International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013

Best Non Conventional Way of Generating Electrical Power by Using Tidal Energy
S.Bhargav reddy1, B Ashwini Kumar
1 2

ME, KLUNIVERSITY, INDIA Asst. Professor, ME, KLUNIVERSITY, INDIA

Abstract In the present world there is a lot of increase in energy demand. It is time for us to come up with innovative solutions as we are going short of our available resources. Though the utilization of tidal energy is very less compared to other available resources at present, it is going to double in future. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. It describes tidal power and the various methods of utilizing tidal power to generate electricity. The paper also focuses on the potential this method of generating electricity has and why this could be a common way of producing electricity in the near future. Keywords.tidal power, tidal barrage, tidal current turbines Different types of tidal plants

When a landmass is at 90 to the earth-moon system, the water around it is at low tideThere are two high tides and two low tides during each period of rotation of the earth. Spring and Neap tides depend on the orientation of the sun, moon, and the earth.High spring tides occur when the sun and moon line up with the earth. This occurs whether they are either on same or opposite side.Low neap tides occur when the sun and moon line up at 90 to each other. Flood Currents: currents moving in the direction of the coast.Ebb Currents: the current receding from the coast III How it works
First generation, barrage-style tidal power plantsWorks by building Barrage to contain water after high tide, then water has to pass through a turbine to return to low tide Sites in France (La Rance), Canada (Annapolis), and Russia Future sites possibly on Severn River in England, San Francisco bay, Passamaquoddy

I. INTRODUCTION In the present world of increasing demand for energy resources, it is crucial to come up with innovatory ideas to reduce and conserve usage of energy. Tidal power also called tidal energy is a form of hydro power that converts energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms.Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictablethan wind energy and solar power. Amongsources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionallysuffered from relatively high cost and limited availabilityof sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities,thus constricting its total availability. However,many recent technological developments and improvements ,both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines,cross flow turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed,and that economic and environmental costs maybe brought down to competitive levels. II What is tidal energy Tidal energy comes from the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon on the Earths bodies of water, creating periodic shifts in these bodies of water .These shifts are called tidesTidal power facilities harness the energy from the rise and fall of tides. Ideal sites are located at narrow channels and experience high variation in high and low tidesGravitational pull of the sun and moon and the pull of the centrifugal force of rotation of the earth-moon system. When a landmass lines up with the earth-moon system, the water around it is at high tide.

Fig 1 Working of tides waves

1.Single basin system

a. Single ebb cycle system b. Single tide cycle system

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
c. double cycle system a.Ebb generation: During flood tide basin is filled and sluice gates are closed , trapping water. Gates are kept closed until the tide has ebbed sufficiently and thus turbines start spinning and generating electricity. b.Flood generation: The basin is filled through the turbine which generate at flood tide. c. double cycle system Sluice gates and turbines are closed until near the end of the flood tide when water is allowed to flow through the turbines into the basin creating electricity. At the point where the hydrostatic head is insufficient for power generation the sluice gates are opened and kept open until high tide when they are closed. When the tide outside the barrage has dropped sufficiently water is allowed to flow out of the basin through the turbines again creating electricity. 2.Double-basin system: There are two basins, but it operates similar to en ebb generation, single-basin system. The only difference is a proportion of the electricity is used to pump water into the second basin allowing storage force water through the generator, much like a traditional hydropower dam. 1 Tidal Barrage
Utilize potential energy. Tidal barrages are typically dams built across an estuary or bay consist of turbines, sluice gates, embankments, and ship locks.

Fig 3 Tidal barrage

Fig 4 Double basin system

IV Different Types of Tidal Plants 1. Tidal Barrages These involve the creation of mammoth concrete dams with sluices to create grander scale operations than the 12th century tide mills. 2. Tidal Stream Generators Very similar to the principles in wind power generation water flows across blades which turn a turbine much like how wind turns blades for wind power turbines. 3. Dynamic Tidal Power This is a technology that is not currently commercial viable, but in which the UK, Korea, and China invested heavily to research. It involves a partial dam which raises the tidal height and several hydropower generators. The differences in height between the head of the dam and the low tide coast

Facilities Mature technology that has been around for nearly 50 years. Reliable energy source. BUT High costs of construction Environmental impacts on marine life Low power output in comparison to other energy source like coal and nuclear power plants 2Tidal current turbines Extracts kinetic energy from moving water generated by tides. Operate during flood and ebb tides. Consists of a rotor, gearbox, and a generator. These three parts are mounted onto a support structure. There are three main types: Gravity structure Piled structure Floating structure

Fig 4 tidal current turbine

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
Facilities Able to utilize both ebb and flood tides. Tidal current turbines are not large massive dam structure. BUT Tidal current turbine technology is young in its development. Installation and maintenance challenges. Environmental impacts are still being tested. V Types of tidal stream generators Since tidal stream generators are an immature technology,no standard technology has yet emerged as the clear winner, but large varieties of designs are being experimented with, some very close to large scale deployment. Several prototypes have shown promise with many companies making bold claims, some of which are yet to be independently verified, but they have not operated commercially for extended periods to establish performances and rates of return on investments. 1 Energy calculations Various turbine designs have varying efficiencies and therefore varying power output. If the efficiency of the turbine "p" is known the equation below can be used to determine the power output of a turbine. The energy available from these kinetic systems can be expressed as: Where: = the turbine efficiency P = the power generated (in watts) = the density of the water (seawater is 1025 kg/m) A = the sweep area of the turbine (in m) V = the velocity of the flow P=AV3/2 Relative to an open turbine in free stream, depending on the geometry of the shroud shrouded turbines are capable of as much as 3 to 4 times the power of the same turbine rotor in open flow. 2 Resource assessment While initial assessments of the available energy in a Channel have focus on calculations using the kinetic energy Flux model, the limitations of tidal power generation Are significantly more complicated. For example, the maximum physical possible energy extraction from a strait connecting two large basins is given to within 10% by P=0.22g Hmax Qmax Where = the density of the water (seawater is 1025 kg/m), g =gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2), Hmax = maximum differential water surface elevation across the channel, Qmax= maximum volumetric flow rate though the channel. VI Present use of Tidal Energy Tidal power has on a small scale been used through out the history of mankind. It was not until the twentieth century that large scale tidal projects were considered. Today, sites suitable for the utilization of tidal power exist in many places around the world. France United Kingdom Former Soviet Union Canada United States The extraction of large quantities of tidal energy is possible however, large scale tidal power operations are not technologically or economically feasible at the present time. Tidal sites are therefore limited to more modest developments. VII The Future of Tidal Barrages

The Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (THAWT) has been proposed as a tidal device which can be easily scaled and requires fewer foundations, bearings seals and generators than a more conventional axial-flow device. The THAWT device is a horizontally deployed variant of the Darrieus cross-flow turbine, in which the blades can be oriented into a truss configuration to produce long, stiff multi-bay rotors. A fluid particle passing through a Darrieus cross-flow turbine

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
encounters two sets of blades. One on the front side of the turbine as the fluid enters, and again on the rear side as it leaves. This increased stiffness and strength allows longer units to be constructed, and reduces the overall costs of foundations, bearings, seals and generators. A full scale device might have a diameter of 10 20 m and would operate in a flow depth of 20 50 m.The THAWT device employs a truss design of blades, which is intended to increase the rigidity of the structure, so that it can be stretched across a channel without significant increases in blade stresses. The Thawt device is mechanically far less complicated than anything available today, meaning it would cost less to build and maintain. "The manufacturing costs are about 60% lower, the maintenance costs are about 40% lower. The size of thawt is not limited by the depth of water in which it is situated, and the need to intersect the largest possible area of current has been incorporated into the design. Power generation of up to 100mw could be achieved by an array of only 10 thawt devices. For comparison, if that devices were extended across the same area of current as axial flow devices, thawt would require: Less generators, Less primary seals, and Less foundations
= 46 MW Assuming the power conversion efficiency to be 30%: The daily-average power generated = 46 MW * 30% / 100% = 14 MW (approx) Because the available power varies with the square of the tidal range, a barrage is best placed in a location with very high-amplitude tides. Suitable locations are found in Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Korea, and the UK. Amplitudes of up to 17 m (56 ft) occur for example in the Bay of Fundy, where tidal resonance amplifies the tidal range.

IX. CONCLUSION I would like to conclude that from the above discussion that tidal power is renewable ,doesnt cause pollution, and doesnt need any fuel. A tidal barrage is very expensive to build and effects large area is the only disadvantage and there is very few places that you could sensibly built a tidal barrage Iit works when tide is going in or out .Under water turbine may be better than barrage ,they are cheaper and wont have huge environmental impact

References
[1] TIDALENERGYUPDATE2009 APPLIED ENERGY, VOLUME 87, ISSUE 2 , FEBRUARY 2010, PAGES 398-409 FERGAL O ROURKE, FERGAL BOYLE, ANTHONY REYNOLDS [2]http://www.travelandtransitions.com/stories_photos/evangeline_trail.htm [3]http://www.emec.org.uk/ [4] Ocean Energy: Tide and Tidal Power by Roger H. Charlier [5] Ocean Wave Energy: Current Status and Future Prespectives (Green Energy and Technology) by Joao Cruz [6] Ocean Wave Energy Conversion by Michael E. McCormick [7] The Analysis of Tidal Stream Power by Jack Hardisty [8] Developments in Tidal Energy: Proceedings of the Third Conference on Tidal Power, Institution Of Civil Engineers (Contributor) [9] Ocean, Tidal, and Wave Energy: Power from the Sea (Energy Revolution) by Lynne Peppas

and consequently that would incur: Lower capital costs Lower maintenance costs, and Lower operational costs

VIII Example calculation of tidal power generation Assumptions: Let us assume that the tidal range of tide at a particular place is 32 feet = 10m (approx) The surface of the tidal energy harnessing plant is 4km (2 km 2 km) = 2000 m 2000 m =4 10^6 m2 Density of sea water = 1025.18 kg/m3 Mass of the sea water = volume of sea water density of sea water = (area tidal range) of water mass density = (4 106m2 10 m) 1025.18 kg/m3 = 41 109 kg (approx) Potential energy content of the water in the basin at high tide = area density gravitational acceleration tidal range squared= 4 106m2 1025 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2 (10 m)2=2 1012 J (approx) Now we have 2 high tides and 2 low tides every day. At low tide the potential energy is zero. Therefore the total energy potential per day = Energy for a single high tide 2 = 2 1012 J 2 = 4 1012 J Therefore, the mean power generation potential = Energy generation potential / time in 1 day = 4 1012 J / 86400 s

Acknowledgement I would like to thank B Ashwini Kumar(asst professor) for for his support, encouragement & valuable suggestions We would like to thank him for motivating us to work on tidal power

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