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4/14/2013 Zankhit Desai
ABSTRACT
The new era of communication, currently employed in some parts of the world, is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX). Imagine a technology that can reach even into the remote areas or the suburbs where the access to power plants is even difficult. This innovation technology will provide transfer rates of multiple Megabits to the users within a range of several kilometers. It is the latest technology which is approved by IEEE 802.16 group , which is a standard for point-to-multipoint wireless networking. Wimax vision is to deliver last mile broadband connectivity to home or business locations, also its data rates are comparable with Cable and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) rates. It has the capability which connects to the ISP (Internet Service Provider) even when you are roaming outside home or office. The Wimax technology is becoming the way to avert the impending crisis of rural connectivity i.e. it will be accessible till the last mile. This Seminar explains about the purpose of Wimax, the study of Wimax systems, its implications and applications and its capabilities.
A Wimax tower is similar in concept to cell phone tower. A single Wimax tower can provide coverage to very large area. A Wimax receiver and antenna could be a small box or a PCMCIA card, or could be built into a laptop. Wimax combines the familiarity of Wi-Fi with the mobility of cellular that will deliver personal mobile broadband that moves with you. It will let you get connected to the Internet, miles from the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot. Soon, Mobile Wimax will blanket large areas metropolitan, suburban, or ruraldelivering mobile broadband Internet
access at speeds similar to existing broadband. WiMAX is built for the future with advanced, efficient wireless technology that provides higher speeds than todays wide area wireless technologies. It will be able to completely transform your mobile Internet lifestyle, enabling you to connect in ways youve only dreamed about. The speed of Wimax is faster than broadband service. Being a a wireless service, cable cost is reduced and is easier to extend to suburban and rural areas. It also has wider coverage than WiFi hotspots. The service provider delivers high output throughput broadband based services like VoIP, high speed Internet and video reducing the capital expenditure required for network expansion, providing improved performance and extended range. For the customers, DSL-like services are available at DSL prices but with portability and rapidly declining fixed broadband prices and no installation fees. Wimax provides a wireless portable connectivity alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access, making it a source of Internet connectivity as a part of a business continuity plan. It also reduces the capital expenditures required for network expansion.
Figure 1.1 Uses of Wimax The figure 1.1 shows the uses of Wimax indicating its mobility and widespread coverage in various areas.
can double the data throughput of Wi-Fi for heavy demanding applications. A number of cities around the world are in the process of building city-wide Wi-Fi networks to allow citizens to enjoy wireless data transfer across the city (also known as a metropolitan area network). While Wi-Fi operates over a free unlicensed spectrum and is simple to install and operate, it has some major disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks is poor signal coverage; only 30 meters indoors and 200 meters outdoors. Wi-Fi as a fixed broadband standard cannot support broadband services while on the move and does not support continuous connectivity between WiFi hotspots which could enable, for instance, a person going from his office to a cafe while having a continuous wireless conversation, Wi-Fi is exposed to other interferers on the same band since it runs over an unlicensed spectrum, is considered relatively insecure since it does not use enhanced encryption, is very power inefficient, and does not guarantee quality of service.
coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km). A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today. .Figure 2.2 shows WiMax transmitter and receiver.
WiMAX takes your wireless Internet further, but you dont have to burn any Wi -Fi bridges. WiMAX and Wi-Fi are perfectly compatible companions. Together, they give you an alwaysbest connected experience whether you are in a Wi-Fi or WiMAX coverage area.
Figure 2.3 WiMAX/Wi-Fi Synergies As shown in figure 2.3 WiMAX/Wi-Fi synergies enable integration of both wireless technologies into notebooks and mobile devices. A huge ecosystem of companies have coalesced around WiMAX to deliver on the promise of open, standards-based, interoperable wireless broadband built for the Internet.
Figure 2.4 The WiMAX Forum Certified logo on WiMAX products WiMAX is a robust standard designed for the Internet. Its born from the same open-standards approach that made Wi-Fi so successful. Nurturing WiMAX deployment in the real world is the WiMAX Forum, a large industry-wide collaboration that works to ensure that WiMAX service and products work together seamlessly. WiMAX is built from the ground up for Internet applications, services, and security, with architecture specifically designed to seamlessly extend the Internet to mobile users. Because WiMAX is built on Internet protocol (IP) networking, it supports all the latest IP security and quality of service (QOS) standards. WiMAX support of QOS standards enables real-time media like Voice over IP (VoIP) and streaming video. The WiMAX standard supports mobile, portable, and fixed service options. This enables wireless providers to offer broadband Internet access to areas underserved by telephone and cable companies. For fixed WiMAX deployments, service providers supply Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) that acts as a wireless modem to provide the interface to the WiMAX network for a specific location, such as a home, cafe, or office. WiMAX is also well suited for emerging markets as a cost-effective way to deliver high-speed Internet. WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance: WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focussed on the regulation, commercialization, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.32.5 GHz and the 3.43.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008.
The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani are already encouraging state governments and conventional universities to establish distance learning programs, providing financial support and grants for programs and facilitating development of multimedia materials for delivery through distance learning programs.Agriculture and health care can also benefit from broadband services. High-resolution pictures or real-time images of crop diseases can be transmitted to agricultural experts in a different geographic location for immediate expert advice, thus containing the crop diseases faster.
The WiMAX network uses an approach that is similar to that of cell phones. A user sends data from a subscriber device to a base station mounted on a tower or tall building to broadcast the wireless signal in a channel called an uplink, and the base station transmits to the same or other user in a channel called a downlink. Unlike the user, who traditionally has limited resources, i.e. very limited transmission power, limited number of antennas, and limited computation capabilities, the base station can use higher transmission power, more antennas, and enhanced computation algorithms. WiMAX service providers deploy a network of towers that enable access over many miles and the WiMAX broadband service will be available anywhere within coverage areas. Coverage for a geographical area is divided into a series of overlapping areas called cells. When the user travels from one cell to another, the wireless connection is transferred from one cell to another. The signal transmitted from the base station to the user or from the user to the base station through wireless channel faces attenuation in space, fraction, refraction, reflection from objects on the propagation path, and shadowing from walls or other barriers. As a result, the transmitted signal is distorted and sometimes splits into different replicas called multi-paths. The transmitted signal is commonly described by its structure in time, frequency (its frequencies and its bandwidth), and space. The receiver's target at both uplink and downlink is to combat the signal's distortion in order to perfectly recover the transmitted signal and enable reliable data transmission.
Figure 3.2: Transmitted signal in multipaths and in space, time and frequency domain At the heart of WiMAX technology stands several comprehensive concepts that can improve spectral efficiency (the number of information bits transmitted over a given spectrum resource) compared to other technologies. The first important relatively new transmission technique used by WiMAX is orthogonal frequency division multiplexed access (OFDMA), applied in order to
efficiently exploit the frequency bands. The WiMAX Forum has defined three licensed spectrum profiles (transmission frequencies) of 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz to decrease the cost for manufacturers, as each spectrum profile may require different hardware infrastructures. Additionally, there is more unlicensed spectrum that is less frequently used by most telecom companies that prefer to control the entire available spectrum. Each spectrum profile has a related bandwidth profile which determines the channel's bandwidth. The signal bandwidth is divided in OFDMA to small narrowband, equally and closely-spaced signal carriers used to carry data called sub-carriers. The transmitted data is then divided into several parallel independent data streams where each is allocated to another sub-carrier and all are transmitted at the same transmission interval. In the downlink path, the base station can transmit the data streams for different subscribers efficiently over consecutive sub-carriers. The independency of data streams is an important feature of OFDMA that prohibits several users' data from interfering with each other and be multiplexed (transmitted in parallel simultaneously). It is obtained by orthogonality of the different sub-carriers carrying the data at different bandwidths. Orthogonality is achieved when the peak of each signal sub carrier (in frequency) coincides with the nulls of other signals (due to the certain equal bandwidth of each sub-carrier) so that they do not interfere with each other.
Range- 30 miles from base station Speed- 70 Megabits per second Frequency bands- 2 to 11 and 10 to 66(licensed and unlicensed bands respectively) Defines both MAC and PHY layer and allows multiple PHY layer specifications.
3.3.1 IEEE 802.16 Specifications Type 802.16a Use Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to 11 GHz.Supports Mesh network
802.16b Increase spectrum to 5 and 6 GHz.Provides QoS(for real time voice and video service) 802.16c Represents a 10 to 66GHz
802.16d Improvement and fixes for 802.16a 802.16e Addresses on Mobile.Enable high-speed signal handoffs necessary for
Figure 3.1 IEEE 802.16 Specifications 3.3.2 Protocol architecture of the IEEE 802.16 standard A common media access control (MAC) is provided to work on top of different physical layers (PHY). The interface between the different PHYs and the MAC is accomodated as a separate sublayer, the transmission convergence sublayer. A Convergence Sublayer (CS) is provided on top of the MAC, to accomodate both IP as well as ATM-based network technologies. A basic privacy support is provided at the MAC layer. 3.3.2.1 MAC (Data Link) Layer In Wi-Fi the media access controller (MAC) uses contention access all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a
random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. In contrast, the 802.16 MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once (for initial entry into the network). After that it is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the 802.16 scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control QOS parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber stations. MAC layer consists of three sub layers.
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (MAC CS) The MAC Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) and The privacy sublayer.
MAC CS sublayer is to converse with higher layers and transforms upper level data services to MAC layer flows and associations.MAC CS has two types of sub layers, One is ATM convergence sublayer for ATM networks & services while the other one is Packet Convergence sublayer for packet data services. For example: Ethernet, PPP, IP etc. The basic function of CS Layer is that it receives data from higher layers, classifies data as ATM cell or packet and forwards frames to CPS layer. The core part of the IEEE 802.16 MAC is the MAC CPS, which defines all methods for connection management, bandwidth distribution, request & grant, system access procedure, uplink scheduling, connection control, and automatic repeat request (ARQ). Communication between the CS (Convergence Sublayer) and the MAC CPS are maintained by MAC Service Access Point (MAC SAP). Creation, modification, deletion of connection and transportation of data over the channel are four the basic functions occuring in this communication process. The Privacy Sublayer is accountable for the encryption and decryption of data that is coming and leaving the Physical layer. It is also used for authentication and secure key exchange. From a security point of view, MAC CPS (Common Part Sublayer) and MAC PS (Privacy Sublayer) have wide responsibility.
3.3.2.2 Physical Layer The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.16-2004 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (SOFDMA) as opposed to the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802.16d. More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple antenna support through MIMO. This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. 802.16e also adds a capability for full mobility support. The WiMAX certification allows vendors with 802.16d products to sell their equipment as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. Most commercial interest is in the 802.16d and 802.16e standards, since the lower frequencies used in these variants suffer less from inherent signal attenuation and therefore give improved range and in-building penetration. Already today, a number of networks throughout the world are in commercial operation using certified WiMAX equipment compliant with the 802.16d standard. In IEEE 802.16 standard, Privacy Sublayer resides on the top of Physical layer. Therefore, 802.16 networks are vulnerable to physical layer attacks for example, jamming and scrambling. Jamming is done by instigating a source of strong noise to significantly lessen the capacity of the channel, thus denying services (DOS) to all parties. However, jamming is detectable with radio analyzer devices. Scrambling is another kind of jamming, but it takes place for a short interval of time aimed at specific frames. Control or management messages could be scrambled, but it is not possible with delay sensitive message i.e., scrambling Uplink slots are relatively difficult, because attacker has to interpret control information and to send noise during a particular interval.
3.4 Deployment
As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), 802.16e is distinguished by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptive to the physical environment the RF signal travels through. Modulation is chosen to be spectroscopically more efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol). That is, when the bursts have high signal strength and a
carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR), they can be more easily decoded using digital signal processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less favorable environments for RF communication, the system automatically steps down to a more robust mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accurate signal processing can be performed. Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dynamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput between clients and the base station is determined largely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given amount of data than if the client was closer to the base station. The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high interference and multipath environments. The reason for which is obviously that too much interference causes the network function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network. The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.) This could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow response times or lost frames. As a result the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality.
Scalability - The 802.16 standard supports flexible radio frequency (RF) channel bandwidths.The standard supports hundreds or even thousands of users within one RF channel. As the number of subscribers grow the spectrum with process of sectoring. can be reallocated
Quality of Service - Primary purpose of QOS feature is to define transmission ordering and scheduling on the air interface.These features often need to work in conjunction with
mechanisms beyond the air interface in order to provide end to end QoS or to police the behaviour or SS.
Range It is Optimized for up to 50 Km and designed to handle many users spread out over kilometres. Also it has been designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0 seconds. PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range in mind.
Coverage - Standard supports mesh network topology and optimized for outdoor NLOS performance.Also standard supports advanced antenna techniques.
3G Maximum Speed Coverage Airwave Advantages 2 Mbps Several Miles Licensed Range, Mobility
Disadvantages
Slow, Expensive
Short Range
Interference Issues
Table 3: Comparison between 3G, Wi-Fi, WiMAX The smallest-scale network is a personal area network (PAN). A PAN allows devices to communicate with each other over short distances. Bluetooth is the best example of a PAN. The next step up is a local area network (LAN). A LAN allows devices to share information, but is limited to a fairly small central area, such as a company's headquarters, a coffee shop or
yourhouse. Many LANs use WiFi to connect the network wirelessly. WiMAX is the wireless solution
most users will have a range of 2-3 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required. Because of these limitations, the general consensus is that WiMAX requires various granular and distributed network architectures to be incorporated within the IEEE 802.16 task groups. This includes wireless mesh, grids, network remote station repeaters which can extend networks and connect to backhaul.
Figure 3.2 OFDMA in multipath environment In multipath, frequency selective fading affects certain frequencies of a transmission and can result in deep fading at certain frequencies. One reason this occurs is because of the wide band nature of the signals. When a signal is reflected off a surface, different frequencies will reflect in different ways. In Figure below, both CDMA (left) and OFDMA (right) experience selective fading near the center of the band. With optimal channel coding and interleaving, these errors can be corrected. CDMA tries to overcome this by spreading the signal out and then equalizing the whole signal. OFDMA is therefore much more resilient to frequency selective fading when compared to CDMA.
3.12 Standards
The current WiMAX incarnation, Mobile WiMAX, is based upon IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16-2004 and so the actual standard is 802.16-2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005 the specifications need to be read together to understand them. IEEE Standard 802.16-2004 addresses only fixed systems. It replaced IEEE Standards 802.162001, 802.16c-2002, and 802.16a-2003. IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004 by adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen as one of the most important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is the very basis of 'Mobile WiMAX'. It does scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. It is also known as Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the standard, but because the allowed FFT sub carrier numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, other frequency bands will not have exactly the same carrier spacing, which might not be optimal for implementations. 802.16d vendors point out that fixed WiMAX offers the benefit of available commercial products and implementations optimized for fixed access. It is a popular standard among alternative service providers and operators in developing areas due to its low cost of deployment and advanced performance in a fixed environment. Fixed WiMAX is also seen as a potential standard for backhaul of wireless base stations such as cellular, or Wi-Fi.
SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard. Intel provides a dualmode 802.16-2004 802.16-2005 chipset for subscriber units which can be used in the production of dual-mode CPE's for network operators which have an existing OFDM256 investment.
3.14 Challenges
Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a medium access control (MAC) layer that uses a grantrequest mechanism to authorize the exchange of data. This feature allows better exploitation of the radio resources, in particular with smart antennas, and independent management of the traffic of every user. This simplifies the support of real-time and voice applications. One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of WLAN was the poor security feature of the first releases. WiMAX proposes the full range of security features to ensure secured data exchange:
Terminal authentication by exchanging certificates to prevent rogue devices,
User authentication using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), Data encryption using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or Advanced Encryption Sta ndard (AES), both much more robust than the Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP) initially used by WLAN. Furthermore, each service is encrypted with its own security association and private keys.
WiMAX must be able to provide a reliable service over long distances to customers using indoor terminals or PC cards (like today's WLAN cards). These requirements, with limited transmit power to comply with health requirements, will limit the link budget. Subchannelling in uplink and smart antennas at the base station has to overcome these constraints. The WiMAX system relies on a new radio physical (PHY) layer and appropriate MAC layer to support all demands driven by the target applications. The PHY layer modulation is based on OFDMA, in combination with a centralized MAC layer for optimized resource allocation and support of QOS for different types of services (VoIP, real-time and non real-time services, best effort). The OFDMA PHY layer is well adapted to the NLOS propagation environment in the 2 - 11 GHz frequency range. It is inherently robust when it comes to handling the significant delay spread caused by the typical NLOS reflections. Together with adaptive modulation, which is applied to each subscriber individually according to the radio channel capability, OFDMA can provide a high spectral efficiency of about 3 - 4 bit/s/Hz. However, in contrast to single carrier modulation, the OFDMA signal has an increased peak: average ratio and increased frequency accuracy requirements. Therefore, selection of appropriate power amplifiers and frequency recovery concepts are crucial. WiMAX provides flexibility in terms of channelization, carrier frequency, and duplex mode (TDD and FDD) to meet a variety of requirements for available spectrum resources and targeted services. An important and very challenging function of the WiMAX system is the support of various advanced antenna techniques, which are essential to provide high spectral efficiency, capacity, system performance, and reliability:
WiMAX has many optional features, such as ARQ, sub-channeling, diversity, and space-time coding that will prove invaluable to operators wishing to provide quality and performance that rivals wire line technology. For the first time, broadband wireless operators will be able to deploy standardized equipment with the right balance of cost and performance, choosing the appropriate set of features for their particular business model. The table 4 given below sows the potential solution against some challenges.
Potential Solution Adaptive Antennas, Encryption, access control Power Efficient Modulation Seamless Handover IP based protocols
3.15 ADVANTGES
1. Single station can serve hundreds of users. 2. Much faster deployment of new users comparing to wired networks. 3. Speed of 10 Mbps at 10 kilometers with line-of-site. 4. It is standardized, and same frequency equipment should work together. 5. It has the capacity to offer different types of services in one platform 6. Many think that the tower becomes overloaded due to high number of requests
from users but wimax has an inner built algorithm which transfer the user to another wimax tower
7. WiMax is a globally accepted, technically capable, and industry-wide supported standard. 8. The emergence of WiMax has opened up the solution to many of the problems faced by
Wi-Fi
because, WiMax cover tens of miles unlike Wi-Fi that is restrictive to the
Application VoD/MoD/AoD Real time-Broadcasting Network Game MMS Web Browsing FTP Interactive information m-Commerce Mobile banking Stock trading
QOS class Streaming Real Time Interactive Background Interactive Background Interactive Interactive Interactive Interactive
SK Telecom launched WiMAX around Seoul on June 30, 2006. More about the KT launch. On April 3, 2007, KT launched WiMAX coverage for all areas of Seoul including all subway lines.
Taiwanese wireless communication providers. In regions like Taiwan, where users are spread out and the wireless traffic has to traverse a long distance, WiMAX technology provides a reliable, inexpensive solution for constant wireless broadband connectivity. In India, the newly announced changes to the 3G auction policy and the WiMAX spectrum auctions now prove that WiMAX is not simply a way to extend wireless but an entirely viable and complete technology in itself. WiMAX Forum estimated recently that Indias WiMAX market potential, including devices, to be worth $13 billion by 2012 with a base of 27.5 million WiMAX users. In the Pacific, in countries like Australia, WiMAX technology is perfectly suited for regional and rural areas with geography challenges and limited wireline footprints. In Africa, which has many developing countries, WiMAX technology provides the opportunity to connect the African people with internet and VOIP services faster and more affordable than wireline. In many European countries the first WiMAX deployments are taking place. Russia is the leading WiMAX market in Europe and the Russian WIMAX company Scartel LLC, along with Samsung Electronics, is about to begin trials of mobile WiMAX services in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the United States, Intel, Google, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Bright House Networks recently joined forces to form a new venture, to be called Clearwire, to establish a nationwide WiMAX network. This venture gives WiMAX a better footing as a next-generation 4G wireless network. The first laptops with built-in mobile WiMax wireless broadband are now available in the U.S. and Nokia is about to sell the new pocket size Nokia N810 internet tablet WiMAX edition, with a widescreen display and small keyboard, at select independent retailers in Baltimore. WiMAX-enabled notebooks will be available in the U.S. for connections to Sprint and Clearwire networks in 2009. Sprint is the first and only wireless carrier to launch a dualmode 3G/4G access device, in the fourth quarter of 2008. The figure 4.2 shows some practical applications.
5.1 CONCLUSION
The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving a broadband wireless access evolution, thanks to a standard with unique technical characteristics. In parallel, the WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, helps the widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the technology. When WiMAX chipsets are integrated into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide high-speed data services on the move, extending today's limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas. Integrated into new generation networks with seamless roaming between various accesses, it will enable end users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience. The combination of these capabilities makes WiMAX attractive for a wide diversity of people: fixed operators, mobile operators and wireless ISPs, but also for many vertical markets and local authorities.
The IEEE 802.16 standard body members are working toward incremental evolution, from fixed operation to portability and mobility.
IEEE 802.16f and IEEE 802.16g task groups are addressing the management interfaces for fixed and mobile operation.
In a fully mobile scenario users may be moving while simultaneously engaging in a broadband data access or multimedia streaming session.
All of these improvements will help make WiMAX an even better Internet access solution for growing economies like that of India.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Fazel and S. Kaiser Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008 [2] [3] [4] M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband - Including WiMAX and LTE Springer, NY, 2009 http://www.wimax.com/commentary/spotlight/spotlight9-16-2006mw1 http://www.wimax.com/commentary/blog/blog-2009/september-2009/india-upcomingwimax-auction-0901 [5] http://www.tutorialreports.com/wireless/wimax/introduction.php?PHPSESSID=102eb0af 52a9e697e693385ee03903b5 [6] http://download.intel.com/network/connectivity/products/wireless/welcome-to-yourinternet-future.pdf [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] http://www.4gwirelessjobs.com/pdf/WIMAX.pdf http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=36644731 http://gigaom.com/2010/02/10/wimax-global-deployments/ http://www.networkworld.com/topics/wimax.html http://www.intel.com/technology/wimax/