Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas

Syllabus: The success of classical physics, measurements in classical physics. The nature of light, the ultraviolet catastrophe, the photoelectric effect and the quantisation of radiation. Atomic spectral lines and the discrete energy levels of electrons in atoms, the Frank-Hertz experiment and the Bohr model of an atom. Magnetic dipoles in homogeneous and inhomogeneous magnetic elds and the SternGerlach experiment showing the quantisation of the magnetic moment. The Uncertainty principle by considering a microscope and the momentum of photons, zero point energy, stability and size of atoms. Measurements in quantum physics, the impossibility of measuring two orthogonal components of magnetic moments. The EPR paradox, entanglement, hidden variables, non-locality and Aspect's experiment, quantum cryptography and the BB84 protocol. Schrdinger's cat and the many-world interpretation of quantum mechanics. Interferometry with atoms and large molecules. Amplitudes, phases and wavefunctions. Interference of atomic beams, discussion of two-slit interference, Bragg diffraction of atoms, quantum eraser experiments. A glimpse of quantum engineering and quantum computing. Schrdinger's equation and boundary conditions. Solution for a particle in an innite potential well, to obtain discrete energy levels and wavefunctions.

Failure of Classical Physics Schrdingers Equation Paradoxa in early Gedanken-experiments Quantum Physics

Quantum Ideas 2007

Photoelectric Effect

Quantisation of radiation Entanglement Plancks Hypothesis Structure of Matter Superposition Atom model (Bohr) Probabilities Molecules, Solid state, etc. Role of the observer Modern Applications Quantised energy levels Break-down of the Wavefunction

Blackbody Radiation

Uncertainty Principle

Interference of massive particles

Wave-Particle Duality

De Brogie Wavelength

Spectral lines

Quantum Cryptography

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Computing

Many-world interpretation

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Classical Physics: classical mechanics (Newton; F = m a) electricity and magnetism (Coulomb, Faraday, Maxwell) electromagnetic waves (rf ... light ... x-ray ... gamma) thermodynamics (energy conservation, equilibration, statistical mechanics) accurate measurement of all observables (position x(t)and momentum p(t) ) Quantum Physics: probabilistic - not deterministic (Einstein: Good does not play dice) probability wave function (x,t) to describe a particle superposition and entanglement non-local behaviour (Spooky interaction at a distance that bothered Einstein) uncertainty principle: x p /2 and E t /2

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

illumination with a mercury lamp, ltering a single spectral line. Cathode metal with a binding energy (or work function) of Ebind = 2.02 eV

yellow, 578nm, 5.19E+14 Hz, Ekin = 0.13 eV green, 546nm, 5.50E+14 Hz, Ekin = 0.27 eV blue, 436nm, 6.88E+14 Hz, Ekin = 0.81 eV violet, 405nm, 7.41E+14 Hz, Ekin = 1.02 eV Plancks constant is obtained from the slope of the kinetic energy, Ekin()

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Hints for quantisation: a) threshold (minimum frequency required): resonance phenomenon quantised medium or light

b) linear in the intensity (for =const). electron number proportional to photon number

c) photo current insensitive to (provided h > Ebind) no change of the electron current if photon ux constant albeit the intensity is increasing: Iphoto direct evidence!

d) no delay

it lasts seconds until a single atom accumulates enough energy, so the radiation cannot be continuous

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Blackbody = Cavity? - Multiple reections -> absorption of incident light - Thermal equilibrium -> Walls <-> Cavity modes - Spectral energy density ()d R()d (Radiance through whole) - Boundary conditions: Nodes on the walls - Standing waves along x,y,z Consider a 2D problem and decompose into x = / cos() y = / sin()

with nx x = 2L etc... ==> nx = (2L/ ) cos() and ny = (2L/ ) sin() square and add these conditions (generalise into 3D): (2L/ )2 = nx2 + ny2 + nz2

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Number of Modes in the cavity with frequencies smaller than : - sphere of radius R = (nx2 + ny2 + nz2) = 2L/ = 2L/c - mode number N() = 4/3 R3 2/8 = ... - same for N(+d) = ... Mode number in the interval ...+d N = N(+d) - N() = 8 2 L3 / c3 d

Spectral density per unit volume ()d = /L3 = 8 2 / c3 d

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

1/t*1.*
ZD

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Lutb- *,id7

\"= )'/-x \7 =Vi*x

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r,

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-'

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ZLI

h,o 7L qL
.,\

h)r' ZL ;LJ J.

hr' * 'rt

= *"

-D

Lo f*,*C'J

l"

3? ,

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Sil*'L

i.

lL

h - slpaa, svJ;u,

IZ ,

//,-Lu o( ,--L

= l,/o/,* ,l lL 70.,

81, = ,' \r hor=

ll (fry..))= ( ts'L 6
4

7'trLt .r
3o3
r?

I Z g'l.,-:,J'-'
(ot:l:.t ryn{r.^+ 9.-.9, Jrt

,t

# ,l --,,Ln
6N 0t)do =

u*( 7'.,{u

,({,t,Ju1-//u)

#'(y')'-'=8o4u1,
v 3Y'Jt'

+ "(*L

I StiJ',t= y

fu
=

u--:L e'sb*,a.'dy

8try" t,

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Blackbody Radiation Average energy <E>per frequency mode, using the Boltzmann distribution P(E)

E =

E P(E )
n=0 n

P(E )
n=0

h ne

nh kT

e
n=0

n=0

nh kT

A = h B

with and

( ) A A exp ( h kT ) = B exp ( h kT )
B B exp h kT = 1

A 1 = and B exp h kT 1

E =

h exp h kT 1

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Plancks law Spectral energy density (energy per unit volume in the frequency range ...+d):

h 1 8 2 8 h 3 ( )d = 3 = c exp h c 3 exp h 1 kT kT 1

total energy density:

8 5 k 4 4 4 = ( )d = T = T 15(hc)3

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Ao^*'l a,t^J/
ft

ol

q- Pt L-

c = hg

= h?^
-t
I

E;-,h,- ! = ,,o'

Pc
lL(*"

]o'
( s tttt

I
= t*t C

l-

De--Lnjt. ,"*(*rlL \

= %
L k",J,

+k tuL/...*Lo[u,*,eJ

'7* I l,o,ouin ",u\"::f_ ?], " iI.,")

14'"'r'*iltLt=?x
-t glno u).t/.' i

(G,t) = uflz (w - ailI

v;lL a. ?rt)

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

?r
o {_r"/
-D d,.rk.-

s&t
gh|-, - "/.J** C.'->un-hn*"A !Jp-

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o
u:lL

f =r^
P,'9^l

L"l-[n}ux{ut-

rt "kn
CO',otte*{i*

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'er -

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+
1i1t'

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J*r

n*T

fair,'tq,.t.k,a-

[=hf,=b= b 'lt\t
?^'=":h.-zutLc' '<t e I

'a

Ln

^:

^1

.* (I{- \,)2,o"L(i-*)- rt^*as

Zh(t.*re)

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

c9

r'^

Vqu!/(e.-C(l"^:
J

rr

= Ao L l-a-e)
\ /t

,.'

a-/F0/t>
'I

v"rolo-lQ
,/

t...r14

Ao_

_-,ov 7".
-t2

= Z.?3 - t0'- nelq

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn

Hanbury-Brown and Twiss: Intensity correlation measurements - dead time of the detectors - beam splitter - pair of photon counters - cross correlation

Single-photon emitters: - single atoms or ions - crystal defects (Quantum dots)

Quantum Ideas 2007

Axel Kuhn