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Glossary of Art Conservation Terms

Abrasion: Damage to the surface of an object caused by friction such as rubbing or scraping. Accretion: An opaque material overlaying the surface of an object such as insect droppings, food, adhesives or mold. Acidic: A condition of having a low pH (less than 7 on a scale of 0 to 14). Acidic substances can cause deterioration and damage to paper objects such as embrittlement, discoloration and fading. Acid-free: Having a pH of 7 (neutral) or higher (alkaline). Acid Migration: The movement of acid from one item to another that it is in contact with that has a higher pH, such as from a mount, mat or a backing to the work of art on paper to which it is attached. Acrylic: A synthetic compound used in materials such as paint, adhesives and coatings. Adhesive: A substance able to stick two surfaces together. Alkaline: Having a pH greater than 7. Alkaline Bath: A solution composed of alkaline substances used to deacidify paper items. Alkaline Reserve: An alkaline substance in paper intended to act as a buffer and neutralize acids produced or absorbed by the paper. It can be introduced as part of conservation treatments. Aqueous: Water-based Archival Framing: Framing using pH-neutral materials to protect and support the object. Archival Materials: Material intended to be long lasting due to its high chemical stability, low acid content and inertness. No standards exist that define how long archival materials should survive or maintain their integrity. Art Conservation: Preservation, repair, and/or stabilization of artworks and other cultural property for the future. Artists Tape: A general-usage pH-neutral paper tape. ATG Tape: A tape that adheres an adhesive film; used in framing. Beva-371 Film Adhesive: A heat-activated dry-mount tissue used to attach artworks to mounting supports. Binder: A substance that provides cohesion for loose particles. Binocular Magnification: Magnification produced by a microscope with two eyepieces. Biological Degradation: Degradation of artworks caused by a biological agent such as mold, insects or rodents. Break: A split or crack in an item, an image layer or a support. Brittle: Character of an item that is easily broken, weak or inflexible. In paper items, it is usually associated with high levels of acidity. Calcimine: White or tinted wash for walls Cellulose: Main component of the fibers of plant material such as wood or cotton that are used to produce paper products. Chemical Degradation: Degradation of artworks caused by a chemical reaction between the media materials, their environment and the atmosphere. Coating: A substance such as gelatin, varnish or wax applied to the surface of an object to change or protect it. Cockling: Distortion or waviness caused by the rippling of an artwork and its support. Conservation pigments: Chemically stable pigments used for in-painting and other conservation treatments Conservator: A professional whose primary occupation is the practice of conservation and who, through specialized education, knowledge, training and experience, formulates and implements all the activities of conservation in accordance with an ethical code. Consolidate: To physically stabilize an object to ensure future stability or so that further treatment procedures can be carried out safely.

Crack: A split or break in an object, image surface or support. Crease: A line, groove or ridge caused by folding or bending that does not actually break through the surface of the object. Cultural property: Objects, collections, specimens, structures or sites identified as having artistic, historic, scientific, religious or social significance. Deacidification: Application of an alkaline solution to neutralize harmful acidic compounds in an object. Dimensional Distortion: A change or deformation in the evenness of an objects plane. Discoloration: A change in color from the original tones and shades. Dry-cleaning: Removing surface dirt using vinyl, kneaded or rubber erasers, or by brushing or wiping the item with dry brushes or cloths. Dry-mounting: Mounting of paper artwork using dry mount tissue or film applied with pressure and heat, rather than with moisture or solvents. Dry-mount tissue: An adhesive that is used to cover the entire back surface of an artwork, used mainly for flattening paper and other two-dimension objects. Emulsion: The layer of a photograph that contains the image, consisting of silver halides dispersed in a suspension medium. Encapsulation: A transparent Mylar enclosure used mainly to protect paper artifacts from the environment. Fading: Localized or overall shifts and changes in colors, pigments and dyes that occurs as a result of exposure to light. Fill: To replace missing or loss areas in the support or image layer of an object with compatible materials. Finger Marks: Marks created by the handling of objects that leave oil, dirt or salt residues from perspiration that can reduce image densities and/or cause deformations and discoloration. Fix: To prevent damage to soluble or loose image materials by applying coatings to the object surface. Flatten: To return a paper artwork to plane using pressure, moisture and/or heat. Flyspeck: Small dots of fly excretions encrusted onto artworks that can cause staining, weakening and other damage. Fold: A bend in an object that can lead to cracking, breaking or fragmentation in the image layer or support. Foxing: Reddish-brown spots appearing mainly on paper objects, associated with mold growth and exposure to high humidity conditions. Fragment: Any detached portion or segment of an object. Gelatin: A purified, water-soluble animal protein used for emulsions and coatings. Gelatin Adhesive: Flexible and warm bonding substance. Glassine: A thin, smooth translucent paper used for protective enveloping and interleaving works of art on paper. Glazing: A protective transparent material, in some instances made specifically to block out U.V. light. Types: Glass, U.V. Museum Glass, Plexiglass, U.V. Plexiglass. Glossy: A surface or finish that is smooth and shiny. Glue: A water-soluble adhesive made of animal protein that contains natural impurities that can cause deterioration and staining of paper and textiles. Heat-set Tissue: A lightweight paper coated with thermoplastic acrylic adhesives used for lining and mending works of art on paper. Hinges: Strips of flexible material used to attach art work to a mat or support, allowing for expansion and contraction of the object. Humidification: Controlled application of moisture to relax paper items and their supports.

In-painting: The process of adding pigment to areas of loss in a work of art, in order to match tone and hue to the original composition. Indentation: A depression in the plane of an object that doesnt necessarily break through the surface. Insect damage: Losses and staining caused by insects feeding off of an objects compositional material. Jade 403 adhesive: A pH-neutral liquid conservation adhesive. Japanese Tissue Paper: All-natural, long-fibred paper produced in Japan and used for mending tears and lining paper supports because of its inherent strength and long-term stability. Lead abatement: Removal of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint or lead-based paint hazards from sites Lead-white paint: A toxic white paint with the chemical formula of carbonate of lead 2PbCO3Pb(OH)2 Lightfast: Colors or materials designed to undergo minimal or no change when exposed to light Linen tape: A pH-neutral cloth tape with a water-activated adhesive used for hinging artworks to mats in framing. Lining process: Supporting and strengthening the original paper or canvas by backing it with a secondary support on the reverse side. Loss: A missing area in an image or support. Mat: A protective and rigid storage structure, with an opening to allow for the display of the object, used with flat works of art, mostly for framing. Types: book mat, island mat, float mat. Mat-Burn: Staining or discoloration, found mainly on paper objects, created by acid migration of components in the mat board and corresponding to the frame of its windowopening. Matte: A surface or finish that is dull, without luster. Mechanical Damage: Physical damage such as tears or creases that occurs without any accompanying chemical change in the object. Mechanical Unmounting: Separation of an image from its support without solvent through the process of delamination. Methyl Cellulose: A clear, water-soluble emulsion produced from modified cellulose and used and as adhesive and consolidant due to its chemical stability and reversibility. Mold: Minute organisms that grow and feed on organic matter in high humidity conditions that can cause staining and weakening. Mount: A support or setting for a work of art that serves both structural and aesthetic purposes. Mounting: Adhering or attaching an object to a support. Museum board: A pH-neutral mounting board made from 100% cotton rag. Museum quality: A term used to designate material of a high quality, particularly in terms of treatment or archival matters, although no qualifying standards exist for its use. Mylar: A brand name for a type of polyester terephtahalate film. Nonaqueous adhesive: An adhesive substance that is not water-soluble Non-yellowing varnish: Clear-drying liquid sprayed or painted on the surface of an artwork as a protective layer that is formulated not to yellow or darken with time Organic solvents: Solvents with formulas of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Palette Knife: Utensil with a thin, flexible blade Photo Corner: Item used to temporarily attach an artwork to a mounting without the use of hinges. Physical Degradation: Degradation of artworks caused by physical means such as handling or moving.

Poultice Paste: A soft, moist substance used for cleaning and other conservation treatments Preservation: The protection of cultural property through activities that minimize chemical and physical deterioration and damage and that prevent loss of informational content with the aim of prolonging the existence of the object. Ren-weld adhesive: A reversible epoxy-based adhesive Restoration: Treatment procedures intended to return cultural property to a known or assumed state, often through the addition of non-original material. Retouching: Process of adding new details or touches to artwork for correction or improvement Reversible: Removable without risk of damage to the artwork Spatula: Small tool with a broad, flat, flexible blade used to mix, spread or lift material Stabilization: Treatment procedures aimed at minimizing deterioration while maintaining the integrity of the object. Treatment: The deliberate alteration of the chemical and/or physical aspects of cultural property in order to prolong its existence, which may consist of stabilization and/or restoration. Wallpaper paste adhesive: A water-based adhesive.

Conservation: The profession devoted to the preservation of cultural property for the future. Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care, supported by research and education. Education: The investigation of the structure, materials, and condition of cultural property including the identification of the extent and causes of alteration and deterioration. Documentation: The recording in a permanent format of information derived from conservation activities. Treatment: The deliberate alteration of the chemical and/or physical aspects of cultural property, aimed primarily at prolonging its existence. Treatment may consist of stabilization and/or restoration. Stabilization: Treatment procedures intended to maintain the integrity of cultural property and to minimize deterioration. Restoration: Treatment procedures intended to return cultural property to a known or assumed state, often through the addition of nonoriginal material.

Preventive Care (also referred to as preventive conservation): The mitigation of deterioration and damage to cultural property through the formulation and implementation of policies and procedures for the following: appropriate environmental conditions; handling and maintenance procedures for storage, exhibition, packing, transport, and use; integrated pest management; emergency preparedness and response; and reformatting/duplication. Cultural Property: Objects, collections, specimens, structures, or sites identified as having artistic, historic, scientific, religious, or social significance. Preservation: The protection of cultural property through activities that minimize chemical and physical deterioration and damage and that prevent loss of informational content. The primary goal of preservation is to prolong the existence of cultural property. Conservator: A professional whose primary occupation is the practice of conservation and who, through specialized education, knowledge, training, and experience, formulates and implements all the activities of conservation in accordance with an ethical code such as the AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice. Conservation Administrator: A professional with substantial knowledge of conservation who is responsible for the administrative aspects and implementation of conservation activities in accordance with an ethical code such as the AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice. Conservation Educator: A professional with substantial knowledge and experience in the theory and techniques of conservation whose primary occupation is to teach the principles, methodology, and/or technical aspects of the profession in accordance with an ethical code such at the AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice. Conservation Scientist: A professional scientist whose primary focus is the application of specialized knowledge and skills to support the activities of conservation in accordance with an ethical code such as the AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice Conservation Technician: An individual who is trained and experienced in specific conservation treatment activities and who works in conjunction with or under the supervision of a conservator A conservation technician may also be trained and experienced in specific preventive care activities.

Collections Care Specialist: An individual who is trained and experienced in specific preventive care activities and who works in conjunction with or under the supervision of a conservator.

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