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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction to City Development Plan 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 2. Brief Profile of City City Development Strategy Objectives and Scope of CDP The CDP Process 9 9 12 12 13 17 17 18 22 30 33 33 34 36 39 41 46 46 47 53 54 56 62 65 65 65 65 67 68 69 72 72 72 72 82 82 83 88 91 95 101 106 110 110 110 111 112 112 112
Demography, Economy and Land Use 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. Introduction Demography Economy Spatial Growth, Planning and Land Use.
3.
Governance Frame Work and Reforms 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. Legal Framework GVMC - organisation structure Institutional Framework Key Issues in CITY Governance Reforms
4.
Municipal Infrastructure 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. Infrastructure Water Supply Sewerage System Storm Water Drainage Traffic and Transportation Solid Waste Management
5.
Basic Services to the Urban Poor 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. Introduction Growth of Slums and Slum Population Socio-economic Characteristics Poverty Reduction Initiatives institutional arrangements Housing
6.
Physical and Environmental Aspects of City 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. Physical Setting Physiographic Setting Geological Setting
7.
Vision Formulation 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. 7.7. CITY vision Water supply Sewerage Sector: Storm Water Drainage: Traffic And Transportation Solid Waste Management Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan
8.
City Investment Plan 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. Water Supply Sewerage Traffic & Transportation: Storm Water Drainage Solid waste management Basic Services for the Poor
9.
Investment Finance Plan 9.1. Financial performance 9.2. Investment Sustenance Annexure 8
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Visakhapatnam at the National Level- A Comparison ............................................ 11 Table 1.2: Visakhapatnam at International Level- A Comparison ........................................... 12 Table 2.1: Population by Major Geographical Units ................................................................ 18 Table 2.2: Population Trends Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation .................... 18 Table 2.3: Population Projections ............................................................................................ 20 Table 2.4: Composition of Growth ........................................................................................... 20 Table 2.5: Literacy Rate ........................................................................................................... 21 Table 2.6: Economic Base Occupational Distribution, 2001 .................................................... 23 Table 2.7: Gross District Domestic Product at Factor Cost (Rs Crores) ................................. 29 Table 2.8: Per Capita Income at Factor Cost (Rs) ................................................................... 29 Table 3.1: Table Showing the Institutions established by Law ................................................ 33 Table 3.2: Role of the Private Sector in Urban Infrastructure Provision .................................. 36 Table 4.1: State of the Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 46 Table 4.2: Cost Recovery in Urban Infrastructure ................................................................... 47 Table 4.3: Level of Agreegate Investment in Urban Infrastructure, 2001/02 to 2004/05 ......... 47 Table 4.4: Details of Water Supply Sources ............................................................................ 48 Table 4.5: Deficit in Supply for Different horizon years ............................................................ 50 Table 4.6: Tariff Structure Water Supply.................................................................................. 51 Table 4.7: Connection Details .................................................................................................. 51 Table 4.8: Performance Indicators ........................................................................................... 52 st Table 4.9: Progress of Implementation (1 August 2005) ....................................................... 53 Table 4.10 Performance Indicators .......................................................................................... 53 Table 4.11: Per Capita Growth Rate (PCTR)........................................................................... 58 Table 4.12: Annual Vehicular composition............................................................................... 59 Table 4.13: Share of Public Transport ..................................................................................... 59 Table 4.14: Number of Accidents in Visakhapatnam ............................................................... 61 Table 4.15 Details of Solid Waste Generation In Greater Visakha Municipal Corporation ..... 62 Table 4.16 Composition of Solid Waste in GVMC ................................................................... 62 Table 4.17: Current Status ....................................................................................................... 63 Table 5.1: Basic Infrastructure in Slums .................................................................................. 66 Table 5.2 : Existing Position Of Community Facilities Available In Slums Of GVMC: ............. 67 Table 5.3: List of Poverty Alleviation Programs ....................................................................... 68 Table 5.4 Indicative List of Institutions and Programmes ........................................................ 69 Table 5.5 .................................................................................................................................. 70 Table 6.1: Environment Services ............................................................................................. 75 Table 6.2: Land Supply (Hectares) .......................................................................................... 76 Table 6.3: Land Use Break-Up ................................................................................................ 76 Table 6.4: Estimating Renewal of Housing and Infrastructure Stock, 2005 ............................ 76 Table 6.5: Ambient Air Quality Standards ................................................................................ 77 Table 6.6: Noise Levels In Localities ....................................................................................... 79 Table 6.7: Indoor Sources of Domestic Air Pollution ............................................................... 80 Table 7.1: Goals & Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ......................................... 84
Table 7.2 Water Supply strategy.............................................................................................. 87 Table 7.3: Current Status and Vision ....................................................................................... 88 Table 7.4: Sewerage Sector strategy ....................................................................................... 90 Table 7.6. : Storm water strategy ............................................................................................ 95 Table 7.7: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ........................................... 96 Table 7.8: Traffic and Transportation strategy ....................................................................... 100 Table 7.9: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ......................................... 102 Table 7.10. : Proposed Primary Collection System ............................................................... 103 Table 7.11 : Solid Waste Management Strategy ................................................................... 104 Table 7.12 : Basic Infrastructure Requirement For Slums .................................................... 107 Table 7.13: Community Facilities Available In Slums ............................................................ 107 Table 7.14: Solid Waste Infrastructure Required ................................................................... 108 Table 7.15. : Housing & Infrastructure Requirements ........................................................... 108 Table 7.16. : Poverty Reduction ............................................................................................ 109 Table 8.0 : Proposed MRTS Corridor .................................................................................... 111 Table 8.1. Water sector City investment plan ..................................................................... 113 Table 8.2. Sewerage sector City investment plan .............................................................. 115 Table 8.3. Storm water drainage sector City investment plan ............................................ 116 Table 8.4. Traffic and transportation sector City investment plan ...................................... 117 Table 8.5. Solid Waste Management Sector City investment plan ..................................... 120 Table 8.6. Basic Services for the poor City investment plan .............................................. 121 Table 8.7: Sector - Wise Investment Plan for 2005-2012 ...................................................... 122 Table 8.8: Financing Plan (Rs. In Crores).............................................................................. 122 Table 9.1: Assigned Revenue Income (Rs. in Crores) .......................................................... 125 Table 9.2: Revenue Grants (Rs. in Lakhs)............................................................................. 126 Table 9.3 :Key Financial Indicators ........................................................................................ 128 Table 9.4 City investment plan Sector-wise investment plan for 2005-2012 ...................... 131 Table 9.5 : Investment SUSTENANCE .................................................................................. 132 Table 9.6 : Annualised investment plan ................................................................................. 133 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Greater Visakha ...................................................................................................... 17 Figure 2.2: Decadal population growth in major Urban ........................................................... 19 Figure 2.3 Comparative Decadal Growth Rates of Vizag with other surrounding Muicipalities ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2.4: Sex ratio ................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 2.6 Areas of Economic Growth ..................................................................................... 22 Figure 2.8: Gross District Product per capita (2000 01) ....................................................... 30 Figure 2.9 Land Use Structure of GVMC 2001 ........................................................................ 30 Figure 3.1: Organisation Chart ................................................................................................. 35 Figure 3.2 Organogram2: State Level Agencies ...................................................................... 37 Figure 3.3: Role and responsibilities inter relationship of various Department..................... 38 Figure 3.4: Functional Overlaps & Co-ordination Requirements ............................................. 39 Figure 4.1: Sources of Water Supply ....................................................................................... 49 Figure 4.2: Vehicular Average Speed ...................................................................................... 58 Fig. 5.1: Land Status of Slums in Gvmc................................................................................... 66
build-operate-transfer In the context of sectoral strategy will mean Capital Investment programme and in the context of the city as a whole will mean City Investment Plan Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation non governmental organisation non revenue water operation and maintenance Public Private Participation private sector participation small-scale water provider Terms of Reference World Health Organization
MEASUREMENT UNITS AND SYMBOLS gal gallon km Kilometer 2 km square kilometer l/c/d liter per capita per day m meter 2 m square meter m3 m3/d m3/d/c mgd mld mm NA sq ft sq km sq yd cubic meter cubic meter per day cubic meter per day per capita million gallons per day million liters per day millimeter not available or not applicable square feet square kilometer square yard inch
UNIT CONVERSION 1 gallon 4.546 liters 1,000 gallons 4.546 cubic meters
The formulas used for the computations are shown below. 1. 2. 3. Production/population (m 3/d/c) = [annual production volume(m 3) / 365] / [number of people served] Water supply coverage (%) = [number of people served] x 100 [total population in service area] Per capita consumption (l/c/d) = [total annual domostic consumption (m 3) x 1,000/365] / [number of people served] 4. Average tariff (US$/m3) = [total annual revenue from tariff (US$)] / [total annual consumption (m3)] 5. Nonrevenue water (%) = [ total annual production (m 3) total annual consumption (m 3)] x 100/ [total annual production (m 3)] 6. 7. 8. 9. Working ration = (annual O&M const] / [annual revenue] Staff/1,000 connection ratio = [number of utility staff for city] / [number of city connections/1,000] Unit production cost (US$)] = [annual O&M cost (US$)][total annual production (m 3)]
People served (persons) = [(number of domestic connections) x (number of persons per domestic connection)] 10. Cost of water for domestic use (10,20,30, and 50 m 3 per month) use the corresponding tariff structure provided for each water utility. 11. Sewage Treatment Ratio = Waste water treated (kl)/ Waste water produced (kl) 12. Reuse Ratio = Treated Waste water reused / recycled (kl) / Treated waste water (kl)
Chapter-I
topographical conditions, the city and its environs can be divided into four categories viz., Hilly region, Upland tracks, Rolling plains and Plains. The Kailasa and Yarada are the major hill ranges in the city. The Kailasa hill range stretches from Simhachalam to MVP Colony on the north flank of the city. The city, which appears like a small basin, is surrounded by the Yarada hill popularly known as Dolphins nose (358m) on the side of the Kailasgiri hills on the north, with the Bay of Bengal forming the eastern wall. The coastal line runs from north- east to south west over a dist nce of six kilometres. On the west there is an extensive tidal basin called Upputeru now under reclamation. Beyond Yarada there is a valley followed by another range of hills. Economy The city is experiencing tremendous economic growth. The sectors contributing to citys economic growth are agriculture and fishing (primary sector), large, medium and small scale industries (secondary sector) and services (tertiary sector) that include trade and commerce, transport, telecommunications, management and consultancy services, education, etc. It has experienced rapid industrialization with the onset of major industries viz., Oil Refinery -- a private sector fertilizer factory, Hindustan Zinc Smelter and Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. The construction of the outer harbour and Steel Plant have considerably changed the character of the city. On account of rapid industrialization, there has been tremendous amount of migration into the city. Today the tourism, services and information technology contribute significantly to the economy. Tourism Vizag, sandwiched between the promontory called Dolphins nose and the Kailashgiri Hills, is one sea together and that makes for a spectacular view from even within the city. The beaches of Vizag Rama Krishna, Lawsons Bay, Rishikonda and Gangavaram are amongst the best kept secrets of India.
Head north up to the Simhachalam hills is simhachalam temple, a 11th Century temple dedicated to Lord Narasimha. Vizag is well endowed with excellent hotels and restaurants to accommodate national and international tourists. Recently, many Buddhist ruins have been discovered in and around Vizag. A more fascinating site to visit is the village of Sankaram, where numerous images of Buddha are seen carved in caves of the hills. Vizag is home to the Eastern Fleet of the Indian Navy and the Naval presence has cast its influence over the city. Overlooking the port in all its majesty is the 358 meters high promontory of Dolphins Nose so called because of its uncanny resembal ance to the mammal. The lighthouse atop, which can be visited with permission, is the highest in India. Its beams can be seen far out at the sea and it directs the traffic in the busy shipping lanes of the Bay of Bengal as well as the entrance to Vizag port. A comparison of Vizag with cities in India indicates that it is deficient in service delivery in many respects like per capita water supply and sanitation. On economic, health,
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education and transport indicators it is no better. Higher percentage of people is below rhe poverty line. Similar situation exists in comparision with cities at international level. Tables 1.1 and 1.2 describe the position. Table 1.1: Visakhapatnam at the National Level- A Comparison
Sector Indicator Gross District Product Per Capita ( in Rs.) Population below poverty line (2001) Economic Disparity (% of low and lower middle Income households, 2002) Education Literacy Rate (2001) Drop out rate (2001) % of population living in slums ( 2001) Child Mortality Rate (2001) Piped water supply per day (Hours) Water Per capita Availability in lpcd of potable water Household water connections (2001) Sewerage Connections (UA) Average commute time (minutes) Public Transport Utilization rate Transport % Area covered by roads Vehicles Density (passenger car units per KM of road length) Source CPOS Office, Collectorate; GVMC Vizag 20,910 30% Hyd 23000 23% Mumbai 43000 27% Delhi 39000 8% Chennai 34,000 20% Kolkata 33,000 6%
Economy
37% 79% 66% 37% 6.90% 2 110 36% 41% 60 44% 6% 723
18% 83% 52% 35% 2.60% 2 180 51.30% 55% 45 62% 18% NA
42% 80% 46% 40% 3.70% 1 106 NA 55% NA 36% 10% 293
Housing Health
Sanitation
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Water
Per capita Availability in lpcd of potable water (Water utility coverage area, 2003) Household water connections (2001) Sewerage (UA) Connections time
62%
106
NA
NA
77
261
23% 6% 30 49%
70% 50% 15 2%
50.30% 64.80% NA NA
Sanitation
Average commute (minutes) Transport Public Utilization rate Source Monitor group report
Transport
Strong
Weak
1.2.
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporatiuon (GVMC) has prepared a City Development Strategy (CDS) in 2005 to address the infrastructure and service delivery gaps in with support and assistance from Cities Alliance. The objective of CDS was to prepare and implement a strategy for creating a stong and robust economy with equitable growth.
1.3.
The Government of India has launched a major programme viz., Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), for promoting reforms and investments for select 63 cities. Visakhapatnam is one of the eligible cities under the scheme. Under JNNURM, it is mandatory to prepare a City Development Plan through a participatory and consultative process. Accordingly, GVMC, along with other key stakeholders, prepared the CDP based on the City Development Strategy formulated earlier. The main objective of the CDP is to ensure a planned growth of the city and to make Visakhapatnam as a better alternative to the mega cities, guided by a shared vision for citys development. The CDP makes basic policy choices and provides a flexible framework for adapting to deal with emerging challenges over time. It emphasizes on issues of priority, local concerns for liveability, and the implied requirements in terms of:
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Enhancing city productivity; Reducing poverty; Improving urban governance; and Enhancing financial sustainability.
The sectoral plans for the identified sectors form part of the CDP and it covers a time horizon of 20 year. The CDP outlines a policy framework and investment/reform interventions to achieve the vision. Scope The strategic policy and investment interventions to achieve the vision of Visakhapatnam including formulation of sectoral plans for the identified sectors are outlined in the CDP. The scope of work is to: Assess the existing situation with regards to demography, economic base, financial profile, infrastructure services, physical and environmental aspects and institutions. Identify the gaps in service delivery Outline the issues faced by the Citys poor Prepare a vision and sectoral strategic framework outlining the goals, strategies, interventions/projects to achieve the vision and Formulate a city investment plan with appropriate financing strategies and an implementation action plan. Focus on the reforms to be carried out at the state and local level in consonance with the vision and strategic plan outlined to sustain the planned interventions.
1.4.
The critical element in the city development plan is to formulate a shared vision for the city of Visakhapatnam outlining: Development objectives and long term environmental, social, economic infrastructure, cultural and health goals, and Programme of institutional and policy priorities and a definition of sectoral and inter sectoral goals and development strategies.
Tthe CDP process has established a creative dialogue between Government Departments, and between Government Departments and Citizens, and identified the priority activities to be undertaken to improve service provision / management in tahe city. These dialogues would develop into sustainable partnerships for strategic development of the city in the future. This process also resulted in the formulation of Strategic Action Plan and City Assistance Programme incorporating sectoral investments for economic growth and poverty reduction. The CDP also took into consideration the works and plans of other government and quasigovernment agencies contributing towards the growth and development of the city. The key steps involved in the CDP process include: Formation of Program Steering Committee (PSC) at the apex level Constitution of Working Groups Stakeholder workshops and Meetings Visioning Exercise Situation Analysis Formulation of Goals & Strategies Capital Investment Plan and Project Scheduling Approval by the CDP by the Council along with Draft MoA Action & Operating Plan indicating the policy and reform measures for improved service provision and delivery.
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The CDP exercise was carried out through consistent stakeholder participation at various stages. A core group headed by the heads of the agencies involved in citys governance was formed to manage and drive the process and to look into different elements of urban functions. The concerns of the urban poor were captured by the Urban Community Development Department through a series of consultations with the stakeholders held during the preparation of CDS, which was again reinforced during the preparation of CDP. The stakeholders were identified through stakeholder analysis. The key stakeholders viz., Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, the district collector representing the state government, Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority, Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, state government line departments like police, health, education, electricity and transport, academic institutions, government and non-governmental agencies involved in service delivery, private sector agencies such as chambers of commerce and industry, representatives of the poor, non-governmental and community based organisations, members of civil society including the media were involved in the process. A key feature of consultations is the inclusion of the representatives from poor community groups such as community development societies and self-help groups in the entire process. They were also included as members of the working groups. Orientaion was organised to all the stakeholders to familiarise them with the purpose, process, and expected outcomes of the CDP, and to build enthusiasm, understanding and commitment to the CDP. This helped in arriving at a consensus along with the stakeholders firming the process and agreeing upon a structured programme to take the CDP forward. For detailed and indeph analysis of the situation and to help the process working groups were formed and each group was assigned a sector to identify the interventions in the CDP. The sectors were finalised bas ed on the stakeholders concerns. Each of the working groups assisted in focussing on the city vision, define sectoral goals, and define strategies to achieve the goals. Thirteen working groups, comprising of eminent experts, prepared the strategies and action plans in the following key sectors: Governance Poverty alleviation and Slum Up gradation Economic Development and Livelihoods Tourism Development (regional focus) Water Supply Public Health and Sanitation Traffic and Transportation Health and Education Urban Finance Old City Regeneration a. Housing and Land use b. Gender c. Environment
A summary of the recommendations of working groups is presented in the Annexure. The CDP identified performance-monitoring/ sustainability indicators to assist the City of Visakhapatnam to review the progress of the CDP on an annual basis and to enable them in setting the agenda for the future. The process is iterative and enabled the city to review its outcomes through the identified indicators so as to make the process dynamic and in tune
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with the felt needs and requirements. The process adopted for the preparation of CDP is presented in Figure 1.1. One of the key recommendations of the city development strategy of GVMC was the preparation of Visakhapatnam Slum Upgradation Action Plan with the support of Cities Alliance. A number of consultations were held with elected representatives, poor communities and other stakeholders leading to the preparation of comprehensive strategy and action plan including investments. The CDP process is given in the Figure 1.1.
Preparation Preparation of of two two pronged pronged strategies strategies for for achieving achieving the the vision vision Reform Reform Agenda Agenda & & action action plan plan Capital Capital Investment Investment program program
Prioritization Prioritization of of Sectors Sectors for for intervention intervention Water Water Supply Supply & & Sewerage Sewerage Storm Storm Water Water Traffic and Transportation Traffic and Transportation Solid Solid Waste Waste Management Management Sectoral Sectoral vision vision formulation formulation
Before the formation of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in 2005, Gajuwaka, now a constituent of the Corporation, was a separate municipality. Gajuwaka municipality prepared municipal action plans adopting consultative and participative processes under Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP), Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project (APURMSP) and Rajiv Nagara Bata (RNB). As such the prepararion of municipal action plans through consultations was internalised in the municipality even before it became part of the GVMC. Later two programmes are also under implementation in the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation as well. As such the participatory praocessess were internalized in the GVMC through these development programmes. The participatory process under APURMSP and RNB involved two consultations with stakeholders, which included government departments, members of the council, members of committees, representatives of CBOs, SHGs, civil society, business and trade, economics, media and the urban poor. One third of the participants were women. The discussions during consultations facilitated identification of needs, their prioritization and preparation of an accepted development plan for the city focusing on the poor. Working groups on governance reforms, infrastructure and urban poor supported these consultations and the deliberations of these groups also provided inputs to the consultative process. Under Rajiv Nagara Bata, a convergence programme launched by the state government, GVMC prepared a citywide action plan through consultative process with the key stakeholders covering all sections of the society to identify the felt needs of the town and prioritize them through consensus. These consultations were conducted during June October 2005 and the stakeholders were engaged in consultations in rapid assessment of
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needs, feedback, prioritisation and implementation of policies and programmes. The rapid assessment and feedback process of consultations and preparation of report is given in the figure 1.2. Apart from the city wide consultations detailed discussion with members of civil society, poor and vulnerable sections of the society and the municipal staff were carried out through focus group discussions. The purpose of these group discussions was to dovetail the identified action plan proposals and to come up with implementation mechanism. Based on these consultations RAFT reports were prepared and it is under implementation. Figure 1.2 RAFT Process
VUDA prepared a draft master plan for the Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Area in 2005 based on extensive consultations, which are mandatory in the preparation and finalisation of master plan. In the consultaions in the Greater Visakhapatnam area elected representatives and local people participated. In addition, a large number of meetings were held with various government agencies engaged in the provision of infrastructure and specific suggestions received. These consultations began in 2001 and went on for nearly two years. The draft was revised in 2005 through a similar consultative process. The draft was submitted to the Government for approval.
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The Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam, prior to its constitution as Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in 2005 has a jurisdiction of 111 square kilometers with a population of 9.69 lakhs as per the 2001 census while the Visakhapatnam Urban Agglomeration covered approximately 5.3 square kilometers with a population of 13.62 lakhs. The government of Andhra Pradesh has reconstituted the Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam in the year 2005 by extending the jurisdiction and by merging the adjoining municipality and panchayats. The reconstituted Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has an area of 515 square kilometers with a population of 14.5 million. Thus the GVMC is representative of the urban agglomeration in terms of area as well as population. The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority has a jurisdiction of 1701 square kilometers and covers a poulation of 22.02 lakhs. Table 2.1 gives the details.
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Table 2.1: Population by Major Geographical Units Sl Geographical unit Area no. (Sq.kms) 1 Municipal Corporation Vizag 111 (MCV) Prior to 2005 2 Visakhapatnam Urban 503 Agglomeration (VUA) (approx) 3 Greater Visakha Municipal 515 Corporation (GVMC) After 2005 4 Visakhapatnam Urban 1701 Development Authority (VUDA) Source: census 2001
components M.corp MCV, Gajuwaka + 6 outgrowths MCV+ gajuwaka + 32 villages Visakhapatnam dist + part of Vizianagaram district
22.02
2.2.
DEMOGRAPHY
Visakhapatnam is currently ranked as the second largest urban agglomeration in Andhra Pradesh. The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) consists of the Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam (MCV), 32-merged Villages and the erstwhile Gajuwaka Municipality. The population of Vizag urban agglomeration increased from 1.05 million in 1991 to 1.32 million in 2001. The growth of population was more than 80% during 1971-81 and 37.11% during 1991-2001. Due to formation of GVMC and merger of surrounding villages, several well established urban components of the city are located within the GVMC. The details of population of the Municipal Corporation Visakhapatnam and now functioning as the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation are given in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Population Trends Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Component Area (Sq km)) 2001 Greater Visakha 111 Municipal Corporation VUDA 1701 2006 540 1701 Population (Lakhs) 2001 9.69 22.02 2006 14.5 26.21 Density (Persons/Sq.km) 2001 8765 1293 2006 2685 1540
The Viskhapatnam city is growing faster than any other city in the state over the last two decades. The Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has grown faster than Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Hyderabad between the years 1991-2001. The population density is more than Chennai. A distinctive feature of population growth is that it is takoing place both within and outside the core area. Thus, the population growth in Vizag is quite high as given in Figure 2.2 and this would necessitate long term planning and significant investments for improved service delivery.
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Visakhapatnam Population has grown rapidly and is amongst the most densely populated cities
Decadal Population Growth in Major Urban Agglomeration (1991-2001)
51.9% 36.2% 41.5% 30.3% 25.7% 37.0% 31.8% 19.3% 29.5% 20.0% 19.9% 4.1% 18.5% 9.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% UA Municipal Corporation
Delhi
Mumbai
24
Bglore.
Delhi
11.9
Vizag
Vizag
21
Hyd.
Hyderabad
19
Mumbai
Blore
16
Kolk.
Kolkata
11
Chen.
Chennai
0 10 20 30 40
Figure 2.3 Comparative Decadal Growth Rates of Vizag with other surrounding Figure 2.3: Population Growth in GVMC and Surrounding Municipalities Muicipalities
Most of the growth is concentrated in vizag city area and there is no substantial growth in other municipalities compared to Vizag
Decadal Population Growth Rates in Municipal areas under VUDA (1981-2001)
2 0 0 % 1 9 8 1 -9 1 1 9 9 1 -0 1 1 6 0 %
1 2 0 %
8 0 %
7 5 %
4 0 %
3 7 % 2 5 %
m u n ip a tn
2 %
1 0 %
1 5 %
2 0 % 1 1 %
tn
ra
in
0 %
ll
iz
is
Note: CT refers to Census Tow n, M refers to Municipality Source: Census of India (1991 and 2001)
A key feature of population growth in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is that the people living in surrounding areas, especially from the near by districts are migrating in search of livelihoods owing to rapid fast growth of industrialisation to the city of Visakhapatnam. Comparative to other surrounding Municipalities of Vijayanagaram, Anakapalli and Bimunipatnam the decadal population growth in Vizag City is phenomenal during the year 1991-01 at 75% compared to Vijayanagaram at 37.2%, Anakapalli at 15% and Bhimunipatnam 20%. (Figure 2.3)
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Table 2.3: Population Projections Component Municipal Corporation VUDA Area (sq.km) 2001 111 1701 2006 540 1701 Total Population (in lakhs) Density (Population / sq. km) 2001 2006 2011 9.69 2021 2001 2006 2685 1540 2011 3075 1797 2021 5537 2057
Components of Growth An analysis of composition of population growth indicates that natural growth contributed about 70 percent while migration contributed 30 percent between the years 1981-1991. However, the contribution of natural growth has come down significantly in the years 19912001 to 47 percent, mainly due to jurisdictional change. The contribution of migration has come down from 30 to 20 percent. This indicates that the urban growth in GVMC will take place even if measures are taken to control migration. Hence long term and strategic planning is necessary to promote equitable economic growth and service delivery. Table 2.4 gives the details on composition of population growth. Table 2.4: Composition of Growth Composition Year Natural increase In-migration Jurisdictional Total increase Population increase during 1981-91 1,38,000 47,360 0 1,85,360 % of total 70% 30% 0% 100% 1991-2001 2,32,000 73,200 1,70,000 4,75,200 % of total 47% 20% 33% 100%
One of the key reasons for inadequate service delivery outcomes in GVMC is the overlapping arrangements in functions, roles and responsibilities of the institutions resulting in poor accountability. The absence of an effective coordination mechanism, amongst city and state level agencies has implications for orderly spatial development, coordinated infrastructure provision, local economic growth, development management, service delivery and expenditure effectiveness. There is an urgent need to ensure spatial and functional integration of service delivery process through innovative institutional arrangements for achieving better service outcomes. There is a need for widespread reform in governance and service delivery framework with a focus on city integration and co-ordination.
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2.2.3. Literacy
Census figures for 1991 & 2001 for Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation and the rest of the state reveal that general literacy and female literacy have improved. Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation leads in literacy in Andhra Pradesh, with 76.60% in 2001. Male literacy in the agglomeration is approximately 83.46%, while female literacy is considerably lower at 69.59%. table 2.5 Table 2.5: Literacy Rate Year 1971 1981 1991 2001 Percentage of Literates Male 61.59 65.57 71.99 83.46 Female 39.77 45.65 57.56 69.59 Total 51.12 55.96 65.00 76.60
Demography: Emerging Issues and Concerns Visakhapatnam has experienced high growth in population and the same trend is expected to continue over the next two decades. It is projected that by 2021 Visakhapatnam would emerge as one of the major cities in the country. Most of this growth would take place in Greater Visakhapatnam area away from the city core. However, this has serious implications for service delivery both for city core as well as peripheral areas since the traffic and population flows occur between them. This calls for integrated planning of Greater Visakhapatnam with a focus on equitable provision of services to all the areas and all the sections of the population.
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2.3.
ECONOMY
2.3.1 Background The economic impetus in Visakhapatnam over the past three decades has provided numerous employment opportunities, which are clearly visible in the population growth rates for the past three decades. The demographic trends of growth essentially follow the geographical expansions, which were the result of various developmental initiatives in the infrastructure and on the industrial front. During the first quarter of the century', a very slow increase is recorded as there was no major event except the opening of the East Coast Railway line. During the second quarter of the century, a steady rise is recorded till Independence was observed, with the establishment of major institutions. A significant growth of the city after partition, which lasted during the third quarter of the century, is due to the development of port activities and industrialization. The new industrial policy declared by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2005 gives boost to new investors who are willing to invest in Andhra Pradesh. Visakhapatnam is the district of plentiful opportunities. The City having an investment of Rs. 20,000 Crores is the industrial capital of the State. The City is recognised as the fifth-fastest growing "Industrial Metropolis" in the Asian subcontinent and the fastest growing industrial city on the East coast of India strategically located midway between Calcutta and Chennai. The areas of economic growth are indicated in Figure 2.6 Figure 2.6 Areas of Economic Growth
The geographical advantage with a natural harbour and bountiful infrastructural facilities helped the city acquire industrial importance and well known place in the international market. The ideal industrial climate has led to the development of core industries .Rich deposits of iron and aluminium ores in close proximity and good rail and road connectivity and Export oriented Zones and EXIM park s present interesting possibilities for setting up major industries. The basic requirements which are necessary for establishing an industry are the power supply, raw materials, transportation facilities etc are available in Visakhapatnam and very
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large plants have come to be established in Visakhapatnam and environs. Hindustan Ship Yard, Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels factory and such others. The employment potential is 2, 00,000 workers. With its long coast line, fishing and travel and tourism is a major economic activity .There are also handful opportunity for development of brackish water, prawn culture, pisci culture since this is an export oriented and a lot of investment can be poured into it. The state as well the city government have made concerted efforts to make Visakhapatnam the second economic development hub in the areas of Information Technology Enabled Services, Pharma and Biotechnology, development of Consumer goods and Ancillary industries/Tourism after Hyderabad. Significant efforts in this direction include some of the recent projects supported by the Corporation which include Upgradation of the local Airport, setting up of VSEZ, Simhadri Power Plant, Special Economic Zone, Pharma City at Parawada, Gangavaram Port, Gems and Jewellery Park and Apparel Export Park amongst other Projects. There is a possibility of a few more manufacturing unit being located in the close proximity to the City The transport infrastructure has permitted industrial investment and growth in the region. In addition to the international and national linkages, the Corporation has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade the municipal roads and public utilities and amenities to international standards. 2.3.3 Occupational Structure According to 2001 census, the work force in Visakhapatnam city is about 3,44,729 of which maximum proportion of workers is found to be in tertiary services which includes services and trade and commerce. The services sector is the largest sector contributing 30 percent of the workforce while a significant and equal proportion of workers are found in three sectors viz. trae and commerce, manufacturing and transport and communications with 13 percent reach. A significant feature of the occupational structure is that the work force in primary sector constitutes nearly 20 percent of the total workforce. This significant presence is due to the merging of nearby villages and fishing related activities. Table 2.6: Economic Base Occupational Distribution, 2001 Occupation category Number of workers (lakh) Primary sector Household industry Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Transport, storage and communication Banking insurance Trade and business Services Total 69,792 13,943 46,137 3,829 20,289 43,847 720 44,588 1,01,584 3,44,729 % of total 20.24 4.04 13.38 1.11 5.88 12.71 0.20 12.93 29.46
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The industrial activities are one of the prime economic activities of the city. The total number of industrial units in the city stood at 1,775.Tthe total investment of this sector is about Rs. 8,021.77 crores, of which about 8,005.32 crores (99.79 per cent) is in large and medium-scale industries alone and the rest is in small-scale industries. The total work force engaged in industrial activities is about 44,275 persons, of which 30,110 per sons (68.01 per cent) are found in large and medium-scale industries and the rest in small-scale industries. Of the 55 large and medium manufacturing industries, 8 units are in the public sector, 42 in the private sector and 5 in the cooperative sector. Public sector dominates in investment and employment accounting for 85% of the investment and 68% of employment. Major public sector undertakings like Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, National Thermal Power Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Hindustan Zinc, Hindustan Shipyard, Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels are located in and around the city. Other projects in city periphery are Divi Pharmaceuticals, Thermal Power project of NTPC, Cement plants, Ancillaries of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Jindal Petrochemicals and Marine based industries. There are 23 medium to major ones in the pipeline. These basic Industries themselves have played a decisive role in facilitating the expansion of the private sector industries such as Coramandal Fertilizers, LG Polymers India Pvt. Ltd, Essar Iron Ore Pelletisation Plant, East India Petroleum Limited and Rain Calcining Limited in recent years. The minor industries include manufacturing units of rubber and plastics, coal products, gas and steam units, automobile workshops, beverages, ship breaking units, export processing zone, fishing trawlers, communications, aqua culture units, airport, port conveyer belt across the city and a host of rail lines connecting the industries for wagon movement. Around 100,000 workers live in the proximity of the industrial units. The city has one of the oldest industrial estates in the state providing sites and services for establishment of small and medium scale industries. In tune with time, APIIC has developed an Industrial Area of about 1200 acres in five Blocks in Visakhapatnam. While blocks A, B, C & D have been fully developed.
Visakhapatnam Port The Port has a natural harbour and is one of the major ports on the East Coast of India. It is o situated at the mouth of the stream Meghadrigedda, at the confluence point at 17 4134 N o latitude and 83 17-15 E longitude. The harbour is protected by Dolphins nose projecting into the sea and having low tidal range with a maximum of 1.83 mts, offers safe shelter to ships. The Visakhapatnam Port was opened to ocean going ships in October 1933. The Visakhapatnam outer harbour is Indias deepest harbour and can accommodate bulk carriers of 1.00 lakh DWT and more ships drawing up to 15.3 mts. and having a length up to 263 mts. can be accommodated at the outer harbour ore berths. The Visakhapatnam inner harbour has an entrance channel, a turning basin and 3 navigable areas known as the Northern arm, North western arm and Western arm. The construction of the harbour was taken up in 1723 and three arms formed by 1933. It has earned recognition for being one to the top ports for the export of marine products in India. The volume of seafood exports through Visakhapatnam Port has increased to 26, 637 tone in 2001 02, according to the figures compiled by the Marine products Exports Development Authority (MPEDA). Among the significant developments in the port the Fertilizer berth in the westerns arm of inner harbour, operated by the Coromondal Fertilizer Ltd has come up for modernization by installing a new ship unloaded for achieving higher productivity. Other large
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user groups include Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), and Export Processing Zone etc. The statistics indicate that all the major ports of the country handled 281 million tones of various cargoes while Visakhapatnam port handled cargoes, which is 16 percent of the all India quantum. The VPT has two harbours i.e. inner harbour and outer harbour. It also has Naval Dockyard, Shipyard and submarine yard. At Visakhapatnam Port, ships from more than 50 countries come every year with 321 days berth occupancy. The Port is obsessed by the dense urban developments and industrial development around. The employment in the port is 6909.
Gangavaram Port The State Government is establishing the new deepwater grass root port at Gangavaram adjoining the Steel Plant under Private Public Partnership and with the establishment of this port; GVMC would have two major ports functioning under its jurisdiction. It is situated at a distance of 15 km south of Visakhapatnam Port. Investment planned for the port is around Rs 20,000 million (US $400m). Construction of the first phase of the port will be completed by March 2006. Fishing Fishing is one of the major activities in the GVMC area. The export value of the fishing products in India is in crores of rupees, 70% of which is from Andhra Pradesh and major portion of this is from Visakhapatnam. It is estimated that around 6 lakh people of the state depend on fishing activity of which one fourth are in Visakhapatnam. According to an estimate, about 50 families directly or indirectly make their livelihood on each boat that goes for fishing. There are 118 primary fishermen cooperative societies. There were 2800 mechanised boats in the city. The Visakhapatnam coast is always a hub of fishing activity. A fishing harbour exists to facilitate marine fishing. There are 22 fish / prawn processing units in and around the City. These plants have cold storage capacity ranging from 5 tones to 400 tones. The fishing harbour is likely to be relocated to Bheemunipatnam to further the spatial expansion of the Port. A new fish-landing infrastructure was established at Yarada essentially to meet the requirements of fishermen from Dibbapalem and Gangavaram who have to shift their fishing activities due to the establishment of the new grass root port of Gangavaram. Commercial Activities Owing to a high degree of industrial concentration, the complementary sectors such as commercial, institutional and services sectors have also developed rapidly. The total number of commercial establishments in the city is about 20,000 units. The work force engaged in this sector is about 40,000 persons. The major categories of commercial establishments are related to food products (Rice, Tirana, Chicken, Poultry, Hotels, Restaurants and Parlours, Cloth Shops, Electronic and Consumer Products, Construction Materials, Hardware, Automobiles and Personal Services. Besides this, the wholesale trading activities also have developed substantially. The important commercial areas in the city are Velampeta, Dabagardens, Suryabagh, Dwarakanagar and Gajuwaka. Similarly the important market in the city is Poorna Market, Kurupam Market, and RTC. & TSR. Complexes. There is notable shift of commercial business district (CBD) from the then hub of the city (now old city) to multiple CBDs. The city expanded up to Poorna Market, the only commercial centre for the entire city up to 1970s. After the construction of Jagadamba Theatre, the citys
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major activities moved towards north and the commercial activity spread up to the so-called Jagadamba centre in 1970s. Thereafter the city expanded further northwards after the construction of the RTC Complex and the tallest LIC building in 1980s. The entire Dabagardens has become a hub of electronic goods trade. In 1990s, the prestigious NH5 road project brought the city shifts towards further to the north. With the proposed construction of IT towers in the old TB hospital area, the city is destined to create a hub for IT activity. The city has developed it self as a cluster of differentiated zones which could be broadly categorized as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The old town area The Waltair upland area The Jagadamba centre The RTC complex area The Beach road The Gajuwaka area The Simchalam area a fishing zone an educational zone, an entertainment Zone (cinema), a shopping zone recreation and tourism an industrial zone and a religious zone.
Institutional and Services Activities The city has all types of services and institutional activities such as Administration, Health, Education, Transport and Communication, Financial and Defence Services. The total institutional and services employment in the city is around 50,000 persons. The major institutions found in the city are: Collectorate, Zillaparishad and Municipal Corporation, King George Hospital, C.D.R. Hospital, Apollo Hospital and Seven-Hills Hospital, Andhra University, GITAM, Port Trust, Railways, R.T.C., Airport, Postal and Telecommunications, Life Insurance and Major Zonal and Regional Offices of various Banks and Corporate Offices and Head Quarters of the Eastern Naval Command in Defence Services. Tourism and Recreation Tourism is one of the emerging areas in the city in terms of attracting national and international tourists and bringing in foreign currency as well. The sector also contributes to the increasing employment opportunities. Marketing of local products, Hospitality and transport services, etc. are some of the areas of employment generation in connection with tourism. Some tourist attractions in the city are given in annexure. As the area around the city has vast potential for development of tourism, various places of historical and religious importance in the region have been taken into consideration to prepare a new theme based initiative for the development of Tourism and Recreation. It is proposed to develop the following dedicated tourism transits in this direction. The transits are the following. Buddhism transit covering various Buddhist sites area in Visakhapatnam. Religious transit covering famous religious locations. Coastal recreational transit along the coast inclusive of development of marinas Historical and heritage transit covering places of interest. Eco transits cover areas like Marsh lands an mangroves,, Zoological parks, Reserve Forests and the Eastern Ghats and marine faunal occurrences Surrounded by virgin beaches the city offers immense potential for the hospitality industry.
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Archaeological and historical monuments play a major role in enhancing the tourists experience of the City\ region. Since Archaeological preservation and the development of tourism are not mutually exclusive process, there is a strong case for the Department of Tourism facilitating preservation and protection of monuments that have not yet been taken up by the Archaeological Survey of India or by the Archaeological Department of the State. Towards this end, initiatives taken during the current year are noteworthy. Driven by the spirit of think globally but act locally, the Corporation in association with the Andhra Pradesh Tourism Department has taken up collaborative venture for preservation and enhancement of the common inheritance. 2.3.4 Key Future Economic Drivers Visakhapatnam SEZ The Government of India actively encourages the setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZ). These are specially delineated duty free enclaves for the purpose of trade and commerce, with a liberal tax, fiscal and administrative regime. The SEZ concept is designed to enable its resident units to maximize their production efficiencies through relaxed policy framework and world-class infrastructure. The Government has committed itself to the success of these zones and has come up with attractive benefits for all stakeholders in these SEZs. These include developers, operators, entrepreneurs and residents. VSEZ is located at a distance of 24 kms from the city and 15kms from the airport. The broad gauge railway line from Calcutta to Madras passes by the side of the Zone and the National Highway-5 is at a distance of 2 . 6 kms from the zone. The National Highway is connected to the Zone. The Visakhapatnam Port is located at a distance of 17kms from the Zone. The Zone is being developed in a phased manner and accordingly development of the first phase was taken u p . An extent of 163 acres of land has been taken up for development of infrastructure and other facilities in the first phase.
EXIM Park Visakhapatnam Port Trust has established an EXIM Park in 750 acres of land for the allotment of Port based industries with an objective to promote industrialization of the hinterland and to facilitate handling of export / import cargoes of various industries at this Port, and to attract more cargo. The location of the Ports EXIM Park has been chose in the existing industrial belt. The EXIM Park area is connected to National Highway linking AP with Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Tamilnadu. The EXIM Park is situated 4 kms away from the Airport, 8 kms from the railway station and it sis adjacent to the Northern arm, which is the main commercial arm of the Port. The close proximity of the EXIM Park to the Ports waterfront area enables the entrepreneurs to have greater operational flexibi9lity and to reduce transport costs. The Ports EXIM Park provides plots to various port based industries depending upon their requirements. Each industry will be allotted an area of not less than 10 acres of land. A minimum cargo throughput by way of export / import is to be guaranteed for handling at this port. GVMC (Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation) provides one million galloons per day of water to cater to the needs of the Port based industries at EXIM Park. The development of Open Stacking areas, Storage Sheds and Warehouses is also being taken up. The Port developed 20 railway lines for the Mindi Interchange Yard and 20 lines for the Sorting Yard with 5 sick lines for servicing and maintenance of locos and a comprehensive railway network to serve the proposed Open Stacking Area, Storage sheds.
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Availability of skilled manpower, cheap labour and land resources The economic development in Visakhapatnam over the past three decades offered enormous employment potential that has attracted large scale in migration, which in turn led to population growth rates of 59%, 34% and 25% respectively for the past three decades. After Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam accounts for a high share of urban population and nonagricultural workforce that is not unionised. Projections of workforce indicate an increase in the non-agricultural employment to total workforce ratio from 44% in 2001 and 50% in 2005 NSN 57% in 2010. This growth is also visible in the credits and deposits in scheduled commercial banks in the city that show higher levels of commercial transactions, industrial activity and circulation of capital.
Presence of academic/technical institutions of repute Educational and Technical institutions provide the essential infrastructure that creates and upgrade the skill sets of the workforce. In addition to this, educational intuitions themselves are responsible for spinning off industries as in the case of the Biotechnology / IT sector. The Urban local body and the State Government have recognized the importance of these engines of growth in future developmental scenarios that are envisaged and have undertaken several initiatives to upgrade the infrastructure and facilities of these institutions.
In summary, at the outset the decisive advantages \ contributory factors for economic development are shown below in Figure 2.7 Figure 2.7 Ongoing Infrastructure Upgradation projects Prime Location Good Urban Local Body
Industrial Base
The city has geographic and socio-economic advantages and these have been leveraged to promote economic development in the region. The developmental efforts are combined with efforts to create a sound institutional mechanism and to develop human resources. This helps the city to alleviate poverty and achieve balanced growth and development in the region. 2.3.5 Key Domestic Product and Per Capita Income
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The Gross Domestic product of Visakhapatnam district, of which Greater Visakha constitutes more than three fourths, has been steadily increasing from 1993-94 to 2001-02 at 101.4 %. As per the household surveys, the income per household as well as the per capita income structures is depicted as follows. Table 2.7: Gross District Domestic Product at Factor Cost (Rs Crores) At Constant Prices (1993-94) Year 1993-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 Vizag 3288 4064 4461 4488 4071 5568 5133 5775 6623 Vizag as % of A.P 5.68 6.65 6.89 6.52 6.01 7.32 6.45 6.68 7.31 A.P 57867 61114 64729 68809 67866 76116 79605 86513 90558 At Current Prices Vizag 3288 4455 5412 5835 5558 7864 7698 9271 10711 Vizag as % of A.P 5.68 6.46 6.78 6.47 5.80 6.87 6.15 6.62 7.07 A.P 57867 68923 79854 90147 95782 114937 125236 140119 151459
Table 2.8: Per Capita Income at Factor Cost (Rs) At Constant Prices (1993-94) Year 1993-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 Vizag 8265 10032 10865 10896 9628 12602 11843 13231 14709 At Current Prices A.P 7416 7711 8071 8514 8191 9144 9445 10195 10590 Vizag 8265 11024 13225 14244 13226 18345 18111 21533 24081 A.P 7416 8732 9999 11202 11650 13965 15049 16708 17916
Though the overall GDP of the GVMC is significant, it does not compare well with the GDPs of other major cities. The per capita GDP in Visakhapatnam is only 21.5, which is much lower than the per capita GDPs of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Bangalore as given in Figure 2.8. Thus; the potential of the city is under-utilised.
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Figure 2.4:Economics
Gross District Product Per Capita (2000-01)
43
39
33
33
visakhapatnam does not compare favorably with other metros, in terms of average gross district product per capita or proportion of low income households
Hyderabad Vizag
0 20
23
22
40 60
Rs. 000
Source: NCAER India Market Demographic Report 2002, State directorates of economics and statistics
2.4. SPATIAL GROWTH, PLANNING AND LAND USE. 2.4.1. Land Use Structure:Land use break-up in GVMC indicates that in 2002 8.33% constituted residential area and 4.56% of land was under industrial. The area under hills and forests and the area under agricultural activity constitutes major chunk of the land. The residential area is expected to increase in the GVMC region to 12.17% by 2021. Similarly the industrial area is expected to increase to 7% by 2021 from 4.56% in 2002. An analysis of spatial growth pattern in the past as well as the future indicates stagnation of growth in the old town area and the city is growing industrially towards Anakapalle and residentially towards Bheemunipatnam. There is a need to plan infrastructure investments corresponding to the growth pattern. As the city is witnessing Urban sprawl planning should precede development to pave way for plan need development. Figure 2.9 Land Use Structure of GVMC 2001
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2.4.2 Initial Development Plan for Visakhapatnam, 1970:Till 1970 development in Visakhapatnam was confined to the Port area, getting as a focal point in the growth of the city mainly in terms of industrial development and as a shipyard. Today, the port has emerged as one of the largest in India export mainly consisting of ironore, and imports mainly consisting of petroleum products. In the last decade development of residential strip along the coastal stretch is witnessed. It has been accompanied by institutional and recreational uses. The main corridor of development included areas along the NH- 5 and Visakhapatnam Bheemili Beach Road. At present, Visakhapatnam is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh, a sprawling industrial city and one of the emerging metropolises. The spatial growth of the city has been restricted in the North, Yerada hill range on the south, extensive Bay of Bengal occupying the East, Port Swamp area covering 3000 hectares within the city and also defence areas, airport and hills. The initial Plan was approved by the Govt of AP to the Visakhapatnam city in the name of General Town Planning Scheme in the year 1970 vide GO.Ms.No: 703 HH and MA Dt: 29.08.70 and the important feature of the plan was to provide a framework for balance growth and development. The plan was devoted not only for physical aspects but also on the social infrastructure including development of good road network.
2.4.3. Master Plan for Visakhapatnam, 1989:After setting up Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, the city of Vizag experienced spurt in its growth and several ancillary units also have come up in the vicinity of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. Accordingly the APIIC took initiative in acquiring large chunks of land in the vicinity of Stall Plant to facilitate planned growth in industrial front. The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA) constituted under in AP Urban Areas (Development) Act 1975 took initiative and prepared Zonal Development Plans for Visakhapatnam city and Master Plan for the entire VMR region which was sanctioned by the Govt of AP in GO.Ms.No: 274 MA, Dt: 23.05.89. Apart from preparation of Master Plan for the entire VMR region Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA) prepared Zonal Development Plan for Visakhapatnam, Gajuwaka, Anakapalle, Bheemunipatnam and Rushikonda areas which have been approved by the govt to promote and facilitate planned development not only in urban centres but also in the entire development area. Despite preparation of Master Plan and Zonal Development Plan it so happened that in some of the areas such as Gajuwaka, Vepagunta etc. there was no plan need development, as a result of which there were several unauthorized colonies and in several parts of VMR developments have taken plan contrary to the Master Plan.
2.4.4. Revision of the Master Plan 2021:The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority revised its Master Plan in 2004 for the target year 2021 with a view to make Visakhapatnam a planned city with sound and equitable planning. Considering the growth pattern the Master Plan, which was prepared for VMR, proposed town ship developments in potential areas. Similarly, in respect of transportation sector provision has been for LRTS in the Master Plan. The Govt initiatives to develop tier two cities for IT and other purposes have also been taken into consideration while preparing the Master Plan for the VMR region. Sufficient care has been taken in the Master Plan to maintain ecological balance and also to protect fragile coastal stretches in the region. The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA) has also prepared and submitted Zonal Development Plans for Visakhapatnam, Gajuwaka, Anakapalle, Bheemili and
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Vizianagaram, which are in the vicinity of sprawling Visakhapatnam city. After taking into consideration various developmental activities that have taken place in Vizag and its vicinity the Govt with view to ensure plan development issued orders and created Greater Visakha Municipal Corporation in GO.Ms. No: 938 MA, Dt: 21.11.05 duly merging Gajuwaka Municipality and 32 other potential settlements.
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Chapter-III
3.1.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
In Visakhapatnam a number of institutions are involved in the governance of the city. Some of them were established through Acts of legislature and others are part of states governance framework. The institutions established by law are given in table below. Table 3.1: Table Showing the Institutions established by Law Agency Legislation Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA) Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act 1979 Andhra Pradesh Urban (Dev.) Act 1975 Water (protection and control of pollution) Act, 1974
The GVMC is governed by two important legislations viz., Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act 1979 and the latter Act extends to all the 14 municipal corporations in the state. The Acts specify the governance framework, the spatial jurisdiction and the functional domain of the GVMC. The VUDA is an important planning and development agency. But the corporation and urban development authority have to work in harmony for better development outcomes.
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Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management Slum improvement and upgradation Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, play grounds Burials and burial ground; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals Vital statistics including registration of births and death Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
In 2004 the Government after a review of functions of urban local bodies, transferred five more functions to the urban local bodies through government orders. They are: Planning for economic and social development Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects Urban Poverty alleviation Safeguarding the interest of weaker sections including the handicapped and mentally retarded Promotion of cultural and aesthetic aspects.
The Government decided that the remaining function i.e. Fire Services should remain with the state government and will be transferred after a review later. Though the five functions were transferred, they have no statutory basis. There are several issues in the transfer of functions of state agencies to the local bodies. Transfer of functions need follow up legislation, institutional capacity of the local bodies, financial resources, etc., which come in the way of transfer of these functions to the urban local bodies. It is also expected that the transfer of functions will be followed by transfer of officials as well as resources. However, transfer has not happened in the state thereby leaving the transferred functions only on paper.
3.2.
The functioning of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is controlled by the two main wings. The first wing consists of the General Body and the committees like Standing Committee, Ward committees. These are mainly responsible for formulating the policies and other administrative matters, which are referred to the administrative wing according to the provisions of the Act. The organisation chart is given at the figure 5.1. The second wing is the administrative wing, which is headed by the Municipal Commissioner. The Commissioner is a civil servant belonging to the Indian Administrative Service of the Government of India. He controls the working of various departments and implements the policies formulated by elected representatives.
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COMMISSIONER
AUDIT SECTION
IT SERVICES SECTION
CITY PLANNER
DIRECTOR URBAN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH Urban Community Development Vizag Public Health Sanitation Wing Anti Malaria Wing Medical and Health Wing Veterinary Wing Vital Records Wing Food Hygiene Wing VPH Engineering Wing
CHIEF ENGINEER
VIZAG WATER
General Cell Dispatch Cell Election Cell Legal Cell Secretary Cell Media Cell
Works Wing
Projects Wing
Projects Divisions(3)
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sanction works up to Rs. 20.00 Lakhs and also look after the Office of Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in accordance with the provisions of the HMC Act as an Administrator. The administration is organised into seven departments. They are: Health and Sanitation Department Engineering Department Parks, Leisure and Cemeteries (PL&C) Department Town Planning Department Urban Community Development Department Revenue Department Accounts Department
For providing efficient and effective services to the community, the administration has been decentralized. The city is divided into six zones and zonal offices have been delegated both powers and functions. Officer of the rank of Assistant Commissioner heads these zones. This facilitates greater access to the citizens closer to them.
3.3.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Institutional framework can be discussed at two levels viz. internal administrative structure and the agencies external to the ULBs but connected with them in development and service delivery. Apart from GVMC, a number of government institutions are associated with the governance of Vizag. They include:
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State government Agencies: Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP) Medical and Health Department Revenue Department Social Welfare Department R&B Department Home Department Parastatals: Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA) AP State Highways Authority AP State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) AP Transmission Corporation (AP Transco) AP Housing Board (APHB) AP Pollution Control Board (APPCB) AP Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (APIIC) The Organogram 2 (figure 3.2) gives an overview of state level agencies operating in GVMC. Each of the institutions listed above have specific functions and liase with local government institutions in planning the provision of infrastructure and delivery of services. Thre are several central government agencies which have impact on the management and delivery of services in the city. The Figure 3.3 and Table 3.2 give an indicative list of governance institutions in the city along with their functions and jurisdictions. The role of private sector in GVMC is given in table 3.3. In the absence of a coordinating agency, there are several constraints in the integrated and comprehensive planning and delivery of services. Interdepartmental coordination is one of the prominent issues and conflict that are becoming difficult to address or resolve even at the level of heads of the service delivery agencies. It is observed that the citizen is often concerned with the quality of service rather than who is delivering the service. The service delivery often suffers because more than one agency is involved and there is no mechanism for ensuring inters agency coordination. Figure 3.2 Organogram2: State Level Agencies
STATE STATE GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT CENTRAL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT
Others Others
Health and Family Welfare Education Departments Civil Supplies
Home Home
Transport, Transport, roads roads and and buildings buildings dept dept Roads Roads & & Buildings Buildings AP AP Road Road Dev.Corp Dev.Corp AP AP State State Road Road Transport Transport
Municipal Municipal Affairs Affairs & & Urban Urban Development Development Department Department
Indian Indian Navy Navy Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Port Port Trust Trust
GVMC GVMC
VUDA VUDA
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To illustrate, there are a number of agencies dealing with road infrastructure both construction and service delivery, and there is no clear distinction of scope. This is clear from the Figure 3.4. Road management is a key co-ordination issue and it can be built and maintained but the multiplicity in agencies involved making the task difficult. Road infrastructure development could suffer due to lack of co-ordination between agencies. As a consequence, the traffic and transportation in the city faces uphill tasks with increased travel time, traffic congestion etc. Figure 3.3: Role and responsibilities inter relationship of various Department
Pollution Control Urban Planning, Development and control Tax Collections Law and Order
Government Body
Jurisdiction
Fire Service
Road Infra
Transport
Electricity
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Vizag Urban Development Authority Andhra Pradesh Transco A.P.Eastern Power Distribution Co. Postal and Telegraphs Department Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Road and Building Department AP Pollution Control Board Indian Railways Vizag Port Trust Naval Area Police NHAI
Coordination
Municipal Limits Urban Development Area Entire Metropolitan Area Central District of AP Entire State Entire State Entire State Entire State Entire State Municipal Limits Municipal Limits Municipal Limits Entire Country
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Maintenance of city Responsible for road cutting roads, flyovers and permissions but lacks connecting roads enforcement powers for quality and time for restoration
VUDA
Takes on construction of flyovers on specific projects such as Mega city. Also constructs roads in area where it develops and sells residential plots Takes on construction Responsible for of connecting roads, road maintenance highways connecting roads and highways Responsible for road cutting permissions for highways
APCPDCL and telecom players often need to dig up roads for maintenance of their own infrastructure
3.4.
The city governance is characterized by multiplicity of agencies. This results in lack of inter department coordination which is a serious roadblock plaguing the municipal governance. The agencies have their own priorities, procedures, lines of accountability, financing patterns, which often may not be in conformity with those of GVMC. The critical issues that emerge from the existence of multiple agencies include: Spatial and functional fragmentation Overlapping functions Multiple accountability lines High service delivery gaps, and Increasing urban poverty These and other key challenges are discussed below.
Lack of Clarity in Local Functions The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 envisages that the functions listed in the 12 schedule be entrusted to elected municipalities. This is with a view to minimise ambiguities and overlapping of functions between local bodies and other authorities. However, in practice, several agencies are responsible for the functions and in some cases, local bodies have no role.
th
Inter-Institutional Conflicts Inter-jurisdictional and inter-institutional conflicts between public service planners and providers are common in city administration. District heads of departments and heads of parastatals are required to coordinate their works on a day-to-day basis. The large number of departments, institutions, local authorities, agencies and officers undertaking similar, related or over-lapping functions or functions that are not clearly defined lead to conflicts in operation.
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Moreover, the various agencies operate over the same or overlapping jurisdictions and are not in a position to fully understand or evaluate the backward and forward linkages associated with these functions. Inter-institutional externalities, which occur abundantly in city economies, account for most problems of city management. They call for effective coordination and mitigation mechanisms to be put in place. Managerial Coordination Issues As discussed earlier, GVMC has a strong presence of the State Government Departments and several parastatals, Central Government agencies including Indian Navy, Visakahapatnam Port Trust, Airport Authority of India, East Coast Railways, Archaeological Survey of India, urban and rural local bodies and a strong presence of civil society organizations. Thus, there are many managers connected with city service delivery and infrastructure and management. All these make the task of city management highly complex and difficult. In addition to general coordination between urban and rural local authorities, there are several inter-departmental and inter-institutional coordination issues, which arise, in day-to-day administration of the city area.
There is a need to address these institutional and other challenges to provide good governance to the city. Unless the roadblocks are removed, economic development gets hampered and efficient service delivery becomes difficult. This adversely impacts the community - particularly the poor. There is need, therefore, to streamline the governance framework, remove the roadblocks and strengthen the lines of accountability. The governance reforms become all the more critical in the context of Visakhapatnam becoming more competitive and investment destination. The problems become complex in the context of formation of GVMC with spatial expansion and increase in population. The city should offer high quality services and promote inclusiveness and citizen friendly governance institutions. The institutional strategies required include: Establishing clear lines of accountability of all service delivery agencies, and Constituting autonomous service delivery agencies in different sectors like water and sanitation, transport, roads, solid waste management etc. Performance based memorandum of understanding between the corporation and various service delivery agencies focussing on targets and outcomes.
Within this overall framework institutional and implementation mechanisms need to be worked out. They include: Establishing a Reform Monitoring Unit as a oversight body to monitor the reforms underway and being proposed; Strengthening local government capacities by outsourcing the project management and M&E functions; Establishing appraisal institutions and processes;
The institutional and governance reform strategies include; th Strengthening decentralisation 74 CAA Evolving inclusive governance mechanisms Institutional integration Evolving partnerships for service delivery Establishing coordination mechanisms to overcome fragmentation
spatial
and
functional
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3.5.
REFORMS
Analysis of state & city Reforms and Change are critical elements in development process; they become more significant in urban development in the context of growth of cities and consequent pressure on infrastructure and services, growth of poverty, etc. this is compounded by institutional constraints like in capacity, fragmented structures, functional overlaps and dated processes and procedures. In addition, there has been a paradigm shift in governance from the traditional top-down model. As a result governance reforms have become imperative for efficient delivery of services, provision and maintenance of infrastructure and to provide efficient and responsive governance to the people. Recognizing the significance of reforms to provide efficient and effective governance, government of Andhra Pradesh has initiated and implementing several urban sector reforms during the last few years. Similarly the urban local bodies particularly the municipal corporations have initiated city specific reforms to improve governance. State Level Reforms The reforms initiated at the state level fall under three categories namely 74th CAA, Governance and Pro-poor. They are discussed below: 74th CAA Reforms related to 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA) Development State Urban Development & Poverty Reduction Strategy Governance Establishment of Strategy Performance and Innovation Unit (SPIU) Citizen charters E-Governance initiatives Outsourcing of services Developing partnerships in service delivery Rationalization of municipal staffing Preparation of common municipal act for corporation and municipalities Simplification of planning regulations Framework for solid waste management Rationalization of stamp duty
Pro-poor Preparation of municipal actions plans for poverty reduction by ULBs Affordable water supply connection to BPL families New citizen friendly street vendor policy Notification of slums Urban good governance The goal of good governance is provide, transparent, accountable and responsive government and to ensure that the citizens have a strong voice and role in the governance of their city. GVMC has initiated several innovatitive measures to provide good governance. The Corporation is in the process of enacting other measures to increase public participation in policy making and private sector in service delivery to improve accountability, transparency and efficiency in service delivery. The functions and urban good governance initiatives instituted GVMC are detailed.
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E-seva Saukaryam E-seva Saukaryam initiated in 1999 is GVMCs effort to improve access to information, accountability and transparency in services. The project, which has been implemented through public private partnership, is offering a whole gamut of civic services online. These range from providing facilities for payment of dues to the lodging of public grievances and the system of work sanctions. Some of the Services provided by the online facility are summarized below Birth registration, Birth certification Death registration, Death certification Building plan registration, Building plan approval Tap connection registration Tender schedule, EMD registration Well / Bore well registration, Sewerage connection registration Commercial water tax collection Property tax collection Shop lease / rent collection Tap charge collection Trade license Vacant land tax Complaints registration Advertisement tax collection New Passbook issue Contractor registration Electricity charges
The project is now being implemented in several other municipalities, and the corporation has applied for patent for it. The website of GVMC allows citizens to see their property dues, access their births and death, provides information about infrastructure works being undertaken by the Corporation and the status of various tender notices, building applications, complaints or grievances etc. The website also provides general information about the weather, local news, tourist areas, train and bus timings etc and hosts a virtual meeting place for citizens to discuss issues related urban governance and also provides citizens with the opportunity to have online conversations with the Commissioner and the Mayor. City Civic Centres A One Stop Civic Shop To provide Internet access to all citizens, GVMC has established a computerized City Civic Center, which acts an outlet for citizens to have access to the civic services. The Civic Center has string of computers on the network and allows citizens to avail facilities like getting a death / birth certificates file a water tap/ drainage connection request apply for building plan approval lodge a complaint / grievance, make miscellaneous payments and everything which requires physical presence and cant be transacted on the net through website. The popularity of the Civic Center can be gauged by the fact that not less than 500 persons visit it everyday. The results have been stupendous. The complete networking and computerization enables the Corporation to get real time demand / collection statements improving tax collection efficiency increasing revenue by Rs 200 million during 2002-03 alone which the Corporation has used to extend more civic services. Over 2000 people make use of this facility every day either through the banking network through the City Civic Center or through the Internet. There are over 45000 registered users for the Corporation web site while the
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civic center receives over 200 citizens every day reflecting its popularity across the range of communities. The project has been declared as the pilot project for municipal governance and is being replicated in various municipalities and corporation across the state and other parts of the country. Visakhaptanm Municipal Corporation has also applied for its patenting and has entered into a memorandum of understanding with a private company for the international marketing of this product. The project has already branched out into other areas of utility payments like telephone bills and registration and has tied up with electricity department for collection of bills on line. This initiative bagged several wards such NIUA, UNDP, CSI, CRISIL and also a finalist for Stockholm Challenges award. Systematic Database Realizing the need for a systematic database for good governance, GVMC has invested in a Geographic Information System mapping program to provide geo-spatial information of all utilities and services. Tariff Revisions During 2003, GVMC revised its water and sewerage tariffs and indexed them to internalize inflation. This measure was enacted through a consensus driven approach where all the stakeholders were involved in the decision making processes and is considered to be one of the most progressive steps taken by GVMC Augmentation of Water Supply GVMC has undertaken proactive measures for augmenting the water supply system through the Visakhapatnam Industrial Water Supply Project (VIWSP). GVMC will be making investments to the tune of Rs 1675 million in the current financial year in VIWSP and will be creating infrastructure to off take water and transmit it to the City after treatment. This measure would facilitate GVMC to achieve its goal of providing citizens with water twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. PPP Formulation To improve service delivery, GVMC has initiated PPP for street light maintenance, parks, sanitation, etc. GVMC has also identified priority city wide projects like water, drainage, roads and schools which will also be enacted through Public Private Partnerships in partnership with APIIC and IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IIDC). As a part of the project development for these projects, GVMC is undertaking a service deficit survey through the AP Productivity Council. The survey would provide valuable information for creating a Comprehensive Action Plan. B. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION Involvement of Resident Welfare Associations To improve sanitation at Primary level, the involvement of Resident Welfare Associations is initiated in Visakhapatnam. Such an association has come forward in MVP colony which is one the biggest colonies consisting of 12 sectors to improve the sanitation with their involvement. Similar initiatives is in progress with very good results in Daspalla layout. The resident welfare associations have agreed to take up the maintenance of parks in their localities and also to involve themselves in the sanitation through EXONORA.
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Prakruthi Initiative An Organization Prakruthi has been established wherein representatives of all the major industries, Public sector Organizations, Non Governmental Organizations and Officers representing various Departments are members. The Organization functions under the Chairmanship of Chairman, Visakhapatnam Port Trust and the Commissioner of Visakhapatnam civic body is the Member Secretary. Prakruthi launches every year massive th tree plantation programme on 15 July to promote Environmental Greening Initiative with active participatory involvement of all the members of Prakruthi. To date over 200,000 trees are planted and being maintained in the city along the various avenues as well as part of industrial green belts. Public Private Partnership Parks To ensure maintenance of environmental greening level, the civic body itself maintains major parks while a number of parks are being maintained through Public Private Partnership. Similarly for solid waste management also private participation is being encouraged through resident welfare associations. New Institutional Arrangements The increasing urbanization has resulted in growing challenges and pressures, where urban local bodies are required to undertake several new functions, deal with the problems of growing information sector, meet the demands of increasing the population base and adapt to newer technologies in information and communication amongst other things. At the same time, the sources of revenue collected in the form of taxes, assessments and levies that have not increased proportionately with the population. Therefore, to enable GVMC to meet these challenges, the following exercises are being carried out Review of governance in Visakhapatnam vis a vis ICT, HRD and Urban Finance Analyzing the effects of re cent initiatives by the GVMC Formulate specific action plans that facilitate GVMC in attaining the goal of good governance. The Studies will assist the GVMC to initiate improvements in the following areas Human Resource development and skill augmentation of the GVMC employees Improving the outreach and interface of existing programs Networking to improve inter departmental information flows Strengthening and augmenting the Corporations sources of revenue Lessons Learnt Several lessons were learnt from the reform initiatives. They include: Vernacular language should be introduced in all the transactions of the corporation as well as in to the computerization programme. Launch data warehousing on a large scale, which would avoid cross-reference to paper record, which are time consuming and also preservation of paper media, which occupies space, could be avoided. Establish linkages with a GIS System so that spatial approaches could be assigned to stakeholders requirements and grievances. Publish white papers on various activities of the corporation and need not be necessarily restricted to financial aspects. Undertake capacity building exercises in the corporation as well as in the various offices distributed all over the city in respect of physical and human resources through training programmes to make the personnel change their mind set and to make them appreciate that the Stake holders are the bosses. Establish a knowledge bank, which would store the expertise and experience gained by the employees in implementation of the initiative.
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SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis has been undertaken to assess on the negative and positive aspects of the implementation of reforms. It involves analyzing the internal positive (strengths) and negative (weakness) aspects of an organization and considering these in relation to aspects of the external environment both the positive aspects (or opportunities) and negative aspects (or threats). The figure gives the details of the swot analysis.
Strengths Industrially developed area Proper maintenance of records Less expenditure on establishment Spacious office accommodation
Weakness Lack of training programmes to the staff Lack of trained staff in all sections Inadequate staff to the selection grade Municipality Lack of motivation to the employees Threats Due to heavy industrialization migration to the town is very high Lack of inter departmental coordination and understanding Less staff in revenue section No updating of DRs and ADRs taking to aBTumulation of arrears without collection. No proper information on assessments No proper records on municipal assets Improper tax collection systems Enhancing the taxes at irregular intervals causing incontinence among the public Lack of modern technical equipment in various sections No exposure to staff in modern technical and scientific methods Dissatisfaction among public due to problems in water supply
Opportunities Staff interested to undergo training Availability of active community organizations NHCs active in Government programmes Cooperation of MLAs, MPs, Councilors and people representatives Partial computerization of revenue section Major part of the town oBTupaid industries Manor revenue generated industries like Zinc, BHPV, Steel Plant, VEPZ etc., with in the Municipal limits. Scope of getting major vehicle parking fee due to heavy vehicles from industries Major revenue improvement due to detailed survey on D&O Trades Revenue improvement due to implementation of vacant land tax Service delivery Partial privatisation of various services like sanitation water system etc.,
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Chapter IV
4. Municipal Infrastructure
4.1. INFRASTRUCTURE
The City of Visakhapatnam is one of the largest Municipal Corporations in India and delivers services to about 1.5 million residents spread across a huge geographical area of 515 Sq.km. There has been a significant migration into the city owing to continuing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Over 500 poor settlements have come into existence and under a policy of promotion of social Justice, the civic administration has taken steps to upgrade them with a provision of water supply, street lighting paved roads, drainage and sewerage. This level of growth will not only open new opportunities for the city and its residents, but will also bring enormous change and new challenges in improving public health and sanitation. The following is the status in brief in respect of Infrastructure in the GVMC covering Water Supply, Transportation network, Underground Drainage, Storm water drains, and Municipal Solid Waste disposal. Table 4.1: State of the Infrastructure Drinking Water Water Availability Installed capacity 37 mgd Released/daily 37 mgd Source of water supply 50-100 sq.km. Water coverage Population covered by public water supply 30 % per capita supply : 62 lpcd Supply of duration : 0.45 hrs Wastewater Disposal Wastewater generated daily: 67.5 mld Disposal (underground sewerage) Capacity: 25 mld Present operating capacity: 10 mld Households connected to underground sewerage: 6 % Solid waste Waste generation daily : 650 tones/day Collection daily: 650 tones/day Stormwater Drainage Annual rainfall 1080 cm Length of stormwater drains 1400 km Roads and Road Municipal Roads 1120 km Transport C.C.Roads 150 km B.T.Roads 750 km Kutcha Roads 220 km State-level roads - 100 km Public transport Buses 1500 Bus capacity/passengers : A capacity of 60,000 seats with moving 3.9 lakh people daily @ 6032 trips/day covering 1.37 lakh km daily Private registered vehicles 3,50,000 2 wheelers - 2,40,000 4 wheelers - 60,000 Others - 50,000 Street lighting Number : 46,000 Area Coverage: 80 %
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Table 4.3: Level of Agreegate Investment in Urban Infrastructure, 2001/02 to 2004/05 Infrastructure Public investment Private investment (Rs. Crore) (Rs. Crore) Water Supply 100 Sewerage and drainage 25 Solid waste 10 Roads (municipal) 90 Street lighting 3 Storm water drainage 5 Total 233 Urban growth both spatially and population wise puts heavy pressure on infrastructure, particularly water supply, sewerage, solid waste, sanitation, road network, traffic and transportation etc., unless infrastructure in improved, quality of life suffers. Most importantly, it impacts economic development of the city and investment climate. This chapter presents current status of infrastructure, gaps and future requirements strategies and investment requirements in the areas of water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, traffic and transportation.
4.2.
WATER SUPPLY
The GVMC is responsible for supply of potable water including planning, design, construction, implementation, maintenance, operation & management of water supply and sewerage system. The existing facilities have been critically assessed. Some have been found to be designed an / or constructed that they have to be replaced and following deficiencies have been arrived at based on the SWOT analysis. Insufficient distribution network Insufficient infrastructure Lack of water audits Lack of energy Audits Lack of reuse facilities Storm water drains and utilization.
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The City was initially receiving 0.4 mgd of water from the Mudasarlova reservoir with subsequent additions of 3.60 mgd from Gosthani, 9.00 mgd from Thatipudi, 9.00 mgd from Mehadrigedda reservoir and 15.0 mgd from Raiwada and Yeleru systems totaling 37.00 mgd of water. The other sources of supply are the reservoirs built on minor streams like Gambheeram and others All these sources are rain fed reservoirs. The failure of monsoon makes the water supply position in the City very critical forcing the Corporation to regulate the water supply so as to conserve and supply the available water for longer durations and to all sections of the society. The brief details of water supply at a glance in given in annexure The total quantity of water that can be drawn from the above sources is 40.25 Mgd. In addition to the above 7.5 Mgd of ground water is also drawn through bore wells. Around 16 Mgd water is supplied to slums and industries. The Godavari Drinking Water Supply Project designed to supply 33 MGD of water taken up in 2003, is ready for commissioning. All above sources are not perennial and due to considerable reduction in the inflows to impoundments and rapid growth in the population, the city is experiencing shortage crisis in the summer seasons. Table 4.4: Details of Water Supply Sources Drawl quantity (in MGD) 0.40 1.80 3.60 9.00 9.00 15.00 1.00 2.00 41.80 Min. Water Level 152Ft 107 Ft 21.5 Ft 44 Ft 251 Ft 99Mt Distance from the Town Service Reservoir 5 Km 30 Km 35 Km 25 Km 65 Km 75 Km 16 Km 30 Km
SN
Source
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mudasaralova Reservoir Gambheeram Gedda Reservoir Gosthani Mehadri Gedda Reservoir Thatipudi Reservoir Raiwada Reservoir MGR Infiltration Wells K.B.R. 2 MGD Scheme Total:
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49
1390 KL of Water for Public,Sulabh complexes, Mid-day Meal Programme and Government Organizations.
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that is realized through industrial and commercial connections. The water supply sector is a profit making sector in the GVMC with surplus revenues. During 2003, GVMC revised its water and sewerage tariffs and indexed them to internalise inflation. This measure was enacted through a consensus driven approach where al the stakeholders were involved in the decision making processes and is considered to be one of the most progressive steps taken by GVMC. Table 4.6: Tariff Structure Water Supply Category Consumption of water in Rates in Rs. kL per month Per kilo Litres
1. All water supply connections other than covered by category below Where the monthly consumption is 500 kl or Upto 30 less Above 30 upto 200 Above 200 (B) Where the exceeds 500 kl monthly consumption Entire consumption 6.00 10.00 25.00 25.00
2. Group Housing 6.00 Municipalities, panchayats, local Authorities, Upto the agreed quantity Above the agreed quantity 25.00 cantonment and housing colonies
The water needs of the poor settlements would be specially addressed and the present rate of 50% of the normal rate would be followed and they would receive the added advantage of receipt of the increased quantities for the same rate. The connection rate, i.e., the percentage of households supplied with water from a network (either public or private) is 45%. However due to water scarcity, 40% of the connected households use also some other mode of supply, which is mostly a private well or a bore well. Around 10%of households are supplied with private sources mainly in colonies created by industrial or transport organizations. The total number of connections including the bulk water supply connections is more than 74,000 approximately. Of the total, 73% constitute domestic connections. The industrial connections and commercial metered connections is about 12%. The Public Stand Posts through which the water supply will be made at free of cost works out to around 17%. Table 4.7: Connection Details Category Domestic Slums Commercial Industrial Semi-bulk Others Total
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4.3.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
4.3.1.1. Network Coverage The existing sewerage system covers only 10.5% of the GVMC area. Most of the core area of the city and Northern part of the city are not at all covered so far with the Sewerage system. Due to lack of well established Sewerage system in about 90% of the city, the GVMC is facing lot of problems concerning to the Health & Sanitation. Against 15.00 lakh population, only 2.50 lakh population are so far covered with total connections of 15,000. Table 4.10 Performance Indicators S.No. Components 1 Network Coverage 2 Access to Sewerage 3 Total Quantity Generated 4 Capacity of Treatment Plants 5 Treatment & Disposal 6 Recycling / Reuse
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4.3.1.2. Sewerage Distribution Network A network of length 104 km consisting of local and branch/main sewers are existing in the city in the Block - I, VI & VII against 14 Drainage Blocks. With mere sewerage distribution network as stated above, infers that the City lacks safe sanitation facilities to a majority of the population. The treatment capacities are not utilized to the optimum as 90% of city is not covered with the sewerage system. 4.3.1.3. Sewage Treatment Plants A primary sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 7 MLD is in operation at Old Sewage Farm since 1982. Another STP near Kailasha Giri with a capacity of 25 MLD receives the flows from the MVP Colony, Pandurangapuram, Seethammadhara etc., and is not able to be utilized completely due to insufficient sewerage network. About 10% of the treated Sewage Water is recycled and reused for Horticulture and other purposes.
Key Issues and Challenges: Low sewerage network coverage in the whole GVMC area including core area. Non-existence of comprehensive master plan for sewerage Data on access to sewerage connections is not available. No comprehensive sewerage quality studies Lack of effective communication strategy Lack of efficient energy conservation measures . Inadequate sewerage treatment facilities resulting in discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies. Very low recycling and reuse of wastewater.
4.4.
The Topography of the city is like a saucer surrounded by hillocks on 3 sides and sea on the other side. As the city is a coastal city, situated on East Coast of Bay-of-Bengal, it experiences heavy rains particularly between Aug-Dec every year, under the influence of south west monsoon and also due to cyclones. Due to the terrain & Topographical conditions, the rain water collected from the hills and catchments flow at much higher velocity and gushes through the untrained Major Drains, before reaching to the Sea.
In the course of its Journey to the Sea, the rain water during heavy cyclonic rains flows at much higher velocity through this un-trained water course and devastate the life of public and their properties situated all along the water course / stream. The population living along the banks of the stream courses essentially belong to the weaker sections of the society are prone to flooding and their houses are getting damaged or inundated.
: : : :
Coverage 20%
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And moreover, due to the rapid urbanization & un-precedent growth of the city in the past 2 decades, most of these Storm Water Drains were encroached upon by the public, narrowing of the original stream. Further, most of the slum -dwellers and people of weaker sections, occupy and reside on the banks of the drains and causing obstructions to the free flow of stream and narrow-down the width furthermore. It is observed that at many places, even the cleaning / De-silting of the drains during pre-monsoon season is not found to be feasible due to the inaccessibility. Lack of proper Demarcation & fencing of Storm Water Drains, the near by residents / Slum dwellers, are habituated to throw the debris & other wastages in the Drains, which one causing obstruction to the free flow of rain water and finally over flows on the roads.
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Key Issues and Challenges: Inadequate drainage system, with no proper design of drainage. Excessive concentration of flood due to breaching of tanks. Disappearance of flood absorbing tanks. Dumping of debris and garbage into the open Nallahs. Illegal encroachment of natural water courses Patta lands in the natural watercourses. Springing up of housing colonies in the foreshores of the tanks. Sanctioning of layouts without reference in the ground levels. Indiscriminate laying of service lines all along and across natural courses. Collection of building materials on the road sides resulting in excessive silting of drains. Diversion of natural water courses to accommodate habitations. Increased run off due to increase in impervious areas. Low Coverage Low Capacity Lack of integrated drainage plan Encroachments resulting in flooding and inundation
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other disasters. The interconnectivity through a programme of new roads as well as widening and strengthening of existing new roads has 'been taken up to connect the national highway passing through the city and the beach road, National Highway and the Station Road and National Highway and the Industrial.The NH-5 and NH-43 pass through the city and connect the city area to the vast hinterland. The citys transportation requirement is met by the following modes of transport Bus transport is the major public transport with modal share of 20% Three seated autos acting as the Para transit contributing to nearly 15% of the transport demand. Private vehicles comprising two and four wheelers. Many agencies are involved in supporting and facilitating traffic and transportation mechanism in Visakhapatnam. Provision of road infrastructure is done by GVMC and VUDA will take care of the roads that are to be developed in the outer periphery of the city. The public transport is taken care by APSRTC. The traffic regulation has been the responsibility of the police department. The NHAI, R&B, AP Transco. Etc, are the other agencies that contribute to the facilitation of transport system. No single agency is solely responsible and accountable for traffic and transport management. This is giving rise to functions and spatial and functional fragmentation.
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Average Speed
30 25
Km per hour
58
The road network of Visakhapatnam is very dense and congested due to narrow carriage ways , high pedestrian traffic and slow moving vehicle concentration. As per the existing land use plan, the area under road and railways is about 6% only and inadequate as a whole with insufficient pedestrians and other road infrastructure.
11718 491
13212 495
14771 521
All these vehicles are plying on a near static road length of 420 km in GVMC area resulting enormous strain on the road network and leading a situation of endless transportation gridlocks.
Source: Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban areas in India, Ministry of Urban Development, GoI - 1998
Aware of this situation, the National Policy of Urban Transport (NUTP) recommends to encourage and support investments in facilities that would wewan people away from the use of personal vehicles rather than build facilities that would encourage greater use of personal
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motor vehicles in order to promote sustainable development of the urban areas. The existing PTS may not be able to keep its present mode share under the current scenario unless proactive policy changes in favour of public transport are implemented and complementing them with improved the PTS infrastructure. The NUTP document also further states that the Central Government would, therefore, recommend the adoption of measures that restrain the use of motor vehicles through market mechanisms such as higher fuel taxes, higher parking fee, reduced availability of parking space, longer time taken in travelling by personal vehicles vis--vis public transport, etc. 4.5.6.1. Bus Transport Currently, the city division of APSRTC is operating its services in about 17 sectors in between Scindia-Anakapalli, Maddipalem to Kurmannapalem, Old Gajuwaka to Collectors Office, arilova to OHPO, RK Beach to Simhachalam, OHPO to Madhurwada etc. The total number of passengers travelled in APSRTC services are about 2.9 lakh passengers per day. At present, there are about 600 buses that are operating in the above routes of the city and likely to increase to 850 nos in the next 5 to 10 years. All the buses ply on the same carriageway as that of other private vehicles and thus the level-of-service offered by the bus system is severely limited by the heavily congested road-network. This manifests in a situation where the bus system is unable to cater to the peak hour passenger demand, resulting in over-crowded buses, longer waiting times and slower speeds. It is to mention that observed that the patronage of buses has remained stable over the years while population is increasing each year. The important reason for this could be deteriorating service especially in the peak hours and a concomitant proliferation of seven seated Para transit modes providing convenient accessibility.
Benchmark
private 45% public 55%
private 65%
paratransit 15%
4.5.6.2. Para Transit The para-transit operators, mainly in the form of auto-rickshaws (3-seater and 7-seater) have mushroomed in the recent years to capture the peak hour demand and are emerging as unhealthy competitors to the APSRTC buses. A total of 15,000 auto-rickshaws ply on the city roads and cater to an estimated 10% of the 71 lakh person trips each day. While a proper integration of para-transit can actually complement the bus system, this has not happened due to the very unorganised nature of the sector with too many independent owners of autorickshaws. The high degree of maneuverability of the auto rickshaws and frequent stopping on the carriageway to serve the passengers has resulted in severe problems to the free flow of road traffic in the city.
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Number of Accidents
1397
1370 1149
181
168
203
239
221
2001
2002
2003 Year
2004
2005
fatal
injured
Total
last decade is given below. Table 4.14: Number of Accidents in Visakhapatnam Accident Type 2001 2002 Fatal percentage Injured percentage No. of accidents 181 15.04% 1022 84.96% 1054 168 13.7% 1055 86.3% 1106
Key Issues and Challenges Streamlining the heavy cargo transport. Institutional accountability Declining Share of Public Transport resulting in traffic menace and environmental degradation. Integration of landuse plan and transportation planning. Inadequate Road Infrastructure narrow carriageways, junctions, signage, traffic management, etc. Safety Lack of awareness and non-compliance of the commuters to traffic regulations.
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4.6.
The GVMC generates around 750 tons of solid waste every day with a collection efficiency of over 91%. The major sources of solid waste generation in GVMC are household domestic waste, commercial establishments, markets, hotels and restaurants, etc. The sources and quantity of solid waste generated in GVMC is presented in table 4.15. Table 4.15 Details of Solid Waste Generation In Greater Visakha Municipal Corporation GVMC S. No Source of Generation Quantity/ % to Total day in tons 1 House Hold Domestic 480.75 64.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Street Sweepings & Drain Cleanings Hotels and Restaurants Markets Shops, Commercial Establishments Hospitals, clinics Industries & others Total 54.75 25.96 29.25 112.50 11.25 34.24 750 7.4 3.46 3.90 15.00 1.50 4.32 100
Average 10.56 7.39 5.65 7.9 42.66 4.00 13.36 369.00 8.16 138.53 2.19 3.94 0.40 21.33 31.33 1223.33
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4.6.2. Present Practices of Solid Waste Management Waste Storage & Segregation The Urban local body is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of Solid Waste except untreated bio-medical waste and hazardous industrial waste. Storage and segregation of waste at source is not very prominent in GVMC. Primary Collection GVMC presently have a network of 1500 primary collection points for collecting waste from various generation points. The waste is collected through dumper bins and RCC bins. In addition to Corporation has provided tricycles to the members of rag picker community for door-to-door collection of waste. Similarly around 360 commercial units under Door Step Solid Waste Collection (DSSWC) deliver the waste to the municipal vehicles directly for agreed amount and the waste is directly disposed off in the disposal site. 40% of the city is covered under door- todoor collection. Secondary Collection The waste from the primary collection points are transported by the conservancy workers (ULBs or private) to the secondary collection points and dumper placers through wheel borrows and hand carts. There are 100 collection vehicles and 40 dumper placers for collection and transportation. The waste is transported to the transfer station at Old Sewage Farm and then to Dumping yard which is about 25 Km from the city. The responsibility of collection and transport of waste to transfer stations has been entrusted to private contractors. Processing and Disposal There is no engineered landfill site in GVMC area. However, the current disposal facility is located at Kapuluppada having extent of 100 acers, which is about 25 km from the City. Since the modern practice is processing of Solid Waste rather than distancing and disposal, GVMC is encouraging enterprises to setup processing plants and land fill sites and land fill facility. The biomedical waste generated in Hospitals and Nursing homes is covered under a special arrangement where the private agencies approved by the AP Pollution Control Board collect and transport the bio-medical waste to their Hydroclaving/ Autoclaving plants. The biomedical waste is treated and finally disposed off at the plant sites. The firms collect the charges directly from the hospitals and Nursing Homes. Table 4.17: Current Status Parameter Quantity of garbage collected and transported Door to door collection covered Number of Rickshaws Capacity of each Rickshaw Amount collected from house hold Number of Iron Dumper Bins Capacity of Dumper Bins Lifting of dumper bins Total area of the city covered Transfer Stations (area and wards covered under this) Details 750T 40% 300 250Kgs Rs.10/- per month 500 1.2MT 50% every 24hrs and remaining 50% in 2 to 3 days 65% 20% of the old Vizag city.
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Key Issues
The analysis of existing solid waste management practices of GVMC indicates that the city has structured primary and secondary collection arrangements. However, the disposal arrangements of the city need substantial improvement. Integrated solid waste management requires the use of various instruments for improved service delivery. The range of issues that needs to be addressed are listed below. Effective public participation in segregation of recyclable waste and storage of waste at source. Effectiveness of awareness building or direct community involvement User Charges Waste Minimisation, Recycling Integrated Waste Treatment Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility Scientific Closure of the abandoned dump sites Institutional strengthening and human resources development
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Chapter - V
5.2.
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is characterized by a very significant presence of the urban poor, with a growing poverty profile. Slum settlements have multiplied over decades and the living conditions of the poor have not improved. Environmental decline, vehicular pollution, inadequate basic services and infrastructure in the poor settlements hit the poor hardest. Slums are scattered across the city and surrounding areas, with high population densities and the number of people inhabiting them estimated to be around 342658. It is estimated that more than half of these slums are on GVMC and Govt lands , and the rest on lands belonging to various public entities. Poverty has a visible gender dimension too. The incidence of poverty among women is higher and female-headed households constitute the poorest of poor. The poor, not only habitat in slums of GVMC area but are spread in squatter and informal settlements in small groups deprived of basic services. This makes them more vulnerable to vagaries of nature and threat of eviction. At present there are 472 slums and the slum population is over 6 lakhs. A major problem is the incorporation of 32 villages around Visakhapatnam in the GVMC. Almost all these villages are inhabited by poor and the infrastructure is very low. These areas should be taken as poor areas and special programmes need to be initiated to develop them on par with the city.
5.3.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
5.3.1. Communities
Slum population in GVMC is heterogeneous in character - with Hindus, Muslims and Christians having migrated from different neighbouring villages, Languages predominantly spoken in slums in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation are Telugu and Oriya,.
5.3.2. Literacy
As per the census 2001, the literacy rate of slum population was found to vary between _______ in the urban agglomeration. Female literacy in slums varied from ____________.
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"objectionable" was based on location and land use - location on riverbeds, low lying areas, drains, road margins, etc. In case of surrounding areas, they were the small and scattered villages inhabited by the poor; particularly the labour from the industrial areas. They suffer from worse deprivations in terms of physical and social amenities as well as sustainable livelihoods. Figure 5.1: Land Status of Slums in Gvmc
20%
5% 10%
45%
20%
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About one third of the slums have individual service connections and the rest depend upon public taps. Basic infrastructure facilities in the slum indicates that they are minimal and inadequate and need to be strengthened.
5.4.
The urban poverty reduction programmes in city started with the Urban Community Development (UCD) Programme in MCV in 1979. This is one of the internationally acclaimed programmes of poverty reduction. After its initial success, the UNICEF and the British Government supported the poverty reduction programmes during 1982-96. Now the Urban Community Development deparment implements several programmes sponsored by both central and state governments. They are given in the table 5.3
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Table 5.3: List of Poverty Alleviation Programs Nature Central sponsored Swarna Jayanthi Sahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Balika Samruddi Yojana (BSY) Adarsha Basthi Program (ABP) Individual Letrines (ILCS) VAMBAY State Sponsored Rajeev Yuvasakthi Rajeev Gruhakalpa Indiramma Welfare Programmes Sponsored by women, SC, ST, Minorities and other Corporations Training Fashion Technology Programmes Neati Mahila Fisher Women Training Trainig through Labs Wax Flower Making Packaging These apart, the GVMC is allocating 40 percent of the net municipal resources on providing services to the poor and in slum locations. Another important initiative is to extend water supply house connections to the poor at Rs. 1200/-. The amount can be paid in 12 equal instalments. These two initiatives are being implemented as part of state policy.
5.5.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Urban Community Development Department (UCDD) of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) is the lead agency in the implementation of slum improvement projects and is responsible for the coordination of different inputs. The main focus is community mobilisation, and organising the community to implement community development activities through their involvement. Currently, the Department coordinates the direct provision of services to the slums. An intrinsic feature is of the urban community development program is mobilizing the community and involving them from the beginning through Neighbourhood Committees, Resident Welfare Organisations, Mahila Mandals and Youth Clubs. Under the urban poverty reduction programs, community structures were established with the community having a major say in the provision of infrastructure and other services. In addition, the socio-economic programmes, especially those aiming at empowerment of women and weaker sections by generating self-employment through skill improvement, are under implementation through SHGs and other community structures.In addition there are a large number of agencies responsible for implementing programmes aimed at poverty reduction. They include the revenue, education, health, housing and SC, ST, BC, Physically Handicapped, Women and Minority welfare departments and their organisations, urban development authorities, CBOs, NGOs and academic institutions. A serious problem in this arrangement is the overlapping jurisdiction and absence of coordination and convergence of programmes and activities. There is need for integrated and unified arrangements for addressing the problems of poverty reduction comprehensively. This will facilitate better targeting of programmes, effective identification of beneficiaries, facilitates participation of community based organizations, better institutional coordination, etc.
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Linkages should be established between the UCD and civil society and their role in poverty reduction should be clearly understood. Table 5.4 Indicative List of Institutions and Programmes S. Institutions Programmes No. 1 GVMC Implementation of poverty programmes Notification and denotification UCD Health and Sanitation Town Planning Infrastructure 2 District Collector Issue of Pattas 3 Scheduled Caste Corporation Provision of loans and subsidy livelihoods 4 Minorities Development Provision of loans and subsidy Corporation livelihoods 5 Physically handicapped Provision of loans and subsidy development corporation livelihoods. Women Welfare Development Provision of loans and subsidy 6 Corporation livelihoods 7 Housing Corporation/Board House Development 8 Education Department School education 9 Health Department Health care and ICDS 10 Social Welfare Department Welfare of backward sections 11 VUDA Planning and development 12 Urban Health Centres Primary health care 13 NGOs Livelihoods and services 14 Research and Training Studies and surveys Institutions Training Impact assessment Policy advice and support 15 CBOs Articulating needs and priorities Planning and implementation
In the urban agglomeration area effective coordination between the Corporation and other Government Departments will benefit both. Similarly, urban health centre in GVMC should become the focal point for implementing the programmes. There is also need for convergence of programmes and coordination between UCD and government agencies, for effective targeting and better impact. In addition to ensuring better coordination across the public agencies, private sector and the civil society, it is recommended that a high level Task Force at the city level should be set up with representatives of public sector, private sector and the civil society as the members. The Task Force should provide support for implementation of the action plans.
5.6.
HOUSING
The Visakhapatnam is one of the fastest growing cities with population of over 1.4 million. Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is committed to bring enormous changes in the socio-economic policies in extending its services to the citizen of city. Most of the Visakhapatnam urban poor live in overcrowded and unsanitary slums and squatter settlements and often do not have accesses to basic infrastructure and services. They are forced to live in illegal and informal settlements because they cannot enter formal land and housing markets. The reasons for the formation of slums and squatter settlements
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are numerous and have been discussed extensively in the development literature. It suffices to say here that, because of the way formal markets are regulated and structured; the poor are unable to afford the choices offered to them in these markers. In contrast, the informal and illegal housing markets of slums and squatter settlements are specifically geared to meet their shelter needs. Need for housing the poor: In slum areas the houses are very small and look congested. Many people are living under one roof due to in adequate space. They are not able to construct pucca individual houses due to poverty. Therefore, it is identified and planned to construct a pucca Housing colony to the people who are living in slum areas with nominal contribution from beneficiaries and with contribution of other Government sectors.
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Key Challenges Inspite of several initiatives towards poverty alleviation there are several critical issues and challenges that need to be addressed. They Include: Lack of Dependable Data: Lack of dependable data on various aspects of poverty including number of slums, slum population, access to services like water and sanitation, livelihood, etc. Land Tenure: Land tenure continues to be a daunting issue in addressing the problems of the poor. People living in non-notified slums are most vulnerable, as they are not officially recognised. They are most vulnerable with no regular incomes, access to basic services absence of tenure rights, etc Infrastructure Deficiency: Deterioration of infrastructure created by investments under various slum improvement programs due to inadequate maintenance, finance and direction in the post-project phase resulting in poor quality of service availability to the linked to the citywide networks. With funds constraints, service provision for the poor becomes a sporadic activity rather than a regular service delivery system of local government. Informal Settlement: Programs arte targeted mostly for notified and developed Slums. Lack of awareness of non-notified slums and de-notification policy for developed slums. Weak Municipal Resource Base: Poor resource base for creating and constantly maintaining infrastructure is a critical issue. As they depend on adhoc grants, the service provision for the poor becomes a sporadic activity rather than a regular service delivery system of local government institutions. Lack of co-ordination and convergence: Lack of co-ordination among various programs and institutions to address the problems in an integrated and meaningful way. Vulnerability: Programs for the poor need also to focus on vulnerable groups among them, like women and children, disabled and destitute, aged and children, etc. Problem of the poor living in the villages incorporated into the GVMC recently. They lack basic infrastructure, livelihoods, proper housing etc. The major challenge is the formation of slums on hillocks and hill slopes where provision of basic services like water, sanitation is very difficult. There are several slums located on the central government lands like railways, defence establishments etc. the protracted correspondence is a major problem in extending basic services to the poor in these areas. Reluctance of the poor to cooperate with multistoried constructions to provide housing is another problem. They demand individual house sites as in the past. The two communities fishermen and relli require special attention for development due to their cultural and other practices. Special programmes need to be articulated keeping their needs.
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Chapter-VI
The physiographic setting of various types of landforms, structural features, climate, hydrological, hydro geological setting, the litho logical framework, top soil cover, geographical distribution of various types of rocks occurring in the city area are described.
6.2.
PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING
Physiographically, the citys area extent can be divided into four physiographic divisions Hill ranges Hill slopes Central Plain area Coastal Zone
The Kailasa Hill range on the north extends east west with a length of 14.5 kms and has heights ranging 425m to 504 m above mean sea level (MSL). The Yarada Hill range (Dolphin Nose) on the south extends about 8 kms, almost parallel to the Kailasa hill range and has heights of about 355 m above MSL. There are a few detached hillocks along the foothills of these ranges towards the central part of the area. Narava hill range on the western side of the area extends north south for a length of 6.5 kms. It reaches heights of about 320 m above MSL. The southern hill slope of Kailasa hill range is flanked by a series of piedmont fans whereas the northern hill slope of the Yarada hill range has only one piedmont fan. In the interface areas and along the rest of the hill slopes are colluvium. The southern slope of the Kailasa hill slope, it is all colluvium. The southern slope of the Kailasa hill range has steeper gradients than the northern hill slopes of the Yarada hill range. The eastern part of the Narava hill range has a gentle gradient. The width of the piedmont zones along Kaisasa and Yarada hill ranges towards the central plain area varies from 0.25 to 0.5 kms. This zone is important from the groundwater point of view. The central plain area is occupied by a marsh. The plain zone is connected to sea through Naravagedda flowing from above till it touches the marshy zone. The elevations in the marshy area vary between 1mt and 4 mts above MSL. The coastal zone of Visakhapatnam is very narrow with widths varying from 30 100 m and rises to 5 m 10 m above MSL. The coastal plain extends landward upto 0.25 km at Lawsons Bay, south of the Kailasa Hills. Sudden rise of elevation in the coastal zone due to hill locks resulted in the sea view colonies and sky scrapers. The hill slopes are classified o o o as steep and cliffy (>55 ) and deflectional slope (35 -55 ). The extent of debris slope is more when compared to the deflectional slope facilitating the extensive natural recharge potential of the minor watershed. The colluvial plain with gentle slope is extensively covered by peidmont fans. The material of the peidmont fans is mostly of colluvium. The river-built plain of the watershed is also very extensive with alluvium which is the common feature of the coastal area of the city
6.3.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The principal rock type in the area belongs to the Khondalites group and occurrence of Charnockites and Quartzites can not be ruled out.
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Environment: A City Prone to Pollution This city has several areas with air and water quality falling below norms. As for noise pollution, it is common occurrence in most public places and roads with fairly heavy traffic. Air pollution is largely attributed to automobile emissions and hence it is important to regulate traffic at various junctions and see that it is not stagnated for long durations. This can be achieved by measures such as (a) regulating traffic with more number of one-way traffic streets, (b) providing bus bays for city bus halts and proper parking places for all vehicles, (c) having pedestrian malls or squares with traffic moving around them (Jagadamba Junction and RTC complex area are important candidates to begin with) and (d) providing flyovers where necessary and feasible Climate According to Thronthwaits scheme of climatic classification the city area falls under semi-arid type of climate. Climatic setting in brief Ambient air temperature: Absolute maximum 44.4 degrees C - Absolute minimum 12.8 degrees C Sea surface temperature Min 20.2 degrees C, Max 32.3 degrees C, Monthly mean relative humidity Absolute maximum : 100% Absolute minimum : 4% Monthly Wind Speed Mean value Prevailing Direction South West Frequency Distribution Highest monthly mean wind speed for 24 hours Extreme wind velocity Monthly sea level pressure: Mean value Maximum observed
Monthly Visibility Less than N mile, Less than 1 mile, Less than 2 N miles, Less than 10 N miles. Fog is infrequent at sea in all seasons. Reduction in visibility is mostly due to heavy rains, which during the southwest monsoon can reduce visibility below fog levels. Rainfall Average Annual Annual Min Annual Max Maximum recorded in a day Highest annual Highest monthly Highest daily Fog: Months : December to February Coastal and Oceanographic Data The cyclonic activity and the coastal and offshore data are presented to appreciate the various factors that affect the recreational aspects along the beaches. Monsoons and Cyclones In the Bay of Bengal, depressions are likely to be encountered in all seasons of the year with a gradual fall in pressure. On an average 4 to 5 cyclones per year occur. However, at particular locations the average frequencies may be lower. Hind casting studies indicated
: : : : : : :
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that the Coast is mainly affected by waves generated by Cyclones from the South East to South East direction. The highest waves are experienced in the period April September when the winds are more intense and consistent. The deep sea waves with the highest and lowest period frequent from the South West quadrant. Waves of over 1.5 mtrs in the height may be expected approximately 14% of the time. The daily record of tidal levels shows two highs and two lows. There is published evidence to indicate that strong tides as much as 60 cms in excess of the predicted tides may occur during the cyclones. Coastline and the beaches The city has a long coastline with the beach front providing for recreation and relief to the city populations for summer heat and high humidity. There are vast recreational areas like parks, amusement parks, hotels and commercial complexes. A number of high raised buildings have come up on landward side of the road on the beachfront. There are two prominent locales along the coastline. One is at Jodugullapalem towards the northern extremity and the other is at Lawsons Bay. Both these areas are ideal for swimming in the sea and offer recreational avenues. There is a minor estuary where Hanumanthawaka stream joins the sea at Lawsons Bay area with a deltaic phase represented by MVP Colony area. Sea Level Rise The sea level rise is affected by geological and climatic factors. Any changes take a long time and are slow in impact. But there were also instances of rapid changes, which caused great loss of life and damage in the geological past. Sea level rise by 7.5 meters in the next150 years is envisaged. Solutions to these have thus to be attempted and included in all the strategies that are being conceptualised for Coastal areas in the context of present and future trends in the scenario in respect of depletion of natural resources, growing population, growing industrialization, growing high energy consumerism, growing urbanization and in general growing degradation of the environment. A 30 cm rise in the sea level would push saline incursion in marsh and MVP deltaic facies area particularly in regard to sea waterfresh water interface . Coastal Regulation Zone The GOI has formulated guidelines for the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) with regard to various developmental activities to be undertaken in the zone both permissible and otherwise. The Zone is defined by Low Tide Line (LTL), the High Tide Line (HTL) and by 500 mts landward from HTL. The notification was issued in 1991and minor amendments have been issued by the ministry from time-to-time. As per the CRZ regulations the Beach Road is taken as the boundary limitation and constructions are permitted towards the landwards side of the Beach road except those which are specifically permitted under those guidelines. Vulnerability and Risk The natural hazards like cyclones promoting local floods in the city droughts and earthquakes are not rare or unusual phenomenon for the city particularly in view of the unique geo climatic conditions .The vulnerability varies from location to location. Seismicity Earlier the city fell under the seismic zone of Category II, where earthquakes of magnitude 5.6 and above do not occur. But in recent revised seismic map by National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad the zone has been elevated to Category III which
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suggests that earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5.6 are possible. In the recent times earth tremors are being increasingly felt particularly along the foot hills of Kailasa Hill and Yarada hills. Major fracture lineaments are noted in the structural history of the area. The small tremors and shocks experienced in the recent times as a sequel to structural movements which is indeed a rare phenomenon. The strongest earthquake recorded had a magnitude of 6.5. Tidal Waves / Tsunami and Flooding The coast is exposed to tidal waves. Some areas are flooding prone particularly the low lying area of old city. The impact of tidal waves is limited to marsh area. The Tsunami effects are not visible. Drought and Drought Management Mitigating the effects of drought could be broadly divided into (i) steps to be taken in anticipation of drought and (ii) steps to be taken when a drought actually occurs. The State Government has a policy to initiate several administrative steps in areas that are declared as drought affected. These are given in the drought manual formulated by the Government. The drought essentially affects the water supply system. Land Use The land use pattern of the city area is enclosed. The topography, the transport network and accessibility to the port are the three structural elements that contributed towards the evaluation of the land use pattern in the city area in the present form. The land use pattern in the city has been delineated into following categories: Visakhapatnam tourism avenues. Residential 25% Industrial 10% Port area 37% Institutional 9% Road and Railways 5% Hills and Forests 4% Vacant 10% is endowed with a Beach which provides relief, recreation and
Table 6.1: Environment Services Environmental services SO2 (mg/m ) 3 NOX (mg/m ) Air RSPM TSPM Water (Residual Chlorine) Waste Water (BOD) Solid waste
3
Quality
Current Status
15 39 1.26 222 0.2 ppm 350 Conventional dumping
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Table 6.2: Land Supply (Hectares) Year 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 8880 9213 9657 9990 Developed land (hectares) Undeveloped and under developed land under use (hectares) 2220 1887 1443 1110 % Area (2001) 22.55% 1.15% 8.31% 6.62% 1.03% 44.65% 0.94% 14.75% 100%
Table 6.3: Land Use Break-Up Category Residential Commercial Industrial Public semi-public Recreational Transportation Agricultural and water bodies Special area* Total area
* Specify details of which areas have been defined as special areas viz. urban villages, slums etc.
Table 6.4: Estimating Renewal of Housing and Infrastructure Stock, 2005 City Stock Area (hectare) Housing 1121 Acres of old housing / slum area Infrastructure Storm water drains 1400 KM Road and streets 1120 KM Water distribution network* 3000 KM Sewerage and drainage* (Sewerage) 48.90 Sq.Km/ 141 km Industry Obsolete, technological and physical 510 Acres of old industrial area Incompatibility with other uses All 510Acres under industrial zones Business districts Obsolete 290 Acres in old city Incompatibility with other uses Entire 290 acres can be regenerated as heritage area * use appropriate unit of measurement such as km. for distribution network. Environmental Attributes The environmental quality varies from region to region within the city area depending upon the assimilative capacity of a region, population density and the quantity of pollutants causing social damage, the level of valuation and appreciation of the surrounding environment by people in a region etc. All these factors together accord different values regarding the environmental quality to different region within the city. Environmental policy coupled with regional and zonal planning which is presently underway by the APPCB takes into account the long term as well as short term orientation. Major environmental variables characteristic of the city which are responsible for the degradation of the quality of the environment in the city area are considered for describing the environmental scenario of Visakhapatnam - the point and non-point sources of pollution of air, noise, water, land, soil, regimes s well as coastal and marine sectors have been taken into consideration. The point sources are mostly concentrated in a limited area along the northern flank and in the Steel plant-Parawada area located on the south western flank of the Yarada Hill
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range. The major industries are concentrated in pockets. The map of the city gives a fair idea of the industrial and residential areas. The other industrial areas are of minor consequence. Air Pollution The air pollution in the city area has been mainly determined by the presence and levels of sulphur oxides, nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide and SPM. The air pollution is contained to the northern flank of the Yarada hill range and nearby environs like Steel Plant area and Paravada mandal where a Pharmacity is proposed and near Agnampudi where manufacturing industry is proposed. The standards adopted are as follows. Table 6.5: Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutant Area-A TSP 500 SO2 120 CO NOX A B C = = = 5000 120 Industrial and mixed use area Residential and rural Sensitive Area-B 200 80 2000 80 Area-C 100 30 1000 30
Diurnal variations The recorded emissions of So2, No2 and CO in Visakhapatnam and environs at the ground level have been studied. The concentration of So 2 was found to be high during the day. The peak period coincides with the peak hour of traffic flow i.e., around 1030 hrs. The concentration is higher in summer than in winter. It was also found that the So concentration has a positive correlation to the air temperature values So 2 concentrations were high during the day due to the low humidity and were low during the high humidity conditions as So2 is oxidized to So3 during the nights. The No2 level was found to be maximum during the nights. The CO concentration tended to be high during the peak hours of the traffic movement in the city. If the data from the city area are compared with the Indian Ambient Air Quality Standards, it becomes evident that the city area is well on its way to crossing the threshold level of safety. The CO levels in the area defined by the APSED Office, Jagadamba, Poorna 3 3 Market and KG Hospital, in 1986 itself, were between 18,750 ug/m and 25,000 ug/m respectively which are well above the required amount, even given the fact that the area is mainly commercial. The highest So2 levels recorded were at Akkayyapalem (residential area) and 3 3 Chavulamadum (mixed area) i.e., 100.1 ug/m and 251 ug/m respectively. In 1992, the highest recorded So2 levels were at the Circuit House (residential area) and near the APSEB 3 Office area (commercial area), i.e., 68 and 53 ug/m respectively showing a drop in the values. The highest No2 levels at the commercial area defined the APSEB Office, 3 Jagadamba, Poorna Market and KG Hospital; over a time frame were 95 to 141 ug/m . The 3 highest No2 levels recorded 95 ug/m at the same area as 90 at Gajuwaka (mixed area). The No2 level in the commercial area exceeds the ambient air quality level while in the mixed area it is within the limits. The highest SPM values recorded in the city were near the Iron Ore Belt 3 which runs through the residential area, i.e., 380.95 ug/m and at Chavulamadum (mixed 3 area) i.e., 493.8 ug/m . The values were highest at the HPCL area (Indus trial area) i.e., 288 3 3 ug/m , at the Circuit House (residential area) i.e., 234 ug/m and the commercial area 3 mentioned afore i.e., 211 ug/m . The SPM value is surprisingly high in the residential area
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and crosses the ambient air quality level while the value is low at the ambient air quality level while the value is low at the industrial and commercial areas. Construction, operation, maintenance and repair work, transportation and industrial activities generate particulates. The respirable dust standard recommended by the Central Pollution Control Board is a 10 micron cut-off size of respirational dust measurements. The levels of Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb have been found to be very high in the Mindi industrial area . The highest recording of the elements -3 concentration in ugM are Fe-18.39, Zn-12,83, CCL-0.43 an Pb-17.70. zinc in the presence of lead and cadmium creates, a highly toxic effect and tends to produce synergism. At the Hindustan Zinc Ltd, the Zn and Pb levels have been found to be abnormally high especially at the lead and zinc oxide plant. The high concentrations of Zn along with S, Fe, Mn, Co and Ni pose a positive danger to the health of the workers and nearby residents. Zinc especially is liable to cause lung and liver damage in humans besides affecting the surrounding foliage. At Bharat heavy Plates and Vessels (BHPV), the high levels of Zn and Pb indicate synergism. The wind direction is such that the pollutants are carried away from the zinc plant. Trace element analysis of iron in the blood samples of 200 residents in the surrounding area reveals that 150 of these have very low iron levels leading to an anaemic state. Hindustan Shipyard reveals a high concentration of K and Mn, the latter being a likely causal agent of nervous disorders. Vehicular emissions One of the sources of urban air pollution is vehicular emission. Carbon monoxide emissions are attributed to petrol driven that is almost 85%. Two and three wheelers are the highest contributors of hydrocarbons. Diesel driven vehicles contribute more than 90% to nitrogen oxides. The data indicates that in general the Poorna Market to RTC complex area is comparatively more polluted from the traffic sector than other areas. The RTC complex area records the highest value of pollutants. Cargo Load at Port The Visakhapatnam port operations release a considerable amount of particulate matter into the environment of the city area. This contribution is essentially from the iron ore conveyor belt and due to cargo transportation. Conveyor Belt The iron ore conveyor belt run in the west-east and north-south directions from the stock pile. The ore comes by rail to the city in the form of lumps from Kirundal and Bailadilla in Madhya Pradesh and is exported to Japan by ship. If the ships are not available the ore is stored in stockpiles. The ships are loaded by way of the conveyor belt having a carrying capacity of 4,000 tonnes/hour. The total length of the belt is 5.876 kms and is located 16 mtrs. above the ground level. The belt runs at a speed of 190 m/sec while receiving ore and at 210 m/sec during loading. Of the total length only 0.825 kms of the belt is covered. The belt runs through one of he most densely populated parts of the area is mostly residential and even schools are located here. The levels of Ca and Pb are found to be high near the belt and at the Jagadamba traffic junction. This is probably due to he large amounts of dust generated by the traffic and due to the burning of gasoline by the automobiles. The high levels of Zn and Pb in the industrial zones have been attributed to the long range transportation of pollutants. Lead from traffic at busy junctions like Jagadamba was found negligible though relatively high near residential areas like Dabagardens and the Judges Court. This is accounted for by the prevailing meteorological conditions.
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Poisonous Gases and Material Storage The list of poisonous materials stored by industries and which are hazardous by nature by was of causing explosions and fire and releasing toxic gases is as follows (Shivaji Rao and Venkata Rao, 1990). The HPCL has storage of thousands of tonnes of Naptha and Godavari Fertilizers has a stock pile of ammonia. Control Measures Various major and medium industries in the city area have adopted various control measures for air pollution. Noise One of the most pervasive environmental problems is noise. Yet, it is seldom protested against or its ill effects recognized. Hearing loss primarily due to noise is now being understood as an occupational disability. Noise being a by product of industrialization and technology could also cause devaluation of property, damage to physical objects and bring about land use incompatibility. The risk of noise induced hearing loss is to a large extent individual based. Some people are more prone to hearing loss than others when exposed to noise only for a short period. The localities registering various noise levels, within the city are given as follows : Table 6.6: Noise Levels In Localities No. of localities Noise range in Leg. DBA 8 < 70 22 70 75 18 75 83
Of the 48 localities measured for noise levels only 8 are below the 70 dBA . By comparing the noise levels of the city area with the Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of noise levels in the city area, it was found that the maximum limit for residential areas is 55 dBA commercial areas 65 dBA and industrial areas 75 dBA whereas maximum number of localities in the city inclusive of residential areas are over 70 dBA. Noise is one as pet of pollution that has to be taken very seriously in Visakhapatnam if permanent hearing impairment is to be avoided. Emissions in the Domestic Sector Various bio-fuels used for cooking also contribute to indoor pollution. Though LPG, electricity, kerosene and coal are considered as preferred urban cooking fuels, dung cakes and fuel wood are also used in the city especially by slum dwellers. The most common types of fuel used are LPG, coal, wood, kerosene and sawdust. Barring LPG which is used by the middle and higher income groups (1.1 cylinder per month), kerosene is the most widely used fuel both for cooking and providing light. It is followed by wood, charcoal and sawdust. The lower income groups use open-hearths and chulahs for cooking and account for maximum indoor pollution in the slums. The smoke escapes from the huts into the atmosphere early in the morning and at twilight hours. Considering the fact that there are fairly large number of poor settlements in the City, the amount of smoke emitted can be pictured in the minds eye. The pollutants from indoor sources are basically CO, HCX, TSP and NOX in the case of coal. Smoking contributes its share of pollutants.
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Table 6.7: Indoor Sources of Domestic Air Pollution Fuel Devices Cow dung Cooking stoves, cooker, milk heaters Wood Cooking stoves, open hearths, space heaters Tobacco Cigarettes, beedies etc. Charcoal Chulas, space heaters Kerosene Cooking stoves, lamps Coal Cooking stoves Water Pollution
Pollutants CO, TSP, HCx CO, TSP, HCx CO, TSP, HCx CO, TSP, HCx CO NOX
The hydrological environment comprises the interrelated components, i.e., ground water and surface water. Pollution at one point in the system can eventually affect the other. The attributes common to both are physical, chemical and biological in nature. Mans activities can have a bearing on all three. Hazardous Wastes Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling and reuse, transport, recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is of paramount importance for proper health, environmental protection / natural resource management and sustainable development. The information obtained through a questionnaire canvassed in person at various industries was utilized in the assessment of the waste quantification. The available information indicates that Visakhapatnam accounts for about two thirds of the total Hazardous solid waste generated in the region. The date base has indicated that Visakhapatnam district accounts for 6,100 tonnes. Characterization Of Hazardous Wastes Quantification the solid wastes generated are categorized into different groups based on the classification given Group 1A 1B A 2 2B 3A 5A 6A 7A 7B Nonpoint Source Nonpoint source discharges pollute the environment in a diffuse manner and at intermittent intervals. The pollutants cannot be measured or monitored at the place of origin for the exact source is normally untraceable. Nonpoint pollution is said to be related to uncontrollable climatic events and geographic and geologic conditions. However, urban nonpoint pollution varies from street litter, abrasion of road surfaces due to road traffic, construction activities, tire wear of vehicles, pet population or strays etc. The major contaminants from urban pollution are zinc, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), oil, lead, grease, asbestos etc. Impervious urban roads, areas having a high water table and tight soils are sources of nonpoint pollution. Storm water overflow creates pollution when it carries the rubbish and deposits them on the surface of the roads. High intensity storms generate the highest pollution, which is a factor to be contented with in the study area which is prone to Visakhapatnam Nil 1354 Nil 1616 3047, 879 Nil 15 Nil 1
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cyclones, depressions and recurring storms. While pollution abatement regarding point sources can be carried out by say, controlling sewage and waste water discharges or secondary tertiary treatment with nonpoint sources the most effective controls are land management techniques, conservation and architectural control. Soil and Land Pollution A depleted soil mantle sets off a chain reaction leading to deforestation, siltation of rivers, erosion and deterrence of agriculture and vegetative cover. In coastal areas especially, shelterbelts of trees are necessary to combat the force of storms. Most of the reservoirs and tanks have degraded catchments in the city Effect of Climatic Setting on Air Pollution The atmosphere is the originating strata for sever point/nonpoint pollution problems. Particulate aerosols contain toxic and trace metals, sulphur, pesticides, fungi, pollen, nutrients, etc., besides chemical compounds like nitrites, chlorides, ozone, fluoride, oxides etc. Topographic bearing Topography produces mountain valley effects preventing the dispersion of air pollutants. While the coast line of Visakhapatnam by virtue of its SW-NE direction is said to be congenial for the dilution and diffusion of pollutants, the stagnation pockets at the land-sea interface lead to the build up of air pollutants over the city for short periods. The undulating terrain and hills ranging to around 200 m, encourage the formation of micro eddies which contribute to the erratic trend of the stack emission plumes. This results in the drifting of emissions towards residential areas, Some of the major industries whose emissions pollute the air of Visakhapatnam and its environs are Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Hindustan Zinc, Coramandal Fertilizers, Duncan Cements, Visakhapatnam Port Trust, LG Polymers, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. The major industries responsible for pollution of water sources in the city area are Hindustan Polymers Limited, Coramandal Fertilizers Ltd., Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd (HPCL), Hindustan Zinc Ltd., Visakha Dairy, Aluminium factory, Pragati Fertilizers Ltd., Coastal Chemicals, Hindustan Shipyard, Fish Processing Units, Bharath heavy Plates & Vessels, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.
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Chapter-VII
7. Vision Formulation
VISION To become an economically vibrant, safe and inclusive city providing the best social and physical infrastructure facilities for its residents, businesses and visitors.
7.1.
CITY VISION
The over all city vision of the GVMC is as follows Boosting the Economic Development in the City by 2030 by ensuring Best Business Environment & Good Governance Optimum Mix of Industrial & Service Sector Best Labour force in the Country to Develop Industrial / Business / Residential Areas as per the Master Plan. To Provide 24 Hours Water Supply to each & every House with metering along with Sewerage Connection by 2015 and to put a modern Solid Waste Service in place by the above period. To Provide Best Civic Infrastructure to make the best Transport System in India by 2030 along with total up gradation of Poor Settlements with proper Drainage. To create a social infrastructure with premier Health & Educations facilities by 2021 with safety & security. With the above Vision in mind, the GVMC has formulated an Agenda to reach the above Goals with in the specified time. Prioritisation The prioritisation of projects is done sector wise as Short-Term(2005-08), and Medium-Term(2008-2012) and indicated in the CIP matrices. This is done during the discussions held with the stakeholders in the working group meetings assisted by the technical experts. The consolidated CIP matrix for Visakhapatnam also has projects prioritised as short/medium term. All the short term projects are being taken up on top priority, followed by medium term projects. The CDP process of Vizag has undergone extensive consultative process with its key stakeholders in prioritizing the key sectors for investments and reform initiatives. The priorities of the national and state governments including the international developmental trends and Millennium development goals have been considered in prioritizing these critical sectors, presented below. Water Supply Sewerage Solid Waste Management Traffic and Transportation Storm Water Drainage Urban Poverty
The overall vision for the city and the prioritisation of the key sectors paved the way to formulate sector specific vision and strategies. This sector specific approach with year wise strategies and corresponding year wise investments will be instrumental in framing the action plan/ implementation plan. The sector specific reforms and investments are an integral part of the year wise strategies.
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VISION
OBJECTIVE - 1
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVE - 2
CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE
OBJECTIVE - 3
CIVIC SERVICES
OBJECTIVE - 4
SOCIAL INFRSTRUCTURE
BEST BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BY 2030 OPTIMUM MIX OF INDUSTRIAL AND SERVICE SECTOR BY 2030
BEST TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INIDA BY 2030 TOTAL UPGRADATION OF POOR SETTLEMENTS BY 2021
24 HOURS WATER SUPPLY TO EVERY HOUSE BY 2015 SEWER CONNECTION TO EVERY HOUSE BY 2015
TOP CLASS HEALTH AND EDUCATION FACILITIES BY 2021 SEFETY AND SECURITY MAINTAINED
INDUSTRIAL/BUSINESS RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF THE CITY WILL DEVELOPED AS PER MASTER PLAN GOOD GOVERNANCE INITIATIVES
7.2.
WATER SUPPLY
VISION Our vision is to provide wholesome water round the clock to every house at affordable cost even to the poor.
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metering of customer connections and bill collection efficiency should be enhanced to 95% by year 2011. Table 7.1: Goals & Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years
Objective Consumer Satisfaction Vision Outcome Water supply coverage 24-hour water availability Consumption Non Revenue Water Consumer metering Working Ratio Revenue collection efficiency Staff Ratio Current Reality 2006 30% 0 62 45% 7.7% 0.5 80% 8 VISION 2011 70% 40% 120 lpd 38% 95% 0.4 95% 4 2016 100% 100% 150 lpd 25% 100% 0.4 95% 4 2021 100% 100% 165 LPD 21% 100% 0.3 99% 3
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Design and Implementation of Communication Strategy An effective communication strategy among key stakeholders is proposed that will draw upon a range of communication channels, from interpersonal and group communication to mass media and electronic forms. Human Resources Development Recognizing the urgent need for capacity building at different levels in water supply sector, GVMC proposed to develop human resources in their organization bby making considerable investments in that sector. Modernizing Financial Management and MIS GVMC proposes to modernize financial management by developing key performance indicators and identifying best practices to improve finances, organizations, and human capital practices. It is also proposed to make efforts on revising accounting, auditing, and internal control standards and computerizing customer databases. The Strategy of the Water Supply Sector is as follows To make the consumer feel satisfied with 24 hours water supply by ensuring supply as per the standards. To manage the resources and system efficiently though metering & MIS. To minimize the un-accounted water. To manage the Human Resources effectively by reducing the staff ratio. The Growth Path to meet the above strategies is shown below Growth Path
WATER SUPPLY
1. GROWTH PATH
2005
AUGUST 2005
2008
2012
2015
VIZAG WATER
CURRENT REALITY
Poor consumer satisfaction Weak Water Resource Management Good Financial Management Average Human Resource Management
VIZAG WATER
VISION
Excellent consumer satisfaction Excellent Water Resource Management Sound Financial Management Strong Human Resource Management
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WATER SUPPLY
VISION
To provide wholesome water round the clock to every house at affordable cost even to the poor
OBJECTIVE - 1
Improve Consumer Satisfaction
OBJECTIVE - 2
Improve Water Resource Management
OBJECTIVE - 3
Sustain the good Financial Management
OBJECTIVE - 4
Strengthen the Human Resource Management
VISION OUTCOME-1
To achieve 100% household connections
VISION OUTCOME-1
To reduce NRW to 25%
VISION OUTCOME-1
To reduce working Ratio to 0.4
VISION OUTCOME-1
To reduce Staff ratio to 5
VISION OUTCOME-2
To achieve 24 hours Water Supply
VISION OUTCOME-2
To increase metering to 100%
VISION OUTCOME-2
To increase collection efficiency to 95%
VISION OUTCOME-3
To enhance Consumption to 150 l/p/d
VISIONING
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Energy Audit Studies Water Quality Studies and Monitoring Design and Implementation of Communication Strategy Planning, Reforms Baseline Survey and Institutional Human Resources Development Strengthening Establishment of Regulatory Authority GIS Mapping of Water and Sewerage Utility Mapping Community Initiatives Support Modernising Financial Management and MIS E-Governance Laying of Transmission main to Maduravada Region Development of Distribution peripharal (32) areas network for
Laying of Transmission mains from Thatipudi to Visakhapatnam Construction of 33 mgd Water Treatment plant at Narava Gajuwaka Water Supply Project Refurbishment of Distribution Network in Old City Upgradation and Improvement of Distribution System in Central Vizag a) Providing Pipeline from Raiwada canal to Narava b) Providing Pipeline from Yeleru reserveior to KBR
Augmentation of c) Construction of 2 Storage reservoirs on the Water Supply upsteam of Airport d) Construction of summer storage tank at Yeleru canal e) Source Augmentation / Desalitation Plant a) SCADA Project Service Delivery b) UFW Reduction Project c) 24 Hr. Water Supply Project 1. O & M of Water Supply system Governance a) Motor & Electrical repairs and upgradation b) Distribution network reforms rationalization Citizens Relations Citizen fedback mechanisms to be established Management Complaint redressal made robust
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7.3.
SEWERAGE SECTOR:
To enhance the coverage of safe sanitation facilities, following goals (table 4.3) have been identified for different horizon years. Table 7.3: Current Status and Vision
Objective Consumer Satisfaction Vision Outcome Sewerage network coverage Household connectivity Treatment Ratio Current Reality 2006 7% 8% 10% Reuse Ratio Sewerage Working Ratio 5% 0 2011 45% 45% 60% 30% 0.4 VISION 2016 100% 100% 100% 50% 0.4 2021 100% 100% 100% 70% 0.4
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The sectoral strategy for the sewerage sector is To cover the entire city with Sewerage network and to provide sewer connections to all including poor for improving the health conditions. To treat the sewerage water efficiently by optimum utilization of treatment plants. PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION To manage the human resources efficiently.
SEWERAGE
The growth part to attain the above strategies is as follows: Growth Path
1. GROWTH PATH
2005
AUGUST 2005
2008
2012
2015
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PUBLIC H
Visakhapatnam City Development Plan
2. VISIONIN
VISION
To provide safe and reliable collection, treatment and Reuse/ Di sposal of Waste water towards an eco-friendly city inclusive of poor settlements
OBJECTIVE - 1
Improve Consumer Satisfaction
OBJECTIVE - 2
Improve Sewage treatment and management
OBJECTIVE - 3
Sustain the good Financial Management
VISION OUTCOME-1
Sewerage network coverage
VISION OUTCOME-1
Treatment Ratio
VISION OUTCOME-1
Sewerage Working Ratio
VISION OUTCOME-2
Household connectivity
VISION OUTCOME-2
Reuse Ratio
VISIONING
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7.4.
Environmental Friendliness
30%
40%
50%
50%
70%
90%
100%
100%
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reduction in depth and width are noticed due to siltation and encroachment of drain bunds. To alleviate these, a rehabilitation and improvement program is recommended. Drainage Rehabilitation Program The flood prone areas identified are to be relieved of the problem in future by undertaking a drainage rehabilitation program. As a part of this program, the leading/connections between secondary and tertiary drains to primary drains have to be improved and strengthened. In addition, control of weed growth, limiting the dumping of solid and construction waste and controlling the growth of encroachments would be given top priority. City would desilt the primary drains and tertiary drains on a regular basis before the onset of the monsoon. The construction of new drains and connecting links would be taken up as a priority, along with strengthening of the existing drains with lining and side walls. Improvement Works and Construction of Tertiary Drains Construction of tertiary drains would be taken up on a priority basis as the city comprises of only 740 Km. of tertiary drains covering only 40% of the road length against a norm of 130%. It is proposed to construct tertiary drains to all the major arterials and important roads to increase the coverage and also to convert the kutcha drains to pucca drains to facilitate proper draining of storm water into natural drains. Conservation of Water Bodies As discussed, conservation of water bodies is an immediate priority for the City. Though initiatives are being undertaken, a large-scale program is pertinent to restore the water bodies to their original shape and conserve them as recharge structures. Protection of Environmental Resources The first and foremost intervention is the protection of environmental resources. Protection of water bodies, waterways and open spaces from further encroachments would be carried out in a co-ordinated way. Rehabilitation of ecosystems Efforts would be made to develop an integrated catchment management plan suitably connecting all the existing water bodies. Further, hydraulic capacity of the nalas and water bodies would be improved through widening and deepening and construction of side walls thereby limiting the risk of floods. Desilting would be carried out to increase the water holding capacity and to remove the toxic and hazardous materials stored in the tank beds. Monitoring and Quality Control Monitoring of water quality parameters would be conducted on a regular basis. City would take up the responsibility of monitoring the parameters in the water bodies within its jurisdiction and would take preventive measures, if the results are above the permissible limits. The horticulture division of city would devise pro-active strategies to limit pollution to water bodies within its limits and would co-ordinate with other agencies for monitoring the parameters in the other water bodies. Regulatory Framework Efforts would be directed at enforcing appropriate water pollution- related laws, ordinances, regulations, and corresponding enforcement responsibilities and procedures at the local level. In addition the conservation measures would include
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Dredging and desilting Widening & strengthening of lake bunds Setting up sewage treatment plants Bund formation Regulation of inlet and outlet channels
The objectives of the storm water sector are ; STORM WATER DRAINAGE To reduce the flooding of the City and to increase the safety. Stream lining the natural system effectively with 100% coverage. 1. GROWTH PATH Safe disposal.
Growth Path
2005
AUGUST 2005
2008
2012
2015
No flooding Safe drains Total coverage Complete restoration of Natural system Disposal of Treated storm water
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STORM WA
Vision Flow Diagram
STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES
2. VISIONIN
MISSION
To provide a cost effective, safe and Eco-friendly discharge of storm water with minimum in convenience to the public as per CPHEEO standards
VISION
To create storm water drainage system which will project the residents and the economy of the city.
OBJECTIVE - 1
Improving Consumer Satisfaction
OBJECTIVE - 2
Storm water drainage System
OBJECTIVE - 3
Environmental friendly
VISION OUTCOME- 1
Flooding
VISION OUTCOME-1
Adequate coverage
VISION OUTCOME-1
Recharge/ Reuse of Storm water
VISION OUTCOME- 2
Increasing safety
VISION OUTCOME-2
Management of Natural streams
VISION OUTCOME-2
Safe disposal
VISIONING
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Identification of Problem Areas R& R Planning Capacity Building Comprehensive Drainage Master Plan Regularazation of S.L. Canel Improvement of Yerrigedda Improvement to the Gongulagedda Rehabilitation of 39 Natural Storm Water channel system in the central Vizag Region
Rehabilitation of Storm Water Drains in Gajuwaka Region Rehabilitation of storm water Drains in Madurawada Region Drains Rehabilitation of storm water drains in Rehabilitation Pendurthy Region Development storm water system near Gangawara Port Area Development storm water system along Beach Road Construction of Treatment and re-use of storm water Drains
TRAFFI
VISION
To Provide the best Transport System to the satisfaction of residents and visitors.
OBJECTIVE - 1
Improving Consumer Satisfaction
OBJECTIVE - 2
Efficient Transport Management
OBJECTIVE - 3
Protecting the Citys Environment
VISION OUTCOME- 1
Reduction of average commute travel time and increasing average travel speed
VISION OUTCOME-1
Increasing mode split
VISION OUTCOME-1
Reduction in air and Noise pollution
VISION OUTCOME- 2
Increasing safety
VISION OUTCOME-2
Parking convenience and price
VISION OUTCOME- 3
Accessibility for disadvantaged people including children
VISION OUTCOME-3
Increase per capita Land devoted to Transportation facilities
VISION OUTCOME- 4
Reduction of portion of household budget devoted to transport cost
VISIONING
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Growth Path
SUSTAINABLE TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PATH
JNNURM TIME FRAME 2005
AUGUST 2005
2008
2012
2015
- 08
- 12
- 15
Table 7.7: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years Time Frame Vision Indicators 2005-06 Road Network as % of Total Area Accessability to the dis advantaged/ physically challenged Share of Public Transport Rail transport as share of total public transport / MRTS Average Speed -km/h Sidewalks length to Total road length Road accidents Usage of alternative fuels Environmental Upgradation (SOX, NOx, TSPM levels) 6% 2011 13% Pilot projects completed 25% 3% 20 40% of the requirement Reduced by 25% 15% Within acceptable limits 2016 16% This factor included in all new T&T projects 40% 10% 25 70% of the requirement Reduced by 50% 25% Within acceptable limits 2021 17% This factor included in all new T&T projects 55% 25% 25 90% of the requirement Reduced by 70% 40% Within acceptable limits
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7.5.2. Strategies
Strategies for Planning, Reforms and Institutional Strengthening Constitution of Greater Visakhapatnam Transport Authority (GVTA) The issue of institutional accountability can be addressed by formulating an apex authority Greater Visakhaptnam Transport authority. It establishes coordinat ion between the line departments in providng efficient transport services. This acts as the single most autority that has budgetoary control of the transport sector.
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Comprehensive Traffic and Transport Study for the entire GVMC Region This strategy is aimed to come out with sustained solutions for the entire GVMC as a unit that has financial and environmental viability. This also includes the current institutional analysis, policy, and financial and service delivery issues Traffic and Transportation Management using G.I.S. and GPS Technologies Use of Global Positioning System (GPS), a satellite based positioning and navigation technology, will help track the position of the public transport vehicles from a central location. This data is very useful in assessing the performance of the services offered. The same data can be beamed back to the electronic information boards at bus stops that will display information on the location of the busses and the expected arrival time. Use of such service has additional benefits in tracking the traffic conditions on the roadways, delays at intersections, passenger demand, as well as immediate notification to the control centre in case of accidents, all without any involvement of the driver or conductor. This strategy will also improve the share of public transport. Disincentivising the private transport during peak hours Disincentivicing the use of private vehicles during peak hours and in the CBDs is one of the key strategies to address the problems of traffic congestions and delayed journeys and improve the public transport as well. Congestion pricing during peak hours, differential parking fee, pedestrianisation, and surcharge on vehicles belonging to other cities/ regions, etc. are some of the strategic disincentives. Strategy for Finance Urban Transportation Development Fund Infrastructure development for efficient functioning of transport system is a capitalintensive process and a substantial financial burden would have to be shouldered by the government. The state government or the local bodies do not have the required resources for financing such developments, thus delaying the projects indefinitely. The Central Government in the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) has recommended levy of direct taxes that would be credited to the account of the Urban Transport Fund and used exclusively to meet the urban transportation needs. NUTP has further specified that such direct taxes could be in the form of a supplement to the petrol and diesel taxes, betterment charges on landowners or even in the form of employment tax on employers. Such provisions will also result in making private vehicular transport more expensive and result in a shift towards use of public transport systems. A similar approach is recommended for implementation in GVMC. Improve the Share of Public Transport Increasing the Fleet of Bus As per the standards of GoI, a city should have at least 100 buses per lakh of population. It is also mentioned that by 2020, this should go up to 250 buses per lakh population. This is also supported by the prevailing over crowded buses specifically in peak hours. Hence a fleet of 200 buses per annum for the three consecutive years will be introduced. Dedicated Bus corridors, Bus bays and Terminals:
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150 bus bays have been identified for provision of convenient stoppages for buses so that they donot cause inconvenience to the traffic following them. Further, dedicated bus corridors and construction of bus terminals at major hubs will ease the traffic flow, significantly increase the share of public transport and will also improve the comfort of the passengers through the development of hub and spoke system of transport. Introduction of MRTS: It is proposed to study and introduce MRTS (Mass Road Transport System) in selected corridors of the City to ease the congestion. Better Transport Infrastructure Streamlining, regularising the heavy cargo transport Specific dedicated corriodors along the important routes will be developed extensively for the cargo transport along the important routes where such cargo transport traffic is predominant. This traffic will be regularised in the all the regular network by introducing differential timings. Adequate number of Truck terminals will be provided to discourage the onroad parking of heavy cargo. Junctions and Traffic Signal improvements Visakhapatnam has about 270 intersections, out of which 125 are manned and 150 unmanned. Both of these intersections shall be provided with better LED controlled signal system. SCOOT area traffic control There are more than 55 signalised intersections in the GVMC area alone. Unless all these signals are linked with suitable area traffic management system, the overall delays may not come down. Optimisations of signals as an integrated network will be able to give better results pertain to the core area. Hence the SCOOT system with traffic detectors on the approaches, assisted by Video Cameras for incidence detection and management shall be installed. Traffic Signs and Markings The traffic in Visakhapatnam city being mixed in nature and carriage way being a nonstandard format, the carriageways need extensive traffic signs and road markings to provide guidance for disciplined and safe driving. It is observed that on many important corridors traffic guidance in the form traffic signs and lane markings are not up to the standards. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings, median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones etc; and locations for installing traffic delineators, and traffic signs and implemented on all important travel corridors extending over a length of 120 Km. Parking management It is proposed to demarcate parking stalls and design the parking fee structure to improve parking turnover. A proper parking policy, which looks at userspay principle, is imperative. Off street parking complexes for private vehicles at 20 important nodal points in the city are required to ease traffic congestion by releasing precious carriage way. Besides there is urgent need to stream line the para-transit vehicles at major trip attraction centres by provision of suitably designed para-transit hubs. As many as 25 locations have been identified to implement this scheme. Similarly there is a need for providing parking spaces for private bus operators. 10 such locations, on all major arterial roads are identified for this purpose. Parallel roads
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There are situations when alternative roads have to be developed to reduce the load on overburdened links. Finding space for such development is difficult in densely built up areas of the Urban Area. Only possible open areas for such purpose can be created from the vacant space available in the city and peripheral areas. Such a plan will have dual benefits of providing alternate routes and also help in non-encroachment of important lands. Road widening Given that the percentage area covered by roads in the city is a mere 10 % of the total area, road-widening programme improves channel capacity by adding more area to the circulation channels. Visakhapatnam is one of the cities, which has been able to implement road-widening programme with the participation of building owners, successfully. 25 congested links have been identified for widening with 7 of them being already implemented.
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Table 7.8: Traffic and Transportation strategy Traffic and Transportation Sector - Strategic Action Plan (2005-2012)
Component Insti tution ULB Activity Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
GoAP
Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Study for entire GVMC. Constitution and Operationalisation of Greater Visakhapatnam Transport Authority (GVTA) Ring fencing APSRTC, Railways Transport Assets and utilities mapping using G.I.S. Technology
ULB, Police Planning, dept. Traffic and Transportation Management Reforms and using G.I.S. and G.P.S. technology Institutional ULB, Police Strengthening Design and Implementation of IEC dept. campaign for improved traffic awareness Capacity building initiatives for better traffic management Introduce congestion pricing for private sector during peak hours Differential parking fee Auto restricted zones/ pedestrianisation Surcharge for other state/ city vehicles imposed Increasing the bus fleet Provision of bus bays in identified locations including signage ULB, APSRTC
ULB
APSRTC
Signage improvement at bus bays to 30% 70% 80% 95% 95% streamline bus and passenger mobility Development of bus terminals
95%
Better Service Delivery through improved share of Public Transport (Bus, MMTS & MRTS)
Dedicated line for bus carriage way (arterial and sub arterial roads) Survey, Land acquisition and provision of bus bays in feasible locations (Approx. 150) Development of required infrastructure (signage, signal system, separators, etc.) Formulation and Operationalisa-tion of the dedicated lines (% completed of the total corridor planned) ULB Provision of MRTS (length in km) Dedicated corridors for heavy cargo transport / streamlining transport traffic Strengthening existing roads by - 1320 km up gradation of important roads Junction Improvements 95 locations Signals - 55 locations
Improved Safety, Service delivery and Customer Satisfaction by providing better infrastructure
GVMC
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Finance
Constitution of Urban ULB, state Development Fund govtt Loans/Bonds Annuity Based arrangements
7.6.
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7.6.2. VISION
The major objectives of this sector are: To put an effective Solid Waste Management System complying with the rules of 2000. To ensure effective processing of waste through composting or energy projects. To secure and develop the landfill site for disposing the processed waste. To provide more transfer stations.
In order to achieve above outcomes, issues and deficiencies in each of the solid waste management component have been identified and the strategies for improvement both in physical and financial terms are elaborated in the following sections. 7.6.3.1. Source Segregation Deficiencies Storage of waste at source is one of the important recommendations of MoEF. It is however, observed that storage and segregation at source is generally absent in Vizag and people in general are not aware of the benefits of developing such a practice. However, some households (say around 10 to 15%) store the un-segregated waste in open containers and dispose off the same at the community collection points. Waste generated from the major markets in the city lack adequate storage facilities. Strategies for Improvement Highest priority has to be accorded for Segregation & Storage at source irrespective of the area of generation so as to facilitate an organized and environmentally acceptable waste collection, processing and disposal. Source segregation of Recyclables and biodegradable (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution in Landfill sites.
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In order to achieve the above objective, Two Bin system of Solid Waste Storage at source is being recommended. As per this system, each of the households would be directed to keep separate Bins/containers for Biodegradable and non-bio degradable waste generated within their premises. 7.6.3.2. Collection Deficiencies Households generally deposit the waste at community facilities except in areas where community manages the primary collection of waste. Strategies for Improvement The following measures have been recommended for improving the primary collection practices of Vizag. Phased implementation of Door to Door collection System through community organisations and GVMC by mobilising, facilitating, organising and supporting community activities with the help of local NGOs. Installation of Community Storage Bins in areas where house-house collection cannot be implemented. Expanding the Voluntary Garbage Disposal Scheme for more number of restaurants/hotels and commercial establishments and collecting user charges Placement of dumper containers sufficient in number at markets for ensuring that all the vendors places the waste in the containers. Persuading the hospitals to be part of the existing bio-medical waste management facility in the suburbs of the city. It is recommended to collect Non-bio degradable waste separately from premises where door-to-door / kerb side collections are organised. Present system of primary collection should be phased out by introducing Multi-bin carts (Push carts / Tricycles), semi mechanized systems like refuse collectors. Separate collection vehicles should collect the nonbiodegradable waste stored in separate bin. The details of proposed primary collection system are summarised in Table 7.10. Requirements of the Proposed Primary Collection System Presently the city has 500 dumper bins spaced at 250 m. Similarly, the city has over 300 open dumping (serving as the secondary collection centres) places where the community / sanitary workers deposit the waste. Table 7.10. : Proposed Primary Collection System Mode of Primary Collection Area of collection collection Vehicle 1.Residential colonies of High & middle income group
Secondary storage
Door to Door
1.Bio-degradable in Multi-bin cart/Tricycle-with Skips/wheel containers 6 of 40 lit capacity bins-4 2. Non-biodegradablefor Biodegradable waste, Sell or hand over to 2 for recyclables waste collector Closed vehicle to collect Direct transport to 2.Hotels/restaurants biodegradable Disposal site Mixed Residential, Commercial Areas Fruit & Vegetable Market/ transfer stations Slums/urban poor colonies Tri-cycle- with Six bins of 40 litre Carrying bins to transfer point Carrying bins to Transfer point Bins emptied to skips kept for the waste. Skip / Dumper Placer Transfer contents of biodegradable to community bins
Combination of Kerb-side &bell system Large Community bin system Small community bin system
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7.6.3.3. Collection & Transportation Deficiencies Current transportation system in Vizag is only able to address 50% of the total waste. There is only one modern transfer station for the city, which is not sufficient. Strategies for Improvement Key information on vehicle movement and deployment is critical. It is recommended that a standard register at the disposal site and transfer station be maintained. The register should contain information on each of the vehicle trips at both the locations and the origin of waste collection. A summary of this information would be prepared at the end of the day, to be verified by the health officer. In order to address the collection gap, it is recommended procuring new vehicles of 5.5 tons. 7.6.3.4. Processing & Disposal Deficiencies The major issues of processing and disposal in Vizag are crude dumping of waste and its impacts on the neighbourhood. Strategies for Improvement The characteristics and quantity of solid waste generated in the city primarily influence the disposal options. A review of the available solid waste sample analysis results indicates that nearly 30% of the waste generated in the city is organic nature. Considering these aspects, it is recommended to develop a landfill site for safe disposal of solid waste of Vizag. The treatment and disposal strategies for Vizag will be to: Compost the organic fraction of the waste Sanitary land filling of inorganic fraction of waste and the compost rejects Encouraging local level aerobic vermi composting and Educating the community on 4R strategy (Reduce, Reuse. Recycle and Recover)
The capital investment for the proposed interventions is presented in the investment plan. The immediate objective is to establish landfill site with public private partnership for effective solid waste management by 2008. Table 7.11 : Solid Waste Management Strategy Solid Waste Management Sector - Strategy to achieve Vision and Goal (2005-2012) Component Activity Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan Training of functionaries Service Communication Strategy Improvement Development Communication Campaigns Support for Community Initiatives Source Segregation ULB Insti tution Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
Primary
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Collection
Secondary Vehicle Fleet Collection & Transportation Transfer Stations Modernisation Waste Minimisation, Recycling Integrated Waste Treatment Disposal & Treatment Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility Scientific Closure of the abandoned dump sites Project Development Assistance (5% of the total)
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7.7.
With about one third of the population living in slums, urban poverty is a major issue confronting the GVMC area. The vision of Vizag is to become a city without slums by 2021. The goals formulated to achieve the vision are: All poor will have access to qualitative and affordable basic services; 100 % literacy; Universal access to primary health care and no one should die of preventable diseases; Livelihood to all urban poor. Security of tenure and Affordable Housing
The strategy formulated for reducing poverty in GVMC is: Provision of land tenure security Community empowerment Linking livelihoods to citys economy Development of housing through partnerships - PPP Formulation of Notification and Denotification Policy Relocation of slums located in hazardous and vulnerable Areas Provision of basic infrastructure - both physical (water, roads, sanitation and sewerage) and social infrastructure (clinics, schools, training facilities, etc).
Slum Networking Under this initiative, slum networking will be taken up for an integrated up gradation of the slums. As there is a close correlation between the slum locations and the natural drainage paths of a city they would be tapped and improved upon with the infrastructure services. This approach would help in building low cost service trunks, particularly for gravity-based systems of sewerage and storm drainage, together with environmental improvements such as cleaning up of nallahs, development of green pedestrian spines and restoration of waterfront structures. Social & Economic Development Action Plan The city administration has identified that for overall development of the slum areas the development should concentrate on the social and economic issues and hence would focus
106
on strengthening community based organizations, enhanced role of the self-help groups (SHGs), access to institutional finance to SHGs, etc. Accordingly the Social & Economic Development Action Plan would focus on the following areas: Education Health Livelihoods Strengthening SHGs
Considering the deficiencies in infrastructure - physical and social - the cost of estimated interventions is to the tune of Rs.2600 crores and is presented in Table ----.
Table 7.13: Community Facilities Available In Slums Infrastructure Schools (No.) Comm Halls (Nos) GVMC 210 171
107
Table 7.14: Solid Waste Infrastructure Required No. of slums GVMC 418 MSW Generation in MTPD 933 Tricycles required (no.) 1000 Dumper placer Dumper bins trucks required required (no.) (no.) 1000 75
In addition, the existing infrastructure in slums requires complete rehabilitation as a majority of the assets are in dilapidated condition.
108
Planning, Institutional Strenthening and Capacity Building Reforms and Governance Providing Access to Social Infrastructure( Health and Education) Evolving a comprehensive Livelihood Policy IEC Strenthening CBOs Relocations of Slums located in Hazardous and vulnerable Areas Identification of Infrastructure and Housing Deficiencies Improvement in Infrastructure Development of Basic Services to the Poor Water Supply & Sewerage Roads Service delivery Street Lights Community Toilets Construction of Storm Water Drains including primary drains Environmental Improvement of Slums Solid Waste Management Civic Amenities, Community Halls, Child Care Centres Rehabilitation of existing assets Housing Infrastructure
109
Chapter-VIII
8.1.
WATER SUPPLY
8.2.
SEWERAGE
The sewerage Master Plan will guide the sewerage system of Visakhapatnam over the next two and a half decade as it strives to manage growing needs in improvement of sanitation. The plan identifies the facilities and services that the city intends to put in place by 2020 to meet the needs of the domestic and industrial sectors. It will also provide a basis for developing projects for achieving the vision. This exercise does not focus on the design and operational details but helps in evolving a strategy and policy guidelines in the sewerage sector for the city of Visakhapatnam.
110
8.3.
It is an elevated rail system to be built on single piers with a minimum height of 5.5 meters in the central median of the road. With stations located at an average spacing of 1km, the system can wan away the traveling public from personalized motor vehicles to it and will thus give a breathing relief to the ever-increasing traffic congestion, as it is the case with the metros world over. The cost of the project is estimated to be about Rs. 6240 crores and proposed to be implemented over a period of 7 years starting from the year 2007. Once the MRT system is in place, appropriate policy mechanism needs to be evolved discourage and or impose restrictions on private vehicles, through peak hour pricing, congestion pricing, restriction of car/motor cycle purchases by quota and auction methods, restriction on entry of private vehicles, encouraging pooled cars, etc., as it is practised in most of the metro cities.
111
8.4.
The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is facing lot of hard-ship in day-today & periodic maintenance of Drains as well, due to the cited reasons. Lot of loss & Damages to the Public life & Properties are being encountered in every rainy season, particularly during cyclonic storms. Thus giving scope to the Public & to the Media to comment on the very existence and functioning of Local Administration.
8.5.
112
Refurbishment of Distribution Network in Old City Upgradation and Improvement of Distribution System in Central Vizag Sub-Total 59.80 Augmentation a) Providing Pipeline from Raiwada canal to Narava
113
105.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 161.00 7.00 17.50 35.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 21.00 7.00 24.50 35.00 10.50 10.50 10.50 31.50 10.50 25.20 35.00 10.50 10.50 10.50 31.50 17.50 28.00 35.00 14.00 17.50 14.00 45.50 17.50 28.00 35.00 14.00 17.50 14.00 45.50
0.08 3.122
1034.65 396.24
114
39.20 171.60 216.50 211.50 208.70 177.30 3.00 41.40 176.75 221.10 214.15 211.35 179.45 4.85
115
4.25 13.75 3 21 1.4 28 14 35 24.5 17.5 17.5 137.9 14 5.25 17.5 36.75 195.7 0.56 11.2 5.6 14 9.8 7 7 55.16 5.6 2.1 7 14.7 69.86 0.84 16.8 8.4 21 14.7 10.5 10.5 82.74 8.4 3.15 10.5 22.05 104.8
116
3 10 0.5 0.5 10 0.5 0.1 2.00 10 0.5 0.1 1.00 10 0.5 0.1 0.50 0.5 0.1 0.50 0.5 0.1 0.50
6 60 4 1 12.5
6 60 4 1 6.25
0 0 0 0 2.50
0 0 0 0 3.75
6 60 4 1 12.50
5.00
3.00
3.5
9.5 17.5
14 17.5
16.8 17.5 35 35 21
43.8 143.5
21.90 71.75
8.76 28.70
13.14 43.05
43.80 143.50
117
Traffic and Transportation Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) - Rupees Crores Component Activity/ Sub Projects Signals - 55 locations Flyovers - 9 nos. Signage and markings Street Lighting Parking Lots/ complexes 15 Nos. 3.00 Truck, Private Bus, Para Transit, Parking Lots- 20 Nos Truck Terminals 2 Nos. ROBs & RUBs -2 Nos. Development of connectivity across Harbour approach channel (Port Trust) 10 Works in Phase-I of 58.8 Km and 13 Works of Phase-II of 100.5 KM of VUDA. Provision of bus bays in all feasible locations including signage Development of bus terminals at CBDs and growth centers Dedicated line for bus carriage way (arterial and sub arterial roads) Improved share of public Transport 2.2 Land acquisitions for providing dedicated lines Development of required infrastructure (signage, signal system, separators, etc.) 5.00 5.00 10 DEDICATED BUS CORRIDORS 5.00 2.00 3.00 10.00 2.00 35 35 35 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 8 0 6.5 2 105 4.00 0.00 3.25 1.00 52.50 1.60 0.00 1.30 0.40 21.00 2.40 0.00 1.95 0.60 31.50 8.00 0.00 6.50 2.00 105.00 Y1 2005-06 0.50 25.00 0.05 0.50 Y2 2006-07 0.18 10.00 0.05 0.50 Y3 2007-08 0.20 10.00 0.05 0.50 Y4 2008-09 0.18 10.00 0.05 0.50 Y5 2009-10 0.30 10.00 0.05 0.50 Y6 2010-11 0.20 10.00 0.05 0.50 Y7 2011-12 0.10 10.00 0.05 0.50 TOTAL 1.655 85 0.35 3.5 GOI 0.83 42.50 0.18 1.75 JNNURM GoAP 0.33 17.00 0.07 0.70 IF/IR 0.50 25.50 0.11 1.05 TOTAL 1.66 85.00 0.35 3.50
50 3.00 5.00
100
100
100
100
31.6
586.6 6
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
30 0
5.00
3.00
2.00
10
5.00
2.00
3.00
10.00
118
Traffic and Transportation Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) - Rupees Crores Component Activity/ Sub Projects accessibility to the disadvantaged 3 pedestrianisation Pedestrian Safety Subways/ FoBs - 36 no.s Infrastructure/ signage for Pedestrian crossings PART I PART II TOTAL* 8069.4 SUB TOTAL MRTS 1500 1500 1500 1740 6240 0.52 6.0 1.0 210.57 2 0.87 6.0 1.0 413.00 1 1.17 6.0 1.0 449.57 307.78 209.98 170.65 67.85 1 1.81 1 2.56 1 1.92 1 1.15 10 10 18 3 1829.40 5.00 5.00 9.00 1.50 952.70 2 2 3.6 0.6 350.68 3 3 5.4 0.9 526.02 10 10 18 3 1829.40 Y1 2005-06 Y2 2006-07 Y3 2007-08 Y4 2008-09 Y5 2009-10 Y6 2010-11 Y7 2011-12 TOTAL GOI JNNURM GoAP IF/IR TOTAL
119
Solid Waste Management Sector - Urban Infrastructure - Investment Plan 2005-2012 - Rupees Crores
Outcome Activity Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan Training of functionaries Service Improvement Communication Strategy Development Communication Campaigns Support for Community Initiatives Source Segregation Primary Collection Door to Door Collection Installation of Storage Bins Secondary Collection & Transportation Vehicle tracking system Vehicle Fleet Transfer Stations Modernisation Waste Minimization, Recycling Integrated Waste Treatment Disposal & Treatment Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility Construction of Transmission Station Project Development Assistance (5% of the total) Grand Total 2 15 5 20 8 13 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.3 Inst itution ULB 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 1 2 3 10 0.3 0.5 1 1 1 3 8 8 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 0.3 0.5 1 1 2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 5.3 0.8 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.1 7.7 6.8 27.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 48.0 15.0 24.0 7.5 9.6 3.0 14.4 4.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.5 5.3 0.8 1.5 3.2 2.4 3.1 3.9 3.4 13.7 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.4 5.5 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.0 8.2 1.5 5.3 0.8 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.1 7.7 6.8 27.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 48.0 15.0 JNNURM Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Total GOI GOAP IR/IF Total
0.2 6.4
1 40.8
2 46.2
0.2 25.9
0.5 6.3
2 6.3
0.5 4.1
6.4 135.7
6.4 135.7
120
Table 8.6. Basic Services for the poor City investment plan
Poverty Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) - Rupees Crores Year 7
Component
Activity
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Year 6
Total GOI
JNNURM GOAP IR/IF Total 2.60 4.6 0.75 8.35 0.00 423.91 215.85 74.85 202.72 727.50 14.15 1,658.97 1658.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 18.30 847.81 431.70 149.70 405.43 1455.00 28.30 3,317.94 3336.24
Development of database Design and Implementation of Communication Strategy Baseline Survey Human Resources Development Community Initiatives Support Sub-Total Water supply provision Sewerage Storm water drains Traffic and Transportation Housing and Infrastructure Solid Waste Management Sub-Total Grand Total
0.80 0.10
2.60 4.6 0.75 8.35 2 18.30 423.91 215.85 74.85 202.72 727.50 14.15 1,658.97 1677.27
0.10 1.00 48.45 17.10 7.20 34.71 150.00 2.50 259.96 260.96
0.75 0.50 3.55 130.64 71.70 47.10 104.04 600.00 9.10 962.58 966.13
1.50 0.50 3.75 159.03 91.80 47.10 128.85 580.00 6.10 1012.88 1016.63
1.50 0.50 2.75 159.44 88.80 27.30 74.40 125.00 4.00 478.94 481.69
1.50 0.50 2.75 162.00 87.60 16.50 33.30 2.70 302.10 304.85
8.35 2.00 18.30 847.81 431.70 149.70 405.43 1455.00 28.30 3317.94 3336.24
121
70.6 3336.2
651.5
2029.9
2242.1
1449.5 1500
1149.3 1500
907.4 1500
651.5
2029.9
2242.1
2949.5
2649.3
2407.4
2021.5 14987.7
Table 8.8: Financing Plan (Rs. In Crores) Sector Water Supply Sewarage Traffic & Transporation Storm Water Solid Waste Management Basic Services for the Urban poor** Total Excluding MRTS MRTS Total Including MRTS GOI (50%) 1034.70 531.70 952.70 195.70 77.10 1677.30 4469.2 3120.00 GoAP (20%) 396.20 207.60 350.70 69.90 23.40 1659.00 2706.8 1248.00 3954.8 ULB (30%) 594.40 311.50 526.00 104.80 35.10 0 1571.8 1872.00 Total 2025.30 1050.80 1829.40 370.30 135.70 3336.24 8747.74 6240.00
7589.2 **In case of urban poor GoI and GoAP have 50% share each
3443.8 14987.74
122
Chapter-IX
Financial status Revenue income of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has 200 grown to a level of INR 168 crores in the Expenditure financial year 2004-05 from INR 83 crores in 150 Income financial year 2000-01, the revenue income 100 had registered an annual growth of 10.12 percent whereas the revenue expenditure 50 increased at an average annual rate of 9 percent. Thus indicating a surplus position, 0 during this period,GVMC consistently 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 maintained a revenue surplus. Capital income of GVMC comprises of loans, grants and contribution in the form of sale proceeds of assets and contribution. A major share of
Amount in Rs. Crores
Capital Account
123
capital income is from the Bulk Water Supply and Other Revenue Recipts. It is observed that capital expenditure has been inconsistent during the review period. During financial year 2004-05, capital expenditure had risen to INR 106.31 crores from INR 85.25 crores in the financial year 2003-04. This rise was primarily attributed to higher allocation for road works, and other capital expenditure as part of Visakhapatnam City improvement programme. The following sections provide an in depth review of the revenue and capital account, primarily aimed at assessing the municipal fiscal status and providing a base for determining the financial capacity of GVMC to sustain additional capital investment. Revenue account The revenue account comprises of two components, revenue income and revenue expenditure. Revenue income comprises of internal resources in the form of tax and non-tax items. External resources are in the form of shared taxes/transfers and revenue grants from the State Government. Revenue income
180 The revenue sources of 160 GVMC can be broadly categorized under three categories viz., own 140 sources, assigned revenues and 120 grants. The base and basis of each 100 income source has been further elaborated in the following section. 80 60
Grants Own source Assints Revenue
Own Sources
40
20 Own-source income includes income from resource mobilization 0 activities of GVMC in the form of 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 taxes, Bulk Water Charges, fee for building permission, trade licenses, Revenue Income 300 etc. Own revenue sources are further classified as tax and non-tax sources that are 275.74 generated by various sections of the GVMC.
250 200
267.49 194.76 203.91
The sections contributing tax income include Property Tax, Town Planning, Public 170.83 Health. The General Taxation section is the largest revenue generating section and collects 150 131.43 among other taxes, property tax and advertisement tax. Especially the 125.67 water charges derived 100 through Bulk and Semi Bulk that form a larger component of Revenue is collected118.88 by the 90.68 84.8 Water Supply Department. Other sections collect charges and fees, as per the rules, towards 50 services rendered by GVMC. 12.08 Non-Tax Sources
2.81 0.99 0 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 1.31 3.15
Rs. in Crores
Tax Sources
Non-tax sources include all non-tax revenues such as fees and charges levied as per Grants Own Sources Assigned Revenue the Municipal Act. Such revenue sources include income from special services, etc. The major sections/departments contributing non-tax income include Revenue Section Income from Town Planning Section, Dangerous & Offensive Trade Licence Fee, Births and Death Certificate and Income from Remunerative Enterprises. The essential features of this head of revenue income are listed below:
2003-04
2004-05
124
Income from own sources accounts for about 92 percent of revenue income, and has increased at an average rate of 15.79 percent per annum. Major items of own-source income, include property tax as follows: PropertyTax = 21%. Water Supply = 28% Civic Infra Structure = 5% Town Planning = 5% Public Health = 1.25% Remunerative Enterprises = 1.56% Other Receipts = 38.19%. Income through own-source heads that contribute substantially towards revenue income include:
Source of Revenue Income (Average 2000-2005)
38.19
21
1.56 1.25
P.T. W.S. C.I. T.P.
5
P.H. R.E. O.R.
28
Other Administrative Receipts: Income through other Receipts is in the form of magisterial fines, warrant & distrait fees, lapsed deposits and other sundry income. It also includes income from interest on investments and realization of past fixed deposits. These items together account for about 1 percent of revenue income. Property Tax/Water Charges: Income through property tax is based on the Annual Rental Value (ARV) of Property. It contributes about 23% of the Corporations Revenue. Water Charges contributes 30% of the Revenue income which is the largest and most elastic source of revenue. Town Planning: The income from the town planning section, excluding building regularization fees, accounts for about 5.02 percent of revenue income. Public Health: The Public Health section of GVMC generates income by way of dangerous and offensive (D&O) trade licence fees, and birth & death certificates. Income under this head contributes over 1.38 percent to revenue income. Remunerative Enterprises: The income generated through remunerative assets on average is about 1.71 percent of revenue income. Assigned Revenues Assigned revenues include revenues transferred to GVMC by the State Government (GoAP) under specific acts. Transfers are in the form of GVMC share of taxes levied and collected by GoAP from establishments/operations within the municipal limits. Surcharge on transfer of immovable properties, entertainment tax, and professional taxes are items on which these revenues are realised by GVMC. Transfers affected by GoAP during the last five years are presented in Table 9.1. Table 9.1: Assigned Revenue Income (Rs. in Crores) Items 2000-01 2001-02 Entertainment Tax Professional Tax Surcharge Duty Total Share in RI (%) on Stamp 3.41 5.66 9.26 18.33 22.35 3.17 6.61 5.37 15.15 12.82
125
Income through assigned revenues contributes 24 percent of revenue income and has increased at an average rate of 8 percent per annum. It is observed from the above table that the inflow from this account head have been inconsistent due to delays in transfers and deductions at source towards to any outstanding. Professional tax is a fixed transfer amount per annum and other transfers are as per actual realization. Income through assigned revenue heads that contribute substantially towards revenue income include: Entertainment Tax: The Commercial tax (CT) Department collects entertainment tax from all cinema halls functioning within GVMC limits. The CT Department transfers 90 percent of the total tax collection to GVMC, and retains 10 percent towards management charges. Entertainment tax accounts for around 1.38 percent of total revenue income and has grown at an average rate of 1.92 percent per annum. Professional Tax: Professional tax is also collected by the Commercial Tax Department. Profession Tax accounts for about 10.48 percent of municipal income Stamp Duty: Surcharge on stamp duty is a major assigned revenue source, accounting for 20 percent of revenue income. It is levied in the form of a surcharge on stamp duty applicable on all properties registered or transferred within GVMC limits. The Registration Department collects this and 95 percent of the collections are transferred to GVMC. The proceeds from this source have registered an average annual growth of about 7.56 percent. Revenue Grants and Contribution The Corporation receives revenue grants and compensations from the State Government under various heads. The regular revenue grants are listed in Table 9.2, of which some items are fixed and are transferred on a quarterly basis. Other grant heads are for specific purposes; hence ad hoc in nature. Table 9.2: Revenue Grants (Rs. in Lakhs) Items Per Capita Grant Road Maintenance Grant Compensation in Lieu of Octroi Compensation due to cont. to tax Payers Other Grants Total Share in RI (%) 0.01 0.61 0.75 0.20 0.50 0.42 0.22 4.62 3.40 0.01 5.02 3.72 0.10 0.69 0.44 200001 0.60 0.00 200102 0.30 0.00 200203 0.98 3.42 200304 5.01 0.00 200405 0.59 0.00
126
Revenue expenditure
60
Revenue Expenditure
53.21 Revenue expenditure of GVMC has 51.15 Items of Revenue Expenditure 49.67 49.15 been analysed based on expenditure 50 (Average of 2000-2005) heads broadly classified under the 40 following departments/sections of GVMC General Establishment, Civic Infra 30 26.01 30.56 29.45 28.84 Structure,Street Lighting, Revenue, 29.66 27.74 20 Education, Public Health, Pension Contribution, Conservancy, Engineering Establishment 10 5.45 Debt Servicing Remunerative Enterprises, and Town 0.67 1.92 5.35 Contingencies / O & M 0.62 Planning & Urban Community 0 Development (UCD). Revenue 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Establishment Contingencies/O&M expenditure is further classified under Debt Servicing establishment and contingencies (O&M). Besides the above items of expenditure and debt servicing constitute a substantial proportion of revenue expenditure. Application of funds by each sector is presented in Diagram
Establishment expenditure accounts for 18 percent of revenue expenditure. Debt servicing accounts for a major share of about 6.5 percent of the revenue expenditure. Analysis of heads under revenue expenditure has been carried out with regard to establishment, operation & maintenance, and debt servicing. The following sections detail the same. Establishment Expenditure Establishment expenditure of all sections accounts for over 18 per cent of total revenue expenditure (include debt servicing). The salary bill alone of GVMC, during financial year 2004-05, was INR 27.75 crores. Operation and Maintenance Expenditure Operation and maintenance expenditure of all section together accounts for 60 percent of revenue expenditure. The total O&M expenditure during financial year 2004-05 was INR 50 crores. Debt Services 1. GVMC had given a loan of Rs.60 Crores with the interest of 10% PA in the year 200304 to APIIC Ltd. and had invested Rs.7.50 crores in VIWSCO during the year 2003-04. 2. GVMC had cleaned its loan with LIC in the year 2004-05. 3. During the year 2003-04 GVMC had issued Tax Free and Taxable Bonds to the tune of Rs. 65 crores. The details of the payments is as follows: Principal Amount Interest (upto the year 2010-11) Total Repayment Interest already paid (upto the year 2010-11 Interest already paid th (upto 30 Sep 2006) : : : : : Rs.65.00 Rs.29.20 Rs.94.20 Rs.94.20 Rs. 7.18 Crores Crores Crores Crores Crores
Rs. in Crores
127
Capital Income Capital income comprises loans, grants and own contributions. During the year 200304 the total Capital Receipts were Rs.91.73 Crores. The analysis indicates that 70.86% is constituted by income from Bonds issued. 9.81% is from Water Supply 3.61% from land grants and 15.72% from Other Receipts. During the year 2004-05 the total capital receipts were Rs.313.92 Crores and the analysis indicates that 40% is constituted by income from Water supply and 17.75% from Plan Grants. This indicates the increasing trend in Capital Receipts from Water Supply and the Plan Grants are also in the same direction of increase year by year. Capital Expenditure Capital Expenditure comprises of Expenditure towards Public Health, Remunerative Enterprises, Water Supply, Drainage, Street Lighting, Interest on Bond Issue etc., During the year 2004-05 an amount of Rs.4.79 Crores was paid towards interest on bonds. Table 9.3 :Key Financial Indicators Items Operating Ratio Capital Utilization Ratio Share of Establishment Cost % Revenue Spent on Establishment Debt Servicing % of Income Key Issues and Conclusions The following issues emerge from the above analyses carried out on the municipal finances of GVMC. Revenue account status There is Revenue surplus every year and it is increasing year by year. The Revenue Surplus was increase to Rs. 71.67 Crores in the year 2004-05 from that of Rs.52.71 Crores in the year 2003-04. The increase in this surplus is about 35.97% . the increasing trend of Revenue surplus is a very healthy sign of the organisation and consider to be financially in sound position. Revenue income GVMC is generating about 77% of total Receipts from its own sources which is a healthy sign. Dependency on grants is as low as 0.44%, which is lesser than 1%. Remaining 22% revenue income is by of Assign Revenues i.e. from VLT,Stamp Duty, Road Cutting Charges, P.S.Charges, Entertainment Charges etc.,. the percentages clearly shows that the Corporation not dependent on others and its own sources are sufficient to meet its expenses and is sailing smoothly. The Property Tax Collection has increased to Rs. 35.01 Crores during the year 200405 from that of Rs.28.30 Crores during the year 2003-04. There is 18.61% increase in Property tax collection during the year 2003-04 when compared to its previous year i.e. 200203. 2000-01 0.69 0.24 50 36 2.36 2001-02 0.69 0.25 34.11 24.52 4.61 2002-03 0.57 0.13 35.71 22.08 0.49 2003-04 0.36 0.51 37.80 22.95 0.46 2004-05 0.49 0.56 34.14 18 3.47
128
During the year 204-05 there is an increase in assign Revenues and other Receipts to the tune of Rs 6.78Crores i.e. about 0.17% Revenue Receipts when compared to the year 2003-04. Decrease in Revenue Expenditure Total Revenue Expenditure for the year 2004-05 as decrease by Rs.4.51 Crores when compared to that of 2003-04. This indicates that there is a Decreased Trend in Revenue Expenditure due to Cost Reduction Techniques. Establishment Expenditure: Establishment Expenditure compared with Revenue Receipts decreased from Rs.30.75 Crores (23%) of 2003-04 to Rs.27.75 Crores (18%) of 2004-05 that is about 5% decrease in Establishment Expenditure. Capital Expenditure: The Capital Expenditure is on the increase in side that indicates that the Corporation is investing more on Capital Assets which is a good sign. By invest in Capital Assets the Corporation is incresing Assets base and in future the Capital Assets will have appreciation in its values and the NetWork of the Corporation will increase. Conclusion: Reduction in some Expenditure by introducing Cost Reduction Techniques and increase in Revenue Receipts and Surplus in Revenue Receipts clearly indicates that the Corporation is Financially is very Strong and will become more stronger in future.
2500
Amount in Rs.Lakh
Expenditur e Incom e
129
Capital Income Capital income comprises sale of sites, houses and contribution from other agencies and meager grants from the Government.VUDA is also getting income due to grounding of certain major projects during 2004-05.
Capital Expenditure Capital expenditure comprises expenditure on land acquisition, spill over works ,new works. The expenditure has been increased from 1149.32 to 1646.78 Lakhs with an increase of 25%. Major works are grounded in the year 2004-05 towards housing schemes,sites and services , road widening etc.,
Amount in Rs.Lakh
Capital Account
Expenditure Income
01-02
02-03
03-04
04-05
130
O& M to grow based on past performance and/or likely growth; Additional O&M due to the new investment was considered; Repayment commitments of all outstanding debt liabilities like bonds etc. With Reforms scenario - Income considerations Property tax revision (Rationalization) by 15% in financial year 2006-07 and Revision of property tax current valuation method to Unit Area method from FINANCIAL YEAR 2006-07 and there on every year 15% increase is assumed; Improving the tax collection efficiency from the current level to the minimum of 85 % of current demand and 50% of arrear demand; Growth in other revenue income items based on past performance and/or likely growth; Introduction of conservancy fee in addition to the bulk garbage collection charges to households to a minimum of Rs. 10 per month per households; Identifying more areas for parking and increasing the parking fee With Reforms scenario - Expenditure considerations Establishment expenditure assumed to increase at rate of 9% per annum for GVMC O& M to grow based on past performance and/or likely growth; Repayment commitments of all outstanding debt liabilities like bonds etc. An enhancement of property tax by 80Cr due to merges of Vizag Steel Plant into city area is considered. Table 9.4 City investment plan Sector-wise investment plan for 2005-2012 Sector Year wise requirements ( Rs. in crores)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Water Supply Sewarage Traffic & Transporation (GVMC) Storm Water Drainage Solid Waste Management Basic services for the urban poor Total Excluding MRTS MRTS Total Including MRTS 113.8 316.8 384.6 379 383 309.8 Year 7 138.1 4.9 67.9 1 4.1 70.6 Total 2025.3 1050.8 1829.4 370.3 135.7 3336.2
41.4 176.8 229.1 214.2 211.4 179.5 210.6 413 449.6 307.8 116 46.2 66.8 26.0 210 170.7 40 6.3 12 6.3
281.5 1740
8747.7 6240
2021.5
14987.7
131
Table 9.5 : Investment SUSTENANCE (Rs. In Crores) 2010201111 12 346 143 203 439 135 304 399 157 242 490 145 345
200506 Without Reform Revenue Income Revenue Expenditure Investable Surplus With Reforms Revenue Income Revenue Expenditure Investable Surplus 172 78 94 172 78 94
FINANCIAL OPERATION PLAN (FOP) The GVMC has taken into consideration the overall revenue sources and feasibility of collection in all aspects while preparing its financial operation plan as a part of city development strategy (CDS) estimated to reach its goal in near future. The financial planning process in the present FOP of GVMC for over 7 years involves a trade off between the financial situation and required levels of services and infrastructure. This process is initiated by estimating the needs and the resources vice versa. The sources of funding are identified for the additional capital expenditure required by augmentation of internal resources as well as the expected level of funding assistance from The Government of India. The FOP of the GVMC is proposed with reference to requirements of funds after due identification of potential sources and after arriving at the overall affordability in all respects. Taking all the factors into consideration the following 6 years financial plan with statistical information is arrived.
132
Table 9.6 : Annualised investment plan (Rs. in crores) Total 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011Requirement 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 2495 160 512 555 453 386 310 118
Financing Options 1. GVMC 2. Governement of Andhra Pradesh 3. Financing Institution 4. Capital Market 5. Off-Shore financing 6. Government of India Total Excluding MRTS 7. Government of India (MRTS) 20% 8. Private Funding (MRTS) 80% MRTS Total
1663 4159
107 267
341 854
370 926
302 756
257 643
207 517
79 197
533
1707
1852
533
1707
1852
1500 4511
In order to achieve an overall development of the city of Greater Visakhapatnam the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is estimated to be successful in extending its financial share out of its own funds to a tune of Rs. 2,495 Crores through mobilization of its internal resources in the coming 6 years plan. It is also estimated that an amount of Rs. 1,663 Crores would be mobilized through the financial institutions, off share financing and Capital marketing as a partial component of financial resource for the development of the city of Visakhapatnam. The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation solicits an extended funding support from The Government of India to a tune of Rs. 4,159 Crores for the development of all required infrastructure to achieve its goal to make the city destiny to be a world class city in the Global contest. The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation also expects a financial support of Rs. 1,248 crores for grounding and development of Multi Railway Transport System (MRTS) in addition to an expected funding of Rs. 4,992 crores from the private sector. The above Financial Operating Plan (FOP) of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation with an expected out come of city development in all respects with a budget of Rs. 14,557/- crores in coming seven years is submitted for kind consideration of Government of India to make the dream of citizens of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation come true in near future.
133
ANNEXURE 1 : LIST OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN THE CITY BRIEF PARTICULARS IN RESPECT OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES LOCATED WITHIN AND IN CLOSE PROXIMITY OF THE CITY Name Heavy Industries Visakha Steel Plant Hindustan Shipyard Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Large Scale Industries Coromondal Fertilizers Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels Hindustan Polymers Hindustan Zinc Medium Industries Union Carbide Coastal Chemicals Andhra Duncan Cement Company Pragati Fertilizers Andhra Oxygen Limited Aqua Marine Products Andhra Drinking Limited 1967 1971 1973 1977 Fertilizers. Pressure vessels, boilers, heat exchange columns Ethyl alcohol, Styrene, Polysterene Zinc, lead, silver cadmium, sulphuric acid Shrimp processing Alum Slag cement Super Phosphate Oxygen, Acetylene Processed Fish Aerated Water, Soft drinks, juices 1989 1952 1957 Steel Shipbuilding Crude oil refinery Year of Establishment Products
134
ANNEXURE-2 LIST OF HERITAGE SITES IN THE CITY. The various cultural and heritage sites which are available in the city and in close proximity contributing to the tourism initiatives are given in the Annexure. List of Heritage Sites in the City Town Hall (GVMC) Masenic Lodge St. Allosis School Victoria status KGH Callectorate District Court Hawa Mahal (old Visakha woman college) Old Bunglow (opp to swagruha flats) Mukherjee house Railway Guest House (near China Waltair) Rani Chandramathi Devi hospital Kurupam monuments Kali temple Kanakamahalakshmi temple Visakha museum Queen Mary's school Christian cemetery near Jagadamba Waltair Club Building Jaganadha Swamy temple Siva temple (Jagadamba junction) Circuit house Appikonda - Shnhachalam Temple Church on hill top Kottavadhi Dargah Church Kottavadhi church Venketeshwara temple Vikramadevi Varma College Building (AU campus)
135
ANNEXURE-3 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN THE CITY Tourist attraction what is on offer Parks, an aquarium and war memorials A Roman Catholic Church, built in 1864, lies atop the Rose Hill; the temple of the Hindu God Venkateshwara was built in 1886 on top of the Venkatesh Konda; and on top of Dargakonda lies a mosque. Park located on a hilltop gives a birds eye view of the city. Larger than life idols of shiva and Parvati adorn the hill. The submarine built by Russia served for 31 years before it was decommissioned and retired from Defence services. Aquarium managed by a private firm; has fish from all over the world. The zoo spread over 425 acres has a varied collection of wild species and is home for over 400 varieties of animals. th Historic temple built in the 11 Century is the abode of Lord Varaha Narasimha Swami. Located on hilltop at a height of 244 meters. nd th Dating back to 2 Century BC to 7 Century AD, situated 15 kms from the city, the complex has a number of Stupas, Chaityas, Viharas, a congregation hall and a refectory belonging to the Hinayana School. Located in Sankaram 8 kms from Anakapalli. Has an array of Buddhist constructions made of stone believed to be made during Mahayana period. A haven for tourists with attractions like botanical gardens, tunnels, coffee plantations, caves, water falls, natural rock formations and a tribal museum. Situated at around 90 Kms from the city, Borra caves were discovered in 1807. The rocks at the caves date back to a million years. Deep in the illuminated caves, there is a Shivalingam and an idol of Kamadhenu. Jungle Bells is a nature camp launched in the eastern ghats (85 kilometres from Visakhapatnam). The attractions include bird watching, rock climbing, trekking and archery. Crafts of the tribals of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are displayed and sold.
Kailasa Giri Submarine Museum Matsya Darshini Indira Gandhi Zoological Park Simhachalam Thotlakonda Complex Bojjannakonda Buddhist
Araku
Borra Caves
Eco Tourism
136
ANNEXURE-4 PROFILE OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Public taps House Service connections General NSDP. Jeevandhara Amrutharnm Taps for BPLfamilies Metered Residential Connections Commercial Connections (Hotels, restaurants, Hospitals, etc.) Semi Bulk connections (Apartments, Govt. Institutions & Group Housing) Bulk Bore Wells Pilot Water Supply schemes in the un-served areas No. of distribution reservoirs Total storage capacity of reservoirs (lack gallons) Rate of water supply to domestic sector by V.M.C. Through private Bore Wells / Open Wells Distribution network coverage Distribution Pipe lines ranging from 100 mm to 600 mm Trunk Mains ranging from 300 mm to 1600 mm No. of Pumping Stations Hours of supply in the domestic sector Tankersin use to meet unserved areas No of trips per day (on average) Quantumof water supplied through tankers : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 63 3043 62 58 535.95 70.0Lpcd 58.00Lpcd 85% 940KM 260KM 41 45 22 192 1390 kl. : 597 : : : : : : : : : 6759 53935 33703 4780 4641 4670 9163 3834 544
137
ANNEXURE - 5 PROPOSED HOUSING UNITS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gvmc (Urban) Gajuwaka Madhuravada Paradesipalem Kommadi Pm Palem Bakkanna Palem Yendada Gudlavani Palem Name of The Locations No.Of Units 22920 7000 2500 550 120 400 210 800 1000 2000 500 1000 300 1500 100 200 1500 1000 200 300 1000 300 100 50 1000 100 500 400 800 200 150 600 300 400 Grand Total 50000
10 Pendurthi 11 Pulagani Palem 12 Chinnamushriwada 13 Lakshmi Puram 14 Vepagunta 15 Pursothapuram 16 Porlu Palem 17 Adivivaram 18 Anganampudi 19 A Marripalem 20 Manthri Palem 21 Duvvada 22 Vedulla Narava 23 Nanginarapu Padu 24 Gangavaram 25 Lankela Palem 26 Desipathruni Palem 27 Narava 28 Yallapuvani Palem 29 Sathivani Palem 30 Devada 31 Chinnipalem 32 Kt Naidu Palem 33 Appikonda 34 Palavalasa
138
ANNEXURE 6 : FINANCIAL DETAILS OF GVMC Table A-1 : Financial Status at a Glance (GVMC) Items A- Revenue Acount Income Expenditure A-Surplus/Deficit B- Capital Account Income Expenditure B- Surplus(Deficit) C- Overall Status (A+B) Net Surpuls-Exclusive Revenue Transfers. 147.67 1830.25 (1,682.58) 760.70 760.70 470.44 3468.53 (2,998.09) 953.97 1239.45 (285.48) 9173.44 8525.48 647.96 5,919.49 5271.53 1521.98 10632.51 (9,110.53) (1,622.86) 7487.67 8119.98 5676.70 2443.28 11820.55 13585.33 8457.49 3363.06 8354.16 5231.17 13504.92 8233.39 5271.53 14979.16 7491.49 7487.67 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Rs.in Lakh 2004-05
Source: GVMC Annual Accouts, Figures in parenthesis indicate negative. Table A-2 : Source- Wise Revenue Income (GVMC) Rs.in Crores Items Own Sources Assigned Revenue Grants Total 2000-01 54.17 18.50 8.33 81.00 2001-02 93.34 16.00 8.66 118.00 2002-03 85.14 38.00 11.86 135.00 2003-04 94.85 25.00 16.15 136.00 2004-05 104.55 36.00 9.45 150.00
Table A-3 : Revenue Income from Own Sources (Taxes and Non Taxes) (GVMC) Rs.in Crores Items General Taxation General Admin. Civic Infrastructure Water Supply & Drinages Town Planning PH & Sanitation Remunerative enterprises Other Receipts UCD Section Total Share in RI (%) Annual gr.rate (%) 2000-01 20.09 0.19 2.93 25.77 2.91 0.13 2.15 0.00 0.00 54.17 66.88 2001-02 26.39 1.53 7.08 47.00 4.84 0.91 2.75 2.79 0.05 93.34 79.10 12.22 2002-03 24.85 1.93 3.49 44.03 4.40 0.66 2.53 3.07 0.18 85.14 63.07 (16.03) 2003-04 29.20 3.02 1.40 45.73 8.05 2.11 3.32 1.83 0.19 94.85 70.25 7.18 2004-05 35.02 1.40 7.65 45.85 7.73 2.12 2.64 1.86 0.28 104.55 69.67 (0.58)
139
Table A-4 : Sector Wise Application of Revenue Expenditure (GVMC) (Rs.in Crores) Items Establishment Contingencies/O & M Debt Servicing Total 2000-01 28.84 26.01 1.92 56.77 2001-02 29.45 49.67 5.45 84.57 2002-03 29.66 53.21 0.67 83.54 2003-04 30.56 51.15 0.62 82.33 2004-05 27.74 41.82 5.35 74.91
Table A-5 : Section Wise Esablishment Expenditure (GVMC) (Rs. in Lakh) Items General Taxation General Admin. HW Mayors Office Comm. -Engg. Street Lighting Horticulture Section Town Planning Veterinary Section Public Health UCD Pilot Project Others Pension Total Share in RE (%) Annual gr. Rate (%) 2884.95 50.82 2945.00 34.82 (16.00) 2966.77 35.51 0.69 3056.91 37.12 1.61 2774.95 33.74 (3.38) 2000-01 180.62 73.70 6.30 838.52 0.00 27.81 62.32 18.49 1294.32 81.79 301.08 2001-02 178.64 103.89 1.73 851.95 0.00 27.94 68.75 20.42 1268.04 81.62 342.02 2002-03 190.65 272.71 14.67 791.20 0.00 29.67 49.60 21.72 1306.99 86.15 203.41 2003-04 14.93 438.48 11.73 889.50 0.00 30.01 65.94 23.61 1452.63 90.06 40.02 2004-05 5.30 348.64 0.42 802.76 0.00 35.22 74.26 22.48 1364.84 79.97 41.06
Table A-6 : Section Wise O & M Expenditure (GVMC)( Rs.Lakh) Items General Taxation General Admin. HW Mayors Office Comm. -Engg. Street Lighting Horticulture Section Town Planning Veterinary Section Public Health Sports Section UCD Pilot Project Others Total Share in RE (%) Annual gr. Rate (%) 2000-01 0.94 336.40 0.25 1361.40 475.02 71.50 15.39 4.80 307.39 22.49 5.78 0.00 2601.36 45.82 2001-02 1.20 168.61 0.28 2710.71 881.22 64.54 9.59 2.07 213.99 3.27 14.57 897.00 4967.05 58.66 12.84 2002-03 4.01 110.48 3.40 2572.31 723.31 75.23 2.74 6.36 193.38 7.14 41.84 1581.00 5321.20 63.94 5.28 2003-04 7.88 147.66 4.80 2622.58 812.43 85.97 21.65 7.50 39.64 18.23 47.64 1300.00 5115.98 62.13 (1.81) 2004-05 8.67 166.78 5.62 2742.61 881.07 47.81 10.18 5.52 107.68 17.38 108.00 81.00 4182.32 55.83 (6.30)
140
Table A-7 : Capital Income Rs.Lakh (GVMC) Items Unsecured Loans/Bonds/Debentures Grants From Government NSDP and PVP NRY and SJSRY MP Grant LCS Road Grant Others Total Capital Income 147.65 147.65 423.19 470.44 342.25 604.96 953.97 2343.10 9173.44 1185.09 1521.98 47.25 6.76 75.00 76.34 179.00 100.00 236.89 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 loans 6500.00 2003-04 2004-05
Table A-8 : Capital Expenditure Rs Lakh (GVMC) Application of Funds Total Capital Income Purchase of Equipment Roads and Bridges Godavari Water Supply Project PH Department Others Total Capital Expenses Capital A/c Status 2000-01 147.65 45.12 545.76 0.00 171.39 1067.98 1830.25 (1,682.60) 2001-02 470.44 241.06 1303.13 0.00 142.87 1781.47 3468.53 (2,998.09) 2002-03 953.97 181.31 213.24 0.00 39.64 805.26 1239.45 (285.48) 2003-04 9173.44 159.30 310.14 6301.10 107.68 1647.26 8525.48 647.96 2004-05 1521.98 147.66 570.98 7249.78 366.15 2297.94 10632.51 (9,110.53)
141
Table A-9 : Projected Revenue Surplus for GVMC (Rs.Crores) Without Reform Revenue Income Revenue Expenditure Investable Surplus With Reforms Revenue Income Revenue Expenditure Investable Surplus
172 78 94 172 78 94
Table A-10 : Detailed Municipal Accounts (Rs.in lakh) Head of Account 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Summary of Municipal Accounts Receipts 1. Revenue Account 2. Capital Account 3. Advances and Deposits Grand Municipal Income 8119.98 147.67 0.00 8267.65 11820.55 13585.33 470.44 0.00 953.97 0.00 13504.92 9173.44 0.00 22678.36 14979.16 1521.98 0.00 16501.14
12290.99 14539.30
Expenditure 1. Revenue Account 2. Capital Account 3. Advances and Deposits Grand Municipal Expenditure Municipal Account Status 5676.70 1830.25 0.00 7506.95 760.70 8457.49 3468.53 0.00 11926.02 8354.16 1239.45 0.00 9593.61 8233.39 8525.48 0.00 16758.87 5,919.49 7491.49 10632.51 0.00 18124.00 (1,622.86)
364.97 4,945.69
142
Table A-11 : GVMC Financial Status - Expenditure (Rs. In Lakhs) S. Details of Account No. I EXPENDITURE-REVENUE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Office Staff Hon. To Mayor/Councilors Commissioner Est. Collection Staff Contributions toPF&other Conts. T.A. all Est. Study Tours Election Exp. CONTINGENCIES Postage, Printing & Stationery Stationery & Forms Repairs to Build. F&F, Vehicle Etc. Computer Exp. Maint Tele, Cell, Wireless Maint.of Roads,Bld.Traf.Sig.Parks Etc. NMR Wages Investments Supply of Uniforms & St Charges Rent for Sanitation Vehicles Garbage Disp / Private Sanitation Malaria / Fly Control Eqp. Conservancy Materials Other contingencies Grand Total (General Exp) STREET LIGHTING Staff Lighting Charges Maint. Of St. Lights N.M.R Wages Bild (CC Charges) Other Maintenance Grand Total (St Lighting) WATER SUPPLY W.S Staff Salaries Rep.& Mat(Buld,Pump,Etc.,) CC Charges NMR Wages Repayment of Loan & Interest Other contingencies 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
1018.19 2.74 4.39 208.44 1.40 4.04 0.00 70.44 2.74 3.60 300.94 0.70 0.00 107.04 12.12 0.00 15.82 0.00 232.19 11.19 31.21 1228.31 3255.50
917.05 1.72 4.42 206.59 3.73 10.99 0.15 6.14 3.15 64.14 55.83 14.83 0.00 1174.75 13.07 210.00 31.50 0.00 552.90 14.22 37.29 1695.39 5017.86
2422.31 14.68 0.00 190.66 90.55 3.40 0.00 0.00 20.25 0.00 0.00 23.72 39.83 797.48 0.00 1350.00 26.68 204.00 199.45 0.00 0.00 624.19 6007.20
2904.27 117.34 0.00 14.97 0.00 10.60 5.95 0.13 38.90 0.00 40.25 19.96 52.52 627.45 0.00 633.12 15.15 283.96 126.97 0.00 0.00 680.88 5572.42
2774.64 0.42 0.00 5.3 0.00 14.42 8.72 3.99 22.31 0.00 107.6 27.36 63.52 861.75 0.00 165.7 28.37 328.64 236.31 9.26 53.56 334.7 5046.57
DRAINAGE
143
Drainage/UGDS Staff Salaries R & M to Drains & Vehicles NMR Wages Other contingencies Grand Total (W.S. & Drainage) TOWN PLANNING Est & Other Staff Salaries NMR Wages Law Charges VUDA Charges Debris Removing Charges Other contingencies Grand Total (Town Planning) U.C.D.P A/C Est Salaries T.A. to Est. Leave Salary Contribution Print & Stan Advertisement Printing Press Mat Health Activities Other contingencies Economic Supp Prog Grand Total (U.C.D.P) Grand Total (Town Pl / UCDP) Grand Total (Revenue Exp) II EXPENDITURE-CAPITAL GENERAL A/C Const of Buildings Furniture & Equip Computers Purchase of Vehicles Formation of Roads Const of Bus Shelters SC. ST. W & CHE MF Traffic Signals Erection of Statues R.O.B Bridges & Culverts Road Widening Scheme Beach Road Spl Works Other Expenses
13.50 29.44 0.12 43.06 1788.17 30.05 32.80 5.03 0.00 8.08 7.31 83.27 68.96 0.10 0.20 0.87 2.18 0.07 0.16 0.63 1.57 74.74 158.01 5676.70
3.72 92.69 0.05 3.94 100.40 2095.16 68.49 0.26 8.05 280.67 5.51 4.08 367.06 81.62 0.21 0.19 0.09 0.85 0.81 0.00 7.97 4.45 96.19
0.00 70.09 0.00 0.00 70.09 1443.31 49.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 0.00 52.34 86.16 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.46 0.00 128.00
0.00 165.82 0.00 0.00 165.82 1623.25 65.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.65 0.00 87.59 90.06 0.00 0.00 7.29 0.00 0.00 25.88 14.47 0.00 137.70
0.00 201.55 0.00 0.00 201.55 1614.43 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.18 0.00 10.18 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 21.06 16.67 1.36 39.24
8457.49
8354.16
8233.39
7491.49
8.72 21.58 0.00 9.54 39.84 228.07 0.00 18.83 0.00 18.79 0.00 98.42 196.06 0.05 4.90 565.12
19.97 31.13 18.79 0.00 69.89 247.47 0.49 6.32 0.94 2.26 17.97 103.57 770.15 33.54 8.67 1191.38
26.30 19.31 29.83 1.82 77.26 191.25 0.00 2.37 5.43 0.58 0.00 21.99 0.00 0.00 57.06 278.68
40.03 17.65 66.54 0.00 124.22 236.26 0.00 5.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.88 0.00 0.00 227.58 543.05
123.97 4.02 32.01 105.21 265.21 408.86 0 15.23 0 0 14.74 111.30 0 0 199.88 750.01
144
PUBLIC HEALTH Purchase of Mach & Plants&Eqp Elec Crematorium / Burial Grounds Latrines & Bathrooms Dhobi Khanas Purchase of Vehicles Low Cost Sanitation Other Purchases Other Expenses REMUNERATIVE ENTERPRISES Com Halls / Compound Walls Const of Shoprooms & Markets Modern Slaughter House Parks & Gardens / Museums Tree Plantation Kalyana Mandapam Stadiums M.P. Grant Works Other Expenses Grand Total (Gen Cap) STREET LIGHTING Modern Lighting Ordinary Lighting Purchase of Transformers, Stores Etc. Other Expenses Grand Total (St Lighting) ELE. EDUCATION Buildings & F&F Other Expenses Grand total (Ele.Edu) WATER SUPPLY Bore & Ring Wells Extension of Mains/Dist System Other Civil Works Purchase of Motors & Pumps Repayment of Loans & Bonds Interest New Water Supply Projects Godavari W.S. Project Public Fountains SC. ST. W & CH EMF Deposit Works &Other Expenses
0.92 7.98 65.71 0.00 27.99 53.60 0.03 15.16 171.39 18.05 35.75 0.00 68.60 2.90 12.25 2.34 3.08 6.39 149.36 925.71
0.70 10.16 52.96 10.59 26.50 21.38 8.03 12.55 142.87 10.98 104.06 1.55 63.33 1.21 36.41 18.00 0.00 72.53 308.07 1740.41
0.00 8.61 28.00 0.07 0.00 2.90 0.06 0.00 39.64 2.95 34.29 0.09 55.76 19.47 4.15 2.78 44.67 11.94 176.10 571.68
0.00 7.32 23.08 2.27 0.00 61.34 0.00 13.67 107.68 47.69 5.06 0.20 63.40 22.57 9.18 0.62 63.30 51.27 263.29 1038.24
52.86 0.81 0 296.42 1.73 14.34 366.16 11.98 51.71 0 34.99 0.4 0.79 0.12 6.92 2.14 109.05 1490.43
21.94 158.10 52.43 11.51 39.58 100.44 0.00 7.70 0.00 8.86 400.56
133.08 174.59 103.02 8.83 68.91 49.77 0.00 29.91 0.00 70.52 638.63
75.68 84.93 83.43 19.52 0.00 1.42 0.00 0.00 29.91 99.11 394.00
92.72 164.06 113.58 26.75 62.06 49.06 6301.10 0.00 0.18 45.23 6854.74
47.67 102.69 130.31 12.30 296.09 0.95 7249.78 0 33.72 509.61 8383.12
DRAINAGE Geddas & Comp SWD Scheme Const. Of Street Drains Comprehensive Sewage Scheme SC. ST. W & CH EMF U.G.D.S
0 148.17 0 0 476.80
145
Purchase of Vehicles & Plants Repayment of Loans Interest Grand Total (W.S. & DRAINAGE) TOWN PLANNING Road Widening Scheme Acquisition of Lands & Builds Other Expenses UCDP (ODA) UPA SCHEME
23.21 0.23 2.37 25.81 0.00 0.01 0.01 25.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100.65 12.35 1.35 114.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 114.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 19.99 0.00 19.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.99 0.00 14.99 0.00 0.34 15.33
0.00 9.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00 115.07 15.09 4.70 245.79 380.65
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.08 25.36 0.00 40.42 81.86
Grand Total (Town Planning) UCDP A/C NSDP WORKS NOAP NGO/CBO Support SJSRY/BSY Grand Total (UCDP)
Grand Total of Capital Expenditure Grand Total of Revenue & Cap Exp
1830.25
3468.53
1239.45
8525.48
10632.51 18124.00
7506.95 11926.02
9593.61 16758.87
A) Revenue Receipts & Payments for the year 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 The Corporation is having a Revenue surplus of about Rs.71.67 Crores for the year ending 31.03.2005. Compared to 2003-04 there is Increase in Revenue Receipts to the Tune of Rs. 18.87 Crores during the year 2004-05 which is about 13% increase. For the last Five years there is an increase in Revenue Receipts(this has been depicted in the following Bar Chart)
146
GREATER VISAKHAPTNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION REV. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE PERIOD 1999-00 TO 2004-05
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
B) Capital Receipts & Expenditure for the year 1999-2000 to 2004-2005: There is increase in Capital Expenditure which means that the Corporation is spending more on Capital Assets like Drinking Water Projects, Drainage, etc.,. Compared to 2003-04 there is an increase of about Rs.21.05 Crores in Capital Expenditure. The relevant data for the last Five years is depicted in the following Bar Chart.
147
GREATER VISAKHAPTNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION CAP. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FORTHE PERIOD 1999-00 TO 2004-05
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 Cap.Rec Cap.Exp
C) TOTAL RECEIPTS & EXPENDITURE (CAPITAL AND REVENUE): For the last Five years there is Surplus of Receipts over Expenditure in the year 2003-04 there is a huge surplus of Rs.59.19 Crores due to Bonds Issue for Godavari Water Project to the tune of Rs. 65.00 Crores and there is a deficit of Rs.20.71Crores during the year 2004-05 due to Capital Expenditure on Godavari Water Project. The total Receipts & Expenditure is depicted in the following Bar Chart.
148
GREATER VISAKHAPTNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION REV.& CAP RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE PERIOD 1999-00 TO 2004-05
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
The Revenues of the Corporation are on the increasing trend and in future there will be sharp increase in the Revenues after the completion of Godavari Water Project. The Financial Position of the Corporation is sound enough to take up New Projects.
D) Summary of Receipts & Expenditure: The summary of Total Receipts & Expenditure (Revenue & Capital) for the last Five years is given in the following Table.
149
GREATER VISAKHAPATNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION RECEIPTS & PAYMENTS FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1999-2000 TO 2004-2005 (Rs. In Lakhs) 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 REVENUE RECEIPTS 8930.02 8119.98 11820.55 13585.33 13504.92 REVENUE EXPENDITURE 5856.14 5676.7 8457.49 8354.16 8233.39 REVENUE SURPLUS/ (DEFICIT) Capital Receipts Capital Expenditure CAPITAL SURPLUS/ (DEFICIT) 200.63 4562.23 -4361.6 147.67 1830.25 -1682.6 470.44 2802.7 -2332.3 953.97 1239.45 -285.48 ** 9173.44 8525.48 647.96 1,392.20 * 10631.43 -9239.23 3073.88 2443.3 3363.06 5231.17 5271.53
9130.65
8267.7
12291
14539.3
22678.4
16783.84
TOTAL REV. & CAPITAL EXPENDITURE REV. & CAP. SURPLUS / (DEFICIT)
10418.4
7507
11260.2
9593.61
16758.9
18855.75
-1287.7
760.7
1030.8
4945.69
5919.49
-2071.91
** Includes amount received from Bonds Issue Rs.6500 lakhs for Godavari Water Project * Includes payments to Godavari Water Project
150
151
scheme titled Subram Scheme as a public private partnership for discharging its functions of road sweeping. Open Defecation: Open defecation is an age-old practice particularly for those people who have migrated from the rural areas to the city for a living. Besides, there are already 275 identified slum areas, which have no adequate toilet facilities. Key Issues and Challenges The key issue is the non-compliance of existing solid waste management system with the 2000 rules. There is no mechanism for door to door collection of waste from households. Segregation of waste at source is also absent. Secondary storage is mainly through open RCC bins, which is unhygienic and needs to be completely replaced with closed dumper bins. The practice of night sweeping is also absent. The existing dumping site is prone to serious health hazard particularly for the people living around it. WHO studies have indicated that 22 diseases are directly linked to improper solid waste management practices in cities. A noted environmentalist, Sagar Dhara, recently observed the presence of cadmium a very dangerous chemical in the air in Visakhapatnam that had put about half the citys population at cancer risk ranging from 50 to 500 times. Recommendations: a. b. Improved Collection and disposal of Solid Waste and Management System Zero Open Defecation
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conservation and utilisation in the city. Augment the water sources and prevent wastage of water Increase the number of connections to cover the entire city All the poor localities to be covered by piped water Keeping the under water levels analysis in view restriction to be imposed on digging borewells which indirectly helps increase water level. Strategies for Water Conservation : Massive watershed programme for development of all degraded and wastelands. Degraded and wasteland has been treated by watershed committees under Rural Development department. Degraded forestland has been treated by Vana Samrakshana Samithis (VSSs) under Forest department. The legislation should aim to regulate water extraction and the types of crops grown in identified areas. Strategy for Ground Water Management Complete treatment of Kailasa hill range within hill slots with different SMC works. Mudasarlova reservoir to be protected and rejuvenated. The parks along the northern portion of the city are to be provided with ponds. Recharge well with 0.6m-1.0m dia and 6-8 m depth must be connected with roof top collected rain water. Strict enforcement of APWALTA act for apartments in ground water utilization. Artificial recharge through pits, trenches, shafts and dried up wells.
Sewerage Sector
Current Status: The city is divided into 14 drainage blocks according to the typographical conditions. The first underground drainage system was executedin the year 1980 under Phase-I and serving 60,000 population covering in an area of 114 Hectors. The Phase-II was divided into two sub phases i.e., sub phase-1 and sub phase-2. In the year 2001, the sub phase-1 of the phase-2 was commissioned serving a population of 3.2 lakhs in an area of 943 Hectors. By extent wise, only 2% has been covered with the underground drainage system serving a population of 3.8 lakhs in the total population of 15 lakhs. So far above, 14,000 connections are existing. Key Issues & Challenges: The old traditional way of sewerage disposal is causing a great concern to the city in view of the rapid urbanisation. Lack of infrastructure for the underground drainage system is causing threat to the environment and mosquito meanance which inturn affecting the citizens in many ways. Recommendations: To cover the entire city with underground network in a phased manner to maintain better environmental & health conditions. To improve the percentage of reuse of sewage treated water for other purposes.
Working Group on Poverty and Slum Upgradation Current Status: Visakhapatnam city is characterized by significant presence of urban poor, with a growing poverty profile. Presently there are 275 notified and 123 non-notified slums with a total slum population of 4,23,030 and BPL population of 3,43,349 as per 2001 census. The total SC and ST population is 65,153. Because of the geographical profile of the city, the slums are scattered across the city spread across 505 sq. km. Area.
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Key Issues and Challenges The unhygienic living conditions, the stagnated drainages, garbages etc., lack of awareness and illiteracy paves way to rampant diseases in the slums. The poor women and children suffer from malnutrition and majority of women suffer from anemia. The mortality rate of women is rather high. Inadequate number of government hospitals, inaccessibility of the existing hospitals and poor infrastructure and staffing also contribute to the increasing health concerns. Recommendations: Clear backlog of providing housing for all Plan for housing for yearly migrant population Providing all infrastructure facilities in the poor localities at a level better than those in the rich localities Strengthening and Capacity Building of Self Help Groups and NGOs Scaling up of Micro credit for poverty alleviation: Livelihoods and Employment
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Recommendations: Health Coordination committee for health services Budgetary allocations Rehabilitation of HIV/ AIDS patients Strict enforcement of regulations Creation of Health Fund Education Comprehensive study on education system Budgetary allocation Establishment of Public relation systems Involvement of NGOs Vocational education
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Governance
Current Status: The innovative measures are in place in GVMC for urban good governance. In recent past, it introduced several innovations in Municipal management. Some of them are... Outsourcing of street light maintenance Formation of Self Help Groups for community participation & development Privatisation of non critical functions. Collection of all taxes and dues through online outlets like E-Seva Soukaryam, etc. Issue of Birth, Death and other certificates through online Registration of Building plans and approvals through online. Payment of all charges through online Lodging of complaints and grievances through online The GVMC is the first in India to provide online e-governance facilities. It is also the process of enacting other measures to increase public participation in policy making. Key Issues & Challenges:
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The increased urbanization and growth has resulted in growing challenges and pressure, where urban local bodies are required to undertake several new functions, deal with problems of growing information sector and meet the demands of increasing population base. It should also adapt to newer technologies in information and communication among other things. Recommendations: Review of governance via ICT, HRD and Urban Finance Analysing the effects of initiatives of GVMC Formulation of specific action plan that facilitate in attaining the goal of good governance. Improving the outreach and interface of existing programmes. Networking to improve inter-departmental information flows. Strengthening and augmenting the corporation sources of revenue. Introducing double entry system in the accounting procedures.
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