EQUATIONS OF TANGENTS AND NORMALS MARKSCHEME

1 1 1

1.

x2 + y2 = a2 1 2 1 2 dy x + y =0 2 2 dx 1 dy y 2 x = = 1 dx x 2 y
1 1 1

M1

A1

dy a2 = 1 1 dx x 2 from making y the subject of the equation, Note: Accept and all correct subsequent working

therefore the gradient at the point P is given by dy q = dx p q ( x p) p

A1 M1

equation of tangent is y q = q x+q+ q p p (y = ) q p +p= q p+p q x-intercept: y = 0, n = q p +q y-intercept: x = 0, m = q p + p+ q p + p n+m= 2 q p + p+q = ( p + q)2 = =a

A1 A1 M1

A1 AG
[8]

2.

EITHER differentiating implicitly: dy dy +ey y y dx dx = 1 1 e xe at the point (c, ln c) dy 1 1 dy c +c =1 c c dx dx dy 1 = dx c (c 1)

M1A1

M1 (A1)

OR reasonable attempt to make expression explicit xey + ey = 1 + x x + e2y = ey(1 + x) e2y ey(1 + x) + x = 0 (ey 1)(ey x) = 0 ey = 1, ey = x y = 0, y = ln x Note: Do not penalize if y = 0 not stated. (M1)

(A1) A1

dy 1 = dx 2 1 gradient of tangent = c
Note: If candidate starts with y = ln x with no justification, award (M0)(A0)A1A1. THEN the equation of the normal is y ln c = c(x c) x = 0, y = c2 + 1 c2 + 1 ln c = c2 ln c = 1 c=e M1 (A1) A1
[7]

A1

3.

x3y3 xy = 0 3x2y3 + 3x3y2y y xy = 0 Note: Award A1 for correctly differentiating each term. x = 1, y = 1 3 + 3 y 1 y = 0 2y = 2 y = 1 gradient of normal = 1 equation of the normal y 1 = x 1 y=x Note: Award A2R5 for correct answer and correct justification.

M1A1A1

(M1)A1 (A1) A1

N2

[7]

4.

EITHER 1 1 y = 1 x (1 x) 2 y= solve simultaneously 1 1 = m( x m) and =m 1 x (1 x) 2

1 1 = 1 x (1 x ) 2 1 x (1 x) 2

M1A1 M1

A1

Note: Accept equivalent forms. (1 x)3 x(1 x)2 + 1 = 0, x 1 1 y= 1 1.65729 = 1.521379... x = 1.65729... tangency point (1.66, 1.52) m = (1.52137...)2 = 2.31 OR (1 x)y = 1 m (1 x) (x m) = 1 m (x x2 m + mx) = 1 mx2 x(m + m2) + (m2 + 1) = 0 b2 4ac = 0 (m + m2)2 4m(m2 + 1) = 0 m = 2.31 substituting m = 2.31... into mx2 x(m + m2) + (m2 + 1) = 0 x = 1.66 1 y = 1 1.65729 = 1.52 tangency point (1.66, 1.52) M1 A1 (M1) A1 (M1) A1 A1
[7]

A1A1 A1

5.

(a)

A3 Note: Award A1 for each graph A1 for the point of tangency. point on curve and line is (a, ln a) y = ln (x) dy 1 dy 1 = = dx x dx a (when x = a) EITHER (M1)

(M1)A1

ln a gradient of line, m, through (0, 0) and (a, ln a) is a ln a 1 1 = ln a = 1 a = e m = a a e

OR

(M1)A1 M1A1

1 y ln a = a (x a) passes through 0 if ln a 1 = 0 1 m= e a=e

THEN

(M1)A1 M1 A1

y =

1 x e

A1

(b)

1 x x the graph of ln x never goes above the graph of y = e , hence ln x e x e ln x x ln x e x e

R1

(c)

lnx exponentiate both sides of lnxe x xe ex equality holds when x = e letting x = e < e

M1A1 R1AG R1 A1

(d)

N0

[17]

6.

1 d 2 dx (arctan (x 1)) = 1 + ( x 1)

(or equivalent)

A1 (R1)

1 mN = 2 and so mT = 2
Attempting to solve 1 + ( x 1) x = 2 (as x > 0) Substituting x = 2 and 1
2

1 = 2 (or equivalent) for x

M1 A1

y=

4 to find c

M1 A1 N1
[6]

c=4+ 4

7.

(a)

(i)

f k ( x ) = 3k 2 x 2 2kx + 1
f k ( x ) = 6k 2 x 2k

A1 A1 M1 A1
2

(ii)

Setting f (x) = 0

1 6k x 2k = 0 x = 3k
2

1 1 1 1 f = k 2 k + 3k 3k 3k 3k

M1 A1

7 = 27k 1 7 , Hence, Pk is 3k 27 k 7 y= x 9 Equation of the straight line is

As this equation is independent of k, all Pk lie on this straight line

(b)

A1 R1

(c)

Gradient of tangent at Pk:

2 1 1 1 f ( Pk ) = f = 3k 2 2k + 1 = 3 3k 3k 3k
2

M1A1 R1 (A1) A1
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As the gradient is independent of k, the tangents are parallel.

7 2 1 1 = +cc= 27k 3 3k 27k 2 1 x+ 27k The equation is y = 3

8.

dy 5y + 10xy dx 4x = 0
2

A1A1A1

Note: Award A1A1 for correct differentiation of 5xy2. A1 for correct differentiation of 2x2 and 18.

dy At the point (1, 2), 20 + 20 dx 4 = 0 dy 4 = dx 5 5 Gradient of normal = 4 5 Equation of normal y 2 = 4 (x 1) 5 5 8 x + 4 4 y= 4 5 3 x+ 4 y= 4 (4y = 5x + 3)

(A1) A1 M1

A1
[7]

9.

Attempting to differentiate implicitly dy dy 6 xy + 3 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy =0 dx dy 3x2y + 2xy2 = 2 Substituting x = 1 and y = 2 dy dy +88 =0 dx 12 + 3 dx dy dy 4 5 =4 = dx dx 5 5 Gradient of normal is 4

(M1) A1 (M1) A1 A1 A1 N3
[6]

10.

xey = x2 + y2 dy dy e y + xe y = 2x + 2 y dx dx dy 1+ dx = 2 + 0 (1, 0) fits dy dx = 1 Equation of tangent is y = x + c (1, 0) fits c = 1 y=x1

M1A1A1A1A1

A1

A1
[7]