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Code: EI0103

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
1 D. VAMSI KRISHNA REDDY

2 K. SRINIVAS REDDY

Abstract:
Virtual instrumentation is the use of customizable software and modular measurement to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instrumentation. Virtual instrumentation combines mainstream commercial technologies, such as the PC, with flexible software and a wide variety of measurement and control hardware, with this engineers and scientists can reduce development time, design higher quality products, and lower their design costs. It delivers instruments with the rapid adaptability required for todays concepts and development. Lab VIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is an integral part of virtual instrumentation .It provides an easy-to-use application development environment designed specifically for engineers and scientists. It offers powerful features that make easy to connect to a wide variety of hardware and other software.

Keywords:
Virtual instrumentation, MRI scanner, Ultrasonography, Lab VIEW, Moores Law, Spectroscopy.

Conclusion:
The Dynamic Computer technologies and software strategies add fuel to the fire called virtual instrumentation and helps in producing fruitful results that helps the paralyzed people to overcome their dependency on a secondary individual and lead their own independent life. Moreover, the future of BCIs helps in wireless and noninvasive single-neuron techniques and to connect the cortical input to the paralyzed muscles so that a person can control his limbs despite the damaged spinal cord. 1.B.Tech 2nd year (EIE) vamsidega@gmail.com Hitech College of Engg & Tech 2.B.Tech 2nd year (EIE) cnu_1016@yahoo.com

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VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION Abstract:

Virtual instrumentation is the use of customizable software and modular measurement to create user-defined measurement systems, called virtual instrumentation. Virtual instrumentation combines mainstream commercial technologies, such as the PC, with flexible software and a wide variety of measurement and control hardware, with this engineers and scientists can reduce development time, design higher quality products, and lower their design costs. It delivers instruments with the rapid adaptability required for todays concepts and development. Lab VIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is an integral part of virtual instrumentation .It provides an easy-to-use application development environment designed specifically for engineers and scientists. It offers powerful features that make easy to connect to a wide variety of hardware and other software. Only with virtual instrumentation can engineers and scientists create the user-defined instruments required to keep up with the worlds demands. Today, virtual instrumentation has reached mainstream acceptance and is used in thousands of applications around the world in industries from automotive, to consumer electronics, to oil and gas. Virtual instrumentation has more advantages in Rapid accebility, Modular activity, Easy programming and flexible. So it is effectively used in medical instruments like MRI scanner, Ultrasonography etc. Key Words: Lab VIEW, Moores Law, Spectroscopy.

Introduction:
National Instruments introduced virtual instrumentation more than 25 years ago, changing the way engineers and scientists measure and automate the world around them. In 2004, National Instruments sold more than 6 million channels of virtual instrumentation in 90 countries. 'Traditional' or 'natural' instrumentation systems are made up of pre-defined hardware components, such as digital multimeters and oscilloscopes that are completely specific to their stimulus, analysis, or measurement function. Because of their hard-coded function, these systems are more limited in their versatility than virtual instrumentation systems. The primary difference between 'natural' instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is the software component of a virtual instrument. The software enables complex and expensive equipment to be replaced by simpler and less expensive hardware.

What is virtual Instrumentation?

A virtual instrumentation is computer software that a user would employ to develop a computerized test and measurement system, for controlling from a computer desktop an external measurement hardware device, and for displaying test or measurement data collected by the external device on instrument-like panels on a computer screen. Virtual instrumentation extends also to computerized systems for controlling processes based on data collected and processed by a computerized instrumentation system. An instrument is a device designed to collect data from an environment, or from a unit under test, and to display information to a user based on the collected data. Such an instrument may employ a transducer to

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sense changes in a physical parameter, such as temperature or pressure, and to convert the sensed information into electrical signals, such as voltage or frequency variations. Virtual instrumentation is, software based on user requirements defines general-purpose measurement and control hardware functionality. Virtual instrumentation combines mainstream commercial technologies, such as the PC, with flexible software and a wide variety of measurement and control hardware, so engineers and scientists can create user-defined systems that meet their exact application needs. With virtual instrumentation, engineers and scientists reduce development time, design higher quality products, and lower their design costs

Advantages:
1. 2. 3. 4. Rapid accebility. Modular activity. Easy programming and flexible. Majorly accuracy and performance.

Success:
`Virtual instrumentation achieved mainstream adoption by providing a new model for building measurement and automation systems. Keys to its success include rapid PC advancement; explosive lowcost, high-performance data converter (semiconductor) development; and system design software emergence. These factors make virtual instrumentation systems accessible to a very broad base of users. PC performance, in particular, has increased more than 10,000X over the past 20 years. Virtual instruments takes advantage of this PC performance increase by analyzing measurements and solving new application challenges with each new-generation PC processor, hard drive, display, and I/O bus. These rapid advancements combined with the general trend that technical and computer literacy starts early in school, contribute to successful computer-based virtual instrumentation adoption. Another virtual instrumentation driver is the proliferation of high-performance, low-cost analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) converters. Applications such as wireless communication and high-definition video impact these technologies relentlessly. While traditional proprietary converter technology tends to move slowly, commercial semiconductor technologies tend to follow Moores law doubling performance every 18 months. Virtual instrumentation hardware uses these widely available semiconductors to deliver high-performance measurement front ends.

Involvement of Software:
Traditional instrumentation solutions, by nature of their fixed packaging and vendor-defined nature, cant rapidly adapt to new software technologies. Because of its inherent flexibility, virtual instrumentation is much better suited to incorporating new tools and technology users can simply upgrade their software, rather than purchase a new system. Software is the most important component of a virtual instrument. With the right software tool, engineers and scientists can efficiently create their own applications by designing and integrating the required routines for a particular process.. Additionally, with a powerful graphical software environment, one can build intelligence and decision-making capabilities into the instrument. Another important advantage that software provides is modularity. An important aspect of virtual instrumentation is the adoption or use of high investment. Fundamentally, because virtual instrumentation is software- based, if you can digitize it, you can measure it.

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Lab VIEW:
The main base on which virtual instrument relays is Lab VIEW. Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench. Lab VIEW is an integral part of virtual instrumentation because it provides an easy-to-use application development environment designed specifically for engineers and scientists. Lab VIEW offers powerful features that make is easy to connect to a wide variety of hardware and other software. This ease of use and these features deliver the required flexibility for a virtual instrumentation software development environment. The result is a user-defined interface and user-defined application functionality. One of the most powerful features that Lab VIEW offers is its graphical programming paradigm. With Lab VIEW, engineers and scientists can design custom virtual instruments by creating a graphical user interface on the computer screen. One benefit of Lab VIEW over other development environments is the extensive support for accessing instrumentation hardware. Drivers and abstraction layers for many different types of instruments and buses are included or are available for inclusion. These present themselves as graphical nodes. The abstraction layers offer standard software interfaces to communicate with hardware devices. The provided driver interfaces save program development time. Screenshot of a simple Lab VIEW program that generates, synthesizes, analyzes and displays waveforms, showing the block diagram and front panel. Each symbol on the block diagram represents a Lab VIEW subroutine (subVI) which can be another Lab VIEW program or a LV library function

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A Typical Laboratory setup:

Monitoring Methods:
1. The very first activity that a virtual instrument does is to get a control over the task given to it by the programming instructions set to the virtual instrument. 2. Second is, it modules the input/output controls. 3. Thirdly, a virtual instrument uses a commercial platform. The concept of virtual instrumentation allows higher productivity in program creation, because many important high-level operations have been encapsulated in convenient Virtual instruments libraries and may be quickly used.

Applications:
1. In medical instrumentation, Virtual instrumentation is used in the recording of electro cardiograms. 2. MRI scanners (magnetic resonance scanning) 3. Ultra sonography. 4. Bio chip laboratory equipment. In addition to the above applications, Virtual instrumentation has multiplying applications in the real time i.e.mp3, camera phone, blue tooth etc.

Applications in real time:

Ultrasonography: A Procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes patterns are shown on the screen of ultrasound machine, forming a picture of body tissues called sonogram, also called ultrasound. Ultrasound can also detect multiple gestations, which are missed by clinical examination in nearly www.jntuworld.com

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one third of cases.Ultrasonogrphy is the application of medical, in which ultra sound is used to visualize the embryo or fetus in its mothers womb. As it yields a variety of information regarding the health of the mother and of the fetus, as well as regarding the progress of the pregnancy.

The picture Ultrasonography of a mother womb

MRI Scanner: An MRI (or magnetic resonance imaging) scan is a radiology technique that uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures. The MRI scanner is a tube surrounded by a giant circular magnet. The patient is placed on a moveable bed that is inserted into the magnet. The magnet creates a strong magnetic field that aligns the protons of hydrogen atoms, which are then exposed to a beam of radio waves. This spins the various protons of the body, and they produce a faint signal that is detected by the receiver portion of the MRI scanner. The receiver information is processed by a computer, and an image is produced.

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Future Scope:
Cyber kinetics is developing products to allow for robotic control such as thought controlled wheelchair and a prosthetic arm. The brain gate system can be made available for everyone and its applications attains a paramount importance in coming years by which paralyzed people can overcome their physical and psychological difficulties. With virtual instrumentation, engineers define the measurements in a test or control application, using intuitive software and general-purpose measurement hardware

Conclusion:
The Dynamic Computer technologies and software strategies add fuel to the fire called virtual instrumentation and helps in producing fruitful results that helps the paralyzed people to overcome their dependency on a secondary individual and lead their own independent life. Moreover, the future of BCIs helps in wireless and noninvasive single-neuron techniques and to connect the cortical input to the paralyzed muscles so that a person can control his limbs despite the damaged spinal cord. There is a chance of Augmentation of Human capabilities such as increasing memory and recording and monitoring of thoughts.

References:
1. www.instrumentationnews.com 2. http://www.wired.com// 3. www.cyberkineticsinc.com// 4. www.brown.edu/ 5.http://a1112.g.akamai.net/7/1112/492/03312000/www.wired.com/news/audio/wmp/high/Cyberkinetics Demo.wmv 6. http://www.ni.com/pdf/academic/us/olansen.pdf 7. www.syntheticinstruments.com

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