Energy recovery from wastewater

A SYNOPSIS Submitted to MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology Submitted by Ankit Raje BT09006

Year 2013 Department of Biotechnology MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE Gwalior-474005 India

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Objective and Scope

3. Competitive advantage

4. Methodology

5. Resources and Limitations

6. Conclusion

7. References

Introduction
Biological process is an important aspect of wastewater treatment, but sludge is an inevitable major byproduct, and its disposal can cause serious environmental problems. In addition, sludge treatment can account for a high portion of the capital and operating costs of a wastewater treatment facility. Therefore, sludge disposal is an important part of wastewater treatment. Landfilling, incineration, or use in agriculture are the methods typically used to dispose of bio sludge. However, the disposal of sludge on reclaimed land is no longer a viable solution because farm-land sludge applications are limited by the uptake capacity of the soil in addition to potential pollution by heavy metals. Incineration, however, can provide a large volume reduction and result in energy recovery, while the residue can be used for road surfacing, building materials and metal reclamation. However, the pollution control of sludge incineration should be done with disposal in mind. Therefore, reuse of residues and products after the disposal of sludge should be carefully considered. Synthetic crude oil from sewage sludge in an oxygen-free environment at 300350 degree C Some workers used the sewage sludge mixed with other materials (e.g., coal and putrescible garbage, etc.) We focused on the pyrolysis of sewage sludge in an oxygen-free atmosphere, wherein the organic matter was transformed into liquid oil and gases containing hydrocarbons. The residual solid, i.e., char, can be used as an adsorbent if it is pyrolyzed under controlled conditions or chemically treated. The resultant adsorbents can be used in air and water pollution control and in odor removal from sewage treatment processes, the reuse of digested sludge on farmland is limited by the uptake capacity of the soil and the high concentration of toxic organic constituents and heavy metals. Additionally, in many countries Incineration provides a large volume reduction and results in improved energy efficiency, although the scrubbing cost of the pyrolytic exhaust is high. The pyrolysis of sewage sludge in an oxygen-free atmosphere in fluidized beds has been proposed kaminsky and other wastes, i.e., waste tire, have also been reused by the pyrolysis process

Objective and Scope

To overcome the landfilling of sludge which is great impact on ground water pollution Pyrolysis is a thermal process that uses high temperature and pressure in the absence of air to decompose organic material in the biosolids into gas, liquid, and solid (or char). Char is a carbon based material formed by incomplete combustion of the organic material. The process yields a product that can be pelletized into solid fuel which can be used with coal in power plants. At present, one of the sludges used in this study is disposed of by incineration, the other is disposed off by landfilling. Pyrolysis has significant advantages over the other methods. Disposal by landfilling requires a lot of space and poses a potential environmental hazard. On the other hand, although incineration can provide a large volume reduction and energy recovery, it generates emissions into the air, soil and water. Several technologies presenting an alternative to conventional combustion processes are currently being developed currently, pyrolysis has limited application for biosolids, but the future for potential energy recovery is promising.

Competitive advantage
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Avoids the release of methane from landfills that occur from food decomposition and contributes on-site electrical generation of renewable energy, offsetting conventional fossil fuel generated electrical energy use. Economic Benefits Using available digestion capacity for co-digestion enables cost recovery from producing on-site power, collecting a tipping fee, and reducing maintenance costs associated with collection systems. Diversion Opportunities Municipalities are investing to divert organic materials away from landfills. Water resource recovery facilities offer the opportunity to accept food waste to generate renewable energy.

Methodology

Pyrolysis is one of the methods of thermal utilization of wastes it is a distillation process affected by the application of heat in an insufficiency of air. Pyrolysis gases, untreated. oils, and solid matter in a form of char are the main products of the process. These products may be utilized as an ecological fuel during next step of the waste neutralization. The low-temperature pyrolysis runs at the temperatures between 350-400oC, and above 600oC runs hightemperature pyrolysis. Pyrolytical utilization can be favorably used not only for gas and also for oil recovery from biodegradable wastes.

The minimal time of the proper pyrolysis was about two hours for one feed and maximal time was three hours. Low temperature pyrolysis was conducted at 450oC, whereas high temperature process was performed at 750oC. Pyrolysis experiments were performed to find optimal process parameters assuring high decomposition of organic material (low content of carbon in solid residues), as well as good quality of pyrolytical gas. Control measurements of temperature distribution inside reactor, the quantity of pyrolytical gases, the amount of solid residues, and the amount of the process liquids were conducted during all experiments. Laboratory experiments were continued until the evolution of gases was complete

Resources and Limitations

The fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge was carried out, using a fluidized bed reactor and a catalyst bed reactor, Electrical heating tape, which could be heated to 450C, was used to avoid vapor condensation in the product gas stream tube. The condensable bio-oil was collected in a series of glass condensers, cooled to a temperature of 25 C. Large amount of biomass and sludge are available for operation Require regular feed of raw material throw-out process, need lot of space for reactor Feed size effect on product efficiency, initially energy requirement is require for bio solid conversion to charcoal and bio oil, the safe disposal of pyrolytic gas is necessary. And other limitations is see during experiment process

Conclusion

Pyrolysis can be used for destruction of sewage sludge and biomass waste with simultaneous recovery of pyrolytical gas and liquid fuel, Gases generated during the pyrolysis may be burned in situ and may be utilized after cleaning as an additional energy source, Pyrolysis is a good process for biodegradable waste liquidation with absolutely slight pollution of atmospheric air, Basic toxic components: CO, SO2 and NOx from process of combustion of pyrolytical gases were not large and will not cross of admissible coefficients, after pyrolysis waste volume reduce up to around 90%, Process is effective for sewage sludge after gravitational dewatering. Based on the treatment procedures of biosludge, the sludge could be reused and safely disposed to reduce the environmental impact.

References
Water Environment Federation Position Statement Renewable Energy Generation From Wastewater Adopted by Water Environment Federation (WEF) Board of Trustees: October 14, 2011 Pyrolysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Overview of the Wastewater Treatment Process