Introduction Lecture 8

Benefits of Impedance Matching The Quarter-Wave Transformer The Single Stub Match
Why impedance match? Matching methods The quarter-wave transformer The single stub match

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Why Impedance Match?

Reflections lead to variations in the input impedance of the line. The input impedance changes with line length and frequency. Power is wasted. An impedance match provides maximum power transfer to the load. A VSWR > 1 means there will be voltage maxima on the line. These can lead to voltage breakdown at high power levels.

Benefits of Matching
The input impedance remains constant at the value ZO. Therefore, the input impedance is independent of line length, and frequency (over the bandwidth of the matching network). VSWR = 1. Therefore there are no voltage peaks on the line. Maximum power transfer to the load is achieved.

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Matching Techniques
We will now investigate two matching techniques which use sections of transmission line as circuit elements. The quarter-wave transformer The single stub matching network An excellent description of various other matching techniques is covered in Pozar.

QuarterQuarter-Wave Transformer
Consider a lossless quarter-wave length of line terminated by a resistance RL:
ZO
RL

ZS
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QuarterQuarter-Wave Transformer (2)

Assuming the line is lossless: Z + jZO tan l ZS = Z O L ZO + jZ L tan l 2 and tan l = tan = tan = 2 4 jZ Z2 so ZS = ZO O = O jZL RL (8.1)

Key Properties of /4 Lines

Impedance inversion:
2 ZO ZL Z Z 1 normalising zS = S = O = ZO ZL zL

ZS =

(8.2)

Note that ZS is purely real, so the line allows us to transform one resistance value to another resistance.
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We can therefore convert an open circuit to a short circuit, and vice versa: short circuit termination: Zin, sc = open circuit termination: Zin, oc = 0
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Example - Resistive Load

A mismatched load can be matched to a transmission line using a quarter-wave transformer of suitable characteristic impedance. e.g.: match a 100 resistor to a 50 line. RL = 100 RS = 50 the transformer characteristic impedance ZOT must be: ZOT = RL RS (8.3) = 100 50 = 70.7
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Arbitrary Load
If ZL is not real, a length of line (with characteristic impedance ZO) may be used to transform ZL to a real impedance, which can then be converted to ZO by the quarter-wave transformer, of characteristic impedance ZOT.
ZO
R1 or R2

Z in = Zo

ZO

ZOT

ZO

ZL

/4

Smith Chart Construction

To the generator l

/4 Transformer Design Example

Design a quarter-wave transformer to match a load ZL = 30 j100 to a 50 line. The transformer is to be placed as close as possible to the load.

ZL/ZO

Alternative R 2 /ZO

R 1 /ZO

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Solution
Plot the load on the Smith Chart Rotate around to Vmin Determine the distance to the transformer (in wavelengths) Read off R2 Calculate the ZOT of the transformer

SingleSingle-stub Matching Networks

(can also use an open circuited stub)

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SingleSingle-stub Equivalent Circuit

SingleSingle-stub Design Method

Convert the load impedance ZL to an equivalent admittance YL = 1/ZL. Use a length of line of characteristic impedance Zo to transform YL to Yd = Yo + jB. Note Yo = 1/Zo Combine a stub in parallel which has an input admittance Ys = -jB. Therefore, the total admittance at MM is:
Yin = Yd + Ys = Yo + jB jB = Yo

i.e. we have an impedance match!

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SingleSingle-stub Design Example

B We wish to match a load impedance of ZL = (25 - j50) to a 50 transmission line. convert the load to a normalised impedance Z 25 j 50 zL = L = = 0.5 j1 Zo 50 convert the load impedance to an admittance using the Smith Chart (transform point A to point B) yL = 0.4 + j 0.8 A F C

See fig 2-30-31 in text

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SingleSingle-stub Design Example (contd)

In the admittance domain, constant resistance circles (r) become constant conductance circles (g). Rotate towards the generator until the VSWR circle cuts the g = 1 circle (this means the real part of Y is equal to Yo). (This point is labelled C on the Smith Chart). Note the distance travelled (d), and the admittance at C (yd): d = (0.178-0.115) = 0.063 yd = 1 + j1.58

SingleSingle-stub Design Example (contd)

Looking from the generator toward the parallel combination of the line connected to the load and the stub, the normalised input admittance at the junction is yin = ys + yd = ys + (1 + j1.58) which must be equal to
yin = 1 + j 0

to ensure that we have an impedance match to Zo.

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SingleSingle-stub Design Example (contd)

Therefore
1 + j 0 = ys + (1 + j1.58) so ys = j1.58

SingleSingle-stub Design Example (contd)

The distance travelled (and hence the length of the stub) is: l = (0.34 0.25) = 0.09 The design is now complete, as we have the length of the stub and the length of the line connecting the load to the stub. Note that the transmission lines all have a characteristic impedance equal to Zo, the characteristic impedance of the line we are matching to.

For a short circuited stub, the normalised admittance of a short circuit is and is located at point E on the Smith Chart. We need to rotate this point towards the generator to obtain the desired input admittance of -j1.58, which is located at point F on the Smith Chart.
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SingleSingle-stub Solutions
A single-stub matching network design can lead to 4 possible solutions. In the example just completed, we could have selected: yd = 1 + j1.58 OR yd = 1 - j1.58 a short circuit terminated stub OR an open circuit terminated stub Which you choose depends upon practical considerations: Can I realise open or short circuit terminations in the transmission line I am using? Does it matter if there is a voltage maximum on the line between the stub and the load termination? Is the physical length of line between the stub and the load termination too short/long? As an engineer, these are the decisions you must be able to make!
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SUMMARY
Impedance matching is necessary to: reduce VSWR obtain maximum power transfer A quarter-wave line can be used to transform resistance values, and act as an impedance inverter. Combined with a series length of line, a quarter-wave transformer can match complex loads to a resistive Zo. A single stub matching network can also be used. Both matching network types are narrow-band: they are designed to operate at a single frequency only.
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Want to read more?

Textbook: page 377 ff Ulaby: section 2-10 Pozar: section 6-2 to 6-4 Inan & Inan pages 184 ff

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