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RNA virus

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An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material.[1] This nucleic
acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but may be double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).[2] The
ICTV classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to Group III, Group IV or Group V of the
Baltimore classification system of classifying viruses, and does not consider viruses with DNA
intermediates as RNA viruses.[3] Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include SARS,
influenza and hepatitis C.
Another term for RNA viruses that explicitly excludes retroviruses is ribovirus.[4]

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Characteristics
○ 1.1 Single-stranded RNA viruses and RNA Sense
○ 1.2 Double-stranded RNA viruses
○ 1.3 Mutation rates
• 2 Replication
• 3 Group III - dsRNA viruses
• 4 Group IV - positive-sense ssRNA viruses
• 5 Group V - negative-sense ssRNA viruses
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links

[edit] Characteristics
[edit] Single-stranded RNA viruses and RNA Sense
RNA viruses can be further classified according to the sense or polarity of their RNA into
negative-sense and positive-sense, or ambisense RNA viruses. Positive-sense viral RNA is
identical to viral mRNA and thus can be immediately translated by the host cell. Negative-sense
viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an
RNA polymerase before translation. As such, purified RNA of a positive-sense virus can directly
cause infection though it may be less infectious than the whole virus particle. Purified RNA of a
negative-sense virus is not infectious by itself as it needs to be transcribed into positive-sense
RNA. Ambisense RNA viruses resemble negative-sense RNA viruses, except they also translate
genes from the positive strand.[5]
[edit] Double-stranded RNA viruses
Further information: Double-stranded RNA viruses
The double-stranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in
host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to
twelve), and virion organization (T-number, capsid layers, or turrets). Members of this group
include the rotaviruses, renowned globally as the commonest cause of gastroenteritis in young
children, and bluetongue virus [6] [7], an economically important pathogen of cattle and sheep. In
recent years, remarkable progress has been made in determining, at atomic and subnanometeric
levels, the structures of a number of key viral proteins and of the virion capsids of several
dsRNA viruses, highlighting the significant parallels in the structure and replicative processes of
many of these viruses. [2]
[edit] Mutation rates
RNA viruses generally have very high mutation rates as they lack DNA polymerases which can
find and fix mistakes, and are therefore unable to conduct DNA repair of damaged genetic
material. DNA viruses have considerably lower mutation rates due to the proof-reading ability of
DNA polymerases within the host cell.[8] Retroviruses have a high mutation rate even though
their DNA intermediate integrates into the host genome (and is thus subject to host DNA
proofreading once integrated), because errors during reverse transcription are embedded into
both strands of DNA prior to integration.
Although RNA usually mutates rapidly, recent work found that the SARS virus and related RNA
viruses contain a gene that mutates very slowly.[9] The gene in question has a complex three-
dimensional structure which is hypothesized to provide a chemical function necessary for viral
propagation, perhaps as a ribozyme. If so, most mutations would render it unfit for that purpose
and would not propagate.
[edit] Replication
Animal RNA viruses are classified into three distinct groups depending on their genome and
mode of replication (and the numerical groups based on the older Baltimore classification):
• Double-stranded RNA viruses (Group III) contain from one to a dozen different RNA
molecules, each of which codes for one or more viral proteins.
• Positive-sense ssRNA viruses (Group IV) have their genome directly utilized as if it were
mRNA, producing a single protein which is modified by host and viral proteins to form
the various proteins needed for replication. One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase, which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded replicative form, in
turn this directs the formation of new virions.
• Negative-sense ssRNA viruses (Group V) must have their genome copied by an RNA
polymerase to form positive-sense RNA. This means that the virus must bring along with
it the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme. The positive-sense RNA molecule then
acts as viral mRNA, which is translated into proteins by the host ribosomes. The resultant
protein goes on to direct the synthesis of new virions, such as capsid proteins and RNA
replicase, which is used to produce new negative-sense RNA molecules.
Retroviruses (Group VI) have a single-stranded RNA genome but are generally not considered
RNA viruses because they use DNA intermediates to replicate. Reverse transcriptase, a viral
enzyme that comes from the virus itself after it is uncoated, converts the viral RNA into a
complementary strand of DNA, which is copied to produce a double stranded molecule of viral
DNA. After this DNA is integrated, expression of the encoded genes may lead the formation of
new virions.
[edit] Group III - dsRNA viruses
• Family Birnaviridae
• Family Chrysoviridae
• Family Cystoviridae
• Family Hypoviridae
• Family Partitiviridae
• Family Reoviridae - includes Rotavirus
• Family Totiviridae
• Unassigned genera
○ Endornavirus
Source:[8]

[edit] Group IV - positive-sense ssRNA viruses


• Order Nidovirales
○ Family Arteriviridae
○ Family Coronaviridae - includes Coronavirus, SARS
○ Family Roniviridae
• Unassigned
○ Family Astroviridae
○ Family Barnaviridae
○ Family Bromoviridae
○ Family Caliciviridae - includes Norwalk virus
○ Family Closteroviridae
○ Family Comoviridae
○ Family Dicistroviridae
○ Family Flaviviridae - includes Yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Hepatitis C
virus, Dengue fever virus
○ Family Flexiviridae
○ Family Leviviridae
○ Family Luteoviridae - includes Barley yellow dwarf virus
○ Family Marnaviridae
○ Family Narnaviridae
○ Family Nodaviridae
○ Family Picornaviridae - includes Poliovirus, the common cold virus, Hepatitis A
virus
○ Family Potyviridae
○ Family Sequiviridae
○ Family Tetraviridae
○ Family Togaviridae - includes Rubella virus, Ross River virus, Sindbis
virus,Chikungunya virus
○ Family Tombusviridae
○ Family Tymoviridae
○ Unassigned genera
 Genus Benyvirus
 Genus Cheravirus
 Genus Furovirus
 Genus Hepevirus - includes Hepatitis E virus
 Genus Hordeivirus
 Genus Idaeovirus
 Genus Ourmiavirus
 Genus Pecluvirus
 Genus Pomovirus
 Genus Sadwavirus
 Genus Sobemovirus
 Genus Tobamovirus - includes tobacco mosaic virus
 Genus Tobravirus
 Genus Umbravirus
Source:[8]

[edit] Group V - negative-sense ssRNA viruses


• Order Mononegavirales
○ Family Bornaviridae - Borna disease virus
○ Family Filoviridae - includes Ebola virus, Marburg virus
○ Family Paramyxoviridae - includes Measles virus, Mumps virus, Nipah virus,
Hendra virus
○ Family Rhabdoviridae - includes Rabies virus
• Unassigned
○ Family Arenaviridae - includes Lassa virus
○ Family Bunyaviridae - includes Hantavirus
○ Family Orthomyxoviridae - includes Influenza viruses
○ Unassigned genera:
 Genus Deltavirus
 Genus Nyavirus[10] - includes Nyamanini and Midway viruses
 Genus Ophiovirus
 Genus Tenuivirus
 Genus Varicosavirus

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