Lab Practical I Review

Biology 1406

Exercise 1 Properties of Water

1. Structure of Water
a. Angular structure, b. polar covalent bonds, c. intermolecular hydrogen bonding
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2. Behavior of water: Hydrogen bonding

a. b. c. d. Cohesion/Adhesion, surface tension, capillary action, imbibition high specific heat and heat of vaporization,

3. Nearly universal solvent:

a. Hydrophilic - Polar and ionic substances b. Hydrophobic nonpolar substances

4. Dissociation, electrolytes and acids/bases

a. the pH scale.

Exercise 3 Biological Molecules

1. Organic/Inorganic molecules
a. b. a. b. c. d. Functional groups Monomers, dimers, polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. Benedicts Iodine Sudan III Biuret Tests

2. Four categories of Organics:

3. Biochemical Tests match reagents to organic molecules

a. b. c. d. a. b.

4. Experimental Controls, Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

Know (and recognize) what positive results look like Know what each test indicates.

Exercise 4 The Microscope

1. Proper Handling and Use of the Compound Light Microscope a. name and function of each part b. sequence of procedures used to view specimen c. proper techniques in the use and handling of the scope d. Proper cleaning and storage of scopes
2. Lens Magnification a. magnification and names of each objective b. calculated total magnification with each 3. Properties of the Microscope, including: a. Inversion b. Resolution c. Working Distance d. Field of View.

Exercise 5 Cell Structure and Function

1. State the Cell Theory a. Historic Contributions of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek, b. Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow 2. Distinguish the two cell types: a. Prokaryotic - bacteria b. Eukaryotic cells with nucleus 3. Distinguish Plant and Animal cell structure a. Recognize each organelle and internal structure or contents. b. Know cellular (metabolic) function of organelle

Exercise 7 The Movement of Molecules

1. Selective permeability of biological membranes
a. b. a. b. What is exchange and why is it necessary? What properties of molecules allow transport? Random movement of particle Direction of movement in relation to concentration gradient

2. Role of Diffusion in transport

3. Factors affecting the rate of diffusion 4. Osmosis vs. Dialysis 5. Tonicity (what causes water to move inward or out of cells).
a. b. c. Effect of tonicity on animal cells vs. plant cells. Terms: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic, Crenation, Plasmolysis, Turgor pressure.

6. Silver Nitrate test for presence of NaCl.

Exercise 8 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

1. Define Catalyst, enzyme, substrate, active site, enzyme-substrate complex. 2. Know factors that effect enzyme activity. 3. Denaturation: cause and effect. 4. Know the reactions used in lab:
a. b. c. d. Substrates (hydrogen peroxide, starch), catalysts used ( MnO2, catalase, salivary amylase), products of the reactions sources of the enzymes (biological catalysts).

5. Know the significance of 37oC.