Experiment: To determine the in-situ Density of Soil at a specified location by sand replacement method.

Apparatus: (i) Sand pouring cylinder-small size Note : There are two types of cylinders. The small size cylinders are used for fine and medium grained soils and in compacted layers whose thickness do not exceed 15 cm . large pouring cylinders are used in fines, medium and coarse grained soils and in compacted layers, whose thickness ranges from 15 cm to 25 cm. the principal of operation are the same or both. In this experiment only small size cylinder is described. (ii) Cylinder calibrating container 10 cm internal diameter and 15 cm internal depth. (iii) Metal tray with hole 30 cm square and 4 cm deep with a 10 cm diameter hole in the center. (iv) Tools for excavating holes dibber and scraper. (v) Metal trays (vi) Glass plate 60 cm square (vii) Calibrating material: Clean closely graded natural sand passing the 600 microns IS Sieve and retained on 300 microns IS sieve. Procedure: 1. Calibration of apparatus in the laboratory 2. Fill the pouring cylinder with calibrating sand keeping a freeboard of 100 mm. 3. Weigh the pouring cylinder with sand (W1) 4. Keep the pouring cylinder over the calibrating cylinder 5. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out into the calibrating cylinder till the calibrating cylinder is filled and close the shutter. 6. Note down the weight of the pouring cylinder. 7. Place the sand pouring cylinder on a glass plate. 8. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out until no further movement of sand takes place in the cylinder. 9. Close the shutter and remove the sand pouring cylinder carefully. 10. Collect the sand left on the glass plate and weigh. 11. Repeat operation (i) to (viii) above two more times and fined the average weight of the sand collected from the glass plate (W2). Note: Every time fill the pouring cylinder to weigh W1. 12. Measure the internal volume of the calibrating cylindrical container (V). 13. Fill the sand pouring cylinder again to weigh W1. See that the shutter is closed. 14. Place the pouring cylinder concentrically over the calibrating cylindrical container. 15. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out till no further movement of sand takes place in the cylinder. 16. Close the shutter. 17. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh. 18. Repeat operation (xi) to (xv) two more times and find the mean of three reading (W2). Record all observation in Performa 19. Measurement of in-place density in the field (cohesive soils) 20. Select a flat area approximately 45 cm square where test is to be performed. 21. Expose the soil and trim it to level surface using scraper tool.

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Keep the metal tray with the central hole on the prepared surface. Excavate a hole in the soil using the dibber. While excavating, use the hole in the tray as a pattern. Excavate to a depth of 15 cm. Collect the excavated soil and weigh (Ww). Take a small specimen of soil and determine the moisture content (w). Remove the metal tray with hole. Fill the pouring cylinder with calibration sand to weigh W4 and close the shutter. Place the pouring cylinder concentrically over the hole that is made in the soil or the ground. 31. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out into the hole until no further movement of sand takes place in the cylinder. 32. Close the shutter. 33. Weigh the pouring cylinder with the remaining sand (W5). 34. Repeat the operation in the same area at different places to get average results. 35. Record all observations in Performa. 36. Calculate the in-place density (both wet and dry) Precautions: 37. Remove organic matter, if any, in the calibrating sand. 38. Dry the calibrating sand in an oven and keep it for seven days exposed to atmosphere before using in the test. 39. In actual practice, a number of density measurements have to be made. In such a case, calibrate the apparatus every day. 40. While excavating the hole in the soil, do not enlarge by pressing the dibber against the side of the hole. 41. During filling the hole in the field, see that the adjustment area is not subject to vibrations.

Field density test record sand replacement method A. Calibration Weight of sand pouring cylinder before pouring W1 (g) Weight of sand + cylinder after pouring in calibrating container Weight (g) Mean weight (g) W2 Weight of sand in cone of the pouring cylinder Weight (g) Mean weight (g) W3 Volume of calibrating container (cm3) V Weight of sand to fill calibrating container, Wa (g) = W1- (W2-W3) Bulk density of sand = Wa V g/cm3

B. Measurement of soil density Determination No. Weight of wet soil from the hole, Ww (g) Weight of sand + cylinder before poring W4 (g) Weight of sand + cylinder after poring W5 (g) Weight of sand in the hole Ws = W4- W5 -W3 Volume of sand in hole V = Ws s Bulk density t = Ww V Moisture content Dry density d = t X 100 g/cm3 100 +w 1 2 3