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SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Reproduction is a process that takes place in living organisms in order to perpetuate their respective species. 2. There are two types of reproduction, i.e.: (a) sexual reproduction (b) asexual reproduction A. Sexual reproduction 1. Sexual reproduction is a process of producing a new individual through the fusion of one male reproductive cell (male gamete) with one female reproductive cell (female gamete). 2. During sexual reproduction, the nucleus of both the male and female reproductive cell fuse through fertilisation and a zygote is produced. This zygote will develop to form a new individual. 3. Organisms that carry out sexual reproduction include humans, all vertebrate animals, insects and most flowering plants. 4. The new individual produced possesses characteristics that are different from the parents. Fertilisation 1. Fertilisation is a fusion process between a male gamete and a female gamete to produce a zygote. 2. There are two types of fertilisation, i.e.: (i) internal fertilisation (a) it takes place in the body of the female animal (b) the male animal puts the male reproductive cell into the female reproductive system (c) internal fertilisation takes place in mammals, reptiles, birds and insects for fertilisation to take place

(ii) external fertilisation (a) it takes place outside the body of the female animal (b) ovum and sperm are produced respectively by the female and male animal at the same time into water for fertilisation to take place (c) external fertilisation takes place in fish, frogs and toads 5. Disadvantages of external fertilisation are:

(a) a lot of reproductive cells need to be produced

(b) a lot of reproductive cells die before fertilisation occurs (c) a lot of ovum and sperms are wasted, as they are washed away by water

NAME :.................................................................................... SCHOOL : ..................................................................... B. Asexual reproduction 1. Asexual reproduction only involves one individual organism without involving reproductive cells. 2. Asexual reproduction is carried out by some plants and lower stage animals only. 3. The new individual formed will have exactly the same characteristics as its parent. 4. There are five types of asexual reproduction. 5. The advantage of asexual reproduction is that a new organism can be produced from only one parent. 6. The disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that the new organism produced has the same characteristics as its parent, including characteristics that are undesirable. Binary fission 1. In binary fission, an organism divides into two to form two organisms. 2. Binary fission occurs in most unicellular organisms such as bacteria, amoeba, paramecium and algae.

3. Multicellular organisms like spirogyra in the algae class also reproduce by binary fission. Budding 1. Organisms like yeast and hydra reproduce by budding. 2. The parent organism forms a bud on its body. This bud will detach itself to become a new organism

. Spore formation 1. Asexual reproduction by forming spores occurs in most nonflowering plants like ferns, mushrooms, moss and mucor. 2. The spores are produced in the sporangium of the plant. When matured, the sporangium will break and release the spores.

3. Under suitable conditions, these spores will germinate and become new plants.

NAME :.................................................................................... SCHOOL : ..................................................................... Rejuvenation (Regeneration) 1. Some organisms like the starfish and the planarian ( a type of flatworm) reproduce by rejuvenation. 2. A part of the organism that breaks and detaches from the parent will develop into a new individual.

Vegetative reproduction 1.Asexual reproduction that produces a new plant from a certain part of a parent plant without involving seeds. Eg. Rhizome Stem that grows under the ground; rhizome contains stored food. Eg: Lalang, tumeric, ginger Leaf A small bud is produced at the part of a leaf that is able to develop into a new plant. Eg: Bryopyllum, begonia, aloe vera Tuber Underground stem with a swollen end; tuber contains food. Eg: Potato Stem Some plants reproduce through the stem that has several buds. Eg: Tapioca, sugar cane, rose plant Runner Stem that creeps on the surface of the ground; nodes on the stem will produce buds. Eg: Grass, sweet potato Bulb Consists the layer of swollen fleshy leaves; a bud grows to become a new plant. Eg: Shallot, lily plant Corm A swollen stem with buds that grow upright under the ground. Eg: Yam Sucker A young plant grows from a short stem in the ground. Eg: Banana tree, bamboo tree 2. Advantages are: Does not require any polen and partner to reproduce Fast production- Good for farmers New plants exactly the same as the parent plant The new plants inherit the same characteristics from the parent plant 3. Disadvantages New plants will grow very close to each other Competition with parent plants Limited variety of plants

NAME :.................................................................................... SCHOOL : ..................................................................... The menstrual cycle indicates that your reproductive organs are beginning to function.

The menstrual cycle occurs between 21 to 35 days. A young girl usually experiences menstruation between 3 to 6 days.

Ovaries start to produce ova. A thick, blood-filled lining begins to develop in uterus. In the middle of menstrual cycle, ova are released from ovaries and towards the uterus through the fallopian tubes. Ova which are not impregnated by sperm will be destroyed and removed from your body. The thick, blood-filled lining in your uterus is disposed as menses

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1. at the placenta, the foetal and maternal blood vessel flow very close to each other but do not mix 2. the foetus is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord has 2 blood vessels 3. an umbilical artery which carries carbon dioxide and other waste product from the foetus to the placenta 4. an umbilical vein carries blood containing oxygen and food from the placenta to the foetus. 5. oxygen, food, water and salts pass from the mother's blood into the foetal blood. 6. carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes pass from the foetal blood into the mother's blood. 7. the foetus completely surrounded by a membrane called an amnion. the amnion is filled with the amniotic fluid to protects the embryo and later the foetus by cushioning it from physical damage 8. in human beings, birth occurs in 3 main stages: a) the expansion of the cervix so that the baby's head can pass into the vagina b) the strong contractions of the uterus which push the baby out of mother's body c) further contractions of the uterus to expel the umbilical cord and placenta from mother's body.

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1.Fertilisation is the process whereby the sperm fuses with the ovum to form the zygote. It occur in the Fallopian tube. Only one sperm is needed to fertilise the ovum.

Journey of the sperms to the Fallopian tube

Stages leading to implantation.

2.The rapid growth and development of a baby between the zygote stage and birth is called pregnancy. 3. About 6-9 days after fertilisation the fertilised egg becomes embedded into the lining of the uterus. The zygote has now become an embryo. A membrane called the amnion develops around the embryo. This membrane will secrete amnion fluid which surrounds and protects the embryo.

Growth and development of the foetus in the uterus

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The methods of contraception

caps combined pill

condoms (male) contraceptive implant contraceptive injection contraceptive patch diaphragms

intrauterine device (IUD)

natural family planning vaginal ring

There are two permanent methods of contraception:

female sterilisation male sterilisation (vasectomy)

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. Vasectomy is a method of male sterilization in which each vas deferens is cut and tied off.

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