Formulae for Calculus 151 p.

1 Differentiation f (a + h) f (a) f (a) = lim h0 h General formulas: Product: (uv ) = u v + uv Quotient: (u/v ) = [u v uv ]/v 2 Chain rule: [f (u)] = f (u) u Constant multiple: (cu) = cu Inverse: dx/dy = 1/(dy/dx) Special functions: Denition: Graphing Symmetry: Even: f (x) = f (x) (symmetric) Odd: f (x) = f (x) (skew symmetric) Asymptotes: Horizontal:
x

lim f (x) = a (two cases)

Vertical: lim f (x) = (four cases)

xa

Increasing/Decreasing: f Positive on interval: Increasing f Negative on interval: Decreasing

Constants: c = 0 Local maxima/minima: d n n1 Powers: x = nx Critical numbers: f (x) = 0, or undened; dx Exponential, logarithmic: or Endpoints d ln(x) = 1/x d ex = ex ; Concavity, inection: dx dx d ax = ln a ax f (x) > 0: upward; f (x) < 0: downward dx Trigonometric: f (x) changes sign: Inection () d sin x = cos x; d cos x = sin x Differentials and Newtons method dx dx d sec x = sec x tan x; d csc x = csc x cot x dy = y dx; y y0 + dy dx dx d tan x = sec 2x; d cot x = csc 2x f (a + x) f (a) + f (a)x dx dx 1 1 Newtons method: xnew = x f (x)/f (x) d sin1 x = ; d cos1 x = dx dx 1 x2 1 x2 (iterate) 1 d tan1 x = d cot1 x = 1 ; Intermediate Value Theorem: dx dx 1 + x2 1 + x2 If f (x) is continuous on [a, b], f (a) < N < f (b), d sec1 x = 1 then the equation f (x) = N is solvable, with dx x x2 1 a < x < b. d csc1 x = 1 dx x x2 1 Limits Mean Value Theorem: f (x) f (x) LHospital: lim = lim f (x) cont. on [a, b], di. on (a, b): one can solve xa g (x) xa g (x) f (b) f (a) (when applicable) f (x) = , ba lim (1 + 1/n)n = lim (1 + h)1/h = e n with a < x < b. h0 Squeeze Theorem: If g1 (x) f (x) g2 (x) near a, and lim g1 (x) = lim g2 (x) = L, xa xa then lim f (x) = L.
xa

limx0

sin x =1 x

Formulae for Calculus 151 p. 2 Interpretations of derivatives 1st: Velocity or rate of change 2nd: Acceleration Logarithmic: Relative rate of change Slope of tangent line Integration Trigonometry Values: 0 /6 /4 /3 /2 1 2 3 sin 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 cos 1 0 2 2 2

Integration gives the signed area between the Right Triangles: curve and the x-axis (abovebelow). sine: opposite/hypotenuse Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: b cosine: adjacent/hypotenuse (f continuous :) f (x)dx is F (b) F (a), with F (x) an antiderivative. Formulas: xn dx = x + C (n = 1) n+1
n+1 a

tangent: opposite/adjacent secant: 1/cosine Multiples: sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) cos(2x) = cos 2(x) sin 2(x) 1 cos x 1 + cos x sin 2(x/2) = ; cos 2(x/2) = 2 2 More identities: sin(x y ) = sin(x) cos(y ) cos(x) sin(y )

sec xdx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C Read the dierentiation formulas from right to left! Algebra

Slope: y/x; Distance: (x)2 + (y )2 cos(x y ) = cos(x) cos(y ) sin(x) sin(y ) Quadratic formula : ax2 + bx + c = 0: then tan(x + y ) = tan(x) + tan(y ) b b2 4ac 1 tan(x) tan(y ) x= 2 2a 2 sin x + cos x = 1 (a b)(a + b) = a2 b2 tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x ln(ab ) = b ln(a) Co-functions: ln(ab) = ln(a) + ln(b); ln(1/b) = ln(b) cos(x) = sin(/2 x); cot(x) = tan(/2 x) ln(1) = 0; ln(e) = 1 csc(x) = sec(/2 x) ln x loga (x) = ln a Numbers (rough approximations) Area: 3.14 e 2.7 2 1.4 3 1.7 Triangle: 1/2 basealtitude Circle: r2; Volume: Box: Product of dimensions. Sphere (inside): Cone:
1 3 4 3 r 3

Sphere (surface): 4r2

ln 2 .7

ln 10 2.3

Cylinder: Base area Height Base area Height