International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol.

3, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 275-284 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF 20 KW GRID CONNECTED WIND SYSTEM

MIRZA MOHD. SHADAB1, ABU TARIQ2 & M.A.MALLICK3
1,3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
2

Department of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the simulation and control of 20 KW grid connected wind system. Mechanical energy from the wind turbine drives the wind generator to generate ac electric power, which is converted into dc power to form the dc link. The grid-side inverter changes dc power from wind turbine into ac power of which voltage and frequency is required for being supplied into the grid. Power from the wind turbine, real and reactive power, is basically controlled by the wind-side converter and stalled by the wind blade. The grid-side inverter has basically the same control structure as that of the windside converter, the reactive power, which is supplied to the grid, is controlled with the grid side converter. Above the rated wind speed pitch angle controller becomes active and limits the power and the speed to their rated values. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce output power variation in high rated wind speed areas The system components and power control scheme were modelled in a power system tool MATLAB/SIMULINK.

KEYWORDS: Wind Generator, Wind Turbine, Pitch Angle Controller, Grid, Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator (PMSG)

INTRODUCTION
Advances in wind turbine have brought opportunities for utilizing wind resource for electric power generation[3]. Wind power is a very important renewable energy source. It is free and not polluter unlike the traditional fossil energy sources. It obtains clean energy from the kinetic energy of the wind by means of the wind turbine. The wind turbine transforms the kinetic wind energy into mechanical energy through the drive train and then into electrical energy by means of the generator. There are different wind turbine configurations. They can have or not gearbox, the generator can be synchronous or asynchronous and finally the connection with the grid can be through a power converter or be directly connected [7][8]. Different modes of operation can be used depending on the wind turbine configuration. They are classified in variable-speed and fixed-speed. For fixed-speed operation, the system is very simple and thus the cost is usually low. As a drawback, the conversion efficiency is far from optimal. Normally an asynchronous generator is used and it is directly connected to the grid. For the variable-speed operation, maximum efficiency is obtained; the system is controlled to maximize the power extracted from the wind. Normally they are connected to the grid by means of a power converter. It increases the cost of the whole system but allows full controllability of the system. Among all these configurations, the trend is to use variable-speed wind turbines because they offer more efficiency and control flexibility which is becoming very important to comply with the grid requirements[5]. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, (PMSG), is an interesting solution which is based on variable-speed operation. Since the speed of wind turbine is variable, the generator is controlled by power electronic devices. With

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permanent magnets there is no need for a DC excitation system. With a multipole synchronous generator it is possible to operate at low speeds and without gearbox. Therefore the losses and maintenance of the gearbox are avoided [2][9]. The development of the Grid-connected renewable energy resources control system, feasibility study on a proposed power control scheme of wind generation was conducted by means of a computer simulation software.

THE FREQUENCY CONVERTER

In order to transfer the generator power to the grid different converter topologies are possible. However the best performance of direct driven low speed permanent magnet generators is achieved with fully controllable active inverters, e.g. the PWM controlled IGBT voltage source converter [4]. Additional reactive power can then be provided or absorbed by the converter and a very high efficiency of the system can be achieved. However, IGBT converters are more expensive and have to be protected against over currents and over voltages.

Figure 1: PMSG Connected Via IGBT Voltage Source Converter The DC-link capacitor current is discontinuous, as it is switched on and off with the switching frequency of the converter. This process induces voltage ripples in the DC link. Such voltage ripples must be made small enough for the voltage to be virtually constant during a switch period and this sets on the one hand a lower limit on the capacitor size. On other hand, small voltage ripples require a larger capacitor, which has a slow response to voltage changes, but a smaller current and thus an increased lifetime. Contrarily, a small capacitor makes fast changes in the DC voltage possible, which is beneficial for control tasks, but results in higher voltage ripples and reduced lifetime. Therefore, selecting the size of the DC-link has to be a trade-off between voltage ripples, lifetime and the fast control of the DC-link [4][11].

PITCH ANGLE CONTROL

In variable speed wind turbines equipped with a pitch mechanism the mechanical system of the wind turbine can be controlled by means of blade pitching. For wind speeds below rated wind the absorbed aerodynamic power is optimized. According to Figure 2, this is done by adjusting the tip speed ratio l to achieve the maximum power coefficient cp. The pitch angle is kept constant while the turbines rotational speed is adapte d, when the wind speed changes. Variable speed operation is therefore assured by the control of the electrical system and the pitch control is inactive below rated wind speeds[4]. In contrast to this, at wind speeds above rated wind the extracted wind power has to be limited by means of blade pitching. The pitch angle is kept constant at zero degree until the speed reaches rated speed. Beyond rated speed the pitch angle is proportional to the speed deviation from rated speed. The SIMULINK model for the pitch angle controller is illustrated in the following figure.

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Figure 2: Pitch Angle Controller

P-Q CONTROL BY MEANS OF THE GRID SIDE CONVERTER

In control strategies for the PMSG wind turbine the reactive power, which is supplied to the grid, must be controlled with the grid side converter. The control of active power and the control of a constant DC-link voltage are closely related. The active power can only be completely fed to the grid via the DC-link, if the DC-link voltage is kept constant. If a lossless converter is assumed, the AC power is equal to the DC power. PAC=PDC=VDC.IDC (1)

Due to this relation, the control of active power and DC voltage can be exchanged. The active power is then controlled with the grid side converter, while the DC-link voltage is kept constant by means of the generator side converter control. The control strategy is indicated in Figure The grid side converter controls P and Q, while the generator side converter keeps Us and UDC constant. The control is furthermore assessed to be beneficial for fault cases. Active and reactive power supply to the power system can then directly be controlled at the wind turbine terminals, while stator voltage and DC voltage can be kept constant with the generator side converter, which is less affected by the fault due to the decoupling by the converter [4][11].

CONTROL OF THE GENERATOR SIDE CONVERTER

Power from the wind turbine, real and reactive power, is basically controlled by the wind-side converter and stalled by the wind blade. The main strategy is as follows. Below rated wind speeds, the real power from the wind generator is regulated to capture the maximum wind energy from varying wind speed. Reactive power generation is maintained at zero to minimize the thermal rating of the generator and the converter Above rated wind speeds, the maximum power control is overridden by stall regulation for constant power. In this study, the wind blade is assumed to be ideally stall regulated at rated power so that rotor speed can keep constant at rated speed under high wind speeds [4][6]. The control scheme of the wind side converter is presented in Figure 3. Main control targets are the real and reactive power extraction from the wind generator by the converter, Pcnv and Qcnv . Once the targets for the converter, P*cnv and Q*cnv, are determined, dq transformation control is applied to enable real and reactive component of ac output power to be mutually independently controlled. The basic concept of the dq transformation may be referred in literatures [1][10] .

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Figure 3: Current Control of Wind-Side AC/DC Converter Through proportional-integral (PI) control, errors between P*cnv and Pcnv and between Q*cnv and Qcnv are processed into the q- and d-axis reference current I*cnv_q and I*cnv_d, respectively, which are transformed into the a-, band c- axis reference current I*cnv_a, I*cnv_b and I*cnv_c by the dq to abc transformation block. The phase-lock-loop (PLL) block generates a signal synchronized in phase to the converter input voltage Vcnv_a to provide the reference phase angle ref for the rotational inverse d -q transformation. When the desired currents on the a-b-c frame are set, a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is applied because of its simplicity and excellent performance. In the PWM block, the desired current vector I*cnv_abc and the actual current vector Icnv_abc of the wind generator are compared. The error signal vector Icnv_err is compared with a triangle waveform vector to create switching signals for the six IGBTs.

Figure 4: Block Diagram of Grid Connected Wind System Table 1 Parameter Rating Air density Blade radius Rated wind speed Inertia constant Rating Rated phase volt Pole number Inertia constant Value 20 KW 1.225 kg/m3 3.7 m 12 m/s 0.6 s 25 KVA 300 V 42 0.4 s

Wind turbine

Permanent magnet synchronous generator

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Figure 4 shows the complete simulink model grid connected wind system. The system consists of wind turbine, PMSG, 3-phase VI measurement block, universal bridge which works as rectifier as well as inverter, PWM generator, 3-phase 2-winding transformer and 3-phase source as grid. Figure 3 and 5 shows the Simulink model subsystem for control of generator side and grid side converter respectively. Input to the wind turbine is pitch angle, wind speed and generator speed, output is the torque which is given to drive generator. As the generated ac power is of low frequency so it is converted into dc by universal bridge which acts as rectifier and the gate pulses are generated from PWM generator. Now the dc power is converted to ac of required frequency by inverter which is fed to the grid.

GRID-SIDE POWER CONTROL

The grid-side inverter has basically the same control structure as that of the wind-side converter shown in Figure 3. The only difference is controlled variables and power control strategy which determines the desired values of the controlled variables. Figure 5 presents the current control scheme of the grid inverter. The control strategy of the grid interface inverter is as follows.

Figure 5: Current Control of Grid Interface Inverter The common dc voltage Vdc is maintained constant so that real power from the wind and PV system can pass through into the grid. Various control modes including power factor, kVar, current and voltage can be used for determining the amount of necessary reactive power generation [3]. In the study, constant power factor control has been implemented.

SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 6 represents the real power generation from wind generator and figure 7 represents the reactive power generation from wind generator, figure 8 represents the dc link voltage and it is being maintained at a level of 750 V with drastic changes in wind conditions. Figure 9 shows current waveforms at wind side generator and Figure 10 shows voltage waveforms at wind side generator. Figure 11 represents voltage waveforms at grid inverter terminal. In order to evaluate the performance of the control system for the variable speed wind turbine concept with PMSG a set of step response simulations with deterministic wind speed are performed. In Figure 12 to 16 typical quantities of the turbine system, as wind speed, generator speed, active power voltage and current of wind generator are shown for steps in wind of 1 m/s every 1 seconds. At a wind speed of 12 m/s the turbine works at rated conditions. As the wind speed is above its rated value (Vw,rated = 12 m/s), the pitch mechanism is active and limits the power and the speed to their rated values. For lower wind speeds below 12 m/s the pitch mechanism is passive and the pitch angle is kept to its optimal value (i.e. zero for the considered turbine). Another study case is carried out for steps in wind speed from 12 m/s up to 15 m/s. The step response of pitch angle, speed and power for wind speeds above rated wind speed is presented in Figure 18,19, and 20. At a wind speed of 12 m/s the turbine works at rated conditions. As the wind speed is above its rated value (Vw,rated = 12 m/s), the pitch mechanism is active and limits the power and the speed to their rated values. Figure 21 and 22 shows voltage and current waveforms at wind side generator.

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Figure 6: Real Power Generation from Wind Generator

Figure 7: Reactive Power Generation from Wind Generator

Figure 8: DC Link Voltage

Figure 9: Current Waveforms at Wind Side Generator

Figure 10: Voltage Waveforms at Wind Side Generator

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Figure 11: Voltage Waveforms at Grid Inverter Terminal

Figure 12: Wind speed

Figure 13: Generator Speed

Figure 14: Active Power

Figure 15: Current Waveforms from Wind Generator

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Figure 16: Voltage Waveforms from Wind Generator

Figure 17: Wind Speed

Figure 18: Pitch Angle

Figure 19: Generator Speed

Figure 20: Active Power

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Figure 21: Voltage Waveforms from Wind Generator

Figure 22: Current Waveforms from Wind Generator

CONCLUSIONS
Paper presented the grid connected wind system which is analysed, controlled and modelled using simulink. Real power generation from wind generator is 20 KW, the reactive power generation from wind generator is maintained zero and the dc link voltage is being maintained at a level of 750 V with drastic changes in wind conditions and it is analysed that as the wind speed decreases from rated value generator speed, active power, current and voltage from wind generator decreases but as the wind speed increases beyond rated value the pitch mechanism is active and limits the power and the speed to their rated values and also it is observed that there is no variation in voltage and current at the generator terminal.

REFERENCES
1. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. McGraw Hill, 1994. 2. Boyle G. , Renewable Energy, OXFORD university press, 2004. 3. Seul-ki kim, Eung-Sang Kim, Jong-Bo Ahn, Modelling and Control of a Grid- connected Wind/PV Hybrid Generation System, IEEE, 2006. 4. Gabriele Michalke, Variable Speed Wind Turbines-Modelling, Control, and Impact on Power Systems, PhD thesis, Department of Renewable Energies, Institute of Electrical Power Systems, Darmstadt Technical University, 2008. 5. Daryoush Mehrzad, Vector control of PMSG for grid connected wind turbine applications, Masters thesis, Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University,2009. 6. Alejandro Rolan, Alvaro Luna, Gerardo Vazquez,Daniel Aguilar,Gustavo Azevedo, Modeling of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator . IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISlE 2009) Seoul Olympic Parktel, Seoul, Korea July 5-8, 2009. 7. Mukund R. Patel, Design, Analysis, and Operation, Wind and Solar Power System, Taylor and Francis Group, 2 nd Edition, 2006.

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8. Polinder H., de Haan S. W. H., Dubois M. R., Slootweg J., Basic Operation Principles and Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines, NORPIE / 2004, Nordic Workshop on Power and Industrial Ele ctronics, Paper 069, Trondheim, Norway, 14-16 June, 2004. 9. Binder A., Schneider T., Permanent magnet synchronous generators for regenerative energy conversion a survey, European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE 2005, 11 -14 September, Dresden, Germany, 2005. 10. Akhmatov V., Variable-Speed Wind Turbines with Doubly- Fed Induction Generators Part III: Model with the Back-to-back Converters, Wind Engineering, Volume 27, No. 2, pp 79 -91, 2003. 11. Hansen A.D., Michalke G., Modelling and control of variable speed multipole PMSG wind turbine, submitted to Wind Energy, 2007.

AUTHORS DETAILS

MIRZA MOHD. SHADAB received the B.Tech degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Integral University ,Lucknow ,U.P in 2008, the M.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, in 2011. Currently, He is an Assistant Professor in Electrical& Electronics Engineering Department at Integral University ABU TARIQ received Ph.D from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He is with Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh as an Associate Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department.

M.A.MALLICK received B.Sc engg. And M.Sc engg. From Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh and PhD from Integral University, Lucknow. He has sixteen years of experience in teaching and research. Currently, He is a Professor in Electrical& Electronics Engineering Department at Integral University,Lucknow.