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Turbulent Flows
INTRODUCTION TO TURBULENT FLOWS
What is turbulence?
How is turbulence created?
How do we solve turbulent flows?
General Purposes
- u
and U
- Mass diffussion and concentration statistics
- Details of turbulent motion and how they interact
Three Types of turbulence
- Grid turbulence -- not self-sustaining
- Wall shear layers --- self sustaining
- wall effect as a turbulence source
- Free shear layers -- mixing layers
-- two fluid at different speeds
-- jets, wakes
Characteristics of turbulence
- Velocity fluctuates in a random manner -- Statisitically can be studied
- High levels of vorticity fluctuations
- High Reynolds numbers
- Described by the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations
- Higher levels of momentum and energy transfers
- Dissivative
- Continuum level
- Certain spatial structures - eddies vortices
- mushroom like, etc, all are distributed continuesly.
Reynolds Decompositions (RANS = Reynolds Average of N-S)
i i i
u U u +
~
T t
t
i i
dt u
T T
Lim
U
0
0
~
1
1
Intro. Turbulent Flows
u
~
(t),
m/s
U
i
u
i
Fig. 1. Typical of velocity fluctuation in turbulent flows.
The mean value of a fluctuation components is zero,
T t
t
i i i
dt U u
T T
Lim
u
0
0
0 )
~
(
1
For time averages to make sense, the integral have to be independent of t
0
.
0
t
U
i
j
i
j
i
x
U
x
u
~
;
0
j
i
j
i
x
u
x
u
) )( (
~ ~
j j i i j i
u U u U u u + +
= 0 = 0
j i j i j i j i
u u U u u U U U + + +
j i j i
u u U U +
j i
u u 0 if u
i
and u
j
are correlated.
= 0 if u
i
and u
j
are uncorrelated.
2
Intro. Turbulent Flows
i i
x
P
x
p
~
if
p
~
= P + p.
N-S equations can be written as
j j
i
i j
i
j
i
x x
u
x
p
x
u
u
t
u
~ ~
1
~
~
~ 2
(1)
0
~
i
i
x
u
(2)
i
u
~
and j
u
~
are the instantaneous velocities.
Equation for the mean flow for a turbulent flow
The momentum equation is obtained by substituting
i i i
u U u +
~
and
p
~
= P + p and taking a
time average ( 0
t
U
i
).
j j
i
i j
i
j
j
i
j
x x
U
x
P
x
u
u
x
U
U
2
1
(3)
The continuity equation becomes:
0
i
i
x
U
and
0
i
i
x
u
.
0
~
i
i
x
u
0
) (
+
i
i i
x
u U
j
j i
j
j
i
j
i
j
j
i
j
x
u u
x
u
u
x
u
u
x
u
u
, since
0
j
j
i
x
u
u
.
j i
j j j
i
i j
i
j
u u
x x x
U
x
P
x
U
U
2
1
,
_
j i
j
i
j i j
i
j
u u
x
U
x x
P
x
U
U
1 1
or
,
_
j i
j
i
ij
j j
i
j
u u
x
U P
x x
U
U
(4)
where
ij
is Kronecker delta.
ij
= i if i = j, and 0 if i j.
3
Intro. Turbulent Flows
Equation (4) is the momentum equation for the mean flow. For turbulent flows, it is not
enough equations to solve the problem, because of the attendance of the Reynolds stress
tensors j i
u u
. This leads to a closure problem.
In general, one can write:
j i ij
u u
(5)
where
,
_
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
ij
. If ij
is symetric, then ji ij
and there are six independent
components, instead of nine. The diagonal components of ij
y
x
L
U
u = u(y)
Fig. 2. Laminar boundary layer over a flat plate.
L = convective length scale
U = convective velocity scale
= diffusive length scale
The time scale is then:
U
L
.
4
Intro. Turbulent Flows
We can also estimate that
U
L
~
2 / 1
2 / 1
Re
1
L
UL
,
_
. (6)
Furthermore, L is related to the convection of momentum, and relates to the molecular
diffusion of momentum deficit across the flow, away from the surface.
Suppose we have a turbulent boundary layer:
y
U
L
u
x
u
smallest
eddy size
largest eddy
size
Fig. 3. Turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate.
U
L
convective time scale.
~ (u)
U
L
and
L
~
U
u
where u is the characteristic velocity fluctuation.
U
L
~
u
) (
1
(13)
where u t / can usually be obtained from instantaneous velocity measurements.
In addition to the Kolmogorov length scale, the Taylor microscale (
Taylor
) and integral
length scale () are often used in the analysis of turbulent flows. The Taylor microscale, with
dimension of length, is defined as (after Tennekes and Lumley, 1972)
( )
Taylor
u
u x
1
]
1
1
1
2
2
1 2
/
/
(14)
By recalling Taylors frozen hypothesis, based on Eq. (14), we can obtain
() = ( ) (15)
where ( ) is the spatial correlation with separation ( = U). Figure 5 shows a typical
spatial correlation curve.
The area under the spatial correlation curve is the integral length scale, , so that
0
( ) d (16)
7
Intro. Turbulent Flows
The Taylor microscale (
Taylor
) and the integral length scale ( ) are far larger than the
Kolmogorov length scale ().
0
1.0
(
)
Fig. 5. A typical spatial correlation curve.
8