dasaraaja yuddha(udaya).
Satra is darsa(new moon) also. Asvadarsa is the New moon
of Asvina. This also shown by the upward gaze of the
asva(Tiger)/Ucchaisravas.
Bhadraasana/simhaasana karsha/garta-throne is also shown by
the man (karsha) seated on the tree(patraasana/Drupada).
Vriksha is Riktha(gold) and indicate the golden throne.The tiger
is karsha.
M-308 Va is varuna/tiger/hand.Divaakara has va on
his kara/va/hand.Simhaasana(bhadraasana) is simha(tiger)
asana/aasana.Bhadra/bharata-svarNa/dvaaraka/divaakara-
raajacan be seen in the script.
kara/sara/sira/va/pacaradara conch/ shell paNa /
dharaNa drapaNa/cara paNa u/ru/mu/dvi/diva /
gaja/kara/srii/karsha , bhadraaasana(simhaasana)-vedi /
bhadra/panca/raaja/srii/patra-writ . This is a paNa/bali
mudra/mantra panca(five) writ. Compare this seal with M-312
where the bhadra- bull is performing azana - throwing to make
bhadraasana/sriivedi ,
M-1429c- where a croc is performing asana/grazana-eating to
show bhadraasana. This aasana(vedi) of
hari/suura(srii/asva/vac) is seen in the scripts , nri-
pa/hari/sri-pa/pan-ca/bandha/savana etc. as the kara is
hara/hari/srii/nri/pa/va(cf .vedhra/vajra/scepter itself )
to show srii vedi. When the king was sitting and giving orders he
was to keep his kara raised to make this effect (cf.Manu) .
The seat on suura(tigers) is seat on druu(tree) indicating
bandha/panca/kaaca as in / .The suura(dvaara-hole)
is the suura(sun) itself and indicate pa + pa
paNa(Vishnu/money/praise/price).
Dara/cara/gaja/kara/pra + paNa darpaNatarpaNa
DharaNa
(money)SaravaNa(name)svarNa(gold)praNava(AUM)s
ound of sankha/narda/garja/karsha.
dara + na + raa(ya/i)
Indra/yantra(amulet)/mantra/vandana-praise.
pa(sara-patra-pa)+ na/ka/ma= paNa(Tiger
cowries)/bhaga/bharma
+ u(rava-roar) is also praNava(mantra-AUM).
u+ gaja uksha/asva/ukta/kaac/vaac +
bhadra/patra/sreNi/Indra/srii vedi
PaNa ukta-srii vedi bali(sacrifice)-uksha(bull)-panca(5) .
Sriivedi is panca(5,simha cf. ) as seen in
.
Bhadraasva is Bharadvaaja/Rig/bhadravaaca/sriivedi /nishka
itself. Catura(square) is sa(with,god)-sura(srii-the sun/gold).
sa/srii / /
srii(gold,king,fire)/raaja(king)/iisa(lord)/aasa(face,seat)/sana/
paNa
dasa/srii/raaja+aasa=bhadraasana=yajna/sacrice(cf.yajana=yaac
ana-begging=aasana-seat=agna-fire=asana-food)
Nri-pa(king)/Purushavyaaghra is
nari/hari/simha/srii/suura/svar-pa(ruler)/va(like). He is given
the carii/animal sira/head to show srii or kesara-gold/khecara-
the sun. The head of the aja(ram,king) makes him Daksha.
Positioned between the srii(tigerscf.Mal.paNa itapaatu;ita-
between,itautausha) the marta(man,mudra) becomes srii-
bhedi or srii-vedi (prabhaata cf.Mal.pulari-dawn,puli-
tiger/leopard.Broken puli shows day break and new
beginning,like breaking a ribbon) or the royal mudra . Va is
VaruNa(nripa)/tiger. Va+Va vana(druu)paNa. The man on
tree in M-309 carry the same as the man with the tigers.
Va+Va+sa/sha(man)vaacapaNa.
The karsha (karaja-digits) on paaNa(hands) make karshapaNa
and Aja(bhadra-king)vaaca/aasvaasa(relief/help) also.

Sa kara Sakra(Indra)cakra(raja)karsha. The
Aja(Indra , ) head of the head also indicate Indra.
Srii (karsha) vedi(paNa)
Hari/simha-na(two)svar(suura/srii/hari)-Na gold.
sreNi tarani, .Kiriita-crown has a gira-hill in it.)-
netraIndra
Naaga(elephant,bhadra-hema-gold,kanaa-woman)
raaja(bhadra-wheel,king,elephant,girl,gold) and simhaasana by
the tigers show Bharata bhadraasana/simhaasana.An elephant is
Garja/gaja and sa-with,kara-trunk and cakra/srii/raaja is wheel
or Sakra-Indra. Va-tiger is pa-king,va-
hand,varuNa,auspiciousness etc.Svar-Na is
svar(sound,sun,lion,sky cf. na(like,with). The tigers+ srii/man
indicate ( va/pa+ va/pa + sa = / paNa-money
/panca-5/simha-tiger/bandha-agreement/sandha-
agreement/vaNija- trader).Gaja is
kac/vac/karsha/bhadra/patra. Mu(bond)-srii(hari) by
bhadra(girl,bull,gold,elephant) is bhadra(royal/gold)
mudra/mudra(stamp)/ patra(writ)/sreshtha
simhaasana/bhadraasana.Cakra/akshara is Sakra(Indra)
/raaja/srii.
Wheel(a/aksha/panca)+elephant(gaja/garja/karsha) +
tiger(va/pa)+ human(sa)akshapaada(sage Gautama) karsha
mudra5(aksha) 4(paada) karsha(gaja/unicorn) paada(4)-
aksha(wheel,5)
Asva(gaja)-bhaanu/dhaama(tigers +woman)-
raaja/srii(wheel)Asvatthaama raaja (cf.son of DroNa)
arka(the sun/A) aksha(eye,wheel,karsha,sarpa,5)
bhadra(king,bull,elephant,girl,cipher)cakrakarsharaaja
srii(sun,word).Aksha is gaja(elephant). There are 5
mudras(scripts) in the inscription (with the elephant,the two
tigers,the woman and the wheel ) which is indicated by the single
Srii( ,king,word) mudra. PaNa is the
sun/king/netra(eye,king,sacrifice) . Arka mudra is srii mudra/ srii
vedi/ sriimukha.
This bandha/panca agrees with bandha/panca/simha in
M-308. Gaja agrees with kaasa(gaja)/cashaka(sa-gaja)
indicating karsha. Cakra as Sakra agrees with
Indra/ Yantra(amulet).
M-303 Bhadra/aja vrisha bha-bothways pa/mu
uu/tra/sha rva (vrishabha) bha /a/arka/aksha dra
bhadra(elephant) vrishabha(bull)/mudra patra stamp note.
Bhadra(gaja/kac/vac)+ vrishabha(prabhaata) is bhadra/srii
vedi/ bhadravaaca/Bharadvaaja/king of
kings/nobleking/nishka(ni-gaja) etc. The bull+ elephant just
confirms this. Raaja Prithusravas(suprabhaata,subhra
prabhaata-morning, subhra-vastra-vsishtha priest,prithu-
large,sravas- ear , , ) is the elephant. Vasishtha
As vac(sun)-uttha(risen cf.the elephants risen trunk makes it the
unicorn;Asvaadvanot two-hence one horn/unicorn,the
priestly scholars cf.the Christian priests) make it the symbol of the
Vasishtha clan whereas the visva(vi-dva two two horn
bulls/kings make it the symbol of the Visvaamitra clan).
A-sva(dva-rava,arvaa-Indra) is stronger than
vi-sva(dva-rava;avasa/vivasa-tired) and Vasishtha was the
victor in their clashes.
M-178 shat six/shadka/sulka paNa/karsha /srii /
raaja/go/bhaga/vaaha cf . beqa
M-179 3 paNa /karsha/srii/raaja
/triNa/indra/gaja/kara
Cf.trara+sa/tatra by sringa(horn)/triNa(grass/kara-gras-
grasp).On ka(sira-head) it becomes ka-tra to give
karsha/arka/Kendra/simha(cf.purusha simha) etc by the horn
on the head.the horn is thus srii/karsha/arka/paNa/sun.It is srii-
anka/anga/naga/simha. Thus the semi arc is ra/la and the
vertical is sa/a/ to show sara/tra/srii and the head or circle is
ka/pa to show kanaga/karsha/paNa/sringa etc.
M-180a Nishka(naasika-
nose,naaga/nahusha)/mukha/magha/srii/sa bandha/
vedi/panca /maasha /medha /mu-d-ra Samudra (Siva,sea,
sa-with mudra)
15
Nishka
Nishkagriiva. Nishka is Riktha-gold.
A hundred necklets from the King, beseeching, a hundred gift-
steeds I at once accepted; / Of the lord's cows a thousand, I
Kaksivan. His deathless glory hath he spread to heaven.
RV.1.126.2,
Worthy, thou carriest thy bow and arrows, worthy, thy
manyhued and honoured nishkam(necklace) ./ Worthy, thou
cuttest here each fiend to pieces: a mightier than thou there is
not, Rudra
RV.2.33.10,
Svaitreya's people, all his men, have gloriously increased in
might. / A nishkagriiva (gold chain) Brhaduktha wears, as,
through this Soma, seeking spoil.
RV. 5.19.3
If you are applying nishkam (gold jewelry) in a dream or a
wreath, O daughter of heaven, all the bad dream we handed
over the Trita Aptya .RV.8.47.15.
Nishka(paNa) kalasa(jar/pot) kalana(count)-ganita(count)-
Gunja(seed)-gaNya(count)-paNya(trade)-vaNika/vanija-
trader-vanita/kanya(virgin)-kanaa(virgin)-
naaga(nahusha/elephant/arrow)-nahusha(snake)-
mahisha(buffale)-manusha(man)-moksha(the sky)-
laksha(mark,punch)-salka(scale cf.fish scale/libra)-
sulka(price/tax)-sankha(shell)-sankhya(number)-
sinha(lion/tiger) . These words point to
the vedic/IVC use of money in trade as we see in the seals.
Nishka is mushka , (the male/female genitals as they have
the shape of the snake and indicate gaNana-count/janana-
birth/naaga-snake. Sanga patra( leves /wings conjoining) is
jangha of bhadra and indicate the vedi of srii/rati-the
kaama/gama agni. Nishka is often translated verbatim like the
godhuuma-cow dust by scholars. Thus nishka is taken as a golden
chain as it is worn by Rudra(Siva;ru-rava-srii) around his
neck(nishka,nis-niica,kaunder head). But we know that the
nishka worn by Siva(srii-sira-ka;subha,bhuja- . Siva(hara) is v-
ri-sha/bha-dra/Ru-dra. The angle of Siva is iisaana-matsya-
Pisces-northeast itself.Its planetary ruler is Jupiter the significator
of varsha-year ) on his neck(nishka,hara-haara-garland) is a
nahusha(phaNa-snake-nishka ). It is the sons of Kadru(katir-
kaasara-kesara-rays-nahusha )on the vaara(tail )of Indras
horse hari(srii)-asva(avasa-sun) as well. Siva/srii being sira ,the
kiraNa(naaga/nahusha/paNa/phaNa) adorn the
neck(sriikantha) as nishka.


Vaara is viira/paana/paaNa and ta(tail) is
sa(snake,bird,god) ,especially the tail of Hari(lion/cats) as it
resembles the snake(phaNa/paNa/baaNa/sara/kara) in shape
and the lion/tiger often bends it like a snake . Hence the tail (cf.
brow of nayana-naanya-bhruu/bruu is at ail ) is made into the
paNa/paana(vaara-roof,cup) , , in some seals . Dvaara
is dvi(ravi)- vaara suurapa/sa/ca(candra kala) .
Hence + paNa panca/ bandha/
prabandha/savana/yajna is also seen.
Nishka is neck(kantha-gaLa-kala) , nahusha(naaga-raaja-
hema)-snake ,mahisha(buffalo-kaasara-khecara-kesara-
nishka-gold),manusha(man,gaatra-paatra-kesara) etc.
PaNa is bhuja(bhoga-snake,bhujanka-snake). Bhuj indicate to
take possession of,rule,govern etc.Bhuja shows
enjoyment,profit,possession,enjoyer,eater(agni,fish eatng
alligator RV.10.20.2) etc.Bhuji is a protector.Bhujyu is
wealthy,rich,ason of Tugra protected by the Asvins etc.
Bhuj-bhuja -bhoj -push(push/posh/boss/Bos)
puuja(worship/sacrifice)-posh(nourish)-
posha(increase,prosperity,wealth)- pota , (sapling,cubs),-
pota(boat,paana,yaana) , etc.
bhuja(fish) + kara(gra-aha/nak-ra,na-kara/maka-
ra,ma-kara/vara-aha,va-raaja/sankhamukha) pushkara(the
trunk/tail of the elephant is nishka-nahusha)
bhaaskarasankara-Rudra/mudra.
Bhuja (paNa,subha/vac) is muuka (dumb,muu-ka-
neck,nishka)/kuuma(owl/howl)/muunka(um-muu-AUM) is
gala/kala /hala /paNa (money,sound)/nishka/nahusha ,
, .
M-228
nishka/naasa/raaja/srii/sira/mukha/makha bhuja(palm+
digitsmouth + teeth bhuj-vac-paNa ) anka nishka
+ bhujanga(nahusha,nishka).Bhuja(hand) is
bhoga(snake).paNa is phaNa(snake). Hence paNa has to be
bent like (cf.DTIS page 250.Fig.14.17 figure with bent limbs;
H-764;Dmd-1 etc.) or the satamana bent bars.
bhujanga panca-5 =the four digits + thumb = naa-ka ha-
sta matsa-fishbhuja-handfish cf.naaga pancami ;naaga
yaaga panca yaaga aasanakanaa-girl,Naanaka-coin.
= .Bhujangapanca yaaga .Yaaga is panca.

PaNa bhujanka paNanka panca- 5 itself.
M-318a karsha/nishka/vrisha/go
/vaaha/naaga/gaja/ksha/paNa tra,srii,3
2,u,aja,diva,mu,ru/break . Rudra -praise worthy ,praiser
/worshipper/stotri .Rudraru(break)-sira( hecut the head of
daksha/hasta)ru-kara(hand)-5(number five terminates the
hand)bhuja(hand/ray)-raputra(son)mudra(of hand) .
Indra(netra;nii-lead and second) is the index finger.Praise is
paNa/rava.Ksha tra viira paNa. bhadra/stop/ra,sa,ma
aasa/vaasa/paNa/vasana/vasna(pa-na-two pa like + )
.Panca Rudra/mudra aksha( karsha,paNa/bali /trade). There are
panca-5 mudra
(mu-srii)/pada in the paNa. The number of words of the cash
note is written so that nobody has the authority to change it.
Rudra(Bhadra-bull) has nishka on his neck(nishka,ka-
aasana,sanka,kanaka).
karsha /maasha/patra sanga/bhadra jaghana/srii vedi
paNa panca panca may be an explanation also.
paNa+ sapanca panca karsha
na/naa sa naasa(nose) karshanishkarsha-
measurement/tax 5
Rishabha being aarjava honesty indicate satya-truth.
M-318b paNa(house,praise,trade ;pa na)
M-018a = uurva/cattle pen/large(u-
ravaroargarjakarsha) nishka/ravi/paNa/raa
12/Sudaasa/Divodaasa shows a Large nishka.
Vara (noble,great) is rava(sound,the
sun),u/vi(above,roar),pra(pro) etc.
: : Pari(surrounding cf.
paricaara,parisara,parivesha,paricaya etc.) shows
bali(gift/ya),srii(ya) etc. u + pari : : =
upari(higher,afterwards) or upariupari=higher and higher
etc. We have paNa ,paNya (paNi/Yavana) and
VipaNi(market) also. The long strokes are of the hand
And the short strokes are of the foot.Kara-ja is karsha and
Paada-ja is maasha. Kings paada(paadapa-king/man-
aasa-seat/facema-great-
aasabhadrapaadamaasha/mesha . It is the aasa
buttocks of ma-women cf.bottom with tigers.Mukta is mu-
gaja /nishka/moksha-the heavens also)is the masta of ohers.
Dvaadasa(12) is Divodaasa ,Tvashta ,su-asta/ashta/vasati
Like the svastika.

M-1203a panca(palm =maasha/maasa-month)
sa/saa/4 varna/varuNa bhadra/mudra/
asva/manu/patra-writ .
The measure maasha is called so because its weight matches 5
Gunja seeds . Interestingly
5 is maasha=maa(4=ma/na-2+ma/na-2=4 digits on the square of
the palm ) + sa (1) itself.
SavarNa is svarNa/suvarNa.SaavarNi and SaavarNika are
Manu/Rishi/sruti/kriti writ itself.
VarNa /parNa being na saavarNa is sana(saa-daana/gift)also.
M-298 Bhadra(aasana - seat on bull) asva(gaja /karsha-
unicorn) paNa(fish) .Muu(bound/bond)-ka(head)mu-sira(ka)
mudra/mukha (seal)muuka(fish)srii bhadra /patra-
writ(auspicious/prosperous/Siva).
Bhadra(noble) naaga/kapila is gold. The unicorn gaja is made
noble by the bull as nishka/ni-gaja.
Na(fish)+ sa(gaja)+ka/va(bull) nishka(vasana/Vishnu)


M-301 nishka/sa/ka /griiva
panca/phaNa/paNa/graaha/varaaha/nishka Nishka griiva
savanakapila(ravi-la; ka paNa nishka kanishka
Kapila vaastu etc.) =fire,vishNu ,a naaga sreshta ,since the
naaga is sreshta (varaaha) with the bull-noble nishka /
bandhaka/
ka-naagakanaka(gold,a son of Durddama)/
sa-naagasneha(love,oil)
nishka+ varaaha/graaha Hayagriiva
M-300 Bhadra/mudra /Mitra/Rudra/patra-writ.
bha dra a sva / gaja/haya mukha/griiva .
Bhadraasva is patra vaaca-written word/writ/Bharadvaaja(Rig).
Sruti-veda is kriti-text/work.
kara is made gaja / hoof /snake to make gaja/karsha. The
noble(vrisha) naaga is nishka(ni,nii-in,lead-gaja
naasikanose moneynoble money Cf.RV.It is a golden
ornament for the neck or breast.Gala is kala .The unicorn nishka
has the patra/bhadra gold on the breast often for this reason.).
Hence it is kapila also.
Nishka was of various values.
Nishka =1 Dinaara of 16 rettis=1 karsha or suvarNa of 16
maashas=1 pala of 4 suvarNas=1 larger Pala or Dinaara reckoned
at 108 or 150 suvarNas=4 maashas,=16drammas,,a golden
vessel,gold etc. Note the vessel placed near the unicorn n
H096 panca maasha/mesha
bhadra/svarNa/hiraNya/ayas/yajna nishka(ni/mu-
gaja)/muktaa-sankha/moksha-the heavens.

M-177
aksha u/ru/mu tra(mudra/rudra/panca) karsha/paNa
Aksha is also panca and karsha.The tail being maa-great aasa-
bottom is maasha. Maasha is the hand and panca.
ma u tra karsha .
HiraNyaaksha 3 karsha paNa ( draviNa-
svarNa). Bhadra asva Go tra uksha /yukta/ukta.
M1406a paNa
/srii/naaga/nishka/suvarNa/hema/bhaga/karsha/sa/shekel
mukha/makha /magha
Makha=feast,sacrifice
magha =gift,reward,wealth,power;country of the Mlecchas,
wife of Siva
Maghattimagha datti giving and receiving presents
Magha deya=giving presents
magha +bandha=maghavantah=Indra =3
rd
cakravartin in
bhaarata cf .Maghavan-nagara=Indras city
Makha is sata(hundred) .Hence sata makha is Indra(ma-
great,kha-sun,cipher).

M1257 Bhadraasana paNa mudra/ srii vedi.
+ Sa + sa + : : ya + paNasatyaapana(pledge).
M-1198 karsha/panca/srii/sa/gaatra/kesara-gold
Marta marja(Vishnu)MarutMudra
M-1195 Nishka/naasika/mukha/makha/mudra
panca(varaaha/varuNa/varaaNa).
Kara/graaha/varaaha + naasa/naama/mana/jana
VaraahamanaBraahmana(Brahmin/unicorn) .
M-1186 ka/nri sa/va na/sa sa ta
Nishka /svarNa sata-100 mudra/vedi/bandha/panca
Kanaagnaavaac(speech,voice),
Gnaavasstutivaacas(words of praise)paNa(praise) .
Sapta(7) shows
sabda/tapasa/divasa/sapatha(promise)/Heb.sebaa(sheba-
seven/oath;saabua-week;saaba-swear;sebat-seat;sepattayim-
fireplaces;saabat-to offer food/gift.)
Satya(Fig;sa-god,saya-hand,snake,sex;adya-food)+ paana-
paatra/paada(Mal-aalttara)+ srii-raaja-king + paNa(worshipper
with paNa on satya ) shows bhadraasana srii vedi/satyaapana
paNa(trade,money,price)/aapaNa(vipaNi-
market)/satyaanrita(trade). Sabda is sapta and mudra.
The kings sira(srii/raaja) muurddha(peak of head) shows the srii
mudra(king sign) vaishNava mark made on the srii(sira) vedi
and srii vedi of eyes(raa/naa) and nose(sa) or srii( , ) which
is the mark of phaNa(phallus)/paNa(sun god,face,money) also.
The aja(ram RV.1.162.2) present on the scene is the one Abraham
(Gen.22.13) sacrificed instead of his son Isaac(Visaakha)placed on
the wood vedi(the fig tree),but was later sacrificed on the wood
vedi (cross)as the Christ! Aja(Isaac/Jesus) is the king(Indra) and
usha.
The sapta(sapatha) bhadra/srii/strii (seven women) confirm this.
Sapta(haya-7) bhadra(seven women;strii-srii;haya
sriigaayatri- protector-is the rising sun) shows bhadra(king)
sabda(word),sabdamukharita(full of sound),kavaca-
patra(amulet writ) etc. This seal is very similar to M-304
They are seen in Matthew 27.55-56.Many women were
there,watching from a distance.They had followed Jesus from
Galilee(Kalya-dawn,kanya-virgin) to care for his needs.Among
them were Mary Magdalene,Mary the moher of James and
Joses,and the mother of Zebedee(sabda/divasa/sapta/sapatha)s
sons(sun/putra/rudra). The vedi of srii(sun,word/raaja-king ) is
divasa-day/tapasa-sun/tapta-hot/sabda-sound/sapta-
seven/sapatha-pledge/garja-roar/gaja-elephant/karsha. The
srii/vedi-pledge of the raaja was announced with the
drums/thunders to make it garja. Srii vedi is all holes(nava
dvaara,gala hole being the root of sabda/svar/dvaara is the
most important ) / vaNa/phaNa/drums/shank/shofar/wind
instruments) /all raised tops-muurddhaa-crest,vaksha-breast
especially of women,bottoms-jaghana-especially of
women,foot/paada being vaaca;rati/sanga being srii/kaamagni
and sabda/sound being sankha. The satya tree with its huge size
and gaja-elephant/unicorn leaves being the asva /
gaja/bhadra/vata sat sat vac the truth was best chosen
to make pledges/paNas.
Aja bhadra vedi satyaapana sapatha srii mudra is indicated in
this seal.
Satyaapana is Satyavaan and Saavitri(satyavedi,saa-bhadra ).
I saw you, while you were still under the Fig tree before Philip
called you.
Then Nathanael declared, Rabbi,you are the Son of God;you are
the king of Israel
Jesus said,You believe because Itold you Isaw you under the Fig
tree..I tell you the truth .This satyaapana in the
satyaveda(Bible).Satya is the truth ,Vishnu and the Fig/Ficus
tree. Satya being madya(madhu/soma-alcohol) and
adya(Mal.sadya-feast,body-food) madyapaana (cf.the
Eucharist,consumption of wine) and adya(feeding the five
thousand wit five loaves of bread and two fish and the
like).accompany addhyaapana(teaching cf.Rabbi guru-
preacher/teacher) by the Christ.
The seat on the tree is bandha -agreement/panca-5.
Satyaanrita is trade .
Satyaapana is pledge.
Satyaapayati is pledge.
Satyaabhisandha is one who keeps up pledges.
Satyaakri is to make a treaty .Satyankaara is pledging.
Satyapratijna is taking oath .
Ukshauktha/yukta(conjoined cf.the conjoined heads and
bodies )oath.
Aasana in paatra9jar) with patra(leaf,writ,king)
paatraasana+patraasana bhadraasana, paNa(paana)
karshapaNa/ushtra/vastra
patra,bhadra,bharata/panca/mudra/vedi sapta
angina(ladies) sapda/sapatha(pledge) ankana(mark).
The seven female figures are the saptaarchis(agni saakshi)or fire
altars(vedibhadrawoman ) who can be seen on the Citadel
at Kalibangan .
Where did these solar symbolisms originate ? The root for the
IVC,Sumerian,Egyptian ,Babylonian and other religions of the
ancient is one and the same-Ancient Aryan Anatolia as far as we
know at present. Hence their myths and traditions coincide on
conceptual terms.
H179b paNa(vana,nava)-patraasana-
satyaapana/bhadraasana/srii
vedi/Drupada/sreshtha(cf.Mahabharata.Drupada bandhana is
srii vedi itself.Druu-shta/sira-stha/giri-stha/hari-stha/simha-
stha/bhadra-stha/pada/aasana is sreshtha/tunga/his
highness/simhaasana/the throne). cf.M-1186. Vrikshaprakaasa-
light/halo of the king sun.
Dru is gold and srii-man+ vana(druu-tree) is draviNa-gold.
The seat on tree is bandha(vana/paNa)-dha(seat)/sandha-
agreement,trade/panca-5.
Vriksha(tree)Riktha(gold,wealth)Riksha(star)naga(tree,s
un)-satra(house)nakshatra(star)moksha-cara(star, a dead
person). Vrikshaalaya is a bhikshu/religious mendicant. Vriksh is
to get.
M-1169a
Shows bhadraasana(srii vedi) mudra (mu-sira/pra-mukha/srii-
mukha/tri-mukha/muu-ka/mu-carii/mu-kha/bandha-
ka/vanda-ka/ka-tra/garja/garta/karsa/karsha)-paNa by the
conjoined heads.Mudra is mu(bind/fix)/nu(praise,weapon)-
srii(word,king,wealth),hari(lion),sira(head),raaja(king),
druu(tree) etc.Hence conjoined sira(heads) of
bhadra(bull,elephant,raja,pa-
king,bull,leaf),druma(tree),sira(head) of bulls conjoined to
druma(tree),fixing the head on the floor(siirshaasana),fixing the
feet on the head of the bull(paadamudra),fixing a sara(dart) on
the bull,dancing(mudra) on tree(druma) etc.indicate
mudra(seal/signature)/pa-tra(writ;pa-three/tree/ / )
.Trisira(three heads) is also srii-srii or samraat(emperor) or
gaayatri(prakaasa-light/the rising sun).
Sreemukha(the face of srii-the sun is dawn;the face of srii-raaja is
human) is shown in Dk-13013 by a male deity with human face
and elongated eyes(eye-netra-king,Indra.Hence made
long),horns of bull(bhadra-bull,king) and a goats beard(goat-
aja-king;usha-dawn,mesha-Aries) is shown.
M-1171 karsha(ka-tra;garta,karta) paNa bhadra(patra
king/writ/bond).Sringa(srii/tra-anka) is made tri-
ka/karsha/arka/paNa.
M-1170a karsha (kiriita-crown,garta-throne) paNa
kiriita(kretaa-buyer or harina/sringi /mucarii cf Mal.muusaari-
smith from muusha-aalii/muu-srii bound to fire ) .
mudramu-carii(animal)/
ka(head,light,water)/sira(head)/srii(sun,word)tra(three)kar
sha(keras-horn)kaasara(buffalo)
gaatra(body)garta(karta-throne)kiriita(crest;kiraNa-
sun,hariNa-gold,deer;hari-lion,Vishnu;nagara-
town;nakra/makara-croc. cf.Gr.keras-horn;Heb.keran-
horn)sringi(gold).
Note the conjoined figure of the three garja(roar gaja-
elephant,simha-tiger/lion,rhino-money cf.Grk.rhis,rhinos-
nose,rheos-flow-vana-paNa and nose money ( aasana
note the four legs making the aasa or aasanaasamesha
maashanaadaraasaraasabha/ass
raajasaamasriisa.Nose money of the Chinese is ass money
of the vedic Harappans.Gaja with the long nose the unicorn and
cash match.The trunk of the gaja is its nose. Naasa-sana-paNa-
sama-sun-sum. naasa-nosenaada-sounddaana-
giftraasa-soundraaja-rex-king )-bha(animal
cf.gardabha=raasabha=brayer indicate paNa-trade and vaNa-
sound and vaNik-trader in M290a). Gala-neck being paNa the
camel with the long gala is also selected as paNa indicator.
The trunk and head of the elephant and the long neck and head
of the camel make them phaNa(snake)/paNa symbols.
M- 1128 pa(leaf),patra/bhadra/parNa na/sa/ta-
tail cf. C is the tail of the asva/abc. sa-parNa (svarNa)
paNa(navacf.anka-curve,9) patra, bhadra( praise to the king)
karsha(kaasara-kesara-gold,khecara-the sun-paNa).
L069 L075 H165
H-166a H166b
Cakra-sriisrii cakra cakra/Sakra/bhadraasana/srii
vedi/prabhaata/usha(u-sa-bird,god) dawn,day/karsha/sa-god .
Srii/sa is bird/word/god.Syena is sayana/yajna/dhaanya etc.
Sa(snake,bird,god) is
saya(hand,sex),yaja(sacrifice),aja(king,ram)
etc.PatrabhadrapaNa . Garuda(garta-karsha-SuparNa-
suvarNa);bala(crow, Mal.bali kaakka cf.Bala bhadra or Vala
bhadra) palapaNa srii/sraa/traa
traaNa,traata,iisa,netra,Indra,Mitra,maatra
(cf.bhadra/sira/sa/ka-head is patra-
bird/leaf/word/bull/bulla.) .Savana(sacrifice) is
syena(bird).Yaj(sacrifice) is sa(bird,god). Hence the srii
vedi/balivedi is given the shape of Garuda/syena.
Arka(the sun,copper) is argha(price) as shown in this figure

karsha(paNa Gr.chrysos-gold;garta-throne-
svarNa,Gr.phainesthai-to appear;Lat.crus-foot,cornu-horn,crux-
cross;Mal./Pers.sarkaar-government,Grk.keras-horn;Heb.heres-
the sun)garta(throne;ka-head,raaja-kingkiriita-
crown,sikhara-peak,harsha-
erection)bhadra(king,gold,bull,girl,elephant)panca
(five)Daksha(Prajaapati-king,a year)
vasna(price,house,cloth)sankha(conch,shell)hasta(hand)
haraNa(hand) hariNa(gold,deer/ibex) nakra(nose,upper
timber of door frame ) .

L051a bhadraasana paNa. Look at the head of the
bhadra(kaasara-kesara-khecara-gold/sun) formed by the pegs
to show bhadraasana paNa . bhadraasana(maa-
aasamaasha ) sva rNa
paNa/maasha/panca.PaNa is rava and panca with an u/sa-
para(above) is uurva(large/span) which agrees with
panca(broad).
Bhadraasana-panca-svarNa- maasha . Compare this seal with
H180a hariNa(gold,hari-natwo tigers)
muulyapaNa(muula-root of the vana-tree is fixed to the moola-
aasana-anus of the vi-inverted man to show mooladhana-
capital/vipaNa-trade or sale) and sreshtha(sira-stha/his
highness) bhadra(sira)aasana/sriivedi/simhaasana shown by the
aasana on the bhadra(head-siirshaasana,prapiita- reverse
position) and the patra(dru,vana) on the aasana(sroNa/maa-
aasa/maasha/jaghana/sankha) of the man on
siirshaasana(muurdhaa fixing mudra affixingplacing hand
on muurddhaa and taking oath is the same srii vedi/mudra/mu-
sira.Vana/tree+mu-sira is paNa mudra/trademark).Sisna-penis is
bandha/sandha-market/panca-five.Panca is sandha and
saadhana(thing,penis cf. saadhana paNa article of
trade). Dru (gold/tree) is srii(sun,gold,king) . Druma-tree is
mudra-seal.Marta man is dharma-right/truth and mudra. The
vana/tree on the inverted
mans bottom is a phaNa-phallus-indicating satyaapana on the
srii vedi(jaghana ). It is the red(srii/raaja) royal sceptre /
which was to be held in the hand to take oath in ancient days.
Sisna/ dasma/phallus is the lord and his
saasana(commandments;dasma being dasam/ten - ten
commandments and dasa raajan - ten kings are there ).The vana
on the aasana is the same baana used to spear /stamp the
bull/bulla/bhadra/patra/writ.

Muurddhaka is a kshatriya.
Prapiita(reverse; sira-piitha/paadasrii vedi) is prabhaata(srii
vedi/prasanga vedi/bali vedi/altar/udayagiri/ giri prasanga of
the Christ etc.) and prataapa(glory,power).Sabara/svar being
reverse of Bharata was enemy of the Aryans!
raaja(bhaaravaaha/panca =5) paNa panca
bhadraasana/panca(pa-box,na-short lines,sa-long
lines) panca( panca panca bandha-paNa)
It shows bhadraasana karsha paNa-5. The tigers being
simha is also panca-5. Panca is
bandha/sandha(gift,agreement;aasandha-chair,Vishnu-
paNa).


K077bt-1 karsha/satra/srii/paNa 15/paada-vedi.

K50ac bhadraasana(srii vedi/maasha/sankha/hari-Na)
karsha(harsha on the tigers tail,deities hands&horns-karsha
paNa.Vana on sira-draviNa-gold )-
karsha/paNa/srii/varsha/beqa -4. Sikhara-sekhara-Sakra-
sankha.
k065a Bhuja(hand)-pota(sapling-foot-
paada).Sikhara(branch)-sekhara(crown)-Sakra-cakra-karsha-
garja-srii-druu- dra-viNa/sankha.The feet of the tigers is of the
gaja type to show karsha/garja/simha / sapha/subha/siva.The
kings sapha was the sabha or samiti also. The
praasa(lances,praata-dawn,bhadra-bull,woman) point to the
vaksha/ uksha/usha bhedi (bull bhedi-day break)usha
vediprabhaatasrii vedi(cf.spearing the Christ.Traya srii.
Srii/strii + vedisrii vedi vajra which makes Indra bhedi) .
Piercing with the spear shows arpaNa(offering ,to pierce cf. bali
arpaNa-offering). Bhadraasana(maasha/sankha)-srii-vedi
tiger seatnara-simha(Vishnu)hari-Na(gold)dra-viNa
pan-cafivesimha.Five gunjas/sankhas make a
maasha/bhuja/palm). PaNa(vana-tree-druu-
srii)mudra(script/seal)vedi(sa)
Strii vedi srii vedi srii devisrii ravi- the sun .
SvarNasuura/svar(lion) Na(naari-woman)
Srii(strii)-vedi druu-bhedi(as in M-478b/Exodus .32.20 ) itself.
(druu gold)/karsha -3 (srii).
K053 bhadraasana / aa- sa- na vedi(Parvata is
prabhaata.cf.Mount Sinai )sa-parNa(paNa,sevana)
savana(sacrifice)/ panca(5). Vana-leaf on parvata is paNa
(Vishnu) of prabhaata(dawn) indicating srii vedi .This is the
same as in K026 where a paatra with a leaf shows bhadraasana
paNa or srii vedi.
k026 sa(snake ,kalasa/shekel)-parNa(leaf,bharma-
gold) /bhadraasana karsha paNa(Note the replacement of the
by the paana-pot-paatra-sarpa-nishka/kalasa/shekel
which agrees with the patra/parNa/vana-paNa + sa/pa
svarNa bhadranishkakanaka . Patra +naaga is
bhadranaaga(bhadraasana-karsha-vrisha-unicorn) sa(pot-
paatra patra- birdsarpa-snakephaNa-
paNa/bharma)+ parNasvarNa/panca-five from vana + sa-
panca.Bhadra-hill/patra-leaf,birdmudra(srii vedi).
Karsha(unicorn) + pa(leaf)+ na(naaga/paana/phaNa)karsha
paNa.
Bhadraasana is varaaha-mana or
Braahmana/simha/panca/kansa/kalasa/kanaka/maasha/naasa
as in sa/ka na ka/pa/na/ma .
H093a va,ka ,ra,sa/vakra-sarpa sara(ca-
caapa/dhanu )
Sarad/darsa nishka of sarad season /panca/bandha/
Bhadra/satra/karsha/varsha/vajra/vrisha/Mitra/Marut/drava /
srava/usra/Rudra/dharaNa/dharma
The elephant is gaja/haya-garja-garta / karsha or
bhadra(king/gold,cipher ),naaga(8 cf ashta naaga/hema-gold)
etc. Gaja is kac/vac/kaaca.Kari as hari(snake,bird,lion ,gold etc.)
indicate gold.Hasta hand is hastin(elephant). The index finger
serves as the trunk of the elephant to make the unicorn
naaga(snake,elephant;gaNana-calculation,kanaa-
woman,kaNa-water drop).
Hence it can denote panca karsha .
+ paNa/kalaa + mu + dra /vaara/ta/sa
paNa mudra pancabandha sandha
(Mal.canta=market) draviNa(gold )/
kalaamsa/kalaavaara-1/16 part.
mu -siva mu-tra citra
mudraMitraRudramu ravi ru
(kill/sound/splitbreak of day break of foodbhak-
shaNabhaj-ra)
Rudra is mudra .

H067 Mudra/ Mitra/ Rudra/subhadra/asva paNa /asva
or vasu 5/bhadraasva/Bharadvaaja/adhvara/suura/dvija-
Brahmana/sveta-sankha/silver/a king . is
bhadra/vetra/drava/druu (stick )..
: :Paada of bhadra(bull,king,ram) is bhadrapada
/bhadra vac and has got sapha/subha/siva.Kings sapha was the
sabha or samiti.
The hoofed leg /hand indicate siva/subha/kings sabha /throne.
Dmd001a Vakra/ankava-karapaNakara -
sakarshanahusha(ma-moon/sa-
snake/va/pa)nishka(karsha,cakra,aksha,
vakra,Sakra,Sagara).Sa/srii is any single script.Akshara is
raksha/mudra.
/ Ekaaksha is Siva,a crow,Sukra etc. is dvita
RV.8.47.16 and is trita RV.8.47.15 .

Dmd003 Srii(script)sa(bird,god)crosssa-
karacakrasriiraajaakshakarshaSakra .Paada
is pa(srii/raaja/na/ra) -aasa(vedi/seat/face)f-ace

G8a PaNa(Vishnu/praise,money;pa-na;
na-va; phaNa;bhadra,netra,naatra ,mitra,mudra,ka-tra,pa-tra
na(we)-mu (bind)namo (paNa-praise -jhasha-
fish/bhuja-hand).
Cylind-9
Karsha(krish/gharsh,garja/garta/kaaca/vaaca) is
ploughing/farming/word/srii vedi.Vrisha(aarjava-honesty) is
karsha/satyaapana.Suuna is soma.Bhadra is bull, king and gold.
Patra is bird,bulla etc.King is wing and swing.Two bull va-
na vana/druu/sriipaNa. Katir(ear of corn/kesara-gold) is
karsha.Hala is kara,pala,bala,vata and paNa. It can be Bala
bhadra karsha paNa . Bull(srii) tied(mu) to vata(Fig) is bull
yoked(mudra/srii vedi/sira-paada/prabhaata) . Bull is
head/sira/srii/sa/ka.Ka-rsha is ka-sriimu-sriiMitraRudra.
PaNakarshava(bull)+va(bull)paNa + ear of cornkatir
karsha kaacakaasarakesarakaasi-the
sun,fist,handfulbhujafish paNa kesarakatir(Mal.
ear/spike of corn) kesara(gold) paNa .
Corn is horn(paNa/vana).
Bhadra is king ,bull and gold.
Kaasara(buffalo)kesara( ear of corngold ).
Maha(buffalo)makha(festival of spring,sacrifice,buffalo,a
cow,a noble person) mukha(face)
magha(gift,happiness,wealth)



Panthera(hari-carii-paNa-Gr.theron-
beast) because they can roar(rava-sound,the sun-paNa-gaLa-
kala;garja-karsha).Roaring is made possible by a special two-
piece hyoid bone in the throat. cf.Pancaala,Gandhaara etc.
kan,pan,van,svar etc means to sound and han to kill(cf.himsa-
killing,simha-lion,tiger. A SuvarNa coin has to make svar by the
dvaar in it and by its jingle.A naagas(snake,elephant) roar is its
siilkaara(hiss).Naaga(8) bhadra(gold,part,patra-writ) is 8
karsha of gold or 8
th
part of a karsha.Alternately
Bhadra asva(gaja,tigernishka)/bandha/panca/vaNija
bhadra naaganagna(naaNaka) bhadra cf.H-3305nayana
bhadranaaNya/maanya bhadra/patra
Note the karsha/garja lines on the body and neck,the
karaja(claws) of the feet ,the large garja horns(AUM)
etc.indicating karsha/garta/tiger(Tiger bull-karsha
gold)Viirabhadra karsha bhadraasana paNa(karsha)
bhadra(bull,gold;paada-deva,1/4)
karsha/paNa/bali/makha/mukha or karaja(claws,garja-
roar-tiger,garta-throne).Hence the script match the bhadraasva
or tiger bull or elephant bull or unicorn(gaja).
patra srii/sa,kasavitri,bhadra-maa(measure) srii
paada/vedi/ (body+two legs jaghnaseat of fire/vedi)
prabhaata(cf. Yajna vedi near parvata/meeting point of rivers
cf.triveniisangama is prabhaata-dawn RV.8.6.28.)
Naaga(agna=1) bhadra(cipher-0)10 .
paNa(trade,money,gambling) etc. Mukha panca bandha is the
seal.
The picture depicts bhadra(king,tiger )+bhadra(bull,king )
=king of kings Raaja raajasamraat.Raajatama is bhadra
tama or the unicorn elephant. Bhadra(tiger)-
asva(bull)bharadvaaja(viirabhadra) bhadraasanabhadra
naagabhadra patrabhadra paNa or pala Karsha patra.
Bhadra is shown by the patra(bhadra-gold,yellow,cf.butterfly-
phanus) stripes of the Tiger(garja-roar; hari-
yellow,lion;harit,sahari-the sun,lion,tiger-it is the asva of the sun
and Indra;garta-pandaara-panther-throne).
Viira bhadra or Jaatavedas(fire tiger) is raajavacas (royal
command or speech).Viira is the wife and a son of Bharadvaaja
or Karam-dhama(cf.Asvatthaama). It is also rice-gruel(soma).
Viira bhadra is a great hero or a horse/bull fit for the Asvamedha
sacrifice.He is also a form of Siva(Bhadra/Rudra).In the vaayu-
puraaNa he is said to have been created from the mouth of
Siva(jaatavedasraajavacas;the sun rises from iisaana-the angle
of Siva) to spoil the sacrifice of Daksha(the year).He is described
as having a thousand heads,a thousand eyes,a thousand feet,is
clothed in a tigers skin and bears a blazing bow and battle-axe.
Sages /greatmen sit on tiger hide to ensure bhadraasana.
Viira bhadra is prabhaata or Nandipada : : or
bhadra paada itself.


16
Examples of daana stuti (praise of donations)
described in the Rigveda.
Daana stuti is naada(rava-paNa)/raaja stuti(paNa) itself.
Kasu( cash/karsha cf.Yadu,suka,uksha/usha)
Putra(son/mudra/rudra) of Cedi(srii cf.desa-nation,disa-
direction) gave 100 ushtra(bull,vac-sira-srii ) ,
vastra(bandha/panca) ,patra , , ) and 10000 cows.
RV.8.5.37 ) .Ushtra as vastra/bhadra-bull can be inferred
from the fact that even now we honour guests by giving
pattu(vastra/ushtra) and vala(paNa). The cipher(bhadra) in the
numbers denote the king(bhadra)s gift of
bhadra(gold)/patra(writ). Cakra(cipher,paNa) is sahasra(1000).
Kasu gave 10 kings as my slaves.(RV.8.5.38).
Tirindira son of Parasu gave me wealth in hundreds&thousands.
RV.8.6.46. He gave three hundred horses,10000 cows .
RV.8.6.47.He gave Ushtra(Camels) of/with four bhaara(four
bhaara=vaaha=ushtra=bull and not camel,bhaari is simha-
lion/tiger cf. ) gold and Yadus as slaves.RV.8.6.48.
The donations point to the use of money marked with the figures
of the animals or words denoting these animals. Go (cow)
is eye( ),the sun ,word,arrow ( ) etc.
Catu: yuja: ushtraan (8.6.48) , , is the palm with the four
digits excluding the thumb.
Who with thrice seven times(21) seventy(70;21 x 70=1470,this
emphasizes the seven sabda and sapatha-pledge cf.M-1186,M-304
etc.Also Gen.4.24;Matthew.18.22) horses comes to us, invested
with the rays of morn, / Through these our Soma-draughts and
those who press, to give, drinker of pure bright Soma Juice.
Thrice seven-seventy is - - is prabhaata-tripaata-
Durvaasa- saptaasva etc. emphasizing usha /morn .
RV.8.46.26
RV.8.46.27 mentions Aradva(dvaara/suura),
Aksha(arka),nahusha(mahisha/manusha/nishka) as Kausikas
/cashiers/ministers of wealth of king Prithusravas.
Prithusravas is Vasa/usha . Usha is vasu .
Sole Lord in beauty meet for praise, O Vayu, dropping fatness
down, / Hurried along by steeds, by camels, and by hounds,
spreads forth thy train: even this it is. RV.8.46.28

The steeds ,camels and hounds are money as seen in
the seals.
So, as a prize dear to the strong, the sixty thousand have I gained,
/ Bulls that resemble vigorous steeds.
Asvaas/aja-va/pa-kingvisva-whole
Sixty thousand is 6 kings/paNas . Sahasra is
cakra/king/paNa.Asva/vac/kac is paNa. A sixth part was the
normal tribute to the king. Karsha is
go(eye,ox,cattle,star,ray,sun,hair,vac/speech). RV 8.46.29
Some other examples may be seen in RV.6.63.9-10;
RV.6.27.8;RV.6.45.31-33;6.47.22-25; RV.4.15.7-10 etc.
M-374
paNa /kalaa1/16,interest/dasa
cakra/karsha/bhadra/srii/sa/a(cf.Dasa raaja)
pa+ pa paNa mudra patra/parNa/bhadra
/mudra/paNa/writ
(suvarNa gold karsha/su-varNa=script/writ.Thus suvarNa need
not be of gold!).
It can be a stamp paper of value 1/16 karsha paNa.
hee =H=N =kalaa(1/16)= (kalaa-pa-bundle, the moon,an
ornament of pearls of 24 strings,a quiver with arrows, a pea-
cock/ka-laabha/kalabha=interest /paalaka-king/baalaka-
boy/kapaala) .
M-283a
Karsha/Srii/Nishka/satra/indra/trina/netragajabhadra(king/
elephant/gold)
naaga(snake/arrow/elephant/8)hema(gold) paNa cf. gaja-
garja-karsha. Ashta(hasta-hand)
naaga(gaNana/gaja/jaga/saka) are ashta diggaja-the 8
elephants/digts guarding the 8 directions/palm. The kara trunk
of the elephant is made sa-naaga-snake to make karsha. The
figure of 8 is the coiled snake. With the tail phaNa and the trunk
phaNa making a double phaNa the elephant is 8 itself.
naaga-8 .Naaga(raaja ; na-aga) is vaaha/bhaaga/beqa . 8
directions are 8 bhaagas/parts.Naagaraaja is
Mahaadeva(siva)/mahaaraaja(emperor).
Bhadranaaga/bhadraasva is the unicorn. Here the unicorn gaja is
replaced by the gaja itself.
Naaga(cobra Heb.naahas-snake,nehusaah-copper,bronze) has a
phaNa which is the paNa.PaaNi(hasta-bhuja-bhoga-aksha) is
paNa.

M-311a kala(interest/1/16)/dasa/ paNa
u/raa/suvarNa paNa/panca/bandha/maasha karsha/
sankha/paNa-sound-kantha/kanta etc.karsha(cf. The karsha-
simha/tiger is linked to the tunga/high aasana/jaghana of the
bhadra-girl to make Tungabhadra/sankha vedi by sanga
vedi/simhaasana/bhadraasana-throne).
Na-yamanayana(eye)naaNya(money)
Nidhaa - net netra(net,king,sacrifice)vasna
siv(sew)subha(auspicious).
u bhe(ubhe-two things- the conjoined form,Umaa-durga)
VaaNi is paaNi-hand/ Hindi.paani-water/veNi(hair/hair bun.
VaNii devi is paaNi of Ravi.Sarasvati is sara(jala-
water,arrow,5;sira-head;srii-sun,light;kara-paaNi,nara-man)
devi(ravi). Dvija-nara is Sarasvati.
Dvi ruupa is ravi ruupa or dvija/svita/sveta . The sanga of the two
is srii vedi.VaaNi is vaari/bhaari(lion)/bhaarii( , ).

sanku = point of arrow ,ten lakh crores
Sanku karna =camel,ass(baaNamoney).
Sankha=1,000,000,000,000, the gap between the elephant
horns .
Gaja ka-sa =0110-dasa-disa/dik. But dig naaga is 8.
Sa(snake,god,bird, 1)-vaaraNa(elephant)-balisuvarNa paNa .
It is Asvatthaama(bhadraasana/simhaasana/srii vedi) .DroNas
son was named Asvathaama(asva-dhaamaasvattha-
Ficusavasa-dhaama/staanaunicorn) aasvaasam(RiNa-
debt,nri-king)RiNa aasva-sam(debt relief) is the killing of
Asvathaama Dronas son.DroNa being sroNa(throne) an
asva(hari-asva tiger) is attached to the dhaama (jaghana) of
the deities in seals like this.
Nitamba(buttocks)bandhanavandanapaNa.



17
Sankha/simha
Sankha , , simha /bha-
dra(bull,elephant,mountain,girl)/bha-rata

Sankha , simha and naabha(cf. son of vajra-naabha , are
sa (god)-anka(mark)/anga(member) or sa-nakha/naga or
jina/sama-kha(the sun,cipher,sky). Nakha and vaara(tail cf.the
crooked crozier) indicate naaga/phaNa/naga/ravi/paNa.
Sankha(sa-anka-is seen with Vishnu;sa-nakha,naaga;jina-
kha;sanaka,janaka,kanaka,jangha,sangha-sreNi=sankha) is
indicated by vaadya,bull,bird,gaja(elephants cheek/part
between the tusks),teeth(danta) of an elephant , ,branch
, , bones of forehead , croc,
Necklace(cf kala on neck),bangles(kala on
hands),snake(nahusha=sankha) , , etc.
Sankhapaala=the sun/paNasimhapaala (cf.M-308)
jaghanabhaara(cf. K-65,k-50 etc.).
Sankhanakha-snailsimhanakha-lions claws.
Sankhaprastha = the moon.
Sankhamukha=croc
Sankhii=Vishnu/sea
, Sankha(military drum Mal.perumpara) = paNa this
+tiger =Tiger cowry.
Sankhanaada is simhanaada or garja or karsha.
Gar-ja is hari and harsha. Hari(srii/gar/gira)-
taala(naada/daana/tara/palmyra Mal.karinpana-hari-haraNa-
pana) is garjana(roar )/kiirttana(prayer/
praise /paNa/rava/ravicf.palm sunday)/
vaakdaana(paNa/satyaapana/promise cf.M-290a) .
Sankh is the horn=AUM. =temple/temporal/frontal bone
Sankha=100 billions/100,000 crores.
Taala tree
Palmyra palm leaves were used for writing on in ancient India.
Buddhist scriptures were recorded on these leaves. The tala tree
belongs to the palm family . Its fan(palm,paNa/phaNa)-shaped
leaves are dried and cut into rectangles of the same size, about
six centimeters wide and thirty to sixty centimeters long. Text was
inscribed on both sides with a bamboo or iron stylus. The leaves
were pierced at the end with holes, bound with string, and
secured between two wooden covers or case as "palm-leaf
scriptures." cf. srii kavaca kanakasankha
paNapancaban(pana)-dha(sa/ca)
Shows srii/paNa in tree/protective wooden boards/planks/shields
or paNa kosa or vana kosa(cf wooden chest/caxa/box) for paNa.
tAladruma palmyra-tree
tantuniryAsa palmyra tree
tarurAja palmyra-tree(king of trees)
tAla palmyra tree
mahonnata palm or palmyra tree(height of palm
measure by the hand by the tree!)
lekhyapattra palmyra or palm tree
tAla palmyra tree or fan-palm
tAlavana grove of palmyra-trees


M-382 vaana/vas(ve,ha)/paana/maana /
bhaama + sravastra /haatra/vaasara/
vaasra(house, bul l ) or
maana(house)/ maatra/Mitra/mudra/ kesara-gold/bhadra-
king,gold/netra-king,dress,sacrifice-net-mat/Indra/Candra/sra-
vas(ear,wealth,food) .Mat is the vedi/vesha(vas-dess) of
srii,namely prabhaata. Mana-sara is mantra/sramaNa(a
travelling mendicant cf.the travellers
stick)/paantha(traveler)/vetra(stick)/paatra(vessel)/vaasara(we
ekday)/panca-5/paartha(king).Paantha and paartha used to
carry rods.Paartha is Bhaarata/Bharata (Heb. Malluk-
king,Hindi. Maalik-king and Meluhha).
na-yamanayananaaNya-paNa
Jaala(grill/net)jala (water)kala
Vas being vi (two,upper and lower cf. Men wore two clothes
made of cotton or wool as described in the Vedas and seen by
archaeologists. Refer DK1909) it can be Visravaas(son of
Pulastya)/VaisravaNa(Kubera-copper-cobra-phaNa-paNa)
/visvaanara(agni/the sun-paNa)/VishNu also.
Kasyapa(gadya-pa) is kac(vac-word,vas-cloth)-vaya(weaver)
also. Thus the writing is similar to / . The two pans become
two cloth.Paana(pan) is vaana(cloth) or baaNa(arrow vi/vis-
bird,arrow,dviravipaNaVishnuvis/vas/kac/kaaca-
nu/mu).
Vastra(cloth) is netra( eye,cloth) or Indra. Jaala/saala
/taala / /daanajalavanapaNa .Jaalaka is
paNa /sankha.
Siil kaara(hiss- garja-karsha) is celaakara(dressmaker).
cela(cloth) is siila(python) and indicate phaNa/paNa.Dvi-vas is
divasa.Vasana (cloth) is Vishnu/paNa/panca/bandha etc.
M-822 karsha/go/bhaga /arka/naga/satra/paNa/bali
/yajna/ya - 6
Shatka is sulka(price/tax). It may also indicate shatbhaaga tax
to the king.
Pipal-leaf shaped well, Lower Town
, (asvattha patra-Fig leaf ),

http://www.mohenjodaro.net/heartwell81.html

This unique well and associated bathing platform was discovered
in the course of building a catchment drain around the site. It was
reconstructed on the ground floor of Mohenjo-daro site museum.
What does the Oxus(bull;vaaha-river,hand,bull) river of
Bactria,Barada(water) river of Western Syria ,the asva
patra(Peepul leaf ) well at Harappa,the Tunga bhadra(water)
river in Karnataka(South India) and the Bhaarata(water)-
ppuzha(payas-water) river in Kerala have in common?
Barada Sumerian badur water,pa-water; Heb.berotah-well,
berot-wells,bered-freezing rain;Hittite watar-water;Harappan
bhadra-water from pa-(water)-sara(jala-water)
;Bhaara(load,vaara-water,tail)-ta(tail,ja-born,sa-god)-
varsha(rain,place;vaara-ta) and Bharata bhadra(king ).
Kuupa(well) is gopa/bhuupa-king. Asvattha(Ficus) is
avasa(king,the sun)-sta(seat). Hence the well of the king is
indicated.
m823 hiraNyaaksha/uksha/raksha/nishka
dra/srii sa/bha/ma bhadra/mudra/Mitra uksha/asva
Bhadra(bull/king/gold)/satra uksha/asva is the
bhadraasva/viirabhadra/unicorn. It is the sacrificial asva.
King is the sacrifice. This king is su(good)-nripa(king) suvarNa.
The vedic people gifted the priest kings with gold (vasu/pasu)
coins of various weights/denominations as netra/paNa/bali/
yaaga/ suuya/sacrifice.
M-830 ka/pa/ha/a/sa panca(5)/kala(1/16) nri-pa /
paNa/srii vedi/varNa panca/bhasma
kanva/havana/savana/panca paNa .The placement in the
tree is srii vedi.It is paNa-dha/sandha(union/wall/grant).
Ha with sta is hasta-hand/5 itself or ashta-8 also. Sa+ varNa
svarNa.
M-831 sa+pa-rNa paNa/aksha /nri /naabha/nabha
su varNa .
Bharma is naabha and svarNa.
M-832 paNa/na saasa/raaja/daasa/vaara
mukha/makha/ya/sa
Sudaasa (shodasa-16) paNa/suvarNa(16 maasha).Va-sa-na
is Vishnu,panca,savana etc.also.
M-838 tola,bharma/sa-bhaara-Na/satamaana
3
Makha/mukha being sata (cf. ) and maanava-man
being maapana-scale/maana-measure make satamaana.
Balance being bandha it is Sa-bandha(secured by a pledge)
or bandhaka-trade/vandaka-praiser.Bandhaka is panca(5)-
pa(king,river,srii vedi) or Paandaava.
tul weigh,compare by weighing ,pondertulya/sama-equal
suurya/sunpaNa-barter
dhata(scale)dhara(bear) dharaNa(10 pala/16 silver
maashaka/1 silver puraaNa; 1/10 satamaana/19nishpaava ; 2/5
karsha ; 1/10 pala;24 raktika
tula-ka ponderer-a kings counsellor
sulka price,tax,levy(cf.ravi)
Dur-gagoddess
Suulaspear(baaNa/sara/paNa-money)
Suurya sun-paNa
tulaa100pala/tola/box/latch/ e weight,10 millions
Tulaakotithe end of the beam
Tulaakosa weighing on a balance. With three it is three
times weight.
Tulaadhara a merchant
Tulaapurusha/tulaabhaara /Tulaadaana
gift of gold equal to a mans weight
Tulaabiija-gunja berry use a weight .
Tulaayashtithe beam of a balance.
Tulaasuutra/pragraha the string of a balance.
Tulaadhara holding a balance,a trader,a justice
bandhapanca maanava maapaNa paNa
(Vishnu) -anka(mark) kavacavacanasavana.

Bandha+mukha/makha
pancamukha/makhasimha/king/sacrifice


18
The Dholavira sign board


-
asva bhadra/putra aja/vasa - maarga-path/vaacaka-
writ/vaasaka(abode)/saarada-
anniversary/saaradaa(sarasvati=speech)/caaraka-
herdsman/caakra-belonging to a wheel cf.firka-circle/taaraka-
star/tejaka-protector/desaka-king/saasaka-king/dhaaraka-
smaaraka-keeping in memory-memorial.
Asva(as-va/pa;avasa-sun,king,abda-year) putra Vasa (Aja-
king/usha) vaacaka(writ)/saasaka(desaka-
king)/vaasaka(abode). Vasa(Aja-usha-dawn) is in fact the son of
the Sun and his abode. Asva bhadra is visva bhadra/netra/indra
(king of the whole world cf.Visvaamitra) also.
All kings were the sons of the Sun as power was god given.
Asva bhadra is bhadraasava(cf.unicorn,bull-elephant etc.)/king
of kings/nishka/nahusha.
a (aksha = vowel as svara is dvaara/bhadra Aaleph
cf.the the Brahmi/ Deva nagari A is the word u+ksha/bhadra
itself.) spa(pada) putra-son/bhadra-king /
kaparda(cf.bhadra-head,king,gold;patra-leaf,raaja-
kingkaasa -lightkesa-hair .Note the double bun(cf.horn-
hariNa-deer,gold) in several seals indicating
hair/hariNa/harsha/garta/karsha/karsa/darsa/
karsana kara-sana command etc.
sa-sarpa/catura kara/paNa/paksha kara/sara/ka/ra/sa
Salabha-phanus-paNa/bird/hand/croc (cf . )/sa /va
Asva putra Vasa (authority ,power,dominion) is praised in
RV.8.46.21 .



M-846 paaNa/paNa/baahu/vaaha/va
sasava/siva/subha/savana/subaahu-name of several
kings.Svaaha is the wife of Agni.Arka/paNa is
vakra/cakra/anka-hook,curve cf. , , etc.
Na+ gaja is nishka/nahusha/phaNa/paNa/Pushkara
(bhuja+kara) etc. pana is panca and with sa also
It is panca/pancamukha(siva/king).

M-847 paNa/ na bhadraasana aksha/sri vedi /
nir naya /hiraNya /yajna dvaadasa/12 srii/sa/ pa/ka /
paNa /makha /mukha/mudra/hema
Dvaadasa (12) is Divodaasa/Tvashta/svastha(su-asta;house,end).
paNa + ra parNa bharmanripa paNa 12
suvarNa or
Srii Divodaasa nripa(king) paNa(praise/money) .
: : vedi yayajna(sacrifice)yaacana(begging). Hence
mendicants inscribe this symbol on their bowls
vedideviraviya(yajna-sacrificeyaacana-
beggingaasana-seataajna-commandasana-foodazana-
throw)
M-848 paNa/panca/na bali/ droNa/druma/
mudra karsha/go/srii/paNa/naaga/raja/vaaha/bhaaga
Srii bali paNa /Karsha mudra-script panca-5 /Karsha bhadra
aasana(srii vedi).
MartaMarut mudraRudra putra(son of
god) panca
simha(garja-karsha-garta-throne)
M-861 Srii/sa/paNa /maasha/nishka/maasa
sapta-7/sabda/sapatha bhadraasana/simhaasana-panca is
simha/bhadra/patra paada/ sreNi/trivedi /maasha(maa-
aasa)/mesha/medha. Paadavedi(Mal.pati-step) .Panca
paada is bandha vaaca and paada vanda. Horn/sankha is
paNa. Sapta is sapatha/srii vedi.
Srii/raaja sapatha maasha/sata(100) sapta(7) maasha.
Compare this with sapta strii(seven women) of M-1186 and sapta
mudra(seven seals) of the Bible (Rev.5.1). srii paada is
prabhaata/srii vedi/prataapa(glory,power)/pravas(exile,go
abroad)/prabhaasha(speech) etc.
Harappa.com karsha paNa -3.
Bhadra-king,bull( cipher,head,girl,gold,elephant is Rudra-
Siva. Mahaakesa(Mahesa,Mahesvara) is Siva.Mahaakaparda is a
conch(sankha-Janaka-kanaka).The kaasa-light of the
sungod is the kesa(karsha/karsa/garta/garja) of the godking.
VaaNi devi has paaNi(hand) and veNi(hair bun) of Ravi.
Karsha paNa is kesa bun(vana cf. or ) or kaaca(scale)
paana(pan)cf , or Kesava(Vishnu=paNa). Since ka(head)+
na + nanaaga /raja/gaNana/naanaka(coin).
Karaja (fingers) is also made karsha . Kara(hand,tax) is
gira(word,hill).
M-842 sa(ta-tail)+va(vaaha-hand)+nri(tri/srii) is
sa(bird)-vaara(tail/ta/sa)-NasuvarNa.Maasha(ma-
aasa/ta)/vasana / savana/panca also likey alternatives.
Blk-1 Panca(punch/bandha/sandha) marks
followed by harsha/karsha(kara/paNa -sa
karsha/panca) bali(paNa/mudra/panca)- varna /
mudra/netra/Indra/nripa/panca) - / kara(sarasa-
5)/karaja - panca(bandha,vanda,vasna) -
paNya/panca/savana/sina/sana panca karsha paNa
kara paNya(commodity given as tribute cf.Mbh.2.1052)
Panca(5) is written panca(5) times to show bandha/srii vedi and
karsha(panca) itself. Cf.H-182 with five srii vedi.
/
Panca(5, simha,hari/kari/pra) paada(foot) is
simhaasana/bhadraasana/bhadra paada(cf.the Month of
Bhaadra pada with the Moon in Leo the 5
th
sign of
simha/Leo/Deo).
It shows prabhaata(dawn) / prataapa(glory)
/maa(great,measure)-aasa(seat,basis) which is maasha(hasta-
hand,ha-sky,gold;sta-seat5) and mesha(the sign of sunrise).
M-817 bhadraasana/panca/
karsha/manya/nishka/nahusha/yajana/savana
paNa,vana/pa cara/dara/sara/sata baaNa/paNa
/paSaravana,SuvarNa, cara/dara(sankha) paNa ( +
+ =paNa/balisavana-sacrifice).
Sarpa yajna is cakra/vana/paNa yaacana itself. Panca naaga
is simha/asva yaaga.
M-799 bhadraasana jangha /sankha
bandha/panca karsha / srii vedi /srii bandha /sabandha .
kabandha(headless body)ka(sa-god,head,king)-
bandha(bond)bandhaka(trade-pricer)vandaka(praiser).
Yaaganaaga(ram,elephant,snake)mesha(Aries,ram)
medha(sacrifice)naasa(nose. Nose money.The risen sun is the
high nose). Jangha bandha can indicate panca sankha
1 maasha. Man(maanava) being maa(maana/maapana-
measure,miina-fish) and
bandha(bond) being sa/mu/nu it is maasha/manu-writ also.
m801 sa/a na nga
ananga(kaamadeva/Mahaadeva/wind,mind)
Bhujanga is anka of bhuja5(Simhaasana/bhadraasana itself).
Ananga is ananta(infinity,the sky)
or the Ananta naaga/naaka(the sky,hema-gold).It is srii (the
sun)vedi(place). Aakaasa is aga(the sun,snake)-aasa(seat).
sa/sana/sina/naaga/mahaa/srii paNa/bhuja
mudra/sana/mudra/mitra/anka /aksha
SvarNa paNa(bali- sacrifice of a gold coin) is an asva medha as
svarNa is sa(aja-mesha-king)-vaaraNa(asva) !

M-741 kara is kala/aksha/ka/va/bha.
maasha /tulaa/bandha/panca pramaaNa-
writ/bhaara(weight of 20 tulaa/2000 palas of gold)/haara-
necklace-nishka/kaaca-swing/kesa-
hair/kalaasa/bhuja/bhuusha-ornament/bhoja-food/puusha-the
sun-paNa/vaaca-word/promise/kalasa-pot-shekel/sakala-
salka/scale/libra/god.Pancamukha bhaara is the kings bhaara
measure.
kaaca(ka-aasasrii/sira vedi;karsha;neck) itself is
tulaa(suura,suurya-tulya,paNa-sama-equal).
Kaaca(kac/vac)-pa is also Kesava(Vishnu=paNa) or
Kasyapa(kac,japa-prayer,yabha-bond,paa-protector,vaya-
weaver).
Ka is head,water,light,kha-the sun etc. It can indicate
tulaamaasa(Libra) also.
Kalaapa is a band / bond or rope round an elephants neck(gala-
aabha/pa;nishka;kalabha) or any ornament.Note the position of
the script on the neck of the unicorn elephant with the
kesara(rays,gold).Kalaada is a goldsmith.
M-727a bhadra,a dva/svi kala/kara/vaaha(4
bhaara )/bhaga-property,wealth,the sun
Rudra/Mitra/mudra/kosa/panca mukha/paNa/
mana/naama/makha.Bhadraasva(adhvara-suuya-sacrifice-
bali-paNa) is asva(uksha/gaja or u-gaja) itself.
M-708 bha dra dva/aa/u/na
karsha/aksha/gaja patra-writ/panca-5/bandha/sandha-
agreement . Mukha(mouth/face,aasa-aja-usha;mu-kha) is
srii(word) vedi(place) or mudra(mu-bond;srii) itself.
mouthsrii vedi itself . Bhadra is panca/simha.
Uksha is nishka(ni-gaja). Hence panca nishka
bandha/sandha/sandhi(union,junction,treaty,gifts for
negotiating alliance,the female sex organ,a wall etc. cf. , ,
paNa sandhi ) . Sandhi is a vedi. The srii sandhi is the gala
formed by the head,the body and the two hands to make the
cross . Similarly the two netra(eyes) and the naasa(nose),
the two caraNa(legs) and the deha(body) form vedis. Sandhi
is sanga(union,sex,sa-X) whence come jaghana(jangha/sankha-
shaped like the sandhi/vulva)- the loins.
Bhadra uksha(bhadraasva) is patra varNa-the letters in the
mudra/bulla/writ. It is panca -5.
M-142a HiraNyaaksha/Hariasva(Indra)
panca(pa-king,leaf/water,ansa-part) bandha/vanda
bharma(naabha,gold). Hari is snake.Kari is gaja.
M-144 paNa(mukha) Rudra/Mitra/mudra
bhuja anka Hariasva /HiraNyaaksha .Bhujanga(snake)
is 5(cf.aksha-karsha,snake,the number 5).Hariasva is kara asva-
the unicorn itself.
M-290a. Karsha/panca(Tiger) + paNa(ass-
raasabha/garddabha-sound/count/pound) srii
(sa+raa)/hari/panca(5) paada/vedi/bed/veda/seal/pledge
Hari(tiger,Vishnu) hara(ass,Siva,agni)-aasa( paada-
leg,vaasa-house;pa-king,aasa-seat,face)-
kala/kara/gaja/paNa/hala( ) Harihara-
aasana(seat)/vaasaka(abode)/
vaacaka(word)/kavaca(amulet,akshara-script,VishNu-is raksha-
amulet/protection)/bhaaskara(the sun).Hari/simha is panca-5.
Harihara is the combined form of Vishnu and Siva. But Hari
is srii. Hence it is Srii Hara(Siva) itself. From ca of caraNa,va of
tiger, ra of raasabha(ass) and na/bha of vana(leaf) we can get
svarNa(gold)/Srii Bharata. Hari(Tiger) is gold/sankha.
Jangha(shank) with the Tiger can denote Tiger cowries.
Uuru(the thigh,shank, roar) is also the name of an Aangirasa and
author of a vedic hymn,a son of Manu etc.U(roar)-ru(cry)
indicate garja(roar) or karsha.
Simha(panca) raasabha(raaja/pa/va)-satya(thigh)-
paNa(palm) is Paandava satyaapana also.
Uuru(thigh-satya) + paNa (palm)/srii( sa +
raaraajasriiharisimhapanca-5) shows
arpaNa(offering)/satyaapana(promise). srii+ paada(vedi)
is sriivedi/trivedi.
In the Bible Gen.24.2-9 Abraham tells his chief servant: Put your
hand under my thigh.I want you to swear by the LORD,the God
of heaven and the God of earth promised me on oathwill
be released from this oath of mine.. So the servant put his hand
under the thigh of his master Abraham and swore an oath to
him Thigh is the high!Uuru is u(roar),uu(Siva,protector)-
ru(roar;rava-sound,the sun).Bhasat(asvattha) is the thigh, sex
organs,a boat,the sun etc.Stukaa is the hair whorl or bun and the
thigh.Sakthi is the thigh and shows bhakti(arpaNa-
offering,entrusting,devotion etc) , sakti(strength) and
zakti(attachment).Mal. tuta-thigh is tulaa(dhara/cara-Na)and
uta/usha/trivedi/triveNi itself. Placing the hand under the
thigh ( ) binds(na) the servant to the high/the
master(pa/paNa/sun) making paNa which is also shown as a
vana(tree) growing between the thighs in H-180a(the vana is the
penis.By the inverse position the sisna becomes masta-
head/dasma-the master). The thigh is saakha-
branch/saakhi(tree ).Grasping the masters
sisna/saadhana/ saasana(command)/dasma/masta/matsa/ linga
is / and has the implication of making the holder his
wife/servant.Sa(god,snake;pa-king)-tya has a
saya(sex)/taya(protection) in it.The
phaNa(penis)saadhana(object) becomes the paNa
saadhana(object).PaNa/Sun/Vishnu/pledge/covenant/money is
is pa(king)- na(bond)/bha(sun)-u(roar)-ja (sa-god/bond) .Hence
in the rite of circumcision the covenant with sun(paNa) is made
holding the bleeding (rakta-raksha-rudhira-mudra)
paNasaadhana(object of sun/ covenant/pledge) .
Thus paNa/bond can be by grasping hand,placing hand on head,
fixing head on floor,grasping penis etc.




PaNa(sun/king) /satyaapana(oath) .
Sanliurfa museum, God of Reproduction, a human statue of 2
meters high carved out of limestone rock and eyes of obsedian
was discovered in the Balikligol in 1993, Sanliurfa excavations.
This is believed to be the oldest human figure ever to be
discovered to date and it describes a male looking down to his
genital organ seized by his both hands. This may indicate paNa-
sun/panasaasana/satyaapana-oath from
paNa(hand,agreement,praise,price,barter,money) and
sisna(penis paNa and saasana-gift,Mal.paN-to have sex).Saya
is sex/tax and hand indicating paNa. Saya saadhana is satya
saadhana.PaNa+sayavandya(honourable,respectable .
cf.masta/head-dasma/lord-mushti/fist-matsa/fish-bhuja/hasta-
hand),Sanjaya(a name),sancaya(heap,hoard)
etc.Harsha(erection of the penis) is
garta(throne),raksha(protection,rakta-red,raaja-king cf.the red
royal scepter is the replica of the penis /tree/snake itself and
the gunja seed. A palace is a phallus-penis!)The penis is the
symbol of the counting index finger and the fist(mushti,mushka-
scrotum).

Hariharabhaaskara is used as a personal name even now.
bhadra(paada-foot/leg-a/raraaja-paala-pa-kingdeva-
god,1/4,baala-girl) aasana(ass;raasabha-garddabha-ass-
gakarta-garta-thronegarja-roarkarsha-Mal.kezha-ibex
cf. : : ) .The ibex (rohita-rakta-redgarta-thronekarsha
.Mal.kezha) and the ass (garddabha/raasabha/khara
Mal.kazhuta) has the same role of indicating karsha by
garja(bray,roar). paNa(palm-parNa-leaf,nripa-king,hariNa-
gold;ass-sa+parNa =svarNa-gold/karsha=ca)
karsha(garja-tiger) aksha-5/rakta-red/raksha-
protection/sakra-Indra/Sagara-name of a kingkarsha.
Kara(hand,tax/daksha)/paNaarka(king,the sun,copper,12)
argha(price,worth,reception of guest,collection of 20 pearls
having weight of a haraNa) arha(worth,merit)
khara(donkey,because of its bray/cry)hara(Siva,fire,donkey) .
Thus hari(srii)/hara(srii) are
srii/srii vedi.
Arka 12 tri/3-paada/4srii vedi/12
arka dvi/ravi + Dvaaraka/svarga
Srii vedi/paNa dva/paNatva(price)/sulka(price/tax).
Arka is paNa(vishnu,price,money).PaNa is
phaNa(snake/sarpa/cakra).
paNatva(price)arghakhara(ass).
M-850
hiraNyaaksha/srii/paNatva(phaNa+dvapaNatva-price)
paNa/kara/khara/kala/hara/hala
karsha/panca(5,baaNa+srii/sa;sara-arrow,water,5)/mudra/rudra
sa/paNa/mukha/makha/nakha(cf pancamukha
pancanakhatiger,elephant etc.denote the king)
PaNatva-samudra(siva)-hara(siva).
Sankara(sinha/sankha)-panca mukha/mudra(5 scripts).
Hara(arka) sign is hari(Leo)-the fifth one.

With ass(cf. Roman bronze Aes) as the price the tiger(va/pa)+
palm(bha/na/ha) + caraNa(ca)panca(5).
Argha (khara) daana presentation of a respectful offering,
can be seen in the Vedas.
Argha/arghya paatra the small vessel in which
water(vana/paNa) is offered to the guest on his arrival cf.the
vessel near the unicorn.
Argha balaabalarate of price,the cheapness or dearness of
commodities
arghasamsthaapana fixing the price of commodities,by a king
in concert with traders ,done once a week or once in a fortnight
Mn-8.402.
arghaapacayadiminution of price
argharha worthy of a respectful offering, a superior
arghesvara/arghiisvara-siva(harakhararaviravapaNa).

Compare M290a seal with H094
The tiger is the same. A caruu/droNa(trough)/argyapaatra is
placed in the place of the uuru/caraNa. In the place of the
hara/raasabha
the svar/sariira(srii-raasa) symbol is used. The parNa
(paNa/vana) is replaced by the paNa symbol itself.Panca is
maasha(FIVE GUNJA) and simha.Panca/maasha karsha/simha
paNa/paana is shown which is the same as also.
The tiger (garja/simha/svar/suura) is simha(Leo/Deo/deva-god-
king).Simha is panca(five.Leo is the fifth sign of the zodiac
indicating the sky and the thumb-simha-of the hand) and
cihna(sign/emblem). Paana or pan at the bottom is paNa. Hence
this is karsha/suvarNa paNa.Also Gaatra-body is karsha. The
hand(va-vaaha,bhuja-hand) is made paNa .A kaksha
buffalo, bhadra-bull/king/gold,paatra-paana-pan/jar,paNa-
money with the tiger-garja-karsha makes it karsha paNa).The
head of the tiger is sigma/simha(lion-leo-deo cf.simhaasana-
bhadraasana-throne;simhasulka-paNa-bali-
price,tax,sacrifice).Its tail is vaara-tail/paana-cup/paNa-
money.The tail is ta ( sa-sarpa) is god(deo-leo),bird(vi/sa) or
snake(sa/pa).Hence Gr.sigma( Heb.samekh =
) is S/Z(simha-tiger/sarpa-snake/talpa-bed/cashaka-
cup).The body of the tiger has karsha(gharsha-scratch) lines.Its
mouth is open in the sigma form to indicate garja/karsha.Its
karaja(claws) are made bold to indicate karsha.Karaja
(fingers/digits) is garja(garta-simha-finger-wing-fin-king).The
Heb.samekh is derived from the Harappan
panca/karaja/harsha/hasta/simha(cf.Deo-Leo-the 5
th
sign of the
zodiac).Simha is tunga(peak) and panca is the
thumb(angushtha)as count begins with the little finger.
Pancasaakha is the palm(leaf and hand cf.taala is palm and the
horizontal lines indicate the four fingers,the four directions
etc.The vertical line indicate the thumb
which point to the sky(tunga/simha) making a count/sound of
five.Simha is the sign of the
sun/sum/paNa(money,sun,barter)/vana(tree,water,house)/nava
(nine,praise,new)/nabha(sky)/gaNa(group)naga(sun,tree,snake)
/kala(count,mark).Nabha is aakaasa(sky,aksha-
5,snake,eye,wheel,karsha cf.
,manapaNa .Raajaaksha/Daksha-eye has a
bhruu-brow-roof.Hasta-hand has the angushtha-thumb as the
roof.Simha-lion/tiger has a vaara-roof/tail/paana.Hasta is
paaNa/paana/taala/baaNa/naaga).Taala(tala-palm leaf,plate
,dish,platter raaja-iisa-saakha-hastaha-sta,sta-seat
of ha-harsha/hair/digits is the bhadraasana/simhaasana seat of
Durga cf.k-50,k-65 etc. and indicate he he or he (note
the raised hands showing
harsha/exaltation/excitation cf. H-3305
harsha/laasya/raasa/srii/rati-sukha(joy)/mukha(face);karsha-
gold or weight of gold;garta-throne;harta-sun;cakra-raksha-
amulet,protection;Sakra-Indra;paNa-naga-sun/gaNa-
group,count/kala-count/kara-hand,tax.Harsha excitation is
shown by the raised feet and the raised hands. This is the he
in protosinaitic and in Brahmi. ka/sa is bhadra-
virgo,king,bull,head(ka). Pa+ka bhaga is the sun, good luck
and the female genitals.Bhagavati has a bhaga!Sa +ka
saka/sukha/gaja/aksha/naaga/mahaa/hema/suparNa
etc.Mahaa bhadra/Mahaa deva is the king.Naaga(bhadra-
elephant) is kanaa(bhadra-girl) and nagna(naked).Nanaka is
paNa-money and sneha-love.

M-459a vadana-mukha-mouth/bandha-
agreement/panca-5 /srii/raja(cf. sa-fence + raa = srii )
srii/mukha-face/paNa-face,money/makha-sacrifice/magha-gift/
srii/cakra/garta/karsha/raaja/srii vedi /
bhadraasana/simhaasanapanca mukha(Siva,simha) karsha
(garja of simha is karsha).Mudra is mu(3)-srii. Srii is
simha/panca.Raaja vedi is raaja mudra. srii ka/sa
paNa/vacsrii kavaca(amulet)/savana-sacrifice/panca-five.
In M-304 Siva(diva-day,ravi-the sun) is portrayed srii
(three )-mukha(faced/phased ie. dawn,noon,dusk) hiding
two faces(phases) of the pancamukha(day was divided into five
parts to make the sun gods face and phase.Four lions /eight
elephants denote the directions ).
; sa pan/ vac panca/savana/bandha
Vadana(mukha) is srii vedi/the vedi of vac/usha/asva.
M-418ac-1 Bhadraasana
karsha(cf.patra-bird on bhadra cf.patra-leaf on the aasana-
shoulder of the unicorn ) paNa(cf.phaNa/parNa) .
Bull is bulla.Vrisha(bull) is varNa(letter)/parNa(leaf).
phaNa/sa/na + patra/sa phaNa sa
Panca-5/bandha/sandha/vanda .The bhadra/animal is
garja/garta/karsha. vana. There are four bhadra and
patra to form the bhadra(king/gold)s patra(writ).There are only
three phaNa to show paNa and the two vana placed
alternatively make up the paNa in each unit making four panca
karsha paNa.
m410 Grasana(swallowing ) is kara(nakra
nose,alligator,naaga,na ) + sana (paNa-bhuja-saya-hand-va-
bha) Krishna/krisana-gold,shell/karsha/ paNa /nama/mina.
Nakra is Rudra/mahira/mihira-the sun and
mudra(cf.Mal.mutala-croc.Svar is gold.)
Sana +kara is Sankara(Rudra-Siva). Sa+karaSakra(Indra).
Bhuja( )+ kara(nakra) Pushkara
PaNa is praise. To praise one joins both hands in an(nakra-
nose,kara-hand)-jali(sana-sara-jala-kara-bhuj) by
kara(hand)-bhuja(hand)clasp/grasp. Anu-graha is blessing.
PaNa mudra is saya(hand,sex,snake) mudra also
M-304a
Gaja as haya(unicorn ) is -7, as saptaasva or 8 as ashta
naaga.
Sekhara-kiriita-crown is kesara and kaasara(buffalo). Hence
buffalo horns adorn the crown.
His seat is in the patraasana(legs folded to make a patra-leaf) to
indicate bhadraasana/srii vedi.
The aasana is supported on damaru(drum) to indicate
mudra.HariNa(deer) is hari(lion)-na(two)
and indicate gold, simhaasana(throne),
bhadra(gold)asana(throne) and sriivedi as in M-308.
He has three/five faces to show face of srii(sun,raja,fire) /
simha.His hands and horns are marked with
Harsha to indicate garja/garta/karsha/cakra/harta-the sun.The
animals placed by him show garja-garta,
carii-srii,mriga-nripa , pasu-vasu etc.Hari(tiger)-asva(elephant)
and bhadra(buffalo)-asva(rhino) are epithets of the king-
sun.Gaja(elephant,haya-7)-srii(suura,svar-sun,cipher) indicate
Gaayatri(the rising sun,who by u-daya/taya protects all. The
buffalo-rhino indicate the same. It is the number 70 whence the 7
times 70 is used. Sabda (svar-sound) is srii(svar-word,the sun).
Sabda is asva(vac), gaja(kac) tapasa(the sun), divasa(day)and
dvija(Brahmin-who lives by sabda/vacana/savana).Sabda is
sapta(7). Hence sapta svara(seven notes),sapta vaasara(seven
week days) etc.Saptaasva( seven horsed sun) is sabda-vac.
Sabda is vaacaka( word) or akshara(script) or patra(writ) .
Vacana/vaacaka is kavaca(amulet) or raksha(amulet)/
cakra/rakta. Cakra is
bhadra(auspicious,king,woman,elephant,bull) .Hence
bhadraasva(winged bull/unicorn/7 women as in M-1186) indicate
kavaca patra-amulet writ also.Vacana is vasana/vasna
/savana/japana/bhajana/yabhana/Vishnu etc.Yantra(kavaca)
and mantra(savana/bhajana) protect.
sa/ka va/pa ta sabda/sapta/kavaca
srii/raaja/rishi/arci/asva /
sa/ka va/sa ca/na kavaca/nishka/savana
Kavaca-srii-kavaca is srii yantra(amulet)/srii
cakra(amulet)/SriiSakra(Indra). The cakra formed by
carii(animals) and srii(scripts) indicate this further.
Saptaarci(having seven tongues) is Agni.Sabda has seven tongues
in the seven notes.
Saptaarci as sabda/divasa/dvijasrii is Saptarshi.
Saptaasva is divasa-avasathe day sun.
Nishka+srii nishkarsa/karsana- order/command of the king
regarding tax.
nishka srii/raaja
sapatha(promise/pledge) with sapta(7) and
Seventy(bhadraasava=70) indicate kings(very strong) pledge.
Hari(tiger)+ na +gaja Hiranyaaksha
sriisvarsvargaDvaaraka.
Compare this seal with

www.harappa.com/indus/25.html
sisna/naaga/sa(snake).Sisna/saadhana is
saazana(command/daana-donation).Sarpa(snake) is
cakra(srii/king)/ sarva(all,whole)/ sapta(seven)/ sabda(sound-
svar-sarpa-sun-paNa.To paN is to make sound or to have
intercourse.PaNa-phaNa is saya-snake/sex also).
paada(foot/root. Pa-leaf/king,aasa-seat;pa-aja-king;cf.druu-
tree is paadapapaada + pa-leaf ).
vrisha(bull)/varsha(year)/karsha/varNa(script)/asva(bull)/vaaca
(bulla),bharma(gold)
anka(mark,hook,curve,number,cipher),amza(shoulder),
amsa(part),anga(limb,member)
na/ca(nayana/cakshu-eye,nayana naanaka maana
maanika naaNyamaanya-money). People touch the
eye on receipt of paNa(nayana-money) to praise the godking.
Miina nayana akshi(eye,aksha-
snake,karsha,wheel,thenumber 5)miinaakshi( a woman with
beautiful eyes).

ankana(marking,writing,stamping)angana(a woman,a
yard,court cf.vedi)
druma(tree),droNa(a measure,Bharadvaaja),
sroNa(jaghana-throne) , maatra(measuremaasha),
mudra(sign,seal,script)
patra(bird,writ),sa(bird,god,snake),bhadra(king,bull,woman,cip
her)
sa-mudra(sea,Siva,with mudra). Mudra patra is
stamp paper nowadays.Bhadra(king) mudra (seal) is royal
stamp of authority.
sa paada varNa anka na mudra patra
sapta(7) -varna(script,gold) ankana(marking,vedi) -
bhadra(king)-mudra(seal).
It is a royal seal with seven scripts! This compares well with M-
304,M-1186 etc. or with
M-303 Bhadra(King,bull,gold,cipher;panca-5)
vrishabha(vritra-haIndra) bhadravrishabha(bhadranaaga-
unicorn,nagna bhadra-naked woman cf.H-3305) is
bhadraasva(bull-elephant) as shown by the figure .
VrishabhavrishavarshavarNa(script)parNa(leaf)
Alphabet(alpha-beta) has the aleph(asva-uksha-bull)-
pada(word/foot)/vaaca(word) in it.
Thus the panca(5)- vrishabha-script denotes the number of
scripts of the seal.Panca is simha(king),
bandha(trade,agreement-paNa),
vanija(trader),vanda(praising-paNa),sandhaa(to
grant,give;union,promise,vow) etc.
19
Indus script on the Mayiladuturai stone celt.
Significance of Mayiladuthurai find
T.S. Subramanian

http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101992000.ht
m

We have already identified these symbols as
panca/varaaha/raja/deva/na
mukha/makha/naama/naaga/mahaa/sa/ya
srii(cf.the trident with lemons on each
point)/raaja/kshatra.Srii-raaja-Raama-Maadhava-naatha.
anka(bent)/naga/bhaga/aum/nama/paNa/naa
Hence it is nama/aum srii mahaa/naaga deva/raaja.
pancamukha (siva) srii(sun,raaja-king) naga(sun,naaka-sky)
Nagaraaja/naagaraaja(Siva) panca mukha(siva)
Panca mukha raaja anka(mark.The five faces and trisuula are
mark of Siva naagaraaja-the sun-the king of the sky-and the
king of the earth.)
Anka raaja can be the ruler of the kingdom of Anga(agna/eka).
It can also indicate ekaraaja(the only king -a title of vedic
monarchs;ekaarkaaja-king,Indra) Pancamukha.
Panca(varaaha) mukha(naama/mana/jana/jina) is
Brahmana. Naga kshatra is nakshatra.Pancamukha(the
king) nakshatra is Kritika(agna-arka-the rising sun). Hence
Braahmana is called agna. Kartikeya is the son(sun) of
Siva(diva-day).KarNa(nakra-varaaha) became the king of
Anga(agna).
Another interesting feature of this inscription is
naa raa(ja) ya(mukhamakhaya-yajna)
na(aga,nakranaagaarkavaraaha- the
sun)NaarayaNa(Vishnu or a personal name) !