Water Treatment

Prof.(Mrs.) Niranjanie Ratnayake Department of Civil Engineering U i University it of f Moratuwa M t

K l t Kalatuwawa R Reservoir i

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Need for Treatment

Water needs to be treated if the quality of the water does not satisfy the objective water quality of the intended use. The treatment process should be designed taking into consideration the raw water quality and the objective water q quality. y If the water is to be used for domestic water supply, the objective water quality should h ld satisfy ti f th the N National ti l Standards St d d for f Drinking Water Quality, which are stipulated based on the WHO Guidelines.
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Quality Objectives of Domestic Water Supply

To protect the health of the community
Treated water must be free from
Pathogenic micro organisms Harmful organic and inorganic chemical substances

To supply a product which is aesthetically desirable

Treated water must have
Pleasant taste, odour, colour Low turbidity
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Typical Quality of Surface and Ground Water Sources

I Impurity it
Dissolved Gases Dissolved Solids Colloidal Solids (stable suspension) Suspended Solids Microorganisms
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Surface S f Water
Low LowModerate High High High

G Ground dW Water t
High High Low Low Moderate - Low
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Conventional Treatment
Aeration (Plain Sedimentation) Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Stabilization
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Aeration mixing air with the water

Purpose:
Addition of O2 Removal of CO2 Oxidize Fe and Mn Make water palatable

Reduce corrosion softening ft i Control of taste, Removal of H2S, NH3,CH4 odour, corrosion, effects on cement Removal of volatile gases and concrete etc
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Types yp of Aerators
Gravity y Aerators
Cascades

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Types of Aerators(contd.) Spray Aerators

Stationary Moving

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Plain Sedimentation
This process is necessary when water contains much heavy y suspended p particles, that would settle under quiescent conditions. This step can be omitted if the source is a reservoir or groundwater.

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Coagulation and Flocculation

Purpose: To destabilize the colloidal particles and bring them together to form larger particles which would be heavy enough to settle under q quiescent conditions
Coagulation: addition of chemicals to destabilize the colloids. Rapid mixing is important. Common Coagulants: Aluminium Salts Ferric Salts Polyelectrolytes
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C Coagulation l ti and d Fl Flocculation l ti (contd.) ( td )

Flocculation: slow mixing of the destabilized suspension to allow particles to adhere to each other. It is important that a velocity gradient is created between particles in the water. This is achieved by slow stirring or creating a head loss in a channel or pipe. pipe

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Sedimentation
Purpose is to settle the floc particles. Particles having high settling velocity will be removed. In sludge blanket clarifiers, particles are removed by y trapping pp g within the sludge g blanket.

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Sedimentation Tanks (Clarifiers) ( )

Rectangular Horizontal Flow Tank

Circular Tank

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Coagulation, Flocculation and Sedimentation

C Coagulant l t is i added dd d to t the th rapid id mixer i at t the th i inlet l t end Paddle flocculators provide slow mixing The floc particles are settled in the sedimentation tank.

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Water Treatment Plant at Kalatuwawa

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Filtration
Purpose is to improve turbidity by removing suspended and colloidal particles. particles Granular Bed Filters
Slow Sand Filters Rapid Sand Filters Pressure Filters
Water to be filtered

S d -filter Sand filt medium di

Gravel - support Under drainage

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Cut-away Cut away view of a Rapid Sand Filter

Filter tray Wash troughs

Filter Sand Graded gravel Perforated laterals Filter floor Filter floor

Cast iron manifold

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Slow Sand Filters

First type of filter in UK Cleaning: by scraping top 5-8 cm of sand after 4 6 weeks Functioning:
stratified bed Formation of schmutzdecke Removes suspended matter by straining and dissolved organics by biological activity Some removal of bacteria

Limitations:
Low rate of flow requires large area Raw water turbidity has to be low
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Slow and Rapid Sand Filter Properties

Flow rate (m/h) Depth D th of f supernatant t t water (m) Depth of sand medium (m) Effective size of sand Uniformity coefficient Slow Sand Filter 0.1 to 0.3 1 to t 1 1.5 5 Approx 1 Approx. Rapid Sand Filter 5 to 10 1 to t 1 1.5 5 0 6 to 0 0.6 0.7 7

0.15 to 0.35 0.45 to 0.55 1.8 to >2.5 1.2 to 1.7

60% size 10% size

Effective Size= sieve size of 10% passing; Uniformity Coeff. =

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Di i f ti Disinfection
Process of destroying or inactivation pathogenic g microorganisms. g of p

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Requirements of a good disinfectant

Ability to destroy pathogens at concentrations likely to occur in water Not toxic to man and other animals Have a residual disinfectant capacity Safe, easy to handle, economical Easy to control and detect in water
Common disinfectants: Chlorine gas NaOCl CaOCl2 (Bleaching 29/05/02 Powder) Ca(OCl) 2 ClO2 Ozone UV Radiation

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Chlorine Disinfection
Chlorine gas is available as liquid chlorine in pressurized cylinders. Bleaching powder should be dissolved in water before dosing.

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Ozone Disinfection
Advantages:
Powerful oxidant No taste or odour problems Produced from air, which is in abundant supply I d Independent d t of f pH H No known toxic products

Limitations
Higher cost Cannot be applied directly to existing plants Efficient Ozone production and application methods need to be developed Disinfection affected by competing impurities No long g term p protection ( (needs post-chlorination) p )
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Disinfection with UV Radiation

Advantages:
Simple to use Minimum space requirement No changes g in characteristics of the water No residuals

Limitations
Water should not be turbid, coloured or contain dissolved organics No residuals to fight any subsequent contamination PHOTO REACTIVATION reactivation of pathogens at low energy doses.

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Chemical Stabilization
Adjustment of the pH and alkalinity of the water, so that
It would not dissolve calcium carbonate coatings from pipes Nor precipitate out calcium carbonate and lay y down deposits p that clog g pipes. pp

This is the final step in Conventional Water Treatment.

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Miscellaneous Treatment Methods

These are done for specific purposes
Water Softening Iron and Manganese Removal Ion Exchange cation or anion removal e.g. softening Membrane processes Reverse Osmosis Ultrafiltration Electrodialysis Adsorption - for removal of colour, taste, odour etc.
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