Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 16
Networking Principles, LAN, Intranet, Internet
Networking Principles
Reasons why computers need to be networked are to share resources like files, printers, modems, fax machines etc. to share application software like MS Office, Adobe Publisher etc. increase productivity by sharing data amongst users
Communication Link
LAN
Local Area Networks (LAN) is a small network which allows easy access to other computers or peripherals Characteristics of a LAN 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Physically limited distance (< 2km) High bandwidth (> 1mbps) Inexpensive cable media (coax or twisted pair) Data and hardware sharing between users Owned by the user
Study of LAN
Study of LAN
LAN Topologies
A) LAN Topologies
1. BUS TOPOLOGY
Flow of Data
Bus topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network. Nodes are connected to bus by drop lines and taps.
A) LAN Topologies
2. TREE TOPOLOGY HUB
HUB HUB
The central hub in the tree is an active hub. An active hub contains a repeater. The secondary hubs can be active or passive.
For internal circulation of BSNL only
A) LAN Topologies
3. RING TOPOLOGY
A A B Data flow D C
Messages are passed from one host to the next until they reach the destination host. Typically messages pass the whole way around the ring and are checked and removed by the hosts that sent them
For internal circulation of BSNL only
A) LAN Topologies
4. STAR TOPOLOGY
HUB
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller, called a hub. The Hub acts as an exchange point
Round Robin
Reservation
Contention
For internal circulation of BSNL only
Contention
Appropriate for the bursty traffic In this technique, no control is required to determine whose turn it is; all stations contend for time. These techniques are by nature distributed.
Round Robin
Each station in turn is given an opportunity to transmit in logical sequence Useful when the data traffic has a stream or bursty characteristic
Round Robin
Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) Polling (IEEE 802.11) DQDB (IEEE 802.6)
Reservation
___
Contention
___
1 or 2 LLC control
I/G
DSAP value
C/R
SSAP value
C) Network Components
1. Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Puts the data into packets and transmits packet onto the network. May be wired or wireless
C) Network Components
2. Cabling
C) Network Components
3. Repeater
It amplify the incoming signal received from one segment and send it to all other attached segments & allows the distance limitations of network cabling to be extended. Repeaters also allow isolation of segments in the event of failures or fault conditions. Repeaters simply allows to extend network distance limitations. It does not give any more bandwidth or allow to transmit data faster.
C) Network Components
Network Segment A
4. Bridges
Network Segment B
Bridges interconnect Ethernet segments. Most bridges support filtering and forwarding & Spanning Tree Algorithm. Follows the IEEE 802.1D specification standard learns about the network and the routes & Packets are passed onto other network segments based on the MAC layer. The bridge builds up internal table to determine which segment incoming frames should be forwarded to..
For internal circulation of BSNL only
C) Network Components
5. Router
A device that connects any number of LANs. It uses standardized protocols to move packets to their destination using routing tables More sophisticated than bridges, connecting networks of different types Forwards data depending on the Network address (IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address. and thus can have multiple network clients. Resides on network layer of the OSI model
For internal circulation of BSNL only
Routing
Routable Protocols
DECnet
IP
IPX OSI XNS DDP (AppleTalk)
C) Network Components
6. HUB
An unintelligent network device that sends one signal to all of the stations connected All computers/devices takes the data that comes into a port and sends it out all the other ports in the hub. hubs are used to add and remove computers in the network. Ports are 10BaseT type Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model
1
2 3 4
Other Topologies
Type of Architecture Access Method Specifications
Star Bus
Baseband CSMA/ CD IEEE 802.3
5
6
Transfer Speed
Cable Types