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Linear Elasticity

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Outline

Stress-strain relations Element types: 1D, 2D, 3D Pre-processing Post-processing

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Hookes law

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One-dimensional elasticity Uniform stretching:
f A f

L L + L
Stress: = f / A Strain: = L / L Youngs modulus E is a material property such that = E
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One-dimensional elasticity Nonuniform stretching:

X X+dX

x x+dx
Elongation of the differential length normalized by the original length: dx/dX 1 Displacement as a function of X: U (X) = x (X) X Hence, we define = dU /dX

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Strain in multidimensions Shear deformation: a type of deformation that preserves volume but changes angle

Analogous to 1D, we define the strain tensor to be

=
1 u + (u) T ] [ 2

In Cartesian coordinates,

1 ui u j ij = + 2 x x j i

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xy xz xx = xy yy yz xz yz zz
By definition, the strain tensor is symmetric. The diagonal components of represent the stretching along the coordinate axes, while the off-diagonal components represent the distortion between pairs of coordinate axes in the undeformed configuration (e.g., xy represents the distortion between xand y-axes).

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Stress in multidimensions

(internal) traction

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It can be shown that at a particular point, the normal n and the traction vector t are related through a second-order tensor called the stress tensor:

t = n
The stress tensor is generally symmetric, unless there is distribution of body moment. In Cartesian coordinates,

xy xz xx = xy yy yz xz yz zz

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Alternative notations Alternative notations for displacement components: u = ux, v = uy, w = uz Alternative notations for shear stresses: x = xx, xy = xy, etc. Alternative notations for shear strains: x = xx, xy = 2xy, etc. It is also customary to write the stress and strain tensors in vector forms:

xx yy zz xy xz yz

xx yy zz xy xz yz

ux uy + y x

no !

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Stress-strain relations for planar problems

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Stress-Strain relations Linear isotropic elastic material: E young modulus, Poisson ratio (-1 < < 0.5)
1 1 1 1 2 E D= 2 (1 + )(1 2 ) 1 2 2

1 2 2

1-2

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Plane Strain Plane Strain - Axisymmetry Plane strain Plane stress:

Axisymmetry: Geometry Loading Material properties Bound. conditions

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General solution strategy Most of the time, the displacement field u is chosen as the primary unknown. With a certain expression of u, we can write down the strain field and the stress field . Then we can obtain equations by requiring the system to satisfy the equilibrium equation

and the boundary conditions.

+b=0

Next we discuss how we interpolate the displacement field with a finite element mesh

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Element types: 1D and 2D elements

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Element types: 1D Linear bar (standard form)

if EA is constant:

dNi dNj kij = EA dx dx dx L

(i, j = 1, 2)

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Element types: 1D Linear bar (isoparametric form)

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Element types: 1D quadratic bar (isoparametric form)

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Element types: 1D quadratic bar (element stiffnes)

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Element types: 2D (isoparametric formulation)

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Element types: 2D (stiffness matrix)

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Element types: 2D (equivalent nodal forces)

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Pre-processing: linear vs. quadratic

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Post-processing Solution from analysis: Nodal displacements u

Q1: Is the u field continuous or discontinuous?

Q2: Is the field continuous?

Q3: Is the field continuous?

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Post-processing : nodal-displacements

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Post-processing: stresses and strains

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Post-processing: nodal stresses Computing stress at node 2:

The value of

reflects the quality of the solution.

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