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Notes On Barretts Taxonomy: The Barrett Taxonomy (Clymer, 1968), designed originally to assist classroom

teachers in developing comprehension questions and / or test questions for reading, is especially useful for classroom questioning in other content areas as well. The first two categories, literal comprehension and reorganization, deal with the facts as presented orally or in the books the students have read, and thus result in closed questions that have a single correct response. A possible exception is Synthesizing (2.4) if the combination of facts presented leads to a totally new idea. Under those conditions, the student has creatively added his or her uniqueness to the presented information. However, in classroom learning, synthesis is most often the putting together of facts to reach a generalization or concept or definition. The remaining categories will always involve the students own background of experience. As a result, it is possible to have as many different, but correct,

responses as there are students present, since each brings to school a different background of home, family, friends, and learnings. These categories therefore lead to the

1. Literal comprehension Even though this is the lowest level, I am not suggesting it isn't important. It is. Understanding literal meaning is the first step toward a deeper meaning. Also, for many of our students, tests are or will be very important. Most comprehension tests focus on literal comprehension because it is the easiest to test. That doesn't, however, mean we are locked into the old "read and regurgitate" pattern of teacher questioning. For example, if the learners have a reading passage and have to find an answer, make copies of the questions and the answer key -- about one copy for each group of five students. One learner in each group becomes "quizmaster." Everyone in the group turns their book face down on their desk. The quizmaster reads the question twice to make sure everyone understands, then says, "Go!" The other students look at their book and scan to find the answer. When they do, they show their partners where the answer is. This is useful since it encourages speed and scanning, two skills that help learners deal with real text and tests.

2. Reorganization Jigsaws -- tasks where different students have different information or different parts of the same information -- can be a way of having learners reorganize information. Stories that are cut up or sequences of pictures can be a route in. Those pictures can then be rearranged to have the learners come up with their own stories. At the simplest level, you can write a sequence of events on the board. Write them in the wrong order. Have the students listen to or read a story and determine the sequence. Reorganization is to analyze, synthesize, and/or organize ideas or information explicitly stated in the selection. As well as to produce the desired thought, the reader may utilize the statements of the author or he may paraphrase or translate the author's statements. Reorganization tasks are: Classifying, outlining, summarizing and synthesizing.

3. Inference Inference is reading (or listening, or thinking) "between the lines." Learners are looking for information that is in the text even though it isn't stated directly. Inference is a higher level processing skill. For that reason, it is left out of many elementary materials. That's a big mistake. Although it is higher level thinking, it is at the elementary level when students still lack vocabulary, grammar and other linguistic knowledge that they most need to "mentally fill in the blanks." In some ways, inference is easy to add to other tasks. Simply predicting the end to a story is inference. So it's making guesses about how a character would act or things they would and wouldn't say. Unless it is already stated explicitly, identifying the emotions of a character is usually inference. Regardless of what we do, the key is to get them to notice -- and identify -- the reasons they made the guess. This is usually the words or phrases that gave them the hints. By having students share those hints with each other, they both become more aware of what they are doing as learners and help other students who didn't pick up on the hints.

4. Evaluation The term sounds sophisticated (and it can be). But often, this can be as simple as sorting fact from opinion, same/different and good or bad. Students can, for example, read a story and decide which character is the most like their own personality. Again, it is useful to go beyond the evaluation and ask the awareness questions: Why do you think so? How did you know? I know many teachers in Japan will roll their eyes at the idea of students actually stating their opinions. They can, but it takes issues they have opinions about. It can also be useful to provide task support. One way to do this is to make cards with 8-12 opinion phrases like I think __________ because __________ . I can see your point, but __________ . I disagree. I think __________ . Copy the cards and give a copy to each student. They put the cards on the table. They discuss the topic (one given or, ideally, one they have come up with or selected.). Other months, I've mentioned Language Planning as a way to prepare for activities. It is a good idea to give the students a minute or two of silence to think about what they want to say and how to say it.

5. Appreciation This is the highest level of processing. That means one of the sophisticated, yet elegantly simple, questions you can ask is, "Did you like the story? Why or why not?" To be able to answer -- perhaps in English, perhaps in Japanese -- indicates a very deep level of understanding. This works with stories, song, and poems -- almost any narrative input. The students who do this are processing at a deep level. Far deeper that knowing where Helen Keller was sitting. They know where they are sitting.

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Article About Health:

HOW TO PREVENT DENGUE FEVER http://malaysia.kurnia.com/Lifestyle/Health/17/Default.aspx

Dengue fever has become a major public health concern in recent decades. With dengue cases on the rise in the country, it is important to know more about dengue fever and how to protect yourself against aedes mosquitoes. "Dengue is only spread through the bite of an infected mosquito." What is Dengue fever and how is it transmitted? Dengue fever is one of the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans. Dengue fever mostly occurs in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Outbreaks of dengue fever usually occur in the rainy season.

Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans through the bites of a striped Aedes aegypti mosquito that has previously bitten an infected person. Dengue does not spread directly from person to person. It is only spread through the bite of an infected mosquito.

The disease itself is rarely fatal, but a more serious complication, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is far more dangerous. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is a more severe and potentially deadly form of the disease in which bleeding and sometimes shock occurs. It can be fatal if unrecognised and not properly treated.

What are the signs and symptoms? After being bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus, the incubation period ranges from three to fifteen (usually five to eight) days before the signs and symptoms of dengue appear. The signs and symptoms may vary, depending on the form of the disease.

Dengue fever signs and symptoms typically include high fever, severe headache, chills, red eyes and pain behind the eyes, severe muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting, backache and rash. Most people who develop dengue fever recover

completely within two weeks. However, some may go through several weeks of feeling tired and/or depressed.

Symptoms of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever initially may be indistinguishable from dengue fever, but the hemorrhagic form of dengue fever is more severe and is associated with loss of appetite, vomiting, high fever, headache and abdominal pain, progressing to faintness and generalized bleeding. Circulatory failure and shock may occur, which if untreated, can result in death.

What is the treatment? There is no specific medication for treatment of a dengue infection. Consult your doctor immediately if you suspect that you have symptoms suggestive of dengue, especially if you have been in an area where dengue is known to occur. Rest and fluid intake for adequate hydration are important to help alleviate the illness.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever may be effectively treated by fluid replacement therapy if an early clinical diagnosis is made. Hospitalisation is frequently required in order to adequately manage Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.

Prevention and Control At present, there is no vaccine for preventing dengue. Therefore, the best preventive measure is to combat the mosquitoes. Removal of stagnant water is the best way to mosquito elimination. Items that collect rainwater or are used to store water should be covered or properly discarded. Get rid of sources or areas where mosquitoes breed, such as standing water in flower pots, tins, bottles or discarded tires. Mosquitoes breed easily in any source of standing water. Appropriate insecticides, such as larvicide's can be added to water containers. The insecticides can prevent mosquitoes breeding for several weeks. However, they must be re-applied as per directions. Always clean and check drains to ensure they are not blocked especially during the rainy season.

Top up uneven surfaces of the floor to prevent water from accumulating.

In addition to the above, here are some ways to help prevent the mosquitoes being attracted to human prey. Wear loose, light coloured clothing that covers the whole body, as mosquitoes are attracted to dark colours and find it difficult to bite through loose clothes than tight fitting clothes. Apply mosquito repellents. Sleep under mosquito nets or in a room which has mosquito screens on the doors and windows. Stay in air-conditioned rooms whenever possible as mosquitoes are unlikely to bite in an air-conditioned room. Use mosquito coils and electric vapour mats to help prevent mosquitoes from entering the room. Avoid outdoor activities during morning and late afternoon. Aedes mosquitoes usually bite during the day, especially 2 hours after sunrise and several hours before sunset.

Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of facts, the articles and information above must never be construed as giving professional health advice and as such Kurnia does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in the above article. Kurnia cannot be held responsible for any losses, injury or death resulting from the use of the above information

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Main Ideas of Health Article:

What is Dengue? One of the most mosquito-borne viral disease of humans

How is Dengue transmitted? Through the bites of a striped Aedes aegypti mosquito that has previously bitten an infected person Does not spread directly from person to person but only spread through the bite of an infected mosquito

Signs & symptons High fever, severe headache, chills, red eyes and pain behind the eyes, severe muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting, backache and rash

Treatment for Dengue fever no specific medication Rest and fluid intake for adequate hydration to help alleviate the illness

Prevention To combat the mosquitoes o Removal of stagnant water

o o o

Get rid of sources or areas where mosquitoes breed Appropriate insecticides Top up uneven surfaces of the floor to prevent water from accumulating

To stay away from mosquitoes

o o o o o

Apply mosquito repellents Wear loose, light coloured clothing Sleep under mosquito nets Use mosquito coils and electric vapour mats Avoid outdoor activities during morning and late afternoon

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Summary: Overall, dengue mosquitoes are hazardous to humans health. Moreover, we are staying in Malaysia which is a tropical country. Aedes mosquitoes are active at tropical surrounding. If you get high fever and severe muscle joints pain at the same time, better seek for a doctors advice about it because these are the main symptons of dengue fever. Resting and drinking more water are what we can do only to ease dengue fever. We should increase our awareness about dengue fever and implement more prevention steps such as combating and staying away from mosquitoes before it is too late.

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