Presidents of India

Presidents of India
Name Dr Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963) Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) Dr Zakir Hussain (1897-1969) Varahagiri Venkatagiri (1884-1980) (Acting) Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905-1992) (Acting) Varahagiri Venkatagiri (1884-1980) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905-1977) B.D. Jatti (1913-2002) (Acting) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913-1996) Giani Zail Singh (1916-1994) R. Venkataraman (B-1910) Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918-1999) K.R. Narayanan (1920-2005) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Birth-1931) Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil (B - 1934) Tenure 26 January 1950-13 May 1962 13 May 1962-13 May 1967 13 May 1967-3 May 1969 3 May 1969-20 July 1969 20 July 1969-24 August 1969 24 August 1969-24 August 1974 24 August 1974-11 February 1977 11 February 1977-25 July 1977 25 July 1977-25 July 1982 25 July 1982-25 July 1987 25 July 1987-25 July 1992 25 July 1992-25 July 1997 25 July 1997-25 July 2002 25 July 2002-25 July 2007 25 July 2007 - Incumbent

Vice-Presidents of India
Name Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) Dr Zakir Hussain (1897-1969) Varahagiri Venkatagiri (1884-1980) Gopal Swarup Pathak (1896-1982) B.D. Jatti (1913-2002) Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905-1992) R. Venkataraman (B-1910) Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918-1999) K.R. Narayanan (1920-1925) Krishan Kant (1927-2002) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat(b-1923) Mohammad Hamid Ansari (B - 1937) Prime Ministers of India
Prime Ministers of India Name Tenure Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 15 August 1947-27 May 1964 Gulzari Lal Nanda (1898-1997) (Acting) 27 May 1964-9 June 1964 Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904-1966) 09 June 1964-11 January 1966 Gulzari Lal Nanda (1898-1997) (Acting) 11 January 1966-24 January 1966 Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) 24 January1966-24 March 1977 Morarji Desai (1896-1995) 24 March 1977-28 July 1979

Tenure 1952-1962 1962-1967 1967-1969 1969-1974 1974-1979 1979-1984 1984-1987 1987-1992 1992-1997 1997-2002 2002-2007 11 August 2007 - Incumbent

Prime Ministers of India Name Tenure Charan Singh (1902-1987) 28 July 1979-14 January 1980 Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) 14 January 1980-31 October 1984 Rajiv Gandhi (1944-1991) 31 October 1984-1 December 1989 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (B-1931) 02 December 1989-10 November 1990 Chandra Shekhar (b-1927) 10 November 1990-21 June 1991 P.V. Narasimha Rao (1921-2004) 21 June 1991-16 May 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (b-1926) 16 May 1996-01 June 1996 H.D. Deve Gowda (B-1933) 01 June 1996-21 April 1997 I.K. Gujral (b-1933) 21 April 1997-18 March 1998 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (B-1926) 19 March 1998 -13 October 1999 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (B-1926) 13 October 1999 - 22 May 2004 Dr. Manmohan Singh 22 May 2004 Incumbent

Chief Justices of India

Name Chief Justices of India Tenure
26 January 1950 - 6 November 1951 7 November 1951 - 3 January 1954 4 January 1954 - 22 December 1954 23 December 1954 - 31 January 1956 01 February 1956 - 30 September 1959 1 October 1959 - 31 January 1964 1 February 1964 - 15 March 1966 16 March 1966 - 29 June 1966 30 June 1966 - 11 April 1967 12 April 1967 - 24 February 1968 25 February 1968 - 16 December 1970 17 December 1970 - 21 January 1971 22 January 1971 - 25 April 1973 26 April 1973 - 27 January 1977 28 January 1977 - 21 February 1978 22 February 1978 - 11 July 1985 12 July 1985 - 20 December 1986 21 December 1986 - 18 June 1989 19 June 1989 - 17 December 1989 18 December 1989 - 25 September 1990 26 September 1990 - 24 November 1991 25 November 1991 - 12 December 1991 13 December 1991 - 17 November 1992 18 November 1992 - 11 February 1993 12 February 1993 - 24 October 1994 25 October 1994 - 24 March 1997 25 March 1997 - 17 January 1998 18 January 1998 - 9 October 1998 10 October 1998 - 31 October 2001

Harilal J. Kania M. Patanjali Sastri Mehar Chand Mahajan B.K. Mukherjea S.R. Das Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha P.B. Gajendragadkar A.K. Sarkar K. Subba Rao K.N. Wanchoo M. Hidayatullah I.C. Shah S.M. Sikri A.N. Ray M.H. Beg Y.V. Chandrachud P.N. Bhagwati R.S. Pathak E.S. Venkataramaiah S. Mukherjee Ranganath Mishra K.N. Singh M.H. Kania I.M. Sharma M.N. Venkatachalaiah A.M. Ahmadi J.S. Verma M.M. Punchhi A.S. Anand

Name
S.P. Bharucha B.N. Kirpal G.B. Pattanaiak V.N. Khare S. Rajendra Babu R.C. Lahoti Y.K. Sabharwal K.G.Balakrishnan S.H.Kapadia

Chief Justices of India Tenure

01 November 2001 - 5 May 2002 6 May 2002 - 7 November 2002 8 November 2002 - 18 December 2002 19 December 2002 - 1 May 2004 02 May 2004 - 31 May 2004 01 June 2004 - 31 October 2005 01 November 2005 - 14 January 2007 14 January 2007 - 12 May 2010 12 May 2010 - Incumbent

Chief Election Commissioners of India

Chief Election Commissioners of India
Name Sukumar Sen K.V.K. Sundaram S.P. Sen Verma Dr Nagendra Singh T. Swaminathan S.L. Shakdhar R.K. Trivedi R.V.S. Peri Sastri Smt V.S. Rama Devi T.N. Seshan M.S. Gill J.M. Lyngdoh T.S. Krishna Murthy B.B. Tandon N. Gopalaswamy Navin Chawla S.Y. Qureshi Tenure 21 March 1950-19 December 1958 20 December 1958-30 September 1967 01 October 1967-30 September 1972 01 October 1972-6 February 1973 07 February 1973-17 June 1977 18 June 1977-17 June 1982 18 June 1982-31 December 1985 01 January 1986-25 November 1990 26 November 1990-11 December 1990 12 December 1990-11 December 1996 12 December 1996-13 June 2001 14 June 2001 - 7 February 2004 08 February 2004 - 15 May 2005 16 May 2005 - 29 June 2006 30 June 2006 - 20 April 2009 21 April 2009 - 29 July 2010 30 July - Incumbent

Nobel Laureates
Amartya Sen (b-1933): Prof. Amartya Sen is the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics for the year 1998, becoming the first Asian to have been honoured with the award. The Santiniketanborn economist who is a pioneer in Welfare Economics has to his credit several books and papers on aspects of welfare and development. An economist with a difference, Prof. Sen is a humanist. He has distinguished himself with his outstanding writings on famine, poverty, democracy, gender and social issues. The 'impossibility theorem' suggested earlier by Kenneth Arrow states that it was not possible to aggregate individual choices into a satisfactory choice for society as a whole. Prof. Sen showed mathematically that societies could find ways to alleviate such a poor outcome. Subramanian Chandrashekhar (1910-1995): The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 was awarded to Dr S. Chandrashekhar, an Indian-born astrophysicist. Educated in Presidency College, Chennai, Dr Chandrashekhar

happened to be the nephew of his Nobel forbear, Sir C.V. Raman. He later migrated to the United States where he authored several books on Astrophysics and Stellar Dynamics. He developed a theory on white dwarf stars which posts a limit of mass of dwarf stars known also as Chandrashekhar Limit. His theory explains the final stages of stellar evolution. Mother Teresa (1910-1997): The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Mother Teresa in 1979. Albanian parentage, Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born at Skopje, now in Yogoslavia. She joined the Irish order of the Sisters of Loretto at Dublin in 1928 and came to Kolkata in 1929 as a missionary, only to find the misery of the abandoned and the destitute. Concern for the poor and the sick prompted her to found a new congregation, Missionaries of Charity. Having become an Indian citizen, Mother Teresa served the cause of dying destitutes, lepers and drug addicts, through Nirmal Hriday (meaning Pure Heart), the main centre of her activity. Her selfless service and unique devotion, not only to helpless fellow-Indians but also to the cause of world peace, earned her and India the first Nobel Peace Prize. Hargobind Khorana (b. 1922): Hargobind Khorana was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968. Of Indian origin, Dr Khorana was born in Raipur, Punjab (now in Pakistan). He took his doctoral degree in Chemistry from Liverpool University and joined the University of Wisconsin as a Faculty Member in 1960. His major breakthrough in the field of Medicine -interpreting the genetic code and analysing its function in protein synthesis- fetched him the Nobel Prize. Chandrashekhar Venkataraman (1888-1970): India's first Nobel Prize for Physics was claimed in 1930 by the renowned physicist Sir C.V. Raman. Born at Thiruvanaikkaval near Tiruchirapalli in Tamilnadu, Raman studied at Presidency College, Chennai. Later, he served as Professor of Physics at Calcutta University. Recipient of many honours and awards, including the title of 'Sir', Sir C.V. Raman received the Nobel Prize for an important optics research, in which he discovered that diffused light contained rays of other wavelengths-what is now popularly known as Raman Effect. His theory discovered in 1928 explains the change in the frequency of light passing through a transparent medium. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941): Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian ever to receive a Nobel Prize. Popularly known as Gurudev, India's Poet Laureate Tagore was born on 7th May 1861, in Kolkata. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in recognition of his work Geetanjali, a collection of poems, in 1913. Tagore wrote many love lyrics. Geetanjali and Sadhana are among his important works. The poet, dramatist and novelist is also the author of India's National Anthem. In 1901 he founded the famous Santiniketan which later came to be known as Vishwabharati University.

Chairmen of UPSC
Name Sir Ross Barker Sir David Petrie Sir Eyre Sir F.W. Robertson Sh. H.K. Kripalani Sh. R.N. Banerjee Sh. N. Govindarajan Sh. V.S. Hejmadi Sh. B.N. Jha Sh. K.R. Damle Sh. R.C.S. Sarkar Dr. A.R. Kidwai Dr. M.L. Shahare Tenure 1926-1932 August 1932-1936 1937-1942 1942-1947 1 April 1947-13 January 1949 14 January 1949-9 May 1955 10 May 1955-9 December 1955 10 December 1955-9 December 1961 11 December 1961-22 February 1967 18 April 1967-2 March 1971 11 May 1971-1 February 1973 5 February 1973-4 February 1979 16 February 1979-16 February 1985

Name Sh. H.K.L. Capoor Sh. J.P. Gupta Smt. R.M. Bathew (Kharbuli) Sh. S.J.S. Chhatwal Sh. J.M. Qureshi Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Surinder Nath Sh. P.C. Hota Sh. Mata Prasad Dr. S.R. Hashim Sh. Gurbachan Jagat Prof. D.P. Agrawal Commanders-In-Chief

Tenure 18 February 1985-5 March 1990 05 March 1990-2 June 1992 23 September 1992-23 August 1996 23 August 1996-30 September 1996 30 September 1996-11 December 1998 11 December 1998-25 June 2002 25 June 2002-8 September 2003 08 September 2003-04 January 2005 04 January 2005-01 April 2006 01 April 2006-30 June 2007 Incumbent

Commanders-In-Chief Name Tenure General Sir Roy Bucher 1 January 1948-14 January 1949 General (later Field Marshal) K.M. Cariappa 15 January 1949-14 January 1953 General Maharaj Rajendra Sinhji 15 January 1953-31 March 1955

Chiefs of Army Staff

Chiefs of Army Staff Name Tenure General Maharaj Rajendra Sinhji 01 April 1955-14 May 1955 General S.M. Srinagesh 15 May 1955-7 May 1957 General K.S. Thimayya 08 May 1957-7 May 1961 General R.N. Thapar 08 May 1961-19 November 1962 General J.N. Choudhuri 20 November 1962-7 June 1966 General P.P. Kumaramangalam 08 June 1966-7 June 1969 General S.H.F.J. Manekshaw 08 June 1969-31 December 1972 Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw 01 January 1973-14 January 1973 General G.G. Bewoor 15 January 1973-31 May 1975 General T.N. Raina 01 June 1975-31 May 1978 General O.P. Malhotra 01 June 1978-31 May 1981 General K.V. Krishna Rao 01 June 1981-31 July 1983 General A.S. Vaidya 01 August 1983-31 January 1986 General K. Sunderji 01 February 1986-30 April 1988 General V.N. Sharma 01 May 1988-30 June 1990 General S.F. Rodrigues 01 July 1990-30 June 1993 General B.C. Joshi 01 July 1993-18 November 1994 General S. Roychowdhury 22 November 1994-30 September 1997 General V.P. Malik 01 October 1997-30 September 2000 General S. Padmanabhan 30 September 2000-31 December 2002 General J.J. Singh 01 February 2005 - 30 September 2007 General Deepak Kapoor 30 September 2007-30 March 2010

Chiefs of Army Staff Name General V.K. Singh Tenure 31 March 2010 - Incumbent

Chiefs of Naval Staff

Chiefs of Naval Staff Name Rear Admiral J.T.S. Hall Admiral Sir Edward Parry Admiral Sir Mark Pizey Vice Admiral Sir Stephen Carlill Vice Admiral R.D. Katari Vice Admiral B.S. Soman Admiral A.K. Chatterjee Admiral S.M. Nanda Admiral S.N. Kohli Admiral J.L. Cursetji Admiral R.L. Pereira Admiral O.S. Dawson Admiral R.H. Tahiliani Admiral J.G. Nadkarni Admiral Ramdas Admiral V.S. Shekhawat Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat Admiral Sushil Kumar Admiral Madhvendra Singh Admiral Arun Prakash Admiral Sureesh Mehta Admiral Nirmal Verma Tenure 15 August 1947-14 August 1948 15 August 1948-13 October 1951 14 October 1951-21 July 1955 22 July 1955-21 April 1958 22 April 1958-4 June 1962 05 June 1962-3 March 1966 04 March 1966-27 February 1970 28 February 1970-28 February 1973 01 March 1973-28 February 1976 01 March 1976-28 February 1979 01 March 1979-28 February 1982 01 March 1982-30 November 1984 01 December 1984-30 November 1987 01 December 1987-30 November 1990 01 December 1990-30 September 1993 01 October 1993-30 September 1996 01 October 1996-30 December 1998 31 December 1998 - 29 December 2001 29 December 2001 - 31 July 2004 01 August 2004 - 30 October 2006 30 October 2006 - 31 August 2009 31 August 2009- Incumbent

Chiefs of Air Staff

Name Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst Air Marshal Sir Ronald Chapman Air Marshal Sir Gerald Gibbs Air Marshal S. Mukherjee Air Marshal A.M. Engineer Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh Air Chief Marshal P.C. Lal Air Chief Marshal O.P. Mehra Air Chief Marshal H. Moolgavkar Air Chief Marshal I.H. Latif Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh Air Chief Marshal L.M. Katre Air Chief Marshal D.A. La Fontaine Tenure 15 August 1947-21 February 1950 22 February 1950-9 December 1951 10 December 1951-31 March 1954 01 April 1954-8 November 1960 01 December 1960-31 July 1964 01 August 1964-15 July 1969 16 July 1969-15 January 1973 16 January 1973-31 January 1976 01 February 1976-31 August 1978 01 September 1978-31 August 1981 01 September 1981-4 September 1984 05 September 1984-1 July 1985 03 July 1985-31 July 1988

Name Air Chief Marshal S.K. Mehra Air Chief Marshal N.C. Suri Air Chief Marshal S.K. Kaul Air Chief Marshal S.K. Sareen Air Chief Marshal A.Y. Tipnis Air Chief Marshal S. Krishnaswamys Air Chief Marshal S. P. Tyagi Air Chief Marshal P.V. Naik Air Chief Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne

Tenure 01 August 1988-31 July 1991 01 August 1991-31 July 1993 01 August 1993-31 December 1995 01 January 1996-31 December 1998 01 January 1999-31 December 2001 31 December 2001-31 December 2004 31 December 2004-31 March 2007 31 March 2009 - 31 July 2011 31 July 2011 Incumbent

Param Vir Chakra (PVC) Awardees

LIEUTENANT (ACTING CAPTAIN) Manoj Kumar Pandey, 1/11 GORKHA RIFLES (POSTHUMOUS) : 1999 : India RIFLEMAN Sanjay Kumar, 13 JAMMU AND KASHMIR RIFLES, (13760533) : 1999 : India CAPTAIN Vikram Batra 13 JAMMU AND KASHMIR RIFLES, (IC-57556) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1999 : India GRENADIER Yoginder Singh Yadav, 18 GRENADIERS, (2690-572) : 1999 : India NAIB SUBEDAR Bana Singh, 8 JAK LI, (JC-155825) : 1987 : India MAJOR Ramaswamy Parmeswaran, 8 MAHAR, (IC-32907) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1987 : India LANCE NAIK Albert Ekka, 14 GUARDS, (4239746) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1971 : India 2nd LIEUTENANT Arun Khetrapal, POONA HORSE, (IC-25067) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1971 : India MAJOR Hoshiar Singh, 3 GRENADIERS, (IC-14608) : 1971 : India FLYING OFFICER Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, 18 SQUADRON, 10877 F(P) (POSTHUMOUS)

: 1971 : India LIEUTENANT COLONEL A.B. Tarapore, POONA HORSE (17 HORSE), (IC-5565) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1965 : India COMPANY QUARTERMASTER HAVILDAR Abdul Hamid, 4 GRENADIERS, (2639985) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1965 : India MAJOR Dhan Singh Thapa, 1/8 GORKHA RIFLES, (IC-7990) : 1962 : India SUBEDAR Joginder Singh, 1 SIKH, (JC-1547) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1962 : India MAJOR Shaitan Singh, 13 KUMAON, (IC-7990) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1962 : India CAPTAIN Gurbachan Singh Salaria, 3/1 GORKHA RIFLES, (IC-8947) (POSTHUMOUS) : 1961 : India NAIK Jadunath Singh, 1 RAJPUT, (27373) : 1948 : India LANCE NAIK Karam Singh, 1 SIKH, (22356) : 1948 : India COMPANY HAVILDAR MAJOR Piru Singh 6th BATTALION, RAJPUTANA RIFLES, (2831592) : 1948 : India 2nd LIEUTENANT Rama Raghoba Rane, BOMBAY ENGINEER, (SS-14246) : 1948 : India MAJOR Somnath Sharma, 4 KUMAON, IC-521 : 1947 : India

Length of some important Indian Rivers

Sl. No. River 1. Indus Length (km) 2,900

Sl. No. River 2. Brahmaputra 3. Ganga 4. Godavari 5. Narmada 6. Krishna 7. Mahanadi 8. Kaveri

Length (km) 2,900 2,510 1,450 1,290 1,290 890 760

List of State-wise National Highways in India

Sl. Name of State National Highway No. No. 1 Andhra Pradesh 4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 18, 43, 63, 202, 205, 214, 214A, 219, 221 & 222 Arunachal 2 52, 52A & 153 Pradesh 31, 31B, 31C, 36, 37, 37A, 38, 39, 44, 51, 52, 52A, 52B, 53, 54, 61, 62, 151, 3 Assam 152, 153 & 154 2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A, 28B, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 57A, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 83, 84, 85, 4 Bihar 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 & 110 5 Chandigarh 21 6 Chhattisgarh 6, 12A, 16, 43, 78, 200, 202, 216, 217, 111, & 221 7 Delhi 1, 2, 8, 10 & 24 8 Goa 4A, 17, 17A & 17B 9 Gujarat NE-I, 6, 8, 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 14, 15, 59, 113 & 228 10 Haryana 1, 2, 8, 10, 21A, 22, 64, 65, 71, 71A, 72, 73, 73A , 71B & NE-II1512 Himachal 11 1A, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 70, 72, 88 & 73A Pradesh Jammu & 12 1A, 1B, 1C & 1D Kashmir 13 Jharkhand 2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33, 75, 78, 80, 98, 99 & 100 14 Karnataka 4, 4A, 7, 9, 13, 17, 48, 63, 67, 206, 207,209, 212 & 218 15 Kerala 17, 47, 47A, 49, 208, 212, 213, & 220 16 Madhya Pradesh 3, 7, 12, 12A, 25, 26, 26A, 27, 59, 59A, 69, 75, 76, 78, 86 & 92 17 Maharashtra 3, 4, 4B, 4C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 50, 69, 204, 211 & 222 18 Manipur 39, 53, 150 & 155 19 Meghalaya 40, 44, 51 & 62 20 Mizoram 44A, 54, 54A, 54B, 150 & 154 21 Nagaland 36, 39, 61, 150 & 155 22 Odisha 5, 5A, 6, 23, 42, 43, 60, 75, 200, 201, 203, 203A, 215, 217 & 2243704 23 Puducherry 45A & 66 24 Punjab 1, 1A, 10, 15, 20, 21, 22, 64, 70, 71, 72 & 95 3, 8, 11, 11A, 11B, 12, 14, 15, 65, 71B, 76, 79, 79A, 89, 5585, 90, 113, 112, 25 Rajasthan 114 & 116 26 Sikkim 31A 4, 5, 7, 7A, 45, 45A, 45B, 45C, 46, 47, 47B, 49, 66, 67, 68, 205, 207, 208, 27 Tamilnadu 209, 210, 219, 220, 226 & 227 Total Length (in km) 4472 392 2836 3642 24 2184 72 269 3245 1512 1208 1245 1805 3843 1440 4670 4176 959 810 927 494 3704 53 1557 53 62 4462

Sl. Total Length Name of State National Highway No. No. (in km) 28 Tripura 44 & 44A 400 400 29 Uttaranchal 58, 72, 72A, 73, 74, 87, 94, 108, 109, 123, 119, 121, 87 Ext. & 125 1991 2, 2A, 3, 7, 11, 12A, 19, 24, 24A, 24B, 25, 25A, 26, 27, 28, 28B, 28C, 29, 56, 30 Uttar Pradesh 56A, 56B, 58, 72A, 73, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87, 91, 91A, 92, 93 ,96, 97 , 119 & NE- 5874 II 31 West Bengal 2, 2B, 6, 31, 31A, 31C, 32, 34, 35, 41, 55, 60, 60A, 80, 81 & 117 2377 Andaman & 32 223 300 Nicobar Total 66590

Amendment Acts
THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT) ACTS
INCLUDING STATEMENT OF OBJECTS & REASONS (SOR) 1. The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. Date on which the Act came into
force: 18-6-1951 (Date of Assent) 2. The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952. Date on which the Act came into force: 1-5-1953 (Date of Assent).

3. The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954. Date on which the Act came into
force: 22-2-1955 (Date of Assent).

4. The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955. Date on which the Act came into
force: 27-4-1955 (Date of Assent).

5. The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955. Date on which the Act came into
force: 24-12-1955 (Date of Assent).

6. The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956. Date on which the Act came into
force: 11-9-1956 (Date of Assent).

7. The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956. Date on which the Act came into
force: 1-11-1956 (as per s. 1(2) of the Act).

8. The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1959. Date on which the Act came into
force: 5-1-1960 (Date of Assent).

9. The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960. Date on which the Act came into
force: 28-12-1960 (Date of Assent).

10. The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961. Date on which the Act came into
force: 11-8-1961 (as per s. 1 (2) of the Act).

11. The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961. Date on which the Act came into
force: 19-12-1961 (Date of Assent).

12. The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962. Date on which the Act came into
force: 20-12-1961 (as per s. 1 (2) of the Act).

13. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962. Date on which the Act came into
force: 1-12-1963 [GSR 1734, dated 30-10-1963].

14. The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962 Date on which the Act came into
force: 28-12-1962 (Date of Assent).

15. The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963. Date on which the Act came into
force: 5-10-1963 (Date of Assent).

16. The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963. Date on which the Act came into
force: 5-10-1963 (Date of Assent).

17. The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964. Date on which the Act came
into force: 20-6-1964 (Date of Assent).

18. The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966. Date on which the Act came
into force: 27-8-1966 (Date of Assent).

19. The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966. Date on which the Act came
into force: 11-12-1966 (Date of Assent).

20. The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966. Date on which the Act came into
force: 22-12-1966 (Date of Assent).

21. The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967. Date on which the Act came
into force: 10-4-1967 (Date of Assent).

22. The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969. Date on which the Act
came into force: 25-9-1969 (Date of Assent).

23. The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969 Date on which the Act came
into force: 23-1-1970 (Date of Assent).

24. The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971 Date on which the Act came
into force: 5-11-1971 (Date of Assent).

25. The Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971. Date on which the Act ame
into force: 20-4-1972 (Date of Assent).

26. The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971. Date on which the Act came
into force: 28-12-1971 (Date of Assent).

27. The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971. Date on which the Act
came into force:-i. ii. Ss. 1 and 3.....30-12-1971 (as per s. 1 (2) of the Act). Ss. 2, 4 and 5 15-2-1972 [GSR 73(E), dated 14-2-1972].

28. The Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972. Date on which the Act came
into force: 29-8-1972 [GSR 391(E), dated 29-8-1972].

29. The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972. Date on which the Act came
into force: 9-6-1972 (Date of Assent).

30. The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972. Date on which the Act came nto
force: 27-2-1973 [GSR 73(E), dated 27-2-1973].

31. The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973. Date on which the Act came
into force: 17-10-1973 (Date of Assent).

32. The Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-7-1974 [GSR 297(E), dated 1-7-1974].

33. The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974. Date on which the Act came
into force: 19-5-1974 (Date of Assent).

34. The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974. Date on which the Act came
into force: 7-9-1974 (Date of Assent).

35. The Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-3-1975 [GSR 61(E), dated 28-2-1975].

36. The Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975. Date on which the Act came
into force: 26-4-1975 (As per s. 1 (2)- i.e. date on which the Bill "as passed by the House of People is passed by the Council of States").

37. The Constitution (Thirty-seventh) Act, 1975. Date on which the Act came into force:
3-5-1975 (Date of Assent).

38. The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-8-1975 (Date of Assent).

39. The Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975. Date on which the Act came
into force: 10-8-1975 (Date of Assent).

40. The Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976. Date on which the Act came into
force: 27-5-1976 (Date of Assent).

41. The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976. Date on which the Act came into
force: 7-9-1976 (Date of Assent).

42. The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. Date on which the Act came
into force:-i. ii. iii. Sections 2 to 5, 7 to 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43 to 53, 55, 56, 57 and 59. 31-1977 Sections 6, 23 to 26, 37 to 42, 54 and 58. 1-2-1977 Section 27 1-4-1977 [GSR 2(E), dated 3-1-1977].

43. The Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977. Date on which the Act came
into force: 13-4-1978 (Date of Assent).

44. The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978. Date on which the Act came
into force:-i. Sections 2, 4 to 16, 22, 23, 25 to 29, 31 to 42, 44 and 45 20-6-1979 [GSR 383(E), dated 19-6-1979].

ii. iii.

Sections 17 to 21 and 30 1-8-1979 [GSR 383(E), dated 19-6-1979]. Sections 24 and 43 6-9-1979 [GSR 529(E), dated 5-9-1979].

45. The Constitution (Forty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1980. Date on which the Act came into
force: 25-1-1980 (as per s. 1 (2) of the Act).

46. The Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982. Date on which the Act came
into force: 2-2-1983 (Date of Assent).

47. The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984. Date on which the Act came
into force: 26-8-1984 (Date of Assent).

48. The Constitution (Forty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1984. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-4-1985 (S.O. 184(E), dated 11-3-1985).

49. The Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment)Act, 1984. Date on which the Act came into
force: 11-09-1984.

50. The Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 1984. Date on which the Act came into
force: 11-9-1984 (Date of Assent).

51. The Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984. Date on which the Act came into
force: 16-6-1986 [GSR 871(E), dated 16-6-1986].

52. The Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-3-1985 [GSR 131(E), dated 1-3-1985].

53. The Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986. Date on which the Act came into
force: 20-2-1987 (S.O. 71 (E), dated 11-2-1987).

54. The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-4-1986 (as per s. 1 (2) of the Act).

55. The Constitution (Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986. Date on which the Act came into
force: 20-2-1987 (S.O. 73(E), dated 11-2-1987).

56. The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987. Date on which the Act came into
force: 30-5-1987 (S.O. 517(E), dated 26-5-1987).

57. The Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987. Date on which the Act came
into force: 21-9-1987 [GSR 810(E), dated 21-9-1987].

58. The Constitution (Fifty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1987. Date on which the Act came
into force: 9-12-1987 (Date of Assent).

59. The Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988 Date on which the Act came into
force: 30-3-1988 (Date of Assent).

60. The Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988. Date on which the Act came into
force: 20-12-1988 (Date of Assent).

61. The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988. Date on which the Act came into
force: 28-3-1989 (Date of Assent).

62. The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989. Date on which the Act came
into force: 20-12-1989 (as per s. 1 (2) of the Act, i.e. date on which the Bill for this Act is introduced in the Council of States).

63. The Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989. Date on which the Act came into
force: 6-1-1990 (Date of Assent).

64. The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990. Date on which the Act came
into force: 16-4-1990 (Date of Assent).

65. The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990. Date on which the Act came into
force: 12-3-1992 (S.O. 204(E), dated 12-3-1992).

66. The Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990. Date on which the Act came
into force: 7-6-1990 (Date of Assent).

67. The Constitution (Sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1990. Date on which the Act came
into force: 4-10-1990 (Date of Assent).

68. The Constitution (Sixty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1991. Date on which the Act came
into force: 12-3-1991 (Date of Assent).

69. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991. Date on which the Act came
into force: 1-2-1992 (S.O. 96(E), dated 31-1-1992).

70. The Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 1992. Date on which the Act came
into force:-- (i) S.2........Yet to be notified. (ii) S.3........21-12-1991 (as per s.1 (2) of the Act).

71. The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992. Date on which the Act came
into force: 31-8-1992 (Date of Assent).

72. The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992. Date on which the Act
came into force: 5-12-1992 (S.O. 887(E), dated 5-12-1992).

73. The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992. Date on which the Act came
into force: 24-4-1993 (S.O. 267(E), dated 24-4-1993).

74. The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992. Date on which the Act
came into force: 1-6-1993 (S.O. 346(E), dated 1-6-1993).

75. The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993. Date on which the Act came
into force: 15-5-1994 (S.O. 372(E), dated 13-5-1994).

76. The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994. Date on which the Act came
into force: 31-8-1994 (Date of Assent).

77. The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995. Date on which the Act
came into force: 17-6-1995 (Date of Assent).

78. The Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Act, 1995. Date on which the Act
came into force: 30-8-1995 (Date of Assent).

79. The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act, 2000. Date on which the Act came
into force: 25-1-2000 ( Date of Assent: 21-1-2000).

80. The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000 .Date on which the Act came into
force: 9-6-2000 (Date of Assent)

81. The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000. Date on which the Act came
into force: 9-6-2000 (Date of Assent).

82. The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000.Date on which the Act came
into force: 8-9-2000 (Date of Assent)

83. The Constitution (Eighty-third Amendment) Act, 2000.Date on which the Act came
into force: 8-9-2000 (Date of Assent)

84. The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001.Date on which the Act came
into force: 21-02-2002 (Date of Assent)

85. The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2002. Date on which the Act came
into force: 4-1-2002 (Date of Assent)

86. The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002. Date on which the Act came
into force: 12-12-2002 (Date of Assent)

87. The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003. Date on which the Act
Assent) came into force: 22-06-2003 (Date of

88. The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003. Date on which the Act came
into force: 15-01-2004 (Date of Assent)

89. The Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003. Date on which the Act came
into force: 28-09-2003 (Date of Assent)

90. The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003. Date on which the Act came into
force: 28-09-2003 (Date of Assent)

91. The Constitution (Ninety-First Amendment (174 KB) (PDF file that opens in a new
window) Assent) ) Act, 2003. Date on which the Act came into force: 01-01-2004 (Date of

92. The Constitution (Ninety-Second Amendment) Act, 2003. Date on which the Act came
into force: 07-01-2004 (Date of Assent)

93. The Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment (11 KB) (PDF file that opens in a new
window) ) Act, 2005. Date on which the Act came into force:20-01-2006 94. The Constitution (Ninety-Fourth Amendment (27 KB) (PDF file that opens in a new window) ) Act, 2006. Date on which the Act came into force: 12-06-2006

Structure
The Constitution, in its current form (March 2011), consists of a preamble, 22 parts containing 450 [Note 1]articles, 12 schedules, 2 appendices[9] and 96 amendments to date.[8] Although it is federal in nature it also has a strong unitary bias.

[edit] Parts
The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into the following Parts: Preamble Part XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits Part I[10] Union and its Territory Part XIII Trade and Commerce within Part II[11] Citizenship. the territory of India Part III Fundamental Rights. Part IV[12] Directive Principles of State Policy. Part IVA - Fundamental Duties. Part V[13] The Union. Part VI[14] The States. Part VII[15] States in the B part of the First schedule(Repealed). Part VIII[16] The Union Territories Part IX[17] The Panchayats. Part IXA - The Municipalities. Part X The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI Relations between the Union and the States. Part XIV Services Under the Union, the States. Part XIVA - Tribunals. Part XV Elections Part XVI Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes. Part XVII Languages Part XVIII Emergency Provisions Part XIX Miscellaneous Part XX Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals

[edit] Schedules
Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government. First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4)- This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change.

Second Schedule (Articles 59, 65, 75, 97, 125, 148, 158, 164, 186 and 221)- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and Comptroller and AuditorGeneral of India. Third Schedule (Articles 75, 99, 124, 148, 164, 188 and 219)Forms of Oaths This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges. Fourth Schedule (Articles 4 and 80) This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory. Fifth Schedule (Article 244) This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 2] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 3] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions). Sixth Schedule (Articles 244 and 275) Provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Seventh Schedule (Article 246)The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities. Eighth Schedule (Articles 344 and 351)The official languages. Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) Articles mentioned here are immune from judicial review. Tenth Schedule (Articles 102 and 191)"Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures. Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G)Panchayat Raj (rural local government). Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W)Municipalities (urban local government).