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Mia urkovi
Institut for European Studies
Belgrade

Summary

HOW THE NATIONS ARE BEING CONSTRUCTED:

THE MONTENGRIN CASE
Abstract: The author analysis a problem of construction of small nations as a part of
geopolitical strategies of the big powers. He investigates birth and development of constructivist theory of identity after the Second World War, which helped better understanding
of complex processes of making and developing of nations, but at the end finished as a
radical position in which constructing is equalized with pure fiat and de facto leads to
delegitimization of long lasting national projects.
In this article focus is settled on very indicative case of development of Montenegrin
nation. Author claims that huge strategic plan of acting of the big powers toward Balkans
area in the last two centuries is based on containment and suppressing of Serbian ethnic
population, changing of their identity (especially at the border area), and on preventing of
creation of serious Serbian state that would unite majority of Serbs. Political games

35

 , :
surrounding the change of identity of Montenegrins are perceived as a part of this broader
picture.
Author starts with presentation of motives that were used for creation of separate
identity of this small country inhabited with Serbian population. As a birth place of this
idea he indicates Vienna and Budapest at the end of 19th century, which also had support of
some very influential English intellectual circles. The next step in chronology is made by
Croatian catholic intellectuals like Ivo Pilar and Milan Shuffly, but crucial contribution is
given by the Communist party of Yugoslavia, which introduced separate Montenegrin
nation. There are also internal incentives such as political ambitions of King Nikola,
material and status interests of new court elite and finally regional specificity and history of
statehood.
Then, the author displays the phases in the construction and shows how incentives for
this development were coming mostly from Vienna, Vatican, communist Moscow and
lately from Washington. He proves that no one of the Montenegrin federalists in the twenties denied their belonging to the Serbian ethnic corpus. The real industry of identity started
after the Second World War. Especially significant was a period during the time of Croatian
Maspok. It is the period when Njegos chapel was destroyed to be replaced with Mestrovics
mausoleum, and when Titograds University and Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and
Arts were established. This is followed by the part in which author displays radicalization
of mentioned tendencies at the beginning on 1990s and especially the way in which they
were adopted as a platform for independence after 1997 when Djukanovic took the power,
and 1999 when Jevrem Brkovic returned from Zagreb.
Final part of the article deals with the elements of construction of the Montenegrin
nation that have been created and developed in the last fifteen to twenty years: language,
alphabet, church, symbols and institutions. It becomes clear that method of implementation
of the politics of reconfiguration of identity is based on permanent step by step transformation of the mainstream of public discourse. Especially young generations and university
elite are perceived as a target for this identity politics. The whole this construction is based
on lies, propaganda and historical forgeries. The time tell how successful they were, but
cases like Vojvodina already indicate tat the same model is on a way to be used in other
areas.
Key words: nation, Serbs, Montenegrins, Austro-Hungary, construction

36