MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Managerial economics as defined by Edwin Mansfield is "concerned with application of the economic concepts and economic

analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decision."[1] It is sometimes referred to as business economics and is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to decision methods of businesses or other management units. As such, it bridges economic theory and economics in practice.[2] It draws heavily from quantitative techniques such as regression analysis, correlation and calculus.[3] If there is a unifying theme that runs through most of managerial economics, it is the attempt to optimize business decisions given the firm's objectives and given constraints imposed by scarcity, for example through the use of operations research, mathematical programming, game theory for strategic decisions,[4] and other computational methods.[5] Managerial decision areas include:

assessment of investible funds selecting business area choice of product determining optimum output determining price of product determining input-combination and technology sales promotion.

Almost any business decision can be analyzed with managerial economics techniques, but it is most commonly applied to:

Risk analysis - various models are used to quantify risk and asymmetric information and to employ them in decision rules to manage risk.[6] Production analysis - microeconomic techniques are used to analyze production efficiency, optimum factor allocation, costs, economies of scale and to estimate the firm's cost function. Pricing analysis - microeconomic techniques are used to analyze various pricing decisions including transfer pricing, joint product pricing, price discrimination, price elasticity estimations, and choosing the optimum pricing method. Capital budgeting - Investment theory is used to examine a firm's capital purchasing decisions.[7]

At universities, the subject is taught primarily to advanced undergraduates and graduate business schools. It is approached as an integration subject. That is, it integrates many concepts from a wide variety of prerequisite courses. In many countries it is possible to read for a degree in Business Economics which often covers managerial economics, financial economics, game theory, business forecasting and industrial economics. Scope of Managerial economics Managerial economics to a certain degree is prescriptive in nature as it suggests course of action to a managerial problem. Problems can be related to various departments in a firm like production, accounts, sales, etc.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Demand decision. Production decision. Theory of exchange or Price Theory. all human economic activities

Contents
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1 Demand decision 2 Production decision 3 See also 4 Finding related topics 5 Notes 6 References 7 Journals 8 External links

Demand decision[edit source | edit]

Demand refers to the willingness to buy a commodity. Demand, here, defines the market size for a commodity i.e. who will buy the commodity. Analysis of the demand is important for a firm as its revenue, profits, income of the employees depend on it.[8]

Production decision[edit source | edit]

A firm needs to answer four basic questions - what to produce, how to produce and how much to produce and for whom to produce. What to produce? A firm will produce according to its perception of the customer demand. It can either produce consumer goods like food, clothing etc. (which are for consumption purpose) or it can produce capital goods like machinery etc. (which are for investment purposes). How to produce? Goods can be produced by certain techniques. Firms have the option of producing goods by labour intensive technique and capital intensive technique. Labour intensive technique is the one in which manual labour is used to produce goods. Capital intensive technique is the one in which machinery like forklift, assembly belts etc. are used to produce goods. How much to produce?

A firm has to decide its production capacity and also how much of their good a consumer needs and produce accordingly. For whom to produce? A firm has to decide its target population (i.e. to whom they will serve products and/or services). Example, it will not be viable to produce luxurious goods or middle income or low income group if they can't afford it and produce basic necessity goods for rich class if they don't need it. Therefore, a firm needs to match its produce according to the target population it is serving. [9]

See also[edit source | edit]

* Business economics * Personnel economics * Management science

Finding related topics[edit source | edit]

list of economics topics list of finance topics list of international trade topics list of production list of accounting topics list of management topics list of human resource management topics list of marketing topics

list of information technology management topics list of business law topics list of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics list of business theorists list of economists list of corporate leaders

Notes[edit source | edit]

1. ^ W. B. Allen, K.Weigelt, N. Doherty, and E. Mansfield , 2009. Managerial Economics Theory, Applications, and Cases, 7th Edition. Norton. Contents. 2. ^ William J. Baumol (1961). "What Can Economic Theory Contribute to Managerial Economics?," American Economic Review, 51(2), pp. 142-46. Abstract. Ivan Png and Dale Lehman (2007, 3rd ed.). Managerial Economics. Wiley. Description and chapter-preview links. M. L. Trivedi (2002). Managerial Economics: Theory & Applications, 2nd ed., Tata McGraw-Hill. Chapter-preview links. 3. ^ NA (2009). "managerial economics," Encyclopedia Britannica. Cached online entry. 4. ^ Carl Shapiro (1989). "The Theory of Business Strategy," RAND Journal of Economics, 20(1), pp. 125-137. Thomas J. Webster (2003). Managerial Economics: Theory and Practice, ch. 13 & 14, Academic Press. Description. 5. ^ For a journal on the last subject, see Computational Economics, including an Aims & Scope link.

6. ^ James O. Berger (2008)."statistical decision theory," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. Keisuke Hirano (2008). "decision theory in econometrics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. Vassilis A. Hajivassiliou (2008). "computational methods in econometrics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. 7. ^ Trefor Jones (2004). Business Economics and Managerial Decision Making, Wiley. Description and chapter-preview links. Nick Wilkinson (2005). Managerial Economics: A Problem-Solving Approach, Cambridge University Press. Description and preview. Maria Moschandreas (2000). Business Economics, 2nd Edition, Thompson Learning. Description and chapter-preview links. 8. ^ Prof. M.S. BHAT, and A.V. RAU.Managerial economics and financial analysis.Hyderabad.ISBN 978-81-7800-153-1 9. ^ http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091024130409AAVu63U

References[edit source | edit]

Alan Hughes (1987). "managerial capitalism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 29396. Edward Lazear (2008). "personnel economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract. Keith Weigelt (2006). Managerial Economics Elmer G. Wiens The Public Firm with Managerial Incentives

Journals[edit source | edit]

Computational Economics. Aims and scope. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. Aims and scope. Managerial and Decision Economics