The Brain weighs 350 g in the newborn and 1400 g in the adult.

The brain is classified into six postembryonic divisions: o Telencephalon o Diencephalon o Mesencephalon o Pons o medulla oblongata o cerebellum. Telencephalon o consists of the cerebral hemispheres and the basal ganglia o The cerebral hemispheres contain the lateral ventricles. o Cerebral hemispheres consist of six lobes and the olfactory structures o Frontal lobe contains the following gyri: Precentral gyrus - consists of the motor area (area 4). (MCQ) Superior frontal gyrus contains the supplementary motor cortex on the medial surface (area 6). Middle frontal gyrus contains the frontal eye field (area 8) (MCQ) Inferior frontal gyrus contains the Broca speech area in the dominant hemisphere (areas 44 and 45) (MCQ) Gyrus rectus and orbital gyri are separated by the olfactory sulcus. Anterior paracentral lobule is found on the medial surface between the superior frontal gyrus (paracentral sulcus) and the central sulcus. represents a continuation of the precentral gyrus on the medial hemispheric surface. o Parietal lobe contains the following lobules and gyri: Postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex (areas 3, 1, and 2). Superior parietal lobule comprises association areas involved in somato sensory functions (areas 5 and 7 ) Supramarginal gyrus interrelates somatosensory, auditory, and visual input (area 40) o Temporal lobe contains the following gyri: Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl is the primary auditory areas of the cerebral cortex (areas 41 and 42). Superior temporal gyrus contains the Wernicke speech area in the dominant hemisphere (area 22). o Occipital lobe contains two structures: Cuneus contains the visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19). Lingual gyrus (medial occipitotemporal gyrus) contains the visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19). o Insular lobe (insula) o Limbic lobe o is a C-shaped structure of the medial hemispheric surface o includes the following structures: Paraterminal gyrus and subcallosal area Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampal formation

is connected to the hypothalamus and septal area via the fornix. includes the following three structures: o Dentate gyrus o Hippocampus o Subiculum o Olfactory structures are found on the orbital surface of the brain and include: Olfactory bulb and tract
Olfactory bulb receives the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve [CN] I).

o o

Olfactory trigone and striae Anterior perforated substance is created by penetrating striate arteries Diagonal band of Broca interconnects the amygdaloid nucleus and the septal area. Basal ganglia are the subcortical nuclei of the telencephalon. Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Amygdaloid nuclear complex (amygdala) What is striatum and lentiform nucleus (MCQ) Striatum = Caudate nucleus + Putamen lentiform nucleus = Globus pallidus + Putamen Lateral ventricles are ependyma-lined cavities of the cerebral hemispheres. contain CSF and choroid plexus. communicate with the third ventricle via the two interventricular foramina of Monro are separated from each other by the septa pellucida. Cerebral cortex consists of a thin layer or mantle of gray substance. is folded into gyri that are separated by sulci. White matter includes the cerebral commissures and the internal capsule Cerebral commissures interconnect the cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum o is the largest commissure of the brain. o interconnects the two hemispheres. o has four parts: Rostrum, Genu, Body ,Splenium Anterior commissure o interconnects the olfactory bulbs and the middle and inferior temporal lobes. Hippocampal commissure (commissure of the fornix) Internal capsule consists of the white matter located between the basal ganglia and the thalamus. has three parts: o Anterior limb

located between the caudate nucleus and putamen.

o Genu located between the anterior and posterior limbs. contains corticobulbar fibers o Posterior limb located between the thalamus and lentiform nucleus Contains corticospinal fibers. Diencephalon o is located between interventricular foramen and the posterior commissure. o receives the optic nerve (CN II). o consists of the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and the third ventricle and associated structures. o Epithalamus Pineal body (epiphysis cerebri) Habenular trigone Medullary stria of the thalamus Posterior commissure mediates the consensual reaction of the pupillary light reflex. Tela choroidea and choroid plexus of the third ventricle o Thalamus consists of the following surface structures: Pulvinar Metathalamus o Medial geniculate body (auditory system) o Lateral geniculate body (visual system) o Hypothalamus Optic chiasm Mamillary body Infundibulum Tuber cinereum o Subthalamus (ventral thalamus) Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta and fields of Forel Third ventricle and associated structures Lamina terminalis results from closure of the anterior neuropore. Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Interventricular foramen of Monro o interconnects the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle. Optic recess Infundibular recess g. Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Mesencephalon (midbrain)

o contains the cerebral aqueduct, which interconnects the third and fourth ventricles. o Ventral surface Cerebral peduncle Interpeduncular fossa Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Posterior perforated substance is created by penetrating branches of the posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries. o Dorsal surface Superior colliculus (visual system) (MCQ) Brachium of the superior colliculus Inferior colliculus (auditory system) (MCQ) Brachium of the inferior colliculus Trochlear nerve (CN IV) is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem from the dorsal aspect. Pons o Ventral surface Base of the pons Cranial nerves (MCQ) Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Abducent nerve (CN VI) Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) o Dorsal surface (rhomboid fossa) Locus ceruleus contains the largest collection of norepinephrinergic neurons in the CNS. (MCQ) Facial colliculus contains the abducent nucleus and internal genu of the facial nerve. Sulcus limitans (MCQ) separates the alar plate from the basal plate. Striae medullares of the rhomboid fossa divide the rhomboid fossa into the superior pontine portion and the inferior medullary portion. Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) o Ventral surface Pyramid contains the corticospinal tract. Olive contains the inferior olivary nucleus. (MCQ) Cranial nerves Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagal nerve (CN X) Accessory nerve (CN XI) Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) o Dorsal surface Gracile tubercle Cuneate tubercle

Rhomboid fossa Striae medullares of the rhomboid fossa Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Sulcus limitans Area postrema (vomiting center) (MCQ)

Cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. is attached to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles. forms the roof of the fourth ventricle. is separated from the occipital and temporal lobes by the tentorium cerebelli. consists of folia and fissures on its surface. contains the following surface structures Hemispheres made up of two lateral lobes. Vermis is a midline structure. Tonsil may herniate, with increased intracranial pressure, through the foramen magnum. Superior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain. Middle cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the pons. Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the medulla. Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe