Use of English

Word-formation
A- Complete each gap with an appropriate noun formo f the Word in capitals at the end of line. Use the suffixes in the box only once only to make further spelling changes necessary. -al -ness -ation -ance -ence -iety -ity -ment -age -cy 1- His latest __________________ is a book of verse on the theme of relationships. PUBLISH 2- Light ______________will be served from 3.30pm in the main hall. REFRESH 3- Union members expressed their _________________ of the managements offer by walking out of the meeting. APPROVE 4- In her _______________ to answer the phone, she almost fell down the stairs. EAGER 5- In the interests of safety, a number of standard _________________ need to be followed. PROCEED 6- Her 5,000-metre run paled into __________________ when compared with the marathon her grandfather completed the following week. SIGNIFY 7- The _________________ of the device is what has made it so popular. SIMPLE 8- I cannot comment; I have been sworn to ________________ on the matter. SECRET 9- The cost of __________________ has increased by 10% this year. MEMBER 10- Customers will be required to pay for any _________________. BREAK 11- There is every _________________ that prices will continue to rise next year. LIKELY 12- He valued his __________________ too much to ever want to get married. DEPEND 13- Its quite natural to experience a certain amount of __________________ on your first day at work. ANXIOUS B- Using the same suffixes as in exercise 1, write noun forms for the following words. The same suffix is needed for all three words. Some words require further spelling changes. notorious variety sober please expose close appear annoy rely store short pack rehearse renew propose efficient intimate vacant enjoy require commit prosperous original familiar leader companion partner neighbour father adult absent persistent evident selfish tired careless explain interpret apply -hood -ship -ure

C- Form the words using the words given at the end of each line.

REWARDING CHILDREN
Cash rewards are a common form of _____________ used by parents MOTIVATE with high ___________ to encourage their children to work hard at exam EXPECT time. Some youngsters receive _________ of as much as 100 pounds for each PAY A grade they obtain at GCSE. But should such bribes be based on exam ______________ or should they, as many parents and teachers feel, PERFORM be offered in __________ of a childs effort, regardless of results? The RECOGNIZE latter approach would solve the problem of how parents reward children with different levels of ______________; image, for example, a family with ABLE one child who is ______________ gifted and another who has learning ACADEMIC __________. The dangers of result-related incentives for the second child DIFFICULT are clear; with little hope of obtaining the higher grades, the withholding of promised __________ rewards would only compound the childs feeling FINANCE of however, some leading educational psychologists believe FAIL that parents should rely on their own ________ in such matters. They JUDGE maintain that if parents know that money will motivate their child, then they should not be condemned for operating a system of cash payouts. D- WORD COMBINATIONS For questions 1-10 underline the correct alternative 1- Theres a heavy/strong/tough possibility Ill get a pay rise in January. 2- He hasnt got the fairest/slightest/longest/thinnest chance of winning the election. Hes far too unpopular. 3- There is every/each/all very likelihood that the government will introduce the measures this year. 4- There were far more of them than us. We didnt stand/face/hold/keep a chance against them. 5- She was clearly rather worried and seemed close to edge/nerves/tensions/tears. 6- Im elated/delighted/pleasant/anxious to meet you at last, Mr Wood. Let me take your bag. 7- The young singer fulfilled/enjoyed/was/became overnight success last year when her debut single Burning Ambition reached number 1. 8- He had never acted before, but he rose/arose/aroused/raised to the challenge and gave a very convincing performance. 9- At 85 she says shes unlikely to realize her resounding/longing/lifelong/overall ambition of learning to fly. 10- Snacks and easy/loose/light/full refreshments are available in the lounge area. E- Read the text and insert the word that best fits each space. 1THE IMPOSSIBLY CURVY DOLL More than one billion _____________been sold in 150 different countries ___________ the first appearance at the New York Toy Fair in 1959. Created _____________ Ruth Handler, the daughter of Polish immigrants, and originally known _____________ the Teenage Fashion Model, she was a perky blue-eyed blonde, with a pony tail and a black-and-white swimsuit. It was while she was watching her daughter Barbara playing with cut-outs of adult women _____________ Handler came up _____________ the idea. ______________

the time, dolls in America always took the form of babies. When she first proposed a prototype to executives at the toy company, Mattel, she was turned ______________ . Later, _____________, Handler won over the all-made management, and the first toy doll in the USA with breasts went ________________ production. By the late Sixties, she was enjoying the same type of fame ____________ the Beatles. As her world expanded, so ____________ the profits, and she was making well over $100 million a year for Mattel. She took on numerous different identities, ___________ as astronaut, vet or surgeon and she acquired many friends, notably Ken, ____________ name came from Handlers son. She was ____________ without her critics. Her shapely figure was essentially unattainable and feminists attacked Handler for presenting young girls with _________ image of adult beauty they could never achieve. Handler was not bothered by this. My whole philosophy was that through the doll, the little girl could be anything she wanted to become, she later wrote. 2LISTENING TO VEGETABLES Scientists in Bonn have developed a method of listening to sounds from plants normally inaudible _____________ the human ear. The basic technique ______________ developed in the Netherlands, but the German equipment is ____________ sensitive. When a leaf or stem is sliced, the plant signals pain or dismay _____________ releasing the gas ethylene over its entire surface. The gas molecules are collected in a bell jar and bombarded with laser beams, _____________ makes them vibrate. The resultant sound waves are amplified in a resonance tube, ______________ detected with a sensitive microphone. The _______________ a plant is subjected to stress, the louder the signal. One surprising result came from an apparently healthy cucumber that was virtually shouting _________________ agony. ______________ closer study showed it _____________ developed mildew, a harmful fungus, though the symptoms were ____________ apparent. Listening to plants in this _____________ could be of great benefit to farmers as an early-warning system to detect pests and disease, and as an aid to efficient storing and transporting. Apples, for instance, give ___________ high levels of ethylene, increasing with ripeness and causing neighbouring fruit ____________ rot. Invisible differences of ripeness _______________ be detected acoustically, enabling fruit to be separated into batches in order to prolong ____________ freshness. 3-

GRANDPARENTS: THE NEW GENERATION

Always ____________ sure source of affection, my grandparents ___________ hugely important figures in my life. They _________ shower my sister and me with sweets, indulgences and stories, telling tales about my parents as naughty children. When the last of ___________ died, we all wondered who would hold the family together. People have relied on grandparents in Britain since the Industrial Revolution, ___________ whole families moved into cities from the country to get work in the new factories, taking grandmother along to look after the children. ___________ the fact that more grandmothers are working now, grandparents are still the backbone of childcare in Britain. They provide 44% of full-time care for pre-school children, __________ makes you wonder how the country would manage ______________ them. The traditional image of a grandparent is a smiling old person surrounded by a cohort of happy children, but ______________ doesnt match the facts. _____________ we have now is the so-called beanpole family, thinly stretched ______________ several generations, with fewer family members in each and with growing numbers of single-

parent families. Grandparents are getting younger more than 50% of grandparents ______________ already had their first grandchild by the age of 54. For many of them, grandparenthood means juggling a job, involvement with grandchildren and, sometimes, the care of ______________ own parents. It is up ____________ us to balance the demands we make on them if we dont want to wear them _____________. Grandparents are ______________ a valuable part of the family that we just cannot do without them. F- Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given in capital letters. 1- Im going to write and complain to the council. COMPLAIN I intend to make _____________________________________________ 2- There was nowhere for people to park. LACK There was ___________________________________________________ 3- It was really successful. SUCCESS It was _______________________________________________________ 4- You said that not many people turned up. ATTENDANCE You suggested that _____________________________________________ 5- Lots of people said they thought the dancing was good. STANDARD Many commented on ____________________________________________ 6- If the bank refuses to lend us money, we might have to ask your parents instead. REQUEST If the bank turns _________________________________________________ 7- Having a holiday together was a mistake because we argued all the time. SECRET Id rather _____________________________ instead of telling everyone! 8- Although I wanted to quit smoking gradually, my doctor told me to stop immediately. PREFER I ____________________________ up smoking gradually, but my doctor told me to stop immediately. 9- I would find Andy more attractive if he didnt laugh at strange things. SENSE If it were ___________________________ humour, I would find Andy quite attractive. 10-If you should ever come to France, please feel free to visit us. HAPPEN Please feel free to visit us ___________________________ to France. 11- Patrick is going to lose his job if he insists on arriving late to work. KEEP If _____________________________ up late to work, Patrick is going to lose his job. 12- The most likely reason for the scientists getting the conclusion wrong is that they were not thorough. PROBABLY If their research had been more thorough, the scientists ____________________ to the wrong conclusion. 13- Tom should have admitted his mistake, because the company usually gives employees another chance. SECOND The company ______________________________ if he had admitted his mistake. 14- Karens shyness means that she tries not to speak about anything personal in front of other people. HERSELF Karen prefers to avoid _______________________ public, as she is terribly shy. 15- It would be a good idea if you could lose a couple of kilos. WEIGHT

I dont think that ___________________ _______ you any harm. 16- We had expected Pedro to get promoted. SURPRISE Pedros promotion came ___________________________ to us. 17- I think this report needed to be written more carefully. CARE You should _____________________________ writing this report. 18- Since the director could not speak at the awards ceremony himself, one of the actors took his place. BEHALF One of the actors made ______________________________ the director at the awards ceremony. 19- After the noise from the machine has stopped, you can open the lid. UNTIL Do not open the lid of the machine __________________________ that noise. 20- I regret not concentrating more on what the teacher said during my French lessons. ATTENTION I now wish _________________________ the teacher during my French lessons. 21- Renes performance in last weeks test was nowhere near as good as it was in todays. CONSIDERABLY Rene performed __________________________________ he did in last weeks. G- Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 1- We dont take much _______________ of the dress code at work and we tend to wear what we like. I just saw the manager putting up a ________________ advertising for part-time sales assistant. You didnt happen to _______________ where I put that file, did you? 2- The characters in her novels ________________ a strong resemblance to those in the Harry Potter series. When you prepare your CV, ________________ in mind that it should be informative but also concise. I cant ________________ the thought of taking on any more responsibility! 3- You need to ________________ the fact that Bettina doesnt want to go out with you anymore! The team will be attempting to climb the north _____________ of the mountain today. She was looking the other way so I asked her to turn round and _______________ me. 4- The thing I like about our boss is that he never shows ________________ to anyone he treats us all the same. If our clients want to postpone the meeting, the delay might actually work in our _______________. Thanks for answering my calls this morning I owe you a _________________. 5- The number of nurses leaving their profession is expected to ________________ sharply. The people were starving and had no choice but to _________________ against the government.

In stunned silence, he watched his students _______________ one by one from their seats and walk out of the room in protest. 6- Just ______________ you dont hit your head as we crawl through the entrance to the cave. When choosing a course abroad, you should bear in ______________ that some schools do not offer help with accommodation. I wouldnt ________________ volunteering to do some charity work once I graduate. 7- It was Martin that had the _______________ idea of redesigning the company logo and its now much more recognizable. If Anna continues to win so many contracts, shell have a _____________, if not brilliant future in this company. The day began cloudy and cool but ended with ______________ sunshine and warm temperatures. 8- Adults are supposed to be ________________ learners in comparison to children. I forgot that my watch was fifteen minutes _________________ so I arrived late for the interview. The first part of the film is terribly ________________ and my wife actually fell asleep at one point. 9- When you reach the beach, ________________ towards the tall cliffs on the right. The crowd cheered as David managed to _______________ the ball into the net in the last minute of the game. When the Prime Minister retires, his deputy will ______________ the government. 10- As we boarded the ship, the ______________ occurred to me that I would probably never return to my country or see my family again. Some people take risks while theyre driving, with no _____________ for the safety of other motorists. We ______________ over the offer very carefully and after a week or so we decided to accept. Multiple-choice cloze A-

CHANGING COUNTRIES
(0)_______ a new life and hoping for a significant (1) ________ in their standard of living, foreign workers began flocking into Western Europe during the 1950s. In Britain, some of the first immigrants arriving from the West Indies and the Indian subcontinent were welcomed by brass bands, but the dream of a new life soon (2) __________ sour for many. Attracted by the promise to earn good money and learn new skills, the reality they found was often one of low wages and, in many (3) __________, unemployment. Some did not adapt (4) __________ to a life in a country of cold weather, cold welcomes and discrimination. The (5) ___________ of West Indian immigrants (6) _________ into the inner cities, areas that were already fraught with social tensions caused by poverty and (7) _________ housing. There were cases of open hostility

towards the newcomers; in 1958, riots (8) __________ out in Notting Hill, West London, when gangs of white youths began taunting immigrants. Yet despite the (9) __________ difficulties they encountered, many foreign workers did manage to (10) _________ to their new conditions, settling in their new adopted country and prospering. Their contribution had the effect not only of speeding up the (11) ___________ of economic change in the postwar period, it also (12) ___________ Western Europe into a multiracial society. 0 A Searching 1 A switch 2 A turned 3 A occasions 4 A closely 5 A most 6 A changed 7 A poor 8 A broke 9 A several 10 A amend 11 A growth 12 A transformed B B Wishing B change B converted B examples B greatly B percentage B lived B low B carried B high B adjust B motion B transferred C Seeking C modification C switched C ways C easily C majority C arrived C few C came C numerous C turn C pace C midified D Leading D variation D changed D cases D normally D number D moved D weak D started D heavy D alter D step D shifted

VIRTUAL DOCTORS
Clare Harrison rarely (0) ________ ill and hates going to the doctors when she does. So when she recently (1) _________ out in a painful rash down one side of her body she emailed her symptoms, which also included a (2) _________ fever, to edoc, the internet medical service. Two hours later she was diagnosed as having shingles (Herpes Zoster) by her online doctor, who (3) _________ a special cleansing solution for the rash and analgesics to help (4) __________ the pain. Health advice is now the second most popular topic that people search for on the internet, and online medical (5) ________is big business. Sites (6) ________ enormously in what they offer, with services ranging from the equivalent of a medical agony aunt to a live chat with a doctor via email. They are clearly (7) _________ a demand from people who are too busy or, in some cases, too embarrassed to discuss their medical (8) _________ with their GP. Dr Ron Zeronis (9) _________ with the idea for e-doc when he (10) _________ a particularly dangerous form of malaria whilst travelling in a remote part of Africa. With only very basic medical facilities available, Dr Zeronis resolved there and then to launch his site and (11) _________ a service for others who found themselves in a similar situation. Not all practitioners, however, are in favour of sites such as edoc; many point to the potential dangers of online medical advice, particularly in the case of more (12) __________ illnesses. 0 1 2 3 A falls A came A small A determined B stays B passed B weak B concluded C goes C worked C mild C prescribed D turns D ran D calm D intended

4 A relieve 5 A attendance 6 A alter 7 A meeting 8 A complaint 9 A got on 10 A received 11 A supply 12 A important

B disappear B appointment B distinguish B serving B story B thought over B contracted B distribute B deathly

C improve C meeting C change C creating C hardship C came up C gained C provide C serious

D lighten D consultation D vary D establishing D harm D put forward D acquired D deliver D endangered

Reading
Multiple matching A

THE FAST TRACK TO BURNOUT

An increasing number of young executives are giving up their corporate position after experiencing an overload of pressure and dissatisfaction with what they imagined would be a dream career. Kate Martins talks to four young people who turned their backs on high salaries and even higher expectations. Heres how to beat it. A Tanya Burrows bears no grudge towards the corporation that rewarded her with five promotions within the same number of years. At twenty-seven, I was able to buy my own luxury apartment, she says. For that reason Ill always be grateful to them. Tanya admits that the high salary that came with each promotion was irresistible. We werent poor but I dont think my parents ever bought anything that wasnt secondhand. That definitely played a role in my motivation. When someones saying you can negotiate your own salary, its hard to say no. So what changed for Tanya? Honestly, I got sick of the materialism. I got sucked in too at first youd make sure other people knew what designer labels you were wearing, that they could see your cell phone was top of rangebut it just wore thin for me. Tanya decided to quit and pursue her real passion for photography. It doesnt offer much financial security as you dont know when youll get your next contract, but I get to work in far more inspiring environments, she says. B Lily Tan left university with an MBA distinction and was quickly snapped up by a major retail chain. In just five years she achieved a senior management position and after receiving news of the promotion she was elated. I rang round just about everyone I could think of, she laughs. But the next day I felt nothing. I had no inclination to get out of bed and face the constant pressure. Despite her sudden disillusionment, she continued to persevere and was the brains behind a new strategy. Everyone seemed to be in favour of it at the planning stage, she says. But during the implementation stage, unforeseen problems arose and eventually the strategy was abandoned. Lilys next performance appraisal gave her a really low rating which she found devastating. The whole experience was quite traumatizing and I was too emotionally immature to deal with it. It wasnt long before Lily left and set up her own recruitment company which now flourishing. She still regrets her discovery that there is no such thing as team spirit when one of the members makes a mistake.

C Jane Dawson graduated top of her class in a Bachelor of Business (Finance) degree and was offered a contract by three major investment companies. She accepted the one that was offering perks such as free tickets to major sporting events and a flash company car. Just like the three other young high-flyers in these interviews, Janes potential for leadership was quickly noted and she found herself promoted to team leader within six months. But, exceptionally, in her case, she had already been looking for an escape route. Sure it was good money but hours were ridiculous. I felt I should have been carefree at that age but the burden of responsibility was enormous. I felt trapped. Despite the fact that shed been elevated to senior analyst, Jane still felt anonymous within the giant corporation. It was a real feeling of being the small cog in a big machine. Nothing I did really mattered. She forced herself to stay on for another year, but then nervously asked for a sabbatical .To her amazement, her department head agreed. I guess they knew Id reached burnout and didnt want to lose me altogether but there were plenty of workmates perfectly able to step into my shoes, she admits. She spent the year travelling and working on community projects in developing countries. By the time Jane was due to return, she knew she was in the wrong job. She applied to work for an aid organization, where she says At last I feel Im doing something worthwhile. D Natalie Copeland was signed up to work for a leading PR consultancy. She admits to being a perfectionist, an attribute which saw her rise through the ranks in no time. Its a weakness, too, she says. It can mean that youre reluctant to delegate and end up with the pressure of doing it all yourself. For the first few years, however, she had no problem with overtime and her performance appraisals were almost always flawless. But Natalie feels she committed career-suicide by opting to getting married and have a child at twenty-five. My colleagues seemed utterly mystified and tried to talk to me out of it. And on her return to work Natalie felt instant resentment towards her. I had to leave promptly at the end of the working day to take care of my daughter Anita but would come in an hour early and work through my lunch hour. It made no difference, she explains. They simply alienated me. By this she means that workmates were reluctant to update her on recent developments and withheld vital information on new projects. With little support from her seniors either, and refusing to compromise her time with her family, Natalie handed in her notice and now works for a smaller PR company offering flexi-time.

Of which young executive is the following true?

1- Her sense of being unimportant did not change once she had been promoted . 2- Her current job does not provide her with a regular income. 3- She felt that her colleagues were being unco-operative on purpose 4- A project that she was working on did not turn out the way she expected 5- She admits to showing off things she could afford to buy with her high salary. 6- She accepted the job because of the benefits that were additional to the salary. 7- She suggests that her young age meant she was unable to cope with a stressful situation.. 8- She was trying to find a way to leave the company before she received a promotion. 9- The people she worked with could not relate to a decision she had made. 10- She suggests a lack of money in her childhood made a high salary more desirable

11- She believes that other people could have done her company she worked for. 12- She does not have any negative feelings towards the company she worked for. 13- The feelings she had towards her promotion quickly changed.. 14- One of her qualities also disadvantaged her in a certain way. 15- She wanted more freedom while she was still at a young age.. B

My constant fight to stay awake

Dan Butler-Morgan tells Bryony Gordon about the difficulties of living with narcolepsy. As a teenager, Dan Butler-Morgan used to nod off during lessons at school. He thought it was just what every rebellious schoolboy did. But when Dan left school, got a job as a mechanic and continued to fall asleep during the day, he realized this wasnt normal. None of his colleagues dozed off while servicing a car or spent their lunch break snoozing in a corner. When his boss threatened him with the sack, he knew he had to find out what made him so different from everybody else. Dans GP was equally baffled and immediately sent him to a sleep centre, where he was diagnosed as suffering from narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder that is known to affect at least 2,500 people in UK. Narcoleptics fall asleep at irregular and unexpected times. Most people, says Dan, however tired, can stay awake if need be. But with me, its like a blind is drawn. I can be having a conversation with the most interesting person, but inside, I am fighting a constant battle to stay awake. Its like someone switches the lights off. Dan once fell off his bike due to an attack, and has been thrown out of nightclubs by bouncers who thought he was drunk sufferers are often mistakenly considered to be inebriated or lazy. This, coupled with the fact that nobody is quite sure what causes narcolepsy, makes it hard to diagnose. It is widely believed to be the result of a genetic mutation, and research has shown sufferers have a deficiency of hypocretin , a small hormone produced in the brain which regulates the bodys state of arousal. Most narcoleptics also experience cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscular control that can cause them to fall to the floor, their heads to slump or their jaws to drop, usually after sudden surge of emotion such as happiness, anger or fear. During the night, narcoleptics can also suffer from sleep paralysis an inability to move just before falling asleep or just after waking up and hallucinations. Dan suffers from all of these symptoms. When I arrive for our interview he holds onto the door for support as his legs buckle in an attack of cataplexy, because I walked in and didnt recognize you, and I was a bit taken aback. He finds it hard to describe the sleep paralysis and hallucinations, but says he begins to go cold from toes up, and then get these horrible noises in my head babies crying and a high-pitched squeal. Then I start to see things, either figures in the room or big hands coming at me from behind the curtains. The only person who can help Dan to snap out of hallucinations is his 25-year-old wife, Claire, who is frequently tired as she is woken by the attacks. I put a hand on his shoulder and he will come round, but it can happen again during the night, she says. At their worst, she estimates, the attacks can occur around 50 times a night. Dan is remarkably fresh-faced for someone who is supposed to feel overwhelming fatigue. He puts this down to the new tablets he takes to control his condition. He used

to take an amphetamine-based form of medication, but found that his moods fluctuated too much. But since he started taking amphetamine- free Modafinil, his moods have levelled out and his attacks have decreased to just five or six times a night, three or four nights a week. He thinks that keeping busy also helps his condition. The couple have recently bought a house and Dan works on it every night after work until midnight. Its when Im sitting still for any period of time that I know Im going to go. The couple recently went to see a horror movie, and Dan slept through most of it. Tiny little that most people take for granted have been affected by my narcolepsy, he says. Socially, we can never really plan anything. We go out to dinner and I just fall asleep in the food. He is amazed at peoples lack of knowledge about the condition, and has often encountered prejudice. He desperately wanted to join the police force, but was sent a rejection letter, saying he would be a health-and-safety risk. Another potential employer turned him down, telling him the sales assistant in is local chemist had told him Dan would probably turn up late for work all the time. Its not a disability, he says, forlornly. But peoples perceptions of it as one have led me to be a bit scared of trying to pursue any other career opportunities, in case I get turned down. And I sometimes feel like I am bringing other people down with it. It can make you feel like a nothing, a nobody. His attempts to control the cataplexy have changed his personality. I used to be this happy-go-lucky person, who was always cracking jokes, but now I cant really laugh because it sets off the cataplexy. Despite all the obstacles that he has faced, though, Dan still manages to look on the bright side. Fortunately, I dont think Ill ever go back to being the teenager who slept whole weekends without ever waking up. This morning, I got up at 5am and Ill go to the house this evening and work on it until late. In fact, he says, grinning at his wife, I think Claires more tired nowadays than I am. 1- Dan first knew he suffered from narcolepsy A when he was still at school B during a visit to his doctor C shortly after an incident at work D when he became unemployed 2- What do we learn about narcolepsy in the third paragraph? A The symptoms are not always correctly identified B It can seriously affect the brain C It can be brought on by drinking too much D It often makes sufferers lazy 3- When he first met with the writer, Dan A was very angry B was a little surprised C fell over D fell asleep 4- The writer expresses her surprise at A the frequency with which he suffers attacks B the form of medication he is taking C his wifes ability to cope with the situation D his apparent lack of tiredness

5- Dan says he is most likely to fall asleep A in social situations B at the cinema C when he is inactive D when he works late 6- What, according to Dan, has been the main obstacle to him finding work? A His low self-esteem B His fear of letting others down C Peoples attitudes towards the disease D The dangers involved in employing him 7- What do we learn about his feelings in the last paragraph? A He finds his situation amusing B He is able to remain positive C He is concerned about his wife D He wishes he could sleep like he used to