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Neighbor State of OSPF: 1. Down: No Hello heard from Neighbor, hellos are sent every pull interval. 2. Init: Router will send packet to neighbor at hello interval instead of poll interval. 3. Attempt: Hello packets have been seen from the neighbor router dead interval. 4. 2Way: Router has been seen its own router ID in neighbor field in the neighbor hello packet. Bidirectional conversation has been established. 5. Exstart: Elect Master / Slave. Highest Interface ip address becomes Master. 6. Exchange: Router send entire link state database to a neighbor. 7. Loading: Router will send Link state Request packets to a neighbor. 8. Full: Fully adjacent. If two OSPF neighbor ship not coming up, then: Show ip ospf neighbor OSPF Five Packet types: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. OSPF Area: An area is an OSPF sub-domain; within which all routers have an identical link state database. Area 0: Area 0 is a backbone area. All other areas must send their inter-area traffic through the backbone. OSPF Router Types: 1. Internal routers: All interfaces belong to same area. 2. Backbone routers: At least one interface attached to backbone area. 3. Area Border Routers: Connects one or more areas to the backbone. And act as a gateway for inter-area traffic. 4. Autonomous System Boundary Routers: Gateways for external traffic, injecting routes in OSPF domain that were learn from some other protocols (redistributed). OSPF Path types: 1. 2. 3. 4. Intra-area Path Inter-area Path Type 1 External Path Type 2 External Path Hello Update Database LSR LSA

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OSPF Network Types: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Broadcast Networks Non-Broadcast Networks Point-to-point Networks Point-to-Multipoint Network Virtual Link Multicast Unicast Multicast Unicast 10/40 DR/BDR Yes 30/120 DR/BDR Yes 10/40 DR/BDR No 30/120DR/BDR No

The metric OSPF use is Cost. Cost: Cisco IOS calculates the outgoing cost of an interface as 108/BW where BW is the bandwidth of the interface. What is the use of Virtual link in ospf? A Virtual link is a tunnel that extends OSPF backbone connections through a non-backbone area. Why DR router require in ospf network? To manage flooding process on the Multi-access network. So each router on the network forms an adjacency with the DR. Only DR will send LSAs to the rest of the internetwork. What is BDR why it is require? If DR fails, a new DR must be elected. New adjacencies must be established. All routers on the network must be synchronize their database with the new DR. While this happening, the network is unavailable for packets. To prevent this problem, a BDR is elected in addition to the DR. All routers form adjacencies with the BDR also. Criteria of Selection of DR 1. A list of eligible routers is created a. Priority greater than 0 b. OSPF state of 2Way c. DR or BDR ip address is the same as the participating interfaces ip address. 2. A list of all routers not claiming to be DR is compiled from the link os eligible routers. 3. BDR is chosen from the following criteria: a. The BDR ip address is the same as the participating interface ip address. b. The router with the highest Router Priority becomes BDR. c. If all routers priority equal, then the router with the highest Router ID becomes the BDR. 4. DR is chosen from the following criteria: a. The DR field is set with the routers interface ip address. b. The router with the highest Router priority is chosen DR. c. If all routers priority equal, then the router with the highest Router ID becomes the BDR

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OSPF LSA Types: 1. Router LSA: Router links and status of each link and cost for each link in its area advisement sent by router to all other network routers in its area. 2. Network LSA: Generated By DR. Information of all routers in the same network is sent by DR. 3. Network Summary LSA: Originated by ABR. They are sent to single area to advertise destination outside that area. 4. ASBR Summary LSA: Originated by ABR. Type 4 will advertise information about ASBRs into an area. 5. AS external LSA: Originated by ASBR. Advertise a destination external to the OSPF autonomous system. 6. NSSA External LSA: Originated by ASBR within NSSA area. Type 7 LSA will propagate across the area to the ABR. Once it reaches ABR, the ABR will convert the Type 7 LSA into Type 5 LSA & propagate into the backbone. Type 7 LSA advertises routes that are external to the OSPF AS. Characteristics of OSPF: 1. 2. 3. 4. Faster Convergence Support large Internetwork Support hierarchical network design using through the use of areas. Use of areas, which reduces the protocols impact on router CPU, memory. 5. Support authentication for more secure networks. Types of Areas: Inter area: Packets within a Single area. Intra area: Packets in different area. External: Packets within OSPF and other AS. VLSM: Instead of making subnet mask longer, we can make our subnet mask shorter, sometimes called supernetting. Differentiate CIDR & VLSM CIDR: CIDR allows routers to group routes together to reduce quantity of routing information carried by core routers. VLSM: Capacity to specify a different subnet mask on the same network number on different subnets. VLSM can help to optimize available address space. If you advertise all OSPF network in single command, what you will be do? Router (Config-router) #network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0

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What is OSPF DR ip address? Uses Multicast Address: 224.0.0.5 ALLSPFRouters Uses Multicast Address: 224.0.0.6 ALLDRRouters Why are the OSPF neighbors stuck in the OSPF Exstart / Exchange state? 1. MTU Mismatch 2. Unicast broken a. ACL b. NAT c. MTU d. Wrong FR/ATM VC 3. Both routers have same Router ID (mis-configuration) 4. Bad LSRs.

Differences among Normal, Stub, Totally Stub and NSSA Areas The following table shows the differences between the types of areas defined in this Tech Note. Area Restrictions Normal Stub area: Totally Stub area: NSSA: None No Type 5 ASexternal LSA allowed No Type 3, 4 or 5 LSAs allowed except the default summary route No Type 5 AS-external LSAs allowed, but Type 7 LSAs that convert to Type 5 at the NSSA ABR can traverse No Type 3, 4 or 5 LSAs except the default summary route, but Type 7 LSAs that convert to Type 5 at the NSSA ABR are allowed

NSSA Totally Stub area:

OSPF Hello Packet Contains: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Router ID Area ID Address mask Authentication Hello Interval Dead Interval Router priority DR/BDR

What is the metric of OSPF? 110

Cisco Default OSPF Interface Fast Ethernet, FDDI HSSI 45mbps Token Ring 16M Ethernet Token Ring 4M T1 1.544M DS0 64 K 56K Tunnel 9K

Cost 108/Bandwidth 1 2 6 10 25 64 1562 1785 11111

How OSPF calculate path? OSPF determine the shortest path based on the metric called cost which is assigned to each interface. The cost of the interface may be changed with the command ip ospf cost. Cisco OSPF implementation will load balance over a maximum of four equal cost paths. This number can be changed with command maximum-paths. LSA Types allowed per area type Area type Backbone area Nonbackbone, Non-Stub Stub Totally Stub Not-sostubby 1&2 YES YES YES YES YES 3&4 YES YES YES NO YES 5 YES YES NO NO NO 7 NO NO NO NO YES

What is significance of area 0? Area 0 is the backbone area. All other area must send their inter traffic thorough backbone. What happened after 2way state in OSPF? Master and slave will be elected and highest ip address neighbor will become the Master and take control on exchange database description packets.

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What is routed and routing protocols? Routed Protocols: Routed protocols are assigned to an interface and determines the method of packet delivery. (IP, IPX) Routing Protocols: Routing protocols are determines the path of a packet through a network. (RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, AND BGP). Private IP Address Range: Class A: 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.254 Class B: 172.16.0.0 --- 172.31.255.254 Class C: 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.254 IP Address Range: Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0-------------------1 to 126, 127 is used for loopback. Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0---------- --128 to 191 Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0----------192 to 223 Class D: 224.0.0.1 to 239.255.255.255-------224 to 239 Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255-------240 to 254 What is multicast range? Class D: 224.0.0.1 to 239.255.255.255-------224 to 239 Frame: It is encapsulated within an entity called a frame, and it is binary envelope. Packet: To be delivered across the logical path of a routed internetwork and the digital envelope is used by routers is packet. What is Classful & Classless Network? Classful: Do not advertise subnet mask in their routing updates; therefore the entire internetwork is uses the configured subnet mask for the IP network. Classless: Advertise the subnet mask with each route. Flow Control: Flow control is a method of making sure that an excessive amount of data does not over run at the other side. Ex. Mismatching Speed. 1. Buffering 2. Congestion Notification 3. Windowing: Agree upon number of packets to be transferred before an acknowledge is required from receiver.

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What are Distance Vector and Link state Protocols: Distance Vector RIP v1, RIP v2 IGRP, EIGRP-Hybrid BGP What are Classful and Classless protocols? Classful Protocols RIP v1 IGRP Classless Protocols RIP v2, IGRP, EIGRP OSPF, IS-IS BGP Link State OSPF IS-IS EIGRP-Hybrid

Differentiate RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP Timers. Timers Update Invalid Hold-down Flush Metrics: Routing Protocols RIP IGRP EIGRP OSPF BGP Metric Hop Count Bandwidth + Delay Bandwidth + Delay + Load + Reliability Cost AS-Path RIP 30 180 180 240 IGRP 90 270 280 630 EIGRP Hello packet 5sec On Multipoint 60sec

Multicast Address: Multicast Address 224.0.0.1 224.0.0.2 224.0.0.4 224.0.0.5 224.0.0.6 224.0.0.9 224.0.0.10 224.0.0.13 Protocols All Hosts On Router Subnet Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocols. All OSPFRouters ALL OSPF DR Routers RIP v2 Routers EIGRP Routers DIM Routers.

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Administrative Distance for IP Routes Connected Interfaces Static route EIGRP Summary routes External BGP route Internal EIGRP route IGRP OSPF IS IS RIP EGP External EIGRP Internal BGP Unknown 0 1 5 20 90 100 110 115 120 140 170 200 255

Type 1 External Path E1 External paths are to destination outside the OSPF autonomous system. When an external route is redistributed into any autonomous system, it must be assigned a metric. Within OSPF, the ASBR is responsible for assigning a cost to the external routes they advertise. Type 1 external paths have a cost that is the sum of this external cost plus the cost of the path to the ASBR. Type 1 External Path E2 Type 1 External Path E2 is also to the destination outside the OSPF autonomous system, but do not take into account the cost of the path to the ASBR. E2 routes consider only the external cost of an external route.

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Why OSPF requires Backbone area? The backbone area responsible for summarization to form each area to every other area. Inter area traffic must pass through the backbone. Non backbone areas cannot exchange packets directly.