1.

Incorrect If the expected rate of return on a stock exceeds the required rate, Your answer: The stock is experiencing nonconstant growth. The correct answer: The stock is a good buy. Incorrect. An investor would be willing to pay the current market price for a security if the expected rate of return implied by a given market price equals the required rate of return. Therefore, if the expected rate exceeds the required rate, the stock is a good buy. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Correct The preemptive right is important to shareholders because it Your answer: Entitles the common shareholders to maintain a proportionate share of ownership in the firm. Correct. A preemptive right entitles shareholders to maintain a proportionate share of ownership in the firm and does not dilute their ownership base. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Incorrect The required rate of return on the common stock of New Net Corporation is 14 percent. The stock's dividend is $1.50 and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 9 percent during the year. The projected price of the stock at the end of the year is $45. What is the value of the stock today? Your answer: $45.00. The correct answer: $40.90. Incorrect. Vcs = [$1.50(1.09)]/1.14 + 45/1.14 = 1.43 + 39.47 = $40.90. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Incorrect A share of preferred stock pays an annual dividend of $6 per share. If investors require a 12 percent rate of return, what is the value of this preferred stock?

Your answer: $46.75 The correct answer: $50.00 Incorrect. Vps = D/kps = $6/0.12 = $50. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Incorrect The Smith Company is undertaking a large project and needs additional funds. The company plans to issue preferred stock with an annual dividend of $6 per share and a par value of $30. If the required rate of return is 15 percent, what should be the stock's market value? Your answer: $70 The correct answer: $40 Incorrect. Vps = D/kps = $6/0.15 = $40. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. Incorrect The Royal Honor Corporation is growing at a constant rate of 6 percent per year. It has both common stock and preferred stock outstanding. The cost of preferred stock (kps) is 8 percent. The par value of the preferred stock is $120, and the stock has a stated dividend of 10 percent of par. What is the market value of the preferred stock? Your answer: $120 The correct answer: $150 Incorrect. The dividend is calculated as: 10% $120 = $12. We know that: Vps = D/kps so 12/.08 = $150. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Correct A share of preferred stock pays a quarterly dividend of $2.50. If the price of this preferred stock is currently $50, what is the required rate of return?

Your answer: 20% Correct. Annual dividend = $2.50(4) = $10. kps = D/Vps = $10/$50 = 0.20 = 20%. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. Correct You want to buy a share of stock today and to hold it for 2 years. You believe that you will not receive a dividend at the end of Year 1, but you will receive a dividend of $6.50 at the end of Year 2. You plan on selling the stock for $150 at the end of Year 2. If your expected rate of return is 16 percent, how much should you be willing to pay for this stock today? Your answer: $116.31 Correct. Financial calculator solution: N = 2; I = 16; FV = 150.00 + 6.50 = 156.50. CPT PV = -$116.31. Vcs = PV dividend in 2 years + present value of market price in 2 years = 6.50/(1.16)2 + 50/(1.16)2 = $116.31. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. Correct You are trying to determine the appropriate price to pay for a share of common stock. If you purchase this stock, you plan to hold it for 1 year. At the end of the year you expect to receive a dividend of $5.50 and then sell the stock for $154. The required rate of return for this stock is 16 percent. What should be the current price of this stock? Your answer: $137.50 Correct. Vcs = $5.50/1.16 + $154/1.16 = 4.74 + 132.76 = $137.50. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Incorrect The last dividend on a corporation's common stock was $4.00, and the expected growth rate is 10 percent. If you require a rate of return of 20 percent, what is the highest price you should be willing to pay for this stock? Your answer: $33.75

The correct answer: $44.00 Incorrect. Vcs = D1/kcs- g = $4.00(1.1)/(0.20 - 0.10) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. Incorrect A share of common stock has just paid a dividend of $2.00. If the expected constant, long run growth rate for this stock is 15 percent, and if investors require a 19 percent rate of return, what is the price of the stock? Your answer: $71.86 The correct answer: $57.50 Incorrect. Vcs = D1/kcs - g. Vcs = $2.00(1.15)/0.19 - 0.15 = $57.50. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. Incorrect A share of common stock has a current price of $42.50 and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 10 percent. If you require a 12 percent rate of return, what is the current dividend being paid on this stock? Your answer: $1.75 The correct answer: $0.77 Incorrect. Vcs = D1/kcs - g. 42.50 = D1/.12 - .10, so D1 = 42.50(.12 - .10) = $0.85. D1 = Do(1+g) so Do = D1/(1+g) = .85/1.1 = $0.77. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------13. Incorrect Coffee Caboodle, Inc.'s most recent dividend was $2.40 per share and this dividend is expected to grow at a rate of 6 percent per year. The required rate of return on this stock is 10.2%. What is the price of the stock today? Your answer: $72.14 The correct answer: $60.57

Incorrect. D1 = $2.40 1.06 = $2.544. The price of the stock today is $2.544/(0.102 0.06) = $60.57. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------14. Incorrect The most current dividend paid by the Colorado Company was $1.00. The company's growth rate is expected to be a constant 5 percent and the required rate of return on this stock is 12 percent. What is the current price of Colorado Company's common stock? Your answer: $33.33 The correct answer: $15.00 Incorrect. Vcs = D1/kcs - g. Vcs = 1.00 (1.05)/.12 - .05 = $15.00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------15. Incorrect Grant Corporation's stock is selling for $40 in the market. The company's required rate of return on the stock is 13.8%. The most recent dividend paid was $2 and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate. What is the growth rate for this stock? Your answer: 13.80% The correct answer: 8.38% Incorrect. Using the constant growth model, Vcs = D1/kcs - g, we can solve for the growth rate as $40 = [$2(1 + g)]/(13.8% - g) or g = 8.38%. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------16. Incorrect Preferred stock valuation usually treats the preferred stock as a: Your answer: long-term bond The correct answer: perpetuity Incorrect. Preferred stock generally receives a constant dividend from the investment in each period. A level cash-flow stream continuing indefinitely is a perpetuity.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------17. Incorrect The Land Dairy Co. has net income of $450,000 this year. The book value of the company's common stock is $3 million dollars. The company's dividend payout ratio is 60% and is expected to remain this way. What is Land Dairy's growth rate? Your answer: 3% The correct answer: 6% Incorrect. G = ROE R, where ROE = Net income/common book value. ROE = $450,000/$3,000,000 = 15%. R = profit-retention rate. If the dividend payout rate is 60%, the profit retention rate must be 40%. Therefore, g = 15% 40% = 6%. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------18. Correct Cumulative preferred stock: Your answer: requires dividends in arrears to be carried over into the next period Correct. This is the cumulative feature that requires all past unpaid preferred stock dividends be paid before any common stock dividends are declared. CHAPTER 8 Stock Valuation Homework Solutions

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS

8-1.

Preferred stock is often referred to as a hybrid security. This is because preferred

stock has many characteristics of both common stock and bonds. It has characteristics of common stock, such as no fixed maturity date, nonpayment of dividends does not force bankruptcy, and the nondeductibility of dividends for tax purposes. But it is like bonds because the dividends are fixed in amount like interest payments. From the point of view of the preferred stockholder, this is not the most advantageous combination. On one hand, the dividends are limited as with bond interest, but the security of forced payment by the threat of bankruptcy is not there. Thus, from the point of view of the investor, the worst features of common stock and bonds are combined. 8-2. To a certain extent, preferred stock dividends can be thought of as a liability. The

major difference between preferred dividends in arrears and normal liabilities is that nonpayment of them cannot force the firm into bankruptcy. However, since the goal of the firm is common shareholder wealth maximization, which involves getting money to the common shareholders (dividends), preferred arrearages provide a barrier to achieving this goal. 8-3. A cumulative feature requires all past unpaid preferred stock dividends be paid

before any common stock dividends are declared. A stockholder would like preferred stock to have a cumulative dividend feature because without it there would be no reason why preferred stock dividends would not be omitted or passed when common stock dividends were passed. Since preferred stock does not have the dividend enforcement power of interest from bonds, the cumulative feature is necessary to protect the rights of preferred stockholders. Other frequent protective features serve to allow for voting rights in the event of nonpayment of dividends or to restrict the payment of common stock dividends if sinking-fund payments are not met or if the firm is in financial difficulty. In effect, the protective features

included with preferred stock are similar to the restrictive provisions included with long-term debt. 8-4. Fixed rate preferred stock has dividends that do not vary from the fixed amount or

from period to period. Adjustable rate preferred stock is preferred stock that has quarterly dividends that fluctuate with interest rates under a formula that ties the dividend payment at either a premium or discount to the highest of the three-month Treasury bill rate, the 10-year Treasury bond constant maturity rate, or the 20-year Treasury bond constant maturity rate. The rates have maximum and minimum levels called the dividend rate band. The purpose of allowing the dividend rate to fluctuate is to minimize the fluctuation in the value of the preferred stock. It is also very appealing in times of high and fluctuating interest rates. 8-5. With PIK (payment-in-kind) preferred stock, investors receive no dividends

initially; they merely get more preferred stock, which in turn pays dividends in even more preferred stock. Usually after 5 or 6 years, if all goes well for the issuing company, cash dividends should replace the preferred stock dividends, generally ranging from 12 percent to 18 percent, to entice investors to purchase PIK preferred. 8-6. Convertibility allows a preferred stockholder to convert or exchange preferred

stock for shares of common stock at a predetermined exchange rate. This option gives preferred stockholders more freedom in investment decisions by allowing them to convert into common stock at their discretion. It gives the preferred stockholder a higher cash return than the common stock but allows for sharing in some of the future appreciation of the common stock if they convert the stock.

Preferred stock may be callable by the issuer so that in the event interest rates decline and cheaper funding becomes available, the stock may be called and new securities may be issued at a lower cost. To agree to the call feature, the investor requires a slightly higher rate of return. Call of a convertible preferred stock enables a company to turn the preferred stock into common equity; i.e., calling it without having to spend the cash. 8-7. Both values are based on future cash flows to be received by stockholders. For common stock, the

Preferred stock typically has a predetermined constant dividend.

dividend is based on the profitability of the firm and on managements decision to pay dividends or to retain the profits for reinvestment purposes. Thus, the growth of future dividends is a prime distinguishing feature of common stock. 8-8. The expected rate of return is the rate of return that may be expected from

purchasing a security at the prevailing market price. Thus, the expected rate of return is the rate that equates the present value of future cash flows with the actual selling price of the security in the market. 8-9. The required rate of return is the discount rate that equates the present value of

future cash flows with the intrinsic value of the security. As with the internal rate of return for a capital budgeting problem, we have to find the rate of return that sets the future cash flows equal to the cost of the security. This rate may have to be developed by trial and error. 8-10. The two types of return are dividend income and capital gains. The dividend income for common stockholders differs from preferred stockholders, in that no specified dividend amount is to be received. However, the common stockholders are permitted to

participate in the growth of the company. As a result of this growth, their second source of return, price appreciation, is realized.

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Solutions to Problem Set A 8-1A. Value (Vps) 8-2A. Growth rate 8-3A. Value (Vps) = = 9.6% = $116.67 $50.00

8-4A. Expected Rate of Return k- ps 8-5A. (a) (b) = .0463, or 4.63% = .085 = 8.5%

Expected return

Given your 8 percent required rate of return, the stock is worth $42.50 to you. = = $42.50

Value =

Since the expected rate of return (8.5%) is greater than your required rate of return (8%), or since the current market price ($40) is less than the value ($42.50), the stock is undervalued and you should buy.

8-6A. Value (Vcs) $50 = +

Rearranging and solving for P1: P1 P1 = = $50 (1.15) - $6 $51.50

The stock would have to increase $1.50 ($51.50 - $50) or 3 percent ($1.50/$50) to earn a 15% rate of return. 8-7A. (a) (b) Vcs = k- cs = .1889, or 18.9%

$28.57

Yes, purchase the stock. The expected return is greater than your required rate of return. Also, the stock is selling for only $22.50, while it is worth $28.57 to you. 8-8A. Vcs = $24.50 = 7.2% 0.193, or 19.3%

8-9A. Growth rate

8-10A. Expected Rate of Return ( ) =

8-11A.

Value (Vcs)

$39.95

8-12A. If the expected rate of return is represented by : = 0.1823, or 18.23%

8-13A. = (b) (c) Value (Vps) = 0.1091, or 10.91% $36

The investor's required rate of return (10 percent) is less than the expected rate of

return for the investment (10.91 percent). Also, the value of the stock to the investor ($36) exceeds the existing market price ($33), so buy the stock.

8-14A.(a) (b)

Expected Rate of Return =

= $57.02

0.1407, or 14.07%

Investor's Value

(c)

Yes, the expected rate of return (14.07%) is greater than your required rate of

return (10.5 percent). Also, your value of the stock ($57.02) is greater than the current market price ($23.50). 339 CHAPTER 8 STOCK VALUATION Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. The value of any investment depends on its cash flows; i.e., what investors will actually receive. The cash flows from a share of stock are the dividends. 2. Investors believe the company will eventually start paying dividends (or be sold to another company). 3. In general, companies that need the cash will often forgo dividends since dividends are a cash expense. Young, growing companies with profitable investment opportunities are one example; another example is a company in financial distress. This question is examined in depth in a later chapter. 4. The general method for valuing a share of stock is to find the present value of all expected future dividends. The dividend growth model presented in the text is only valid (i) if dividends are expected

to occur forever, that is, the stock provides dividends in perpetuity, and (ii) if a constant growth rate of dividends occurs forever. A violation of the first assumption might be a company that is expected to cease operations and dissolve itself some finite number of years from now. The stock of such a company would be valued by the methods of this chapter by applying the general method of valuation. A violation of the second assumption might be a start-up firm that isnt currently paying any dividends, but is expected to eventually start making dividend payments some number of years from now. This stock would also be valued by the general dividend valuation method of this chapter. 5. The common stock probably has a higher price because the dividend can grow, whereas it is fixed on the preferred. However, the preferred is less risky because of the dividend and liquidation preference, so it is possible the preferred could be worth more, depending on the circumstances. 6. The two components are the dividend yield and the capital gains yield. For most companies, the capital gains yield is larger. This is easy to see for companies that pay no dividends. For companies

that do pay dividends, the dividend yields are rarely over five percent and are often much less. 7. Yes. If the dividend grows at a steady rate, so does the stock price. In other words, the dividend growth rate and the capital gains yield are the same. 8. In a corporate election, you can buy votes (by buying shares), so money can be used to influence or even determine the outcome. Many would argue the same is true in political elections, but, in principle at least, no one has more than one vote. 9. It wouldnt seem to be. Investors who dont like the voting features of a particular class of stock are under no obligation to buy it. 10. Investors buy such stock because they want it, recognizing that the shares have no voting power. Presumably, investors pay a little less for such shares than they would otherwise. Solutions to Questions and Problems Basic 1. P0 = D0 (1 + g) / (R g) = $1.75 (1.06) / (.12 .06) = $30.92 P3 = D3 (1 + g) / (R g) = D0 (1 + g)4 / (R g) = $1.75 (1.06)4 / (.12 .06) = $36.82 340 P15 = D15 (1 + g) / (R g) = D0 (1 + g)16 / (R g) = $1.75 (1.06)16 / (.12 .06) = $74.09

2. R = D1 / P0 + g = ($2.50 / $48.00) + .05 = 10.21% 3. Dividend yield = D1 / P0 = 5.21%; capital gains yield = 5% 4. P0 = D1 / (R g) = $4.00 / (.13 .04) = $44.44 5. R = dividend yield + capital gains yield = .042 + .07 = 11.2% 6. Dividend yield = 1/2(.14) = .07 = capital gains yield D1 = .07($60) = $4.20; D0(1 + g) = D1, D0 = $4.20 / (1.07) = $3.93 7. P0 = $9.00(PVIFA11%,8) = $46.32 8. R = D/P0 = $8.50/$124 = 6.85% Intermediate 9. P6 = D6 (1 + g) / (R g) = D0 (1 + g)7 / (R g) = $3.00 (1.075)7 / (.13 .075) = $90.49 P3 = [$3.00 (1.075)4 / (1.12)] + [$3.00 (1.075)5 / (1.12)2] + [$3.00 (1.075)6 / (1.12)3] + [$90.49 / (1.12)3] = $74.72 P0 = $3.00(1.075)/(1.18) + $3.00(1.075)2/(1.18)2 + $3.00(1.075)3/(1.18)3 +

$74.72/(1.18)3 = $52.97 10. P9 = D10 / (R g) = $7.00 / (.14 .06) = $87.50; P0 = $87.50 / 1.149 = $26.91 11. P0 = $8 / (1.11) + $10 / (1.11)2 + $12 / (1.11)3 + $14 / (1.11)4 = $33.32 12. P4 = D4 (1 + g) / (R g) = $2.00 (1.05) / (.16 .05) = $19.09 P0 = $6.50 / (1.16) + $5.00 / (1.16)2 + $3.00 / (1.16)3 + $21.09 / (1.16)4 = $22.89 13. P3 = D3 (1 + g) / (R g) = D0 (1 + g1)3 (1 + g2) / (R g) = $2.25 (1.32)3 (1.07) / (.15 .07) = $69.21

P0 = [$2.25(1.32) / (1.15)] + [$2.25(1.32)2 / (1.15)2] + [$2.25(1.32)3 / (1.15)3] + [$69.21 / (1.15)3] = $54.46 14. D3 = D0 (1.25)3; D4 = D0 (1.25)3 (1.18) P4 = D4 (1 + g) / (R g) = D0 (1 + g1)3 (1 + g2) (1 + g3) / (R g) = D0 (1.25)3 (1.18) (1.08) / (.15 .08) = 35.56D0 P0 = $60.00 = D0{(1.25/1.15) + (1.25/1.15)2 + (1.25/1.15)3 + [(1.25)3(1.18) + 35.56] / 1.154} D0 = $60.00 / $25.20 = $2.38; D1 = $2.38(1.25) = $2.98 15. P0 = D0 (1 + g) / (R g) = $9.00 (0.92) / (.14 + .08) = $37.64 16. P0 = $45 = D0 (1 + g) / (R g) ; D0 = $45(.12 .08) / (1.08) = $1.67 17. P5 = $8.00 / .06 = $133.33; P0 = $133.33 / (1.06)5 = $99.63 18. Dividend yield = .013 = $0.48 / P0; P0 = $0.48/.013 = $36.92 Stock up $0.95, so yesterdays closing price = $36.92 $0.95 = $35.97 P/E = 51; EPS = $36.92 / 51 = $0.72 = NI / shares; NI = $0.72(2,000,000) = $1.44M 341 Challenge 19. W: P0 = D0(1 + g) / (R g) = $4.50(1.10)/(.20 .10) = $49.50 Dividend yield = D1/P0 = 4.50(1.10)/49.50 = 10%; capital gains yield = .20 .10 = 10% X: P0 = D0(1 + g) / (R g) = $4.50/(.20 0) = $22.50 Dividend yield = D1/P0 = 4.50/22.50 = 20%; capital gains yield = .20 .20 = 0% Y: P0 = D0(1 + g) / (R g) = $4.50(0.95)/(.20 + .05) = $17.10 Dividend yield = D1/P0 = 4.50(0.95)/17.10 = 25%; capital gains yield = .20 .25 = 5%

Z: P2 = D2(1 + g) / (R g) = D0(1 + g1)2(1 + g2) / (R g) = $4.50(1.2)2(1.12)/(.20 .12) = $90.72 P0 = $4.50 (1.2) / (1.2) + $4.50 (1.2)2 / (1.2)2 + $90.72 / (1.2)2 = $72.00 Dividend yield = D1/P0 = 4.50(1.2)/72.00 = 7.5%; capital gains yield = .20 .075 = 12.5% In all cases, the required return is 20%, but the return is distributed differently between current income and capital gains. High growth stocks have an appreciable capital gains component but a relatively small current income yield; conversely, mature, negative-growth stocks provide a high current income but also price depreciation over time. 20. a. P0 = D0(1 + g) / (R g) = $2.50(1.08)/(.14 .08) = $45.00 b. Next four dividends: $2.50(1.08)/4 = $0.675 Effective quarterly rate: 1.14.25 1 = .0333 Effective D1 = $0.675(FVIFA3.33%,4) = $2.84 P0 = $2.84/.06 = $47.30 21. P0 = $4.00(1.20)/(1.13) + $4.00(1.20)(1.15)/(1.13)2 +

$4.00(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)/(1.13)3 + [$4.00(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)(1.05)/(.13 .05)]/(1.13)3 = $68.01 22. P = $4.00(1.20)/(1 + R) + $4.00(1.20)(1.15)/(1 + R)2 + $4.00(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)/(1 + R)3

+ [$4.00(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)(1.05)/(R .05)]/(1 + R)3 = $104.05 ; Using trial and error, or a calculator with a root solving function, gives R = 10.25% 23. g1 = 16%, g2+ = 5%, D0 = $2, and r = 16% a. P0 = {2[1.16/1.16]+2[1.16/1.16]2++2[1.16/1.16]7=2(7)}+2.00(1.16)7(1.05)/(.16 .05) [1/1.16]7=(2)(7)+2.00(1.16)7(1.05)/(.16-.05)[1/1.16]7 = 33.09 b. P0 = [2.00(1.05)/(.16-.05)] = 19.09 c. Let T = number of years of 16% growth that the market is expecting. At a current price of $50 per share, this implies that: 50 = 2(1.16/1.16) + 2(1.16/1.16)2 + ... + 2(1.16/1.16)T + [2(1.16)T(1.05)/(.16 .05)][1/1.16]T Simplifying: 50 = 2T + [2(1.05)/(.16 .05)] or 50 = 2T + 19.09. This implies that T = 15.455 years If you believe that the stock will grow at a 16% rate for more than 15.455 years then it is a good buy. Otherwise it would not make sense to purchase it. 24. a. Total value of the shares = $50,000/(0.15 0.03) = $416,667 Price per share = $416,667/200,000 = $2.08 b. The value today of the growth opportunities is -$100,000 + $32,000/(0.15-0.03) = $166,667 NPVGO = $166,667

c. The price will rise by the NPVGO. ($416,667 + $166,667)/200,000 = $2.92 The problem implicitly assumes that all net cash flows can be paid out of dividends. 25. a. P/E of Pacific Energy Company: EPS = ($800,000/500,000) = $1.60 NPVGO = {$100,000/500,000}/0.17 = $1.18 P/E = (1/0.17) + (1.18/1.6) = 6.62 b. P/E of Ottawa Valley Bluechips, Inc.: NPVGO = {$200,000/500,000}/(0.17-0.10) = $5.71 P/E = (1/0.17) + (5.71/1.6) = 9.45 APPENDIX 8A A.1 a. Ignoring the possibility of a tie, Cumulative votes needed: (1/6) 1,000,000 = 166,667 b. Ignoring the possibility of a tie, Straight votes needed: (1/2) 1,000,000 = 500,000