CALORIMETRY IN VARIOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS

K. K. SEROJE1 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
DATE PERFORMED: JUNE 20, 2013 INSTRUCTORS NAME: CARL INOCENTES

ABSTRACT

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Part A. Concentration Dependence As the reactants were mixed in the beaker, which contains specific volume of water to control the total volume of the solution, precipitates were formed. As the precipitates continued to develop, the time it takes for it to visually cover the mark X under the beaker was measured. The results were then tabulated as shown below. Table 1. Experimental rate data from the reaction of Na2S2O3 and HCl
RUN 1 2 3 4 5 6 [S2O32-]init 0.1 M 0.05 M 0.025 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M [H+]init 0.40 M 0.40 M 0.40 M 0.60 M 0.40 M 0.20 M TIME (s) 18 52 57 29 30 31 1/t (s-1) 0.056 0.019 0.018 0.034 0.033 0.032

law from the given data, provided that the reaction is relatively slow. For this case, the initial rates are considered to be proportional to 1/t, wherein t is the time it took for the cloudy precipitate to completely cover the X mark under the beaker. For Runs 1 to 3, it is evident from the data that as the concentration of Na2S2O3 is increased, the rate of reaction also increases (indicated by lesser time to form enough precipitate to cover the X mark). For Runs 4 to 6, changing the concentration of HCl did not make a significant change in reaction rate. The orders of the reaction were also calculated and tabulated as shown by the following table. Table 2. The calculated orders of reaction based from the concentration of the reactants order of rxn wrt [S2O32-] (x) 0.87 1.04 1.21 1.04 1 Runs used 4 and 5 4 and 6 5 and 6 order of rxn wrt [H+] (y) 0.44 0.03 -0.22 0.083 0

Runs used 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 Average

The initial concentrations of Na2S2O3 and HCl were calculated as shown in the attached paper (Calculations Part A). The method of initial rate was used in determining the rate

Table 2 shows the calculated orders of the reaction with respect to [S2O32-] and [H+]. As seen in the table, the order of reaction with respect to [S2O32-] approaches the value of 1. It implies that doubling the concentration of this reagent would double the rate of reaction. This is supported by the data in Table 1. On the other hand, the order of reaction of [H+] approaches 0, meaning the initial rate is independent of the concentration of H+. Again, this supported experimentally by the data as shown in Table 1 (no significant time difference in Runs 3 to 4). Consequently, the overall kinetic order of reaction is 1, the sum of x and y. Part B: Temperature Dependence The following graphs were obtained from the experiment.
0.0036
1/temperature (1/K)

REFERENCES [1] Whitten, K.W., Davis, R.E., Peck, M.L., and Stanley, G.G. Chemistry Eighth Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, USA. 2007. [2] Brown, T.L., LeMay Jr, H.E., Bursten, B.E., Burdge, J.R. Chemistry The Central Science Ninth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., USA. 2004. [3] Silverstein, R.M., Bassler, G.C., and Morrill, T.C. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, USA. 1981 [4] Petrucci, R.H., Harwood, W.S., and Herring, F.G. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications Eighth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., South Asia. 2004

0.0034 0.0032 0.003 0.0028 -3.02 -4.38

ln(1/time)

y = -0.0002x + 0.0037 R = 0.9981

-3.22

Figure 1. Effect of temperature on reaction rate. The graph shows a linear relation between the inverse of temperature vs the natural logarithmic of the inverse time. As it has a negative slope, it implies that there is a proportional relation between the temperature and the rate of reaction. As it takes the equation of a line, y = mx + b (where y = ln k, m = (Ea)/R, and b = ln A), we can determine that activation energy Ea is 0.0017. Activation energy is the minimum required energy to start a reaction.