Principles of motion economy will be presented under the following three subdivisions:

1) Principles of motion economy as related to the human body. 2) Principles of motion economy as related to the arrangement of the place. 3) Principles of motion economy as related to the design of tools and equipment.

Principle of motion economy as related to the use of the human body.

1. The two hands should begin as well as complete their motions at the same time. 2. The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during rest period. 3. Motions of the arms should be made in opposite and symmetrical directions and should be made simultaneously.

Bolt and Washer Assembly (Old method)

A - Special rubber washer B Flat steel washer C Lock washer D 3/8 x 1 inch bolt

Containers with bolts, lock washers, steel washers, and rubber washers arrange on the top of the bench.

Bolt and Washer Assembly (Improved Method)

Bin 1 Rubber washer Bin 2 Flat steel washer Bin 3 Lock washer Bin 4 3/8 x 1 inch bolt

Enlarge view of recess in wood fixture for assembling bolt and Washers. Cross section of bins showing chute for drop delivery: A bin with sloping bottom B top of fixture C countersunk holds in top of fixture D chute E container for finish assemblies

A detail study of the old and improved methods of assembling the bolt and washers shows: Average time per assembly, old method Average time per assembly, improved method Time saved 0.084 minute 0.055 minute 0.029 minute

Increase in output = 53%

4. Hand and body motions should be confined to the lowest classification with which it is possible to perform the work satisfactorily. General Classification of Hand Motions 1. Finger motions. 2. Motions involving fingers and wrist. 3. Motions involving fingers, wrist, and forearm. 4. Motions involving fingers, wrist, forearm, and upper arm. 5. Motions involving fingers, wrist, forearm, upper arm and shoulder.

Manual method of operating swing saw in furniture factory (old method)

Swing saw is now operated by a control bottom at the operators right hand (improved method)

Physiological Costs of two Different methods of Handling Brick.

Method A Major body bending

Method B Minor body movements

5. Momentum should be employed to assist the worker wherever possible, and it should be reduced to a minimum if it must be overcome by muscular effort. 6. Smooth continuous curved motions of the hands are preferable to straight line motion involving sudden and sharp changes in direction.

Path of hand in creasing folded sheet of paper (old method). There is abrupt change in direction at D and also E. Two strokes of bone are used to crease the fold.

Path hand in creasing folder sheet paper (improved method). The hand makes a smooth S curve, creasing the fold with one stroke of the bone. Output was increased 43%.

7. Ballistic movements are faster, easier, and more accurate than restricted (fixation) or controlled movements. 8. Work should be arranged to permit an easy and natural rhythm wherever possible. 9. Eye fixations should be as few as close together as possible. - Eye Movements - Eye Hand Coordination

Print of motion picture film showing eye and hand motions of the operator assembling small parts.

Punch press operation, showing eye fixations and hand motions of a beginner. Three fixation were used per cycle.

Punch pree operation. Schematic drawings, showing eye fixations And hand motions,1-three eye fixations; 2-two eye fixations.

Principle of motion economy as related to the work place.

1.There should be a definite and fixed place for all tools and materials. 2.Tools, materials, and controls should be located close to the point of use. - Normal working area - Maximum working area

Normal and maximum working areas in the horizontal plane

Dimensions of normal and maximum working areas in the horizontal plane male

Dimensions of normal and maximum working areas in the horizontal plane female

Normal and maximum working space in three dimension

3. Gravity feed bins and containers should be used to deliver material close to the point of use.

Standard bins of the gravity-feed type.

4. Drop deliveries should be used wherever possible.

Foot-operated drill press for burring small parts. Finished parts drop out of the fixture into disposal chute by gravity.

5.Materials and tools should be located to permit the best sequence of motions. 6.Provisions should be made for adequate conditions for seeing. Good illumination is the first requirement for satisfactory visual perception. By adequate illumination is meant A) light of sufficient intensity for the particular task. B) light of proper color and without glare. C) light coming from the right direction.

7. The height of the work place and the chair should preferably by arranged so that alternate sitting and standing at work are easily possible.

Sitting-standing work place for males.

Sitting-standing work place for females.

8. A chair of the type and height to permit good posture should be provided for every worker.

Sitting work place for males.

Sitting work place for females.

Principle of motion economy as related to the design of tools and equipment.

1.The hands should be relieved of all work that can be done advantageously by a jig, a fixture, or a foot-operated device.

Foot-operated soldering iron

Foot-controlled motor-driven unit rotates pipe for welder

2. Two or more tools should be combine whenever possible.

Combination screwdriver and tweezers

Combination screwdriver and wrench

Multiple-spindle air-operated nut runner can tighten all Five wheel nuts at once

3.Tools and materials should be pre-positioned wherever possible. 4.Where each finger performs some specific movement, such as in typewriting, the load should be distributed in accordance with the inherent capacities of the finger. 5.Levers, hand wheels, and other controls should be located in such positions that the operator can manipulate them with the least change in body position and the greatest speed and ease.

Controls are grouped near normal operating area. Major control panel is within easy reach of operators left hand.

Results of the study of levers.

Results of the study of hand wheels