133

Thermomechanical

B e h a v i o r of S h a p e

Memory

Alloys

E. P a t o o r , A. E b e r h a r d t , M. B e r v e i l l e r , L a b o r a t o i r e de P h y s i q u e et d e M c a n i q u e d e s M a t r i a u x , UA C N R S 1 2 1 S , I n s t i t u t S u p r i e u r d e G n i e M c a n i q u e et P r o d u c t i q u e , U n i v e r s i t de M e t 2 , F R A N C E

Abstract T h e o v e r a l l t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l b e h a v i o r of S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y s is d e s c r i b e d from a m i c r o p h y s i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w . R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d in that way a r e in good a g r e e m e n t with u n i a x i a l tension test e x p e r i m e n t s p e r f o r m e d on a Cu - Zn - Al S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y . Introduction Typical p r o p e r t i e s like S h a p e M e m o r y E f f e c t , T w o - W a y S h a p e M e m o ry, P s e u d o e l a s t i c i t y and very g o o d d a m p i n g c a p a c i t y o c c u r in metallic alloys which present a Thermoelastic Martensitic T r a n s f o r m a t i o n . T h e s e i n e l a s t i c b e h a v i o r s r e s u l t from m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h this t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , like the r e v e r s i b l e f o r m a t i o n of m a r t e n s i t e p l a t e s or the i n t e r f a c i a l m o t i o n b e t w e e n martensite variants [ 1 , 5 ] . But the d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s p r o p o s e d to d e s c r i b e these b e h a v i o r s are not b a s e d o n these p h y s i c a l m e c h a n i s m s ( 6 , 9 ] . This paper presents a micromechanical s i m u l a t i o n of the thermomechanical b e h a v i o r d u e to s t r e s s - i n d u c e d m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . In this s c h e m e , the p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n m e c h a n i s m is d e s c r i b e d by the phenomenological theory of Wechsler-Lieberman and Read ( N . L . R . ) [ 1 0 ] . T h e h a b i t p l a n e o r i e n t a t i o n and the m a c r o s c o p i c d i s t o r s i o n a s s o c i a t e d with the f o r m a t i o n of each v a r i a n t are then d e t e r m i n e d from the c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c p a r a m e t e r s of p a r e n t and p r o d u c t p h a s e . At f i r s t , the d i f f e r e n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the o v e r a l l d e f o r m a t i o n are d e t a i l e d and the e l e m e n t a r y m e c h a n i s m s r e s p o n s i b l e for them d e s c r i b e d . A f t e r t h a t , the local c o n s t i t u t i v e relation a s s o c i a t e d with the f o r m a t i o n of s t r e s s - i n d u c e d m a r t e n s i t i c p l a t e s is d e termined from the s t u d y of the l o c a l energy b a l a n c e . Results o b t a i n e d in that way a r e in v e r y g o o d q u a n t i t a t i v e a g r e e m e n t for the s i n g l e c r y s t a l c a s e [ 1 1 , 1 2 ] . The p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e thermomechanical behavior is d e d u c e d from this local b e h a v i o r b y u s i n g a s e l f - c o n s i s t e n t s c h e m e . N u m e r i c a l results a r e in good . a g r e e m e n t w i t h u n i a x i a l tension test e x p e r i ments p e r f o r m e d o n a Cu - Zn - Al S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y . Local Behavior

Let us c o n s i d e r a v o l u m e V of p a r e n t p h a s e w h i c h t r a n s f o r m s into m a r t e n s i t e (Fig. 1 ) . T h e m a c r o s c o p i c total s t r a i n E^ , is o b t a i n e d by an a v e r a g i n g r e l a t i o n '

E T - - J
V
A M

(r) dV = ( 1 - x ) c*

x c"

(1)

where c and c d e n o t e the a v e r a g e total s t r a i n in a u s t e n i t e and m a r t e n s i t e and x the v o l u m i c f r a c t i o n of m a r t e n s i t e . This total strain is c a u s e d by both the d e f o r m a t i o n in the two phases

Article available at http://www.esomat.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/esomat/198903002

134

(elastic, plastic...) and the deformation associated with the transformation. Thus, the strain rate equation is [ 1 3 , 1 4 ] :
]\ = (1-x) c j j * x i ^ + cj" i (2)

AM c denotes the transformation strain, it is the only term directly associated with the transformation mechanism. The average strain rates in the two phases are composed of three terms of different physical meanings : an elastic strain rate c , associated with local stresses, a thermal strain rate c , and a plastic one c . These last two contributions could be neglected for the study of the Shape Memory behavior. Fig. 1 : Transformation if we consider that the elastic properof a volume V of aus- ties of the two phases are assumed to be tenite into martensite. equal, the total strain rate is expressed by : T *e AM e PT (3)
P #

PT c is then the only inelastic contribution. It could be characterized by the Bain's strain, an invariant lattice strain and a lattice rotation (Fig. 2) that are necessary to realize the existence of an invariant plane [ 1 0 ] (the habit plane). The macroscopic strain c produced by this mechanism results from a shear along the habit plane and an extension normal to it (Fig. 3 ) . From the knowledge of the crystallographic parameters INVARIANT BAINS STRAIN LATTICE ROTATION LATTICE STRAIN

TRANSFORMED LATTICE

PARENT LATTICE

PT Fig. 2 : Characterisation of the transformation strain c by the Bain's strain and invariant lattice strain and lattice rotation.

135 of the two phases, the W.L.R. phenomenological theory allows to determine the habit plane normal n, the magnitude g and the d i rection m of the crystallographic shear. From a kinematical analysis, the trans formation strain c associated with the formation of one variant is expressed as [11.13] :
C

AM ij

1
=

i n

i j * j

m i

^ g R j 9 14)
i

This result could be extended in the polyvariant case by summation over all the variant n : c " - I Rj, g x
n

(5)

The local constitutive relation is now determined with a thermodynamical approach. Fig. 3 : Deformation of Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation, an unit volume V by which is a first order phase transition, martensitic transfor involves the existence of a local energy balance between driving and resistive mation. forces [ 4 ] . [15,18]. The variation of the Gibb's Free Energy expressed by : AC = A G ( 0 ) V
c h M

is

PS E

e x t

(6)

where aG (d)
c h

is the variation of chemical free energy bet ween the two phases, it is a linear function of the temperature 0 ; is the interfacial energy, it could be neglec ted ; denotes the interaction energy with the applied stress o ;

rs E E.
n c A

is the stored elastic energy due to the transformation.

The interaction energy lation [19]

E

is obtained

by

the use of Eshelby's

re

e x t * J "ij ' H V

- " * ij
n

* V"

(7)

The clastic energy depends on the interactions existing between the different variants. Its acurate evaluation needs the know ledge of shape and spatial positions of the variants. Neverthe less, indirect evaluations may be realized by using the solution of the problem of the plastic inclusion pair [20,21] or by the calculation of the elastic energy associated with the interface between two compatible or incompatible variants [ 2 2 ] . These two methods give the samo expression for E
i n c l

136
E

^i - V U g * n
n c t

l g n ,m

I^W)

(8)

C denotes the interaction energy between martensite inclusion and parent phase. It is equal to zero for an infinitely thin inclusion with a plate shape ( 1 9 ) . The interactions between Mar tensite variants are described by matrix H (22). From this analysis, a local criterion transformation start is established : for the stress-induced

and the local constitutive relation is derived

(11,131 :

where tensor S is the plastic stiffness. Single crystal behavior This local analysis is extended to the single crystal case considering the stress field as uniform inside the crystal. by

Relations (9) and (10) could then be considered as the single crystal constitutive relations during a stress-inducedmart

Experimental results
relations.

for uniaxial

tension

are presentedinp

Polycrystalline behavior In a polycrystal, the individual grains deform heterogeneously and large internal stresses are generated by incompatibilities between the grains. This leads to a more complex problem than internal structure evolution a homogeneization method based on the self-consistent scheme is used (23,25], to be known, and the overall behavior is described from the

In

OVERALL

VARIABLES

LOCAL

VARIABLES

Fig. 4: Overall and local variables in a polycrystal

137

The determination of these relations needs to solve a thermomecha stress equilibrium condition [23,26]. This equation could be solved in different ways, in this work a self-consistent scheme is used. The polycrystalline local behavior is described by relation (10) previously established. In this relation, the local stress rate tensor is now resulting to the superposition of an external applied stress rate and an internal stress rate generated by the polycrystalline effects. It is assumed that the temperature is uniform through the material. Local relation (10) could be written as : jki or in a dual form :
( r ) ;

ki

ij

( r )

(11)

The localisation equations between the overall variables and the local one have the following form :

iJ

, r )

' ijkl

( r

>

kl ij

( r

>

(12)

where and C

denote the overall variables with respect to :

16)

If the overall relationships as the local one

are postulated

with

the same

form

I j - ijki Ki
L

"ij*
H ( 1 8

( 1 7

>

i 3

ijki ki - i j

the overall tensors G, L, N and M could be expressed as [26] :

Wjkl
N

- vj

: i

i-n
< r

l r )

\nkl
( r

( r

<>
1 2 0

ij-V
i}

' kl

>

'

with

H
C

- t

1 J k l

k l

(21) ijkl * I)kl

k l ( r ) L

and

ll) <r)
Hn

B n p q

(r) t

(22)

138

The localisation tensor A(r) is then determined from the solution of an integral equation [26] which described the thermomechanical behavior of the material :

^(t) where c

Jr
V

i J l l l

(r-r-)t61

k l l o n

(r-)^ (rM- (r-)e]dV.(23)

n 1 l l l

is the solution of the homogeneous equivalent problem ; is an operator derived from the Green tensor of the infinite homogeneous equivalent me dium ; - Kr ) 1

r (r-r')

61(r' ) L*

is the modulus of the homogeneous medium.

equivalent

Different methods could be used to solve relation range approximation leads to the Taylor-Lin model :

(23) (24)

Zero

In this paper a particular approximation of the exact solution of integral equation (23) is realized by using a self-consistent scheme [23,26], In a homogeneous medium with a modulus L* equal to the effective modulus L , let us consider an inclusion of volume v where the local variables are assumed to be uniform (Fig. S ) . The Esholby's solution of this inclusion problem gives for local tensor A (r) the following expression : (25) where T
1 1

is the Eshelby's tensor [ 1 9 ) . MEDIUM INCLUSION IN H O M O G E N E O U S MEDIUM EQUIVALENT

EFFECTIVE

Fig. 5: Self-consistent method - Basic scheme.

139 If all the grains are successively considered as an inclusion, all the localisation tensor could be determined in that way, and the effective modulus of the polycrystal line is then expressed by :

(
where F
1

denotes the volume fraction of grain I.

In this complete self-consistent scheme there are no assumption on the form of the interaction between the homogeneous matrix and the inclusion. An other self-consistent scheme could be used by postulating the existence of an a - p r i o n interaction law [27] :

where u denotes the elastic shear modulus and a an accommodation parameter. This leads to an easier calculation. Results obtained in that way are presented in figure 6 [12]. They are in good agreement with uniaxial tension tests performed at different temperature levels on a Cu - Zn - Al pseudoelastic alloy.

Fig. 6: Uniaxial tensile test curves of a Cu-Zn-Alpolycrys results and theoretical predictions which are obtained by using an a-priori self-consistent scheme. Conclusion In this work, the thermoelastic behavior associated with stressinduced transformation is completly described from the microphysical mechanisms which controlled the internal structure of the material. Parameters used in this kind of modelling are ge nerally accessible by experiments (habit plane orientation.

140 intervariant interaction, texture, single crystal transformation point...). A good quantitative agreement is obtained in that way, and it could bo expected that this result may be improved by using the complete self-consistent scheme. The knowledge of the tion on the overall the influence of a global properties of havior. .. ) . References [1] L. Delaey, J. Van Humbeeck, M. Chandrasekaran, J. Janssen, M. Andrade, N. Hwamba : Metals Forum. 4 (1981) 167. [2] K. Otsuka, C.N. Wayman, K. Nakai, It. Sakamoto, K. Shimizu : Acta Metall. 24 (1976) 207. [3] K. Otsuka, K. Shimizu : Metals Forum. 4 (1981) 142. [4] L. Delaey, R.V. Krishnan, H. Tass, II. Marlimont : Mater. Sci. 9 (1974) 1521, 1S36, 1545. [5] O. Rios-Jara. C. Guenin : Acta Metall. 35 (1987) 109. [6] R.D. James : J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 84 (1986) 359. [7] K. Tanaka, S. Kobayski, Y. Sato : Int. J. Plasticity. [8] M. Achenbach, T. Atanackovic, I. Mller Int. J. Solids Structures. 22 (1986) 171. [9] D. Favier : these d'Etat, Grenoble (1988). [10] M.S. Wechaler, O.S. Lieberman, T.A. Read : Trans. AIME. 197
(1953) 1503.

influence of the internal structure evolubehavior is a major advantage to determine previous thermomechanical treatment on the a specimen (education training, cycling be-

[11] E. Patoor, A. Eberhardt, M. [12] E. Patoor, A. Eberhardt, M.

Bervelllor Berveiller

: Acta Arch.

Metall. Mech.

35 (to

[13] E. Patoor : these Docteur-Ingnieur, Metz (1986). [14] J.B. Leblond. C. Mottet, J.C. Devaux : J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 34 (1986) 385. [15] H. warlimont : Mater. Sci. 25 (1979) 139. [16] P. Wollants, M. De Bonte. J.R. Ross Z. Metallkde. 70 (1979) 113. [17] J. ortin, A. Planes : Acta Metall. 36 (1988) 1873. [18] J. Ortin : Acta Metall. (to appear). [19] J.D. Eshelby : "Progress in Solid Mechanics". 2 (1961) 69. [20] O. Fassi-Fehri : thse d'Etat, Metz (1985). [21] O. Fassi-Fehri, A. Hihi, M. Berveiller : Scripta Met. 21 (1987) 771. [22] M.O. Bensalah : thse 3me cycle, Metz (1986). [23] P. Lipinski, F. Corvasce. M. B e r v e i l l e r : 8 t h RIS0 Int. Symp. (1987) 409. [24] P. Lipinski, M. Berveiller. F. Corvasce : Arch. Mech. (to appear). [25] P. Lipinski, M. Berveiller : Int. J. Plasticity, (to appear). [26] E. Patoor. A. Eberhardt, M. Berveiller : "Mecamat. international seminar on the inelastic behaviour of solids : models and utilization". (1988) 319. [27] M. Berveiller, A. Zaoul : J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 26 (1979)325.