Electromagnetic Waves

An Introduction
Electomagnetic radiation is defined as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, the electromagnetic spectrum is defined as 'The range of frequencies of electomagnetic radiation (EMR) from zero to infinity.'* Such frequencies travel at 3.00 X 10^8 this formula is more commonly recognised as the speed if light.

Range of the Spectrum Utilized for Communication Technology

Whilst there are a total of eight differing types of the electromagnitic specturm only a minute section of this is avalible to be rescoursed for communication technologys. It is imperitive to work within these limited holdings in order to utilize an optimum capacity. Such is the importance of communication technologys that (universaly) governments at federal level have been forced to limit the bandwidth over which perticular devices can operate. This is done in order to prevent problems such as; interferance, to allow adequate room within the spectrum for new technologys and for the provision of equity. Visible light (inclusive of optical fibres), infra-red, microwaves and radio (inclusive of analog television, Am and Fm radio) enable communication globalisation, as this range is responsible for commiunication via electromagnetic means. Visible light is harvested in a vast multitude of ways the most common of these is the retna of the eye, argueably the most sensitive feature within most fauna. Most commonly emmited from the sun infrared rays are prominent within remote controls and LED's (light emmiting diodes). Microwaves are rescouced for space communication however they are readily recognised for its use within; mobile phones, satelites and telephones. Finally the use of radio gives way to communication differing AM (amplitude modulation and FM (frequecey modulation) enable long distance communication. While TV is broadcast globaly and recognised as a key player in peoples day to day existance. Reasons for the limted usage of the electromagnetic spectrum for communication are as follows: X-rays occour naturaly, in the form of 'backround radiation.' The penaterating nature of these concentrated x-rays for medical purposes or otherwise render them to be harmful to the cellular structure of the human body. This creates such concern to the medical society that a specialised unit to accuratly measure absourbed radiation has been formulated called the 'Milliseivert.' Ultra Violet light is the content of the sun that burns ones skin when they have been in the sun too long. Therefore it could be stated the skin acts as a 'UV detector' Continued prolonged exposure to ultra violet light may result in the mutation of cells, more commonly recognised as skin cancer. Infra red transmitters and recivers must be in direct line of sight of another in order for communication to take place, during transmission a sluggish pace is observed in contrast to wired transmission. In addition to this infra red is easily blocked by any

topography between the transmitter and reciver. Micorwaves are readily absorbed by natural and fabricated sources therefore their favour for use within commumication falls. Specialised arials are required in order to recive microwave signals furthermore, caution is expressed due to the 'cooking' theory scientists believe occours to all biotic organisms. The only evident disadvantage of radio for communications is the limited bandwith in witch it must opperate. As the world ecomomy continues to grow avalible frequescies have become scarce.

Mobile Phones, A Study On Wave Transmission

Whilst the simplified requirements for information transfer to take place are inclusive of ; a code known to both parties, a message to be transfered, the transmission itslelf and a decoder. The transmissons present in a mobile phone are much moer complex. In order for a mobile phone to opperate effectivly there is a total of five energy transformations that must occour in sequence. A simple word equation for this process is as follows: sound energy---> electrical energy ---> radiowaves---> (transmitted vis microwaves)---> electrical energy---> sound energy. This total process takes place within milliseconds. All mobile phones are constracted with a microphone (mouthpiece), the microphones purpose is to convert sound energy into electrical signals this is digitalised that is, a code of 1's and 0's. The signals then progress as radiowaves to a base station. A base station is commonly observed as a system of antena situated in a high position and is capable of accepting and transmitting radio signals from three cells as pictured add pic. A cell is aproximatly 26km and formed in an hexagonal shape. On arrival at the station the message is then sent as electrical impulses that have been created via radiowave energy interacting with the arial to a cable switching centre. It suld be noted that all base stations are connected to a switching centre via a cable network and that all base stations and switching centres are interlocked. Dually mobile phones and base stations opperate under low frequesnces. This is done to allow for the re-use of the same frequencey in any adjecent cell. This is imperitive tpo the operation of mobiles as each mobile phone provider recives a standard of 800 frequeceys per city.

The Vital Three Discoverys,

The discoveries of Henrich Hertz, Guglielmo Marconi and Nicola Tesler have greatly impacted the depth of the scientific communitys comprehension upon the electromagnetic spectrum, pacificly how the spectrum is interrelated to communications. Theres is contradicting evidence avalible due to the domino effect caused by such a close spectrum of study. Therefore, whilst the effect and repercussions of a following experiment/breakthorugh will be correct, the date of

publication and the actual scientist may differ. The first of our renowned scientist mentioned is Henrich Hertz. His area of study came to light due to a physisist/mathamatition James Maxwell who mathamatically proved the existance of the electromagnetic spectrum in 1865. During the course of 1886 Hertz scientificaly proved this to be correct by generating what we modernly call an 'oscillator' that is, a metal loop with a slight gap in it, a attatched to an induction colil, a spark was then emmited aross the gap. He latter furthered his experiment, removing the induction coil to act as a indicator. Hertz observed that when the induction coil connected with the loop a high voltage spark was emmited. On arrival at the 'reciving aparatus' the spark was recored as a weaker signal. Through continued observation and annalisis Hertz was able to conclude the presence of wavelength & frequencey. The discovery of frequencey enabled the cacualtion of velocity to take place. He further concluded that reflection and refraction not only occour within electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waves but behave in the same manner as light. Hertz's collective effort proved all of Maxwells theorys to be correct. In honor of his sucess the unit of frequencey 'Hertz' was named after him. The discovery of the electromagnetic spectrum by Hertz enabled Guglielmo Marconi to render radio waves for communications. Inspired by Hertz, Marconi belived in harnessing the waves produced by the oscillator for signaling. In 1895 sucessfully sent a wireless signal 2.6km across his fathers land. With this hurdle obtained, he traveled form Italy to England in order to work with the British post office, thus reciving his first patent to enable the use if a introductory wireless telegraphy system. The evident sucess of this lead to a large demand of his services. In a momentous day that was to effect the way in which humans globaly interact, Marconi set out to prove that wireless waves where not impended by the curvature of the earth. He was sucessful in transmitting wireless signals a total of 3400km across the Atlantic ocean. Thus, emabling an age of long distance communications. This was later furthered by Marconis 'beam system' for long distance communication and the 'microwave radiotelephone' link system. Whilst there remains some debate in regards to weither Teslar or Marconi are responsible for the discovery of wireless waves. Both scientists brilliance in their area of study remain undisputed. Nikola Teslar is found to be responisble for a numer of acheivements within electromagnetic communications that we take for granted day to day. Such of these include; the discovery and harness of the alternate current (AC), the discovery of x-ray radiation, wireless remote controls and a number of additional findings relating to the elecrtomagnetic spectrum. It should be noted that Teslar was responsible for the 'Inductor motor' traces of which can be found in modern motors. As a trio; Hertz, Marconi and Teslar have aided a global awakening in terms of the harness of the electromagnetic spectrum and its propertys. In absence of their works, we would be without modern technologys routinly taken for granted such as the remote control for ones televison to the mobile phone to radio communications.

*Direct recital from www.its.bldrdoc.gov

Bibliography
Point one, identify the range of the electromagnetic specrtum utilized in communication technologys.
Site:http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/core/info_systems/9_4_2/942net.html Content sourced:- Pros and cons of Radiowaves and Microwaves. Date Acessed:- 3-3-09 Site:- http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-013/_1941.htm Content Sourced:- definition of the EM spectrum Date Acessed:- 3-3-09 Site:- http://www.smgaels.org/physics/micro_1.htm Content Sourced:- Micorwaves as hazards, micorwave propertys. Date Acessed:- 4-3-09 Site:- http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/safety/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray Content Sourced:- X-ray and Gamma, propertys and uses. Date Acessed:- 4-3-09 Site:- http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Millisievert Content Sourced:-deffintion of millisievert Date Acessed:- 4-3-09 Site:- http://www.astahost.com/info.php/Infrared-Technology_t629.htmlhttp Content Sourced:- propertys of infrared Date Acessed:-8-3-09 Site:- http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/a/electrspectrum.htm Content Sourced:- Background information on EM and optics. Date Acessed:- 8-3-09 Book:- Physics (preliminary course) Page:- 35 Content Sourced:- Communication spectrum. Author:- Micheal Andriesson, Grame Lofts, Ric Morante, Joesph Barry Mott.

Point two, waves involved in the use of a mobile phone

Site:- http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone1.htm Content Sourced:- workings of a mobile phone Date Acessed:- 8-3-09 Book:- Physics (preminary course)

Page:- 9 Content Sourced:- Mobile phones, a transfer of energy. Author:- Micheal Andriesson, Grame Lofts, Ric Morante, Joesph Barry Mott. Class Handout:- 'Check point' Page:- 123-124 Content Sourced:- Moblie phones, transfer of energy. Source:- Mrs. Waters

Point three, the vital discoverys

Site:- www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/hertzexperiment.html Content Sourced:- Henrich Hertz, an overview Date Acessed:- 8-3-09 Site:- http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/hertz.html Content Sourced:- Henrich Hertz, an overview. Date Acessed:- 8-3-09 Site:- http://isarncu.ncu.edu.tw/ISAR/Notes/CHLiu.pdf (Hertz + Marconi) Content Sourced:- Marconi and Hertz. Overview. Date Acessed:- 8-3-09 Site:- http://www.encyclomedia.com/guglielmo_marconi.html Content Sourced:- Marconi, bibliography and timeline. Date Acessed:- 12-3-09 Site:-http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html Content Sourced:- Marconi, an overview. Date Acessed:- 15-3-09 Site:- http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/tesla/motor.html Content Sourced:- Telsa, discoverys. (biased) Date Acessed:- 15-3-09 Site:- http://teslamania.delete.org/frames/tesla2.html Content Sourced:- Telse, an overview (biased) Date Acessed:- 15-3-09