Materials For Training Modules

Sustainable Mountain Tourism for Local Community Development in Mountain Areas
Materials for Training Modules

Draft Report
HBP Ref: 163026941.doc
February 13, 1996
Sarhad Tourism Corporation Ltd.

NWFP, Pakistan
Materials for Training and Modules
Contents
Contents..................................................................................................................i Exhibits.................................................................................................................iv Introduction...........................................................................................................1 Target Audience and Existing Level of Capabilities and Experience.............2 Area Focus..........................................................................................................2 Entrepreneurs.....................................................................................................2 Community Organizations, Community Workers and Organizers.....................2 Programme Designers and Implementers..........................................................3 Policy Planners...................................................................................................4 Approach...............................................................................................................5 Training Format..................................................................................................5 Local Level ...................................................................................................5 Other Levels..................................................................................................5 Number of Participants and Location of Training Sessions...............................5 Local Level ...................................................................................................5 Other Levels..................................................................................................5 Trainers...............................................................................................................6 Local Level....................................................................................................6 Programme Designers and Implementers..........................................................7 Introduction.........................................................................................................7 Basic Indicators.............................................................................................7 Tourism Policy 1993......................................................................................7 National Conservation Strategy (NCS).........................................................7 Importance of Tourism in Mountain Areas in Pakistan ................................7 Baseline Survey..................................................................................................8 Baseline Information on Fairy Meadows..........................................................14 Area Description and Characteristics ........................................................14 Trip to Fairy Meadows......................................................................................20 Assessment of Carrying Capacity....................................................................20
Hagler Bailly Pakistan
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Promotion and Management of Critical Resources.........................................20 Critical Resources in Northern Areas..........................................................22 Measures for Promotion and Management of Critical Resources..............22 Example for Local Level: Action Plan for Fairy Meadows.........................22 Promotion of Private Sector..............................................................................24 Garbage and Waste Management Systems....................................................26 Maximization of the Net Effects of Tourist Expenditure...................................26 Case I: Free and Independent Trekkers (FITS) ........................................26 Case II: Organized Tour Groups.................................................................27 Minimization of Leakages............................................................................27 Maximization of linkages between tourism and other local products.........27 Sectoral Coordination.......................................................................................28 Coordination between agencies..................................................................28 Coordination between producing sectors:..................................................28 PRA and RRA...................................................................................................28 Research and Development.............................................................................29 Institution Building............................................................................................29 Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................30 Current Monitoring Practices.......................................................................30 Monitoring parameters:...............................................................................30 Monitoring Systems:....................................................................................30 Monitoring Agencies:...................................................................................30 Institutionalization of Evaluation System:...................................................31 Local Level Community Workers, Organizers and Entrepreneurs................32 Introduction.......................................................................................................32 Importance of Northern Areas in the Context of Tourism...........................32 Importance of Communities.........................................................................32 Community Resources................................................................................33 Tourism Products........................................................................................33 Characteristics of Tourism Products...........................................................34 Private and Public Sector............................................................................34 Creation of Awareness.....................................................................................34 Benefits and Impacts of Tourism.................................................................34 Tourism and Community Development.......................................................35 Sustainable Tourism Development.............................................................35
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
ii
Planning of Tourism Activities.....................................................................35 Recognizing Carrying Capacity........................................................................36 Limits on Tourism Associated with Environmental Factors........................36 Limits on Tourism Associated with Social and Economic Factors..............36 Limits on Tourism Associated with Availability of Infrastructure.................36 Critical Resources in Northern Areas..........................................................36 Conservation Education...................................................................................37 Introduction..................................................................................................37 Social Environment:.....................................................................................37 Mitigation Measures....................................................................................42 Environmental Monitoring............................................................................47 Management and Regeneration of Local Resources.......................................47 Management of Local Infrastructure.................................................................47 Alternative Technology.....................................................................................48 Management of Garbage an Solid Waste........................................................50 Planning Process Through PRA and RRA.......................................................50 Grass-roots Level Organizations......................................................................50 Training.............................................................................................................51 Monitoring.........................................................................................................51 Field Trips.........................................................................................................51 Local Government Officials and NGOs............................................................52 Policy Planners...................................................................................................53
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
iii
Exhibits
Exhibit 1: Vertical Arrangement of Natural Vegetation and Agricultural Productivity.................................................................................9 Exhibit 2: Expeditions to Nanga Parbat, 1975-1993.......................................10 Exhibit 3: Pastoral Migration in Rupal Valley ................................................11 Exhibit 4: Migration of Bakrwal-Nomads to Astor-Valley..............................12 Exhibit 5: Households with Off-farm Employment, 1992..............................13 Exhibit 6: Sketch Map of Fairy Meadows........................................................15 Exhibit 7: Land Use Graph................................................................................16 Exhibit 8: Food and Accommodation Charges..............................................19 Exhibit 9: Analysis of Carrying Capacity........................................................21 Exhibit 10: Action Plan Financing and Schedule of Implementation...........25 Exhibit 11: The Water Cycle.............................................................................39 Exhibit 12: The Nutrient Cycle..........................................................................40 Exhibit 13: The Aquatic Food Web..................................................................41 Exhibit 14: Harmonizing with the Landscape.................................................43 Exhibit 15: Buildings and Contours.................................................................44 Exhibit 16: Catchment Management................................................................45 Exhibit 17: Steep Slopes...................................................................................46 Exhibit 18: Benefits of Environment-Friendly Technology Promotion and Dissemination.........................................................................................49
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
iv
Introduction
The materials presented in this report have been prepared as a part of the assignment Mountain Tourism for Local Community Development: Fairy Meadows Micro Case Study. The Sarhad Tourism Corporation (STC) in collaboration with International Centre for Mountain Development (ICIMOD) intends to build capacity for environmentally sound tourism in the mountain areas in Pakistan. To support the capacity building efforts, STC commissioned case studies in selected mountain areas in Northern Pakistan. The broad objectives of the case studies were: 1. Review of the status of mountain tourism in selected regions. 2. Identify key issues with respect to mountain tourism and economic and environmental development of local communities. 3. Development of a framework for Action Plans for sustainable mountain tourism and local community development. 4. Preparation of prototype training modules for capacity building at various levels. Hagler Bailly Pakistan was engaged by the STC to conduct a case study for Fairy Meadows, located in Raikot Valley near Gilgit. A draft report for Micro Case Study and Action Plan for Fairy Meadows has already been submitted. This report covers the prototype training materials for the following audiences: a a a a Local level community workers, organizers and entrepreneurs Programme designers and implementers Local government officials and NGOs. Policy Planners
The materials for the training modules presented in this report essentially draw on the information collected and analysis conducted for the Raikot Valley. The scope of the training materials is therefore limited to the issues discussed in the case study completed by HBPO for this area. It is understood that the training materials to be developed by STC for a larger audience will also draw upon the case studies undertaken for other representative regions in the country, for which assignments were commissioned separately by the STC.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Target Audience and Existing Level of Capabilities and Experience

Area Focus
The focus of the materials presented is on the rural areas, consistent with the location of the case study. Compared to the urban centres such as Gilgit, Skardu, and Hunza, the infrastructure and facilities available for tourism in the less developed rural areas is relatively limited, and present a set of issues which are different from those encountered in the urban areas. At present, the tourist activity in the rural sections of the Northern Areas can be categorized as: a a Valleys with moderate level of tourism activity. Valleys with relatively low level of tourism activity.
Examples of the first type are Raikot, Naltar, Tershing, Rama, which are frequented by both organized and independent tourists, averaging at few hundred to over a thousand in a season. Examples of valleys with low level of tourism are Gor, Darel, Tangir, and Khinar, where tourism is practically non-existent. The areas under consideration have therefore not reached their carrying capacity limits. A brief profile of the potential participants is as follows:
Entrepreneurs
Typical background of entrepreneurs involved in these activities is: a a a Educational level: Illiterate to tenth grade. Income levels: Rs. 20,000 to 40,000 per year. Ownership patterns: Enterprizes are mostly individual owned or owned and run by families. Examples are small tea shops, hotels, campsites, and individually owned jeeps. Management: Generally no formal records are kept and no defined management systems exist.
Present and potential entrepreneurs are expected to participate actively as they would like to expand their incomes form tourism related businesses.
Community Organizations, Community Workers and Organizers

There no local community organizations, community workers and organizers that have tourism as their capacity building target. Village organizations that operate in some valleys such as Tershing, Naltar are for community development, mostly sponsored by AKRSP and some by WWF, and focus largely on agricultural infrastructural, social sector,
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
and in a few cases, wildlife activities. Community workers and organizers are also provided by organizations such as AKRSP and WWF. Local Government Officials and NGOs The local government officials that are directly or indirectly concerned with tourism consist of the District Administration, Police, and Forest Department. The Local Bodies and Rural Development (LB&RD) are responsible for small infrastructure projects, and provide funds to the Union Councils for implementation. The head of the Union Council is an elected Councilor. There are only a few organized NGOs such as AKRSP, WWF and IUCN that have interest in promoting tourism activities. The trainees in this category are expected to come largely from these NGOs. In addition to these established NGOs, village organizations and local NGOs are expected to take active interest in training. Participation from the local government will be limited as the level of interest and awareness is presently low, and they do not perceive tourism as their area of responsibility. Special efforts will therefore be required to generate active participation from this group.
Programme Designers and Implementers

The programme designers and implementers are associated with the private tour operators, provincial tourism development organizations such as the STC, and the Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC). In the Northern Areas, the PTDC has established and operates a number of hotels and motels. This organization has taken a project approach to tourism development. Tourism development programmes such as those undertaken by the STC in the NWFP have not been implemented as yet in the Northern Areas. There is very limited involvement from the Northern Areas Administration and other ministries of the Federal Government in tourism programmes for the Northern Areas. At present, there is no capability or experience to design or implement tourism related programmes in the government departments responsible for Northern Areas. A number of tour operators have experience in programme management and implementation, are successfully running tourism related businesses, and have established clientele. The level of knowledge on community and environmental aspects of tourism is presently low. Target audience in this group from the private as well as public sector will be quite extensive. The level of interest will also be high as the business community is now beginning to recognize the importance of community and environmental issues in tourism. It will be important to attract the entrepreneurs involved in exploitative use of forest resources to develop tourism and other businesses.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Policy Planners
Responsibility for policies, legislation and regulation of tourism in the Northern Areas rests with the Ministry of Tourism at the Federal level. Permits for tourists in the local areas are issued by the local or provincial authorities. The approach towards Northern Areas at the government level is largely control based, and not incentive based . A Tourism Policy was prepared in 1993. In view of the business community, the policy has not been implemented and the incentives mentioned in the policy have not been provided. Discussion of the 1993 Tourism Policy, its limitations and why it failed to have an impact should therefore included in the training programme. At the level of policy makers, capabilities and experience requisite for making policies is very limited. The officials responsible for this function have limited tenure and are rotated into other government departments, and have no long term stake in seriously promoting tourism. Interest of the audience in training in this category will therefore be very limited. An approach that combines training with policy development (workshop on policy development) would be perhaps more useful and will generate useful recommendations for policies while improving knowledge and awareness among the policy makers. A high level of expertise will be required in the trainers and workshop conductors to achieve this objective. The suggested duration of 12 hours for the programme will be insufficient given the limitations in the knowledge and background of the target audience. Field trips are recommended for inclusion in the programme, one to a less develeoped valley such as Raikot, and one to a more developed area such as Hunza.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Approach
Training Format
Local Level The training should rely primarily on discussion and field visits. Lectures should be limited to short introductions only. This is recommended in view of the low level of formal education, awareness and knowledge in the audience. There is a very high risk of loosing the audience in a lecture format. Discussion will also permit exchange of experiences among the participants from different areas and valleys. Extensive use of slides and graphics is recommended. Videos for other success and failure stories in other developing countries will also be useful. Projection of written materials should be avoided to the extent possible. Other Levels A combination of overhead text projection and slides is recommended.
Number of Participants and Location of Training Sessions

Local Level Two alternatives can be considered: a a Training be conducted in the valleys, and all the participants be drawn from the valley. Training be conducted at a central location for a mixed audience drawn from a number of valleys.
The first alternative presents a risk of limiting the discussion to local issues only, and the possibility of conflicts in the community dominating the discussions. The second alternative is recommended for this reason. The number of participants should be limited to about twenty. It is recommended that no more than three to five participants be drawn from one valley or locality. The training should be held at a central location such as Gilgit. Logistics will be easier to manage, and facilities such as rooms and audio visual aids will be easy to arrange. Facilities available at AKRSP should be considered. Other Levels Training sessions for local government officials and NGOs can be conducted at the District Headquarters such as Gilgit. Islamabad would be a suitable location in case of policy planners. The number of participants is recommended not to exceed twenty.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Trainers
Local Level A group of three trainers with the following backgrounds is recommended: A person from the area who can speak the local language, experienced in tourism business. Experienced guides with companies such as Sitara and Waljis are good examples. a A community organizer drawn from AKRSP or WWF. a A coordinator with experience in conducting similar sessions elsewhere, and with background in environmental assessment of tourism related activities. Such resource persons should be available from ICIMOD. Policy Planners, Programme Designers, Local Government Officials and NGOs The composition recommended is same as that for the local level, except that the trainer with experience in tourism business and the community organizer should be senior persons with experience at regional level. a
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Programme Designers and Implementers

Introduction
Basic Indicators a a a a a Pakistans share of tourist arrivals in the world is less than one percent. Compared to India, Thailand and Egypt, where tourism revenues are several billion dollars, tourism revenues in Pakistan are around $100 million only. In 1995, South Asian region received 4.2 million tourists in which Pakistans share was only 9%. Tourism earnings in 1995 in the South Asian region were 3,695 million dollars of which Pakistans share was only 3.1 percent. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism are around 1% of the total income from exports.
Tourism Policy 1993 a a a a Concessions offered include tax breaks, duty free imports, concessionary loan financing, and simplified procedures for issuing of visas. Very few incentives are still available. Policy environment is generally neutral. The Ministry of Tourism is mainly concerned with regulation of tourist activities.
National Conservation Strategy (NCS) a a a a a The NCS adopted in 1993 recognizes the need for protecting, conserving and restoring the tourism industrys resource base. Facilities and services for local tourists and visitors should be improved first. Following this, marketing programmes outside the country should be undertaken. Top priority should be given to protecting, conserving and restoring the basic natural capital and heritage resources on which tourism is dependent. Sites where potential for sustainable tourism is high should be selected for restoration and enhancement.
Importance of Tourism in Mountain Areas in Pakistan a a a The economic conditions in the Mountain Areas are generally much below the national average. Tourism in mountain areas can play a vital role in economic development. However, if not planned properly, the consequences can be: c Deterioration in scenic beauty. Examples: Naran, Shogran, and Kalam.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
c c a a
Deterioration in water quality. Example: Murree. Limited benefit to local population and communities. Example: Three and four star hotels in Skardu and Gilgit. Sustainable tourism practices benefit both the business and the community. Principal barrier to sustainable tourism practices is lack of awareness at all levels: Visitors, local communities, local authorities, programme managers and policy makers.
Baseline Survey
Need for accurate and detailed information on the existing conditions on which planning can be based. a Baseline information on the area. Examples: c Information generated by the Cultural Area Karakorum (CAK) Project. c Examples from CAK Project, Exhibit 1, Exhibit 2, Exhibit 3, Exhibit 4, and Exhibit 5. Baseline information on a locality. Example: Cast Study on Fairy Meadows
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Exhibit 1: Vertical Arrangement of Natural Vegetation and Agricultural Productivity
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
Exhibit 2: Expeditions to Nanga Parbat, 1975-1993
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
10
Exhibit 3: Pastoral Migration in Rupal Valley
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
11
Exhibit 4: Migration of Bakrwal-Nomads to Astor-Valley
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
12
Exhibit 5: Households with Off-farm Employment, 1992 Percentage of Households With Off-farm- employment seasonal/Forestry Worker Soldiers Teachers/Incl. Lady-Teachers Other State Employees Grocery Owners Other Enterpreneurs Drivers Craftsmen/Laundrymen Physicians Average Profit from Regular Income per House and Month:
2 1
Chongrabaridar (N=61) 21.3% 9.8 29.5 31.0 14.7 8.2 3.3 4.9 4.9 Rs. 3055
Faqirkot (N=54) 46.3 35.0 0.0 3.7 5.5 7.4 5.5 0.0 0.0 Rs. 1610
1 NAPWD (Northern Areas Public Works Department), police, administrationand health service. 2 Owners of jeeps, cattle-dealers contractors.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
13
Baseline Information on Fairy Meadows

a Contents c Area Description and Characteristics c Leadership and Scope for Community Participation c Logging and its Environmental Consequences c Tourism Practices
Area Description and Characteristics a Area Description and Characteristics (Exhibit 6: Sketch Map of Fairy Meadow) c Land ownership is fairly equitable; holdings are widely dispersed and intergenerationally fragmented. c Crop cultivation and livestock grazing are the two primary land use practices (Exhibit 7: Land Use Graph) c The population of the valley is highly mobile in terms of both seasonal and intra-seasonal migrations. c The small and diminishing natural asset base of households is supplemented with income from tourism and forest royalties c Basic social services are lacking and unemployment is increasing c Women have no decision making powers but contribute substantially to household and on-farm labour Leadership and Community Participation c During the colonial era, traditional leadership (jirga) coexisted with remote administrative control (numberdar) c However, within this group, there are family divisions, which often become a source of intra-ethnic tension c Post-partition, the local government system has offered few benefits to the community c Predominance of one ethnic group (shins) ensures hierarchy and accountability of leadership c The community has a tradition of coalescing around common concerns, mostly of an infrastructural nature c Such informal groupings are the initial route through which tourism, forestry and other area development issues could be sustainably addressed
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
14
Exhibit 6: Sketch Map of Fairy Meadows
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
15
Exhibit 7: Land Use Graph
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
16
Logging and its Environmental Consequences c Communal property rights to the forests are ancestrally derived c The logging contract with the community is leveraged on road construction and is financially exploitative c The key players in the timber extraction process are the contractor and the forestry department, who collude to the detriment of the environment c Use of dynamite in road construction, combined with natural processes, has caused massive slope destabilisation c Indiscriminate logging has stalled regeneration and destabilised slopes (Table 2) c Community cutting for house construction and fuel is a threat to biodiversity c Financial inducements have driven a wedge in the community, making it increasingly fractious and divided Tourism: Practice and Potential c Raikot Valley is classified as a Himalayan zone for mountaineering and high altitude trekking c Tourists consist primarily of trekkers, mountaineers and researchers. c Tourism has generated many linkages and few leakages: c Accommodation arrangements for tourists are local. Although environmentally appropriate, the quality of construction is poor and food and accommodation charges are high and differentiated (Exhibit 8). c Jeep transport, guides and porters are also provided locally. Likewise, there is absence of transparency in rates charged c Provisions, such as meat, chickens, eggs, milk, flour and vegetables are provided by locals c Tourist activities have on the whole been environmentally friendly (Table 4) Analysis of Carrying Capacity: c The Concept 0The natural and cultural resources, referred to as Himalayan Environmental Resources (HER) have consumptive, productive and amenity (nonconsumptive) values 1Sustainable use of HER requires preservation and enhancement of these values in a manner consistent with mountain community development (MCD) and through the instrumentality of mountain tourism development (MTD). 2The perceived task is to integrate tourism with community development in such a manner that socio-economic, cultural and environmental benefits can be maximised, without adverse impact on the socio-cultural, economic and biophysical environments. 3Carrying capacity is a dynamic and relative concept. It is governed by: a) mountain specificities; b) expectations, attitudes and behavior of both tourists and host populations; c) institutional capacity and management of tourism
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
17
resources; d) mitigation investments and; e) national or regional policy objectives.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
18
Exhibit 8: Food and Accommodation Charges Activities 1. Tents Rented Own (camping fee) 2. Food Dinner Lunch Breakfast Soft Drinks 3. Portage and Jeeps Guides
Porters Horses Jeeps
Locals
Foreigners
Rs.250/night Rs.70/night
Rs.350/night Rs.70/night
Rs.160/person Rs.100/person Rs.50/person Rs.25/bottle
Rs.180/person Rs.130/person Rs.80/person Rs.30/bottle
Rs.300/day Rs.160/camp Rs.700/day Rs.1400 from Raikot to Jhel and back Rs.700 to Jhel
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
19
Trip to Fairy Meadows

A one day trip to Fairy Meadows should be arranged at this point. The participants should be required to read the Case Study prior to the visit.
Assessment of Carrying Capacity

4Tourist inflows peaked at 1600 in 1995, which is well within the limits of the valleys carrying capacity. 5Remoteness, extended area and small tourist inflows are indicative of extensive rather than intensive use. 6However, analysis of carrying capacity in Raikot Valley must extend beyond tourism, because older and more entrenched factors generate instability (Exhibit 9). 7Through various interventions, aimed at social and economic empowerment of the community, mutualism, can be converted to proto-cooperation.
Promotion and Management of Critical Resources

Workshop facilitator to question the participants and list critical resources identified. Examples of cases that can be discussed are: a a a a a a a A region easily accessible by road, such as Galiat and Swat. A region where access by air is important, such as Chitral and Northern Areas. Local area which can be accessed by road, such as Naltar, Hunza. Local area which is not accessed by road, such as Fairy Meadows and Rupal. The point that critical resources will vary by region and by locality should be illustrated. Measures for promotion and management of critical resources should also be discussed on a case by case basis. The points listed below are indicative, and should be confirmed and supplemented by participants.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
20
Exhibit 9: Analysis of Carrying Capacity
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
21
Critical Resources in Northern Areas a Lack of capacity and reliability in air transport facilities. c Limitations at airports which restrict flights to smaller aircraft. c Weather dependence of flights. c Restricted number of connections. c Complicated reservation procedures. Alternative transport by road involves time and expense, is not comfortable or safe, and not reliable in wet weather. Lack of adequate and reliable local transportation. Limited facilities for accommodation. Lack of standardization in accommodation and food. Poor communication facilities in general, and total lack of communication facilities in most of the valleys.
a a a a a
Measures for Promotion and Management of Critical Resources a a a a a a Integration of policies and plans for communications and tourism. Training of local entrepreneurs in planning and operation of tourist facilities. Technical assistance to local entrepreneurs in setting up appropriate facilities. Construction and operation of a few demonstration projects to promote awareness. Development of guidelines and regulations to set standards for environmental performance, safety, and quality of services. Regulation of the tourist industry to ensure that minimum standards of environmental performance, safety, and quality of services are adhered to.
Example for Local Level: Action Plan for Fairy Meadows a Reconstruction of Carrying Capacity c Non-tourism interventions fall into two categories and are aimed at community empowerment c Thrust 1: Rehabilitation of Environment 8Road Repairs 9Community Park c Thrust 2: Socio-Economic Development c Physical Infrastructure: Irrigation Channels c Social Infrastructure: School Improvements, Expansion of Dispensary c Sectoral Interventions: Ag. Research and Extension Tourism Action Plan: Enhancement of Carrying Capacity c Objectives: 10Environmental stability
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
22
11Enhancement of socio-economic benefits 12Poverty alleviation and community development 13Retention of cultural values 14Maximisation of tourist satisfaction Main Elements of the Action Plan c Development of Tourist Products and Expansion of Facilities and Quality Improvements 15Tour operators, local communities and entrepreneurs can be assisted in development of new products that can enhance tourism revenues. For example, at Fairy Meadows: 16Standard packages for tours ranging from one to four days can be developed. 17Standard day trips can be offered out of Fairy Meadows. 18Camping at Beyal camp and Raikot base camp can be offered.. c Transport Improvements: 19The responsibility of maintenance of the existing jeep road could be shifted from the logging contractor to the government and the community. 20Trails should be properly marked and maintained. 21Trails should be made safe and suitable for tourists. 22The rates for operation of jeeps should be standardized. 23Horses could be provided for the use of tourists. c Accommodation: 24In addition to tents, simple, neat and clean huts should be available for visitors. 25The accommodation capacity should be expanded gradually as the tourist traffic increases. c Communication: 26Tele-communication facilities should be available at Raikot bridge, Tato village and fairy Meadows, connecting to each other and Gilgit. c Information and Promotion: 27Almost all the tourist guide books on Pakistan published abroad give some information on Fairy Meadows. After the infrastructure is improved, publicity materials specially prepared for fairy Meadows should be distributed to local and foreign tour operators. Materials in Urdu should be prepared for domestic tourists. c Training 28Long term literacy improvements (schools, maternal- child health care clinic) 29Environmental awareness creation 30Training for local entrepreneurs, managers and service providers in tourism related services
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
23
c c
31Training in forestry management 32Training in social organisation and project implementation skills 33On-hands agricultural training Local Level Institutional Context Financing and its Implementation 34Financing proposals (Exhibit 10) are tentative. Need to be refined at project design stage, for which estimated costs are $20,000 Monitoring Indicators 35Need to be precise. Milestones and indicators have been developed with specific reference to MCD and MTD
Promotion of Private Sector

a a a a a Private sector in Pakistan is quite active in the tourism business. Public sector through PTDC and similar provincial organizations has helped in development of markets. Incentives offered in the 1993 Tourism Policy need to be revived. Capacity fairly adequate in Pakistan among tour operators and companies that operate at area or country level. Limited capacity at the level of local entrepreneurs. Promotion activities can include information and awareness, training, demonstrations and financial support.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
24
Exhibit 10: Action Plan Financing and Schedule of Implementation
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
25
Garbage and Waste Management Systems

Solid waste consists of plastic bottles, batteries, toilet rolls, wrappers, metal cans and glass bottles. a Near the settled areas, bottles and cans are mostly picked up by the locals. a However, accumulation takes place in remote areas and near settled areas where tourist traffic is high. a Waste mostly generated by Free and Independent Trekkers (FITS). a Waste also generated by organized groups and climbing expeditions where group leaders are negligent and irresponsible. a Waste also generated by locals providing support services to tourists. Show figure from page 7 of Manual of Technology wit Implications for Mountain Tourism. a Waste generation by organized groups and climbing expeditions can be regulated through rules and enforcement. a Use of flush toilets with septic tanks can help in management of human waste. a Community involvement can play an important role in waste management. a
Maximization of the Net Effects of Tourist Expenditure

a a a a a a Net Effects are defined with respect to an area or a locality. Example: Fairy Meadows, Raikot Valley Gross receipts are total expenditure by tourists that can be allocated to Raikot Valley. The expenditures may be directly made by the tourists, or through tour operators. Net receipts are the revenues received by the locals in Raikot, such as jeep owners, porters, and owners of campsites and restaurants. Typical budget for a four day trip, per person, based on a group of five:
Case I: Free and Independent Trekkers (FITS) Total Travel to Raikot from Islamabad: Jeep, Raikot Bridge to Tato and back: Porters, return trip: Food, four days: Accommodation: Miscellaneous: Total: Rs. 1,200 Rs. 320 Rs. 640 Rs. 800 Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 3,560 Gross, to Raikot Rs. 320 Rs. 640 Rs. 800 Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 2,360 Net, to Raikot Rs. 320 Rs. 640 Rs.400 Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 1,960
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
26
Total Leakages = Gross Revenues - Net Revenues = Rs. 2,360 - Rs. 1,960 = Rs. 400
Case II: Organized Tour Groups Total Travel to Raikot from Islamabad: Jeep, Raikot Bridge to Tato and back: Porters, return trip: Food, four days: Accommodation: Miscellaneous: Guide and cook: Overheads and Profits @ 50% Total: Rs. 1,200 Rs. 320 Rs. 640 Rs. 800 Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 1,000 Rs. 2,030 Rs. 6,590 Gross, to Raikot Rs. 320 Rs. 640 Rs. 800 Rs. 300 Rs. 300 Rs. 1,000 Rs. 2,030 Rs. 5,390 Rs. 1,560 Net, to Raikot Rs. 320 Rs. 640 Rs. 300 Rs. 300
Total Leakages = Rs. 5,390 - Rs. 1,560 = Rs. 3,830
Minimization of Leakages Alternatives Guides and cook could be local Food could be purchased locally The tour business could be locally owned Increase in Net Benefits Rs. 1,000 Rs. 800 Rs. 2,030
Maximization of linkages between tourism and other local products a a a a Improved agriculture to provide food for tourists: Increase food revenues from Rs. 800 to Rs. 1,600 Improved accommodation and facilities: Increase hotel revenues from Rs. 300 for tents to Rs. 1,500 for huts. Horse rides, day treks etc.: Increase revenues by Rs. 500. Other potential products: Climbing in summer, skiing in winter.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
27
Sectoral Coordination
Coordination between agencies Agencies Involved Ministry of Tourism Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation Ministry of Communications Ministry of Interior Provincial Governments District Administration Forest and Wildlife Departments Role and Responsibilities Policy development, implementation and regulation, monitoring and evaluation. Project development, tourism promotion. Travel facilities, airports, telecommunications. Permissions for restricted areas, grant and extensions of visas, registration. Project development. Regulation and enforcement, monitoring. Project and product development.
Coordination between producing sectors: a a a a Tour operators: Need to assist other producing sectors in development and standardization of products and services. Transporters: Need to coordinate with tour operators and hotel owners to provide better services to tourists. Hotel owners: Need to work closely with communities to make best use of local resources. Communities: Need to interact with tour operators and hotel owners to understand demand for products and services.
PRA and RRA

a PRA and RRA are structured approaches to: c Assessment of baseline socio-economic conditions in a community. c Identification of development needs and priorities. Conducted by outside experts in collaboration with the community. Generally used by planners, local and with donor agencies, to design community based development projects. Prior to the exercise, the community should ask the PRA/RRA team to define their objectives. The community should actively and openly interact with outside experts.
a a a a
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
28
a a
The community should check endorse the findings before they are reported by the experts. Limitations of PRA/RRA: c High level of dependence on trained experts. Results can be very misleading if not conducted in the right manner. c Communities treat the experts as outsiders and representatives of authorities, which introduces a bias in the information provided by them.
Research and Development

Identification of investment opportunities, examples: c Upgrading of camping facilities to motels with log cabins. c New facilities for high income tourists. c Introduction of skiing and winter packages. c Establishment of community park. a Feasibility studies: c Estimation of the growth in number of tourists if better facilities are available. c Size of the facilities and market segment to be catered. c Environmental impact assessment. c Cash flow projections, financial viability and financing requirements. Presentation of a case study based on a feasibility study for Fairy Meadows or elsewhere would be useful. a
Institution Building
a a a a a a Present dependence on government institutions at the District level for delivery of social services and infrastructure is a major impediment in development. In the mountain areas, there is a wide variation in resources, needs and constraints which are best understood by the communities themselves. Local institutions need to be developed to plan and manage development. Opportunities exist for institution building at local level though community participation. Examples are community involvement in management of water, agriculture and forest resources and delivery of social services such as education and health. Community involvement can play an important role in management and improvement of tourism services such as transport, porters, guides and accommodation. For institution building at local level to succeed, investments in development of human resources are needed. These can be in the form of general education, special training and training through community involvement and participation.
a a
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
29
Monitoring and Evaluation

Current Monitoring Practices Statistics provided by the Ministry of Tourism provide broad indicators at the national level, but are of limited value in evaluating trends and identifying problems at local level where the services are actually delivered. Example: National Tourism Statistics published by the Ministry of Tourism. a There is a need to develop systems for collection and analysis of information at the district and local level. a Governments, business and communities at these levels should be involved in reviewing the analysis and taking decisions to improve the tourism products and services. Monitoring parameters: a a a Level of Tourist Activity: Number of tourists going to different areas and valleys, by type (groups, FITS), by country of origin. Economic Impacts: Expenditure surveys covering transport, food and accommodation etc. by area or valley. Environmental Impacts: Solid waste and garbage generated, use of fuel wood and timber, water quality, wild life species count, land use patterns, community benefits and leakages.
Monitoring Systems: a a a a Need for design of simple procedures for collection of information. Need for integration with existing information collection systems such as foreigner registration at airports, and records at police checkposts. Responsibilities have to be assigned at local and regional levels. Data analysis and standardized reports at regional and national level.
Monitoring Agencies: a a a Communities and local police: Records can be maintained for jeep traffic, passengers and purpose of visit. Regional level: District administration can collect information on tourists and traffic through the local hotels, and police checkposts at entry points. Country level: Income and expenditure accounts of tour operators, and other statistics through the Ministry of Tourism.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
30
Institutionalization of Evaluation System: a a a a At least one community discussion in a year at the local level with assistance from village organizations. Tourism committees at regional level, managed by the District Administration. Tourism Board at national level, with representation from the private sector. Feedback into the local, regional and national development plans through these institutions.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
31
Local Level Community Workers, Organizers and Entrepreneurs

As discussed in Section 1, projection of written text on the screen is not recommended for training at this level. The text in italics is meant to provide general guidelines to the trainer on the key concepts that have to be communicated. The points to be covered by the trainer are listed under each section. Recommendations for slides are listed at the end of each section. A limited number of slides may be available with HBP and can be made provided for use in the training programmes. Preparation of additional slides to complete the suggested requirements will have to be organized.
Introduction
Importance of Northern Areas in the Context of Tourism a a a a a Historical Background: Old Silk Route, The British Period and post-independence developments. Construction of KKH and other highways and associated impacts. Opening up of trade and travel route to China. Present administrative structure of the Northern Areas. Tourist Attractions: c High mountains and valleys c Archeological sites c Cultural diversity c Wildlife
Importance of Communities Concepts: Collective efforts to use, develop and protect resources. a Services Organized at Community Level c Construction and maintenance of water channels. c Distribution and allocation of water. c Construction and maintenance of pony tracks. c Fence walls to protect the agricultural land from grazing animals. c Organization of assistance to individual families for work such as construction of houses and harvesting. c Maintenance of peace and settlement of disputes. c Protection of land and water rights from claims by other communities and government. c Protection of forests. c Elimination of predators that threaten livestock.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
32
Risks where communities are not organized c Infrastructure such as water channels, tracks and roads are damaged and may not remain functional. a Example of Raikot valley: c Forest: For some of the compartments residents of Tato had 75% of the rights. 50% rights were given to the Gor community as people from Gor filed a law suit which they won, primarily because the Tato community did not pursue the case collectively. c Land: Barren land by Raikot bridge traditionally belonged to Raikot only. Now Gor community has 50% rights as well. Slides: About five. Examples of community maintained infrastructure, and damaged infrastructure where community did not cooperate. Additional examples to be provided by participants. Community Resources a Agriculture: The communities can not only be self sufficient, but can also produce for the visitors to reduce food imports, and export premium products such as seed potato and fruits. Forests: Protection and sustainable harvesting can provide a regular income to the communities. Tourism Potential: Potentially the biggest source of income for communities in Northern Areas is tourism. Hunza valley is an example. Hunza has grown from a subsistence agricultural village to a flourishing town with established tourism business.
a a
Tourism Products Concepts: What is required by tourists may not be the same as what is required by the community or other local markets. View of products and services as required and valued by tourists as distinct from the traditional view. Introduction to basic concepts of market economy, looking at supply and demand separately, and integration of supply and demand. a Transportation: Jeeps, porters, ponies and donkeys. a Accommodation: Camping, hotels, lodges and huts. a Guides: Local, foreign, trained and untrained. a Food: Local, regional and foreign. a Handicrafts and Artifacts: Local and regional a Cultural Presentations: Music and dance. Slides: About ten. Show both traditional as well as tourist version of products. Show different types of tourists to illustrate market segments (local, foreign, individuals, groups). Show different suppliers of products and services to illustrate categories of suppliers (large companies in Pakistan and abroad, medium and small sized local companies, individual local entrepreneurs).
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
33
Characteristics of Tourism Products a a a Standardization of quality and prices. Tailoring of products to different market segments. Consistency in delivery of products.
Private and Public Sector Concepts: Government and people have to collaborate to achieve good results. Various levels of government, local, regional and federal. Various levels of private sector companies and entrepreneurs, countrywide, regional and local. Roles of government and private sector. Government to create an enabling environment, provide incentives and remove barriers. Actual delivery of tourism products in the private sector. Private sector also has a very important role in development of markets, both through publicity and by demonstration. a Role and responsibilities of government: c Development and implementation of tourism strategies and policies. c Development of basic infrastructure such as roads and telecommunications. c Promotion of tourism at country and international level. c Providing incentives such as information on markets, financing, and technical support. a Role of the private sector: c Delivery of products and services. c Promotion of tourism at local and international level. Display Materials: Copy of tourism policy, materials such as posters and booklets produced by government, display and publicity brochures produced by private companies in Pakistan and abroad (on Pakistan).
Creation of Awareness
Concepts: Tourism can be a major resource for economic development. However, unless community as a whole is involved, chances are that the resources will be over exploited and benefits will not go to the community. Sustainable development requires a long term planning perspective, which will not be recognized by outsiders but can be appreciated best by the community itself. Benefits and Impacts of Tourism a Benefits of tourism: c Increase in income. c Improvement in general level of awareness through interaction with tourists. Negative impacts: c Breakdown of traditional social and cultural values. c Exploitation of resources by outsiders. c Introduction of non-sustainable practices.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
34
Impacts by type of group: c Discuss Section 1.3 in Manual of Technology with Implications for Mountain Tourism.
Tourism and Community Development a a a a a a a a Tourism should be viewed as a community resource. Development of tourism resources should be integrated with development objectives of the community. In this manner it can be ensured that the community gets appropriate benefits for development of tourism resources. The approach of outsiders will be short term, and will aim to maximize the income that can be extracted. Outsiders will not have an interest in raising the standard of living of the community. Training in business may also be very limited as responsible and high level jobs will go to outsiders. Example of a good approach is Hunza where community has been actively involved. The general tendency in the Northern Areas and Pakistan is to take an individual approach.
Sustainable Tourism Development a a Examples in Pakistan of Non-Sustainable Tourism Development: c Naran, Shogran, Kalam, Murree. Apparent negative consequences: c Market stagnates at a lower level. c High spending tourists start staying away. c Incomes level off. c Considerable damage to local environment.
Planning of Tourism Activities What is a plan, as opposed to policy and strategy. Need for long term plans for the community. The planning process: Consultation and consensus. Risks in dependence on outsiders for development of plans. Role of outsiders as facilitators only. a Recognition and taking into account of national and regional plans. a Development of more detailed short term plans in the context of long term plans. Slides: Approximately ten. Examples of communities that are benefiting substantially from tourism income, such as in Hunza. Examples of preservation such as the Baltit a a a a
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
35
Fort. Comparison of Hunza with other less developed areas which do not have access to tourism related markets. Examples of bad planning resulting in diminishing returns for the community such as proliferation of small hotels in Gilgit and Skardu, and soil and water contamination by the road side where tourism related services have developed.
Recognizing Carrying Capacity

Limits on Tourism Associated with Environmental Factors a a a a a Size of the area and usable space. Impacts on wildlife. Impacts on vegetative cover. Impacts associated with demand for fuel wood. Examples: Extensive reduction in forest and vegetation cover in Paiyu and Rupal. Crowding at Paiyu when large trekking and climbing expeditions stop over.
Limits on Tourism Associated with Social and Economic Factors a a a a a Reaction of local community to the number of visitors. Reaction of local community towards the behaviour of the visitors. Reaction of the visitors to crowding. The extent to which the communities benefit. Example: Critical reaction from some communities in Laspur area towards the Shandur polo festival. The level of disturbance is high, and economic benefits to the local community are very limited.
Limits on Tourism Associated with Availability of Infrastructure a a a a a a a a a Availability of accommodation (beds, campsites). Security for visitors. Availability of roads and tracks, and transport vehicles. Awareness and education level of visitors. Examples: Foreign tourists and local tourists from high income groups are limited to some valleys such a Raikot, Naltar and Rupal where some facilities are available. Much of Kohistan is not accessible for security reasons. Tourism in Raikot valley opened up after the construction of jeep road into the valley. Foreign and local tourists from high income groups prefer to stay at hotels such as Shangrila and Serena.
Critical Resources in Northern Areas a At present, poor transport and communication infrastructure limits on the areas the tourists can access.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
36
Limited facilities are available in areas readily accessed by roads. With some exceptions, the quality of tourism products offered is generally poor and not consistent. a Training in planning, development and management of tourism resources is needed at all levels. a This will have to be complimented with infrastructure development and marketing support. Slides: About fifteen. Good and bad examples of infrastructure and facilities. Examples of crowding and resource depletion.
a a
Conservation Education
Concept: Environment is collection of living and non-living things and processes Introduction a What is meant by environment c The natural and social conditions surrounding all mankind, and including future generations Main components of environment c Natural environment c Social environment Natural Cycles: Water Cycle, Nutrient Cycle, Aquatic Food Cycle Humans exploit natural resources e.g. divert water from rivers for agriculture and catch fish from rivers and oceans. This amounts to intervention in the natural cycles. Exhibit 11, Exhibit 12, Exhibit 13.
Social Environment: a Social Structure c People c Gender Issues c Tribal and Ethnic Groups c Culture Traditions and Norms c Households Livelihood c Employment c Economic Activity c Poverty Institutions c Social Differentiation and Power c Government c Public Participation
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
37
c NGOs Social Services c Education c Public Health and Sanitation c Public Facilities
ESSA Environmental and Social Soundness Assessment: A tool to determine the likely impact of human activities on the social and natural environment. Components of Analysis: Identification of project activities; Determination of environmental parameters of value; Determination of nature and magnitude of change. a What is an ESSA? c Determination of the likely environmental (both natural and social) consequences, or impacts (positive or negative), of proposed projects activity
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
38
Exhibit 11: The Water Cycle
The Water (hydrological) Cycle is the constant movement of water through natural systems. Water falls to earth as precipitation, where it either seeps into the ground, flows along the surface to rivers and streams, evaporates, or is taken up by plants and released to the atmosphere. Groundwater flows very slowly through subsoils and bedrock until it enters nearby streams, lakes or other wetlands. Water evaporating from lakes, rivers and the ocean forms clouds; precipitation from the clouds completes the cycle. The water cycle provides a basic link between natural systems such as forests, wetlands and other aquatic habitats, and is important to man in maintaining water supplies and removing degrading pollutants.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
39
Exhibit 12: The Nutrient Cycle
The cycling of nutrients (including organic compounds and minerals) is essential in maintaining natural systems. Mineral elements from rocks are made available to plants and animals by weathering, and by dissolving and entering the water cycle. Nutrients in the soil are taken up by plants and passed on to grazing animals and finally predators. They are returned to the soil through decomposition. Additions to the nutrient cycle occur through precipitation and wind-blown dust, and nutrients are lost through erosion and runoff, hunting and harvesting of trees and crops. Environmental disturbance may cause more nutrients to be lost than are added, upsetting the nutrient cycle of an area and decreasing its productivity.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
40
Exhibit 13: The Aquatic Food Web
The food web of coastlines and rivers begins with dead plant and animals matter and other sediments flowing into rivers and estuaries from upland areas. These materials are converted into food by shoreline vegetation (including aglae), bacteria and minute floating plants (plankton). The plants are eaten either by small fish, shellfish and other invertebrates, or by microscopic floating animals, (zooplankton) which, in turn, are preyed upon by larger animals. Large fish, birds and man are at the top of the food web, the latter having no natural predators. Other animals feed on dead plants and animals, reducing them to basic chemical constituents. These materials are used by plants, thus completing the cycle. Because all aspects of the system are interrelated, disruption of one part of the food web can affect many other parts.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
41
Its Purpose? c To Ensure that the development schemes under consideration are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable Topics Covered Under a Formal ESSA? c Project Description c Baseline Data c Environmental Impacts c Analysis of Alternatives c Mitigation Plan c Environmental Management c Monitoring c Consultation with Affected Communities c Local Community and NGOs Participation What to look for in a Successful ESSA c Having clear understanding of what the project is, where it is to be implemented and what resources are to be employed; c Fully comprehending what environmental and social aspects will be affected; c Openly appreciating and recognizing the project activities being implemented, and as a result determine what the possible impacts could be, and wherever possible, quantifying the changes; c Openly reporting the findings of the assessment so that it is readily apparent what the projected environmental and social consequences will be.
Mitigation Measures a a a a Which impacts can and should be mitigated? What specific methods are available for achieving the objectives of mitigation? What factors can influence the successful implementation of specific methods? Examples of mitigation measures are illustrated in Exhibit 14, Exhibit 15, Exhibit 16, and Exhibit 17.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
42
Exhibit 14: Harmonizing with the Landscape
Hilltops should be avoided as building sites. Exposure to wide increases storm damage, the natural horizon line is interrupted and buildings are highly visible. Buildings located below hillcrests are more sheltered and are less visible from distant viewpoints.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
43
Exhibit 15: Buildings and Contours
Long buildings on a hilly and rocky site give rise to high earth construction costs. Least costs arise when the building is located along the contours. On very hilly and rocky ground it is more economic to use short and high buildings. The soil in rocky areas causes approximately equal additional costs for networks of traffic, water supply and sewage and drainage. Large cuttings and embankments should be avoided in the location of traffic networks, parking places and fields. In the planning of sewage and drainage, the terrain slopes must be taken in to consideration so that expensive pumping stations and pressure pipes may be avoided.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
44
Exhibit 16: Catchment Management
Appropriate catchment management is important for proper drainage, maintenance of groundwater and flood control. Careless developments upstream, resulting in clearing of catchment areas, cause erosion and create flooding and siltation problems downstream as well as reducing dry season water flows. Cleared and sealed areas such as roofs, road and paving deliver considerable runoff during periods of heavy rain. Maintenance of undisturbed forest in water catchments is very important for maintaining the quality of the water and dry season water flows.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
45
Exhibit 17: Steep Slopes
Unless considerable time and investment are provided for special precaution, Steeep Slopes should not be built upon. Erosion from the surface runoff is likely to be considerable more severe than on moderate slopes, and the weight of structures on steep hillsides may cause unstable soils to slump and weaken or crack foundations. In extreme cases, mudslides/rockslides may cause buildings to collapse
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
46
Environmental Monitoring a Purpose of monitoring c Provide information that the predicted impacts from a project are within environmentally acceptable limits c Provide early warning information of unacceptable environmental conditions before damage is realized c Improve knowledge about the impacts of various projects on specific environments When and for how long to monitor? c Monitoring should begin before construction to determine baseline conditions c Nature of monitoring programs will depend on the type of project and the resources predicted to be effected
Management and Regeneration of Local Resources

Concepts: Management of local resources benefits the community and supports tourism. a Forests: c Forests add to the scenic beauty and provide wood fuel. c Forest cover has been depleted and damage may be irreversible in certain areas. c Management and replantation is needed in almost all cases. a Agriculture: c At present, the communities grow products mainly for subsistence. c Locally available products if supplied to tourists will add to the community income. c Focus on selected vegetables, fruits and meat products will considerably increase the community income. Slides: Show examples of well managed forests that appear attractive, compare with poorly managed forests that have less scenic beauty. Show examples of agricultural produce, poultry and meat that can be beneficial for the community and can support tourist services.
Management of Local Infrastructure

Concepts: Roads and trails will require better maintenance to ensure regular and appropriate handling of tourists. Safety and reliability levels will have to be improved. Availability of power and telecommunications will also help in improving the market for tourism. While the government is generally responsible for maintaining the infrastructure, participation of community in management of such facilities will increase tourism income. a Roads and Trails: Safer and wider roads and trails for tourist movement. a Power Supply: Availability of power will help in attracting higher income visitors. a Telecommunications: Telecommunications can help in management of tourist operations, reservations and marketing.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
47
Government will provide basic infrastructure only. Communities should organize to maintain and enhance the infrastructure to promote tourism. Slides: Examples of ordinary village trails and well maintained trails which could easily be used by tourists.
a a
Alternative Technology
Concepts: Benefits of alternative technology as illustrated in Exhibit 18 drawn from Manual of Technology with Implications for Mountain Tourism. The following technologies detailed in Manual of technology with Implications for Mountain Tourism are recommended as relevant for discussion in Northern Areas: a Solar Photovoltaic Cells a Ceramic Jico Stove a Heat Storage Cooker a Haybox Cooker a LZT Solar Cooker a Multi Reflector Solar Box Cooker a Single Reflector Solar Box Cooker a Solar Water Heaters a Solar Space Heating a Peltric Set Demonstration Models, Slides and Diagrams: For the purpose of training, it is recommended that to the extent possible working models of the above technologies should be arranged. Alternatively, slides of operating units installed elsewhere should be shown. Sketches of the units shown in Manual of technology with Implications for Mountain Tourism can be shown as last resort. However, simply discussing the technologies using slides or sketches is expected to have only a marginal impact on the participants.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
48
Exhibit 18: Benefits of Environment-Friendly Technology Promotion and Dissemination
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
49
Management of Garbage an Solid Waste

Concept: See section 1.4.2 in Manual of Technology with Implications for Mountain Tourism. Use sketch on time taken for decay for various garbage items to illustrate the point. a Types of waste generated by tourism related activities: plastic and glass bottles, paper, metal cans, wrappers etc. a Decay times for various types of wastes. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable. a Problem not serious now as most of containers are picked up by villagers. a Problem will become serious later as number of tourists increase. a Provision of containers for collection at selected locations. a Informing tourists on arrival and enforcement of proper practices. a Removal and disposal of solid waste. Use, recycling, and burning. Slides: Examples of solid waste accumulation at base camps, such as Diamer and K-2.
Planning Process Through PRA and RRA

Concepts: What is a PRA/RRA, strengths and weaknesses and uses and abuses of the techniques. How should a community interact with PRA/RRA teams. a PRA and RRA are structured approaches to: c Assessment of baseline socio-economic conditions in a community. c Identification of development needs and priorities. a Conducted by outside experts in collaboration with the community. a Generally used by planners, local and with donor agencies, to design community based development projects. a Prior to the exercise, the community should ask the PRA/RRA team to define their objectives. a The community should actively and openly interact with outside experts. a The community should check endorse the findings before they are reported by the experts. a Limitations of PRA/RRA: Slides and Examples: Show pictures of PRA/RRA discussions, and present a Case Study.
Grass-roots Level Organizations

Concepts: Grass-roots level organizations are in a better position to understand the needs of the community and the local constraints. Outside organizations and donors can provide help, but real changes can only be brought from within. a Traditional: Zauti for monitoring and control of grazing by outsiders and use of forest resources. a Modern: Village organizations formed with assistance from AKRSP and WWF. a Grass-roots organizations needed to organize development works in participatory mode.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
50
Government and donor agencies recognize the importance of grass-roots organizations and channel assistance through them. a Examples: Organizations in Hunza and Baltistan. Slides: Examples of works carried out by successful grass-roots organizations.
Training
Concepts: Specilaized training in business management can be of value to the entrepreneurs. Identification of training needs and resources available in the region form which they can benefit. a Training areas in general business management: c Business organization, planning, accounting and book keeping. a Training areas specific to tourism: c Marketing of tourist services. c Management of tourism services. c Development of tourism products. Examples: Brochures and description of training programmes that may be offered by organizations such as AKRSP, WWF etc.
Monitoring
Concepts: Importance of monitoring in evaluation of progress and directions of development. Integration of monitoring into development plans. Involvement of community in monitoring. a Development of monitoring indicators. Examples: c Number and type of tourists that came to the area. c Estimated income form tourists. c Extent of solid waste generated. a Organization of data collection at community level. c Maintaining registers to log jeep traffic and number of tourists. c Complaint register for tourists. c Annual inspections for assessment of solid waste impacts. a Examples: Data from Fairy Meadows Case Study.
Field Trips
a a Trip 1: Hunza Trip 2: Buner Valley (Nanga Parbat Diamer Face)
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
51
Local Government Officials and NGOs.

The materials for training of programme designers and implementers can be used for the training of local government officials and NGOs. Addition of the section on Conservation Education included in the training materials for local level is recommended.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
52
Policy Planners
The materials for training the policy planners can be drawn from the following sections prepared for the programme designers and implementers: a Introduction a Baseline Information a Trip to Fairy Meadows a Assessment of Carrying capacity a Promotion and Management of Critical Resources a Maximization of the Net Effects of Tourist Expenditure a Promotion of Private Sector a Sectoral Coordination a Monitoring and Evaluation a Institution Building A new section on the critique of the 1993 Tourism policy is recommended. This can be done at the end of the training session. Recommendations for revision of the Tourism Policy can be generated through discussion with the participants and can provide inputs for development of a new tourism policy.
163026941.doc: February 13, 1997
53

Materials For Training Modules

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Materials For Training Modules

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sustainable Mountain Tourism for Local Community Development in Mountain Areas

Materials for Training Modules

February 13, 1996

Sarhad Tourism Corporation Ltd.

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Target Audience and Existing Level of Capabilities and Experience

Community Organizations, Community Workers and Organizers

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Programme Designers and Implementers

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Number of Participants and Location of Training Sessions

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Programme Designers and Implementers

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Exhibit 1: Vertical Arrangement of Natural Vegetation and Agricultural Productivity

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Exhibit 2: Expeditions to Nanga Parbat, 1975-1993

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Exhibit 3: Pastoral Migration in Rupal Valley

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules

Exhibit 4: Migration of Bakrwal-Nomads to Astor-Valley

Hagler Bailly Pakistan

163026941.doc: February 13, 1997

Materials for Training and Modules