Antenna and Wave Propagation

EEC708

Unit 1 : Introduction: potential functions and electromagnetic field, current elements , radiation from monopole and dipole , network theorems , directional properties of dipole antenna , antenna gain , terminal impedance, antenna as an opened out transmission line , practical antennas and methods of excitation , transmission losses between antennas . Q1. a) Determine the distance at which the near field (magnetic) equals the far field (magnetic) for an antenna. b) What is meant by Hertzian dipole? draw its structure giving the expressions for E , H and Pav c) What is meant by radiation resistance? Determine the radiation resistance for a short dipole. d) Starting with the expressions of E and H , show that the free space impedance is 120 or 377 e) What is an antenna? Explain its working principle. How is it analogous to LC circuit? f) Give the expressions for radiated power and radiation resistance for short monopole antenna. What is effective length of the antenna? How this length depends on current distribution in the antenna? Derive the expressions for effective length in all possible cases. An antenna has effective length of 100 m and the current at the base is 450 A (rms) at 40 kHz. What is the radiated power? If the total resistance of the antenna circuit is 2.12 . What is the efficiency of the antenna? An antenna having an effective temperature of 15 K is fed into microwave amplifier that has an effective noise temperature of 20 K. Calculate the available noise power per unit bandwidth, at the input for this particular antenna temperature. Calculate the available noise power for a noise bandwidth of 4 MHz (assume k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K) Discuss the working of antenna as an opened out transmission line. Describe the methods of excitation used in antennas, giving advantages and disadvantages of each. a) b) Explain about antenna losses. What is antenna temperature? How is it different from actual temperature of antenna? A grounded vertical antenna, fed at the bottom with an RF current of 32 A at 1 MHz, produces a field strength of 9mV/m at a distance of 100 km. calculate the effective height of antenna in meters. An antenna has a loss resistance of 25 ohms, power gain of 30 and directivity of 42. Calculate its radiation resistance.

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Q10. Write short notes on: a) Grounded vertical antenna (Marconi antenna ) b) Loop antenna c) Antenna top loading d) Travelling wave antenna ( long wire or harmonic antenna ) e) Rhombic antenna f) Yagi-uda antenna g) Log-periodic antenna h) Parabolic reflectors i) Horn antenna j) Lens antenna

Unit 2: antenna arrays: types of antenna , two element array, horizontal patterns in broadcast arrays, linear arrays, binomial array, Tchebycheff distribution. Q1. It is given that the beam width between first nulls equals 45, the number of elements in the array equal to 8, spacing between any two adjacent elements equal to /2. Calculate Dolph-Tchebycheff distribution which yields the optimum pattern. Find the directivity of linear broad side, uniform array of 10 isotropic elements, with a separation of /4 between the elements. Derive the expression for radiation pattern for array of two point sources with equal amplitude and opposite phase. Derive the expression for radiation pattern for linear array of n-isotropic point sources with equal amplitude and spacing. Determine the beam width between first nulls, and the direction of minimum and maximum radiation for an end fire array of four radiators spaced /4 apart.

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Unit 3 : wave propagation : modes of propagation , plane earth reflection , space wave and surface wave , elevated dipole antennas above a plane earth , wave tilt of surface wave , spherical earth propagation , Tropospheric wave . Unit 4: wave propagation in the ionosphere, virtual height, MUF/LUF, skip distance, and duct propagation. wave guides : rectangular , circular , transmission line analogy for wave guides , dielectric slab wave guide. Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4. Q5. Q6. Q7. Q8. Q9. Briefly describe all the modes of radio wave propagation Derive an expression for the LoS distance for space wave propagation taking into account the earths curved surface. Describe the effect of earths imperfections and obstacles and hilly terrains on space wave propagation. Explain the phenomenon of Tropospheric scatter propagation. Also give its advantages and disadvantages. What do you mean by duct propagation? What is modified refractive index? What is the effect of earths magnetic field on radio wave propagation by the ionosphere? Describe the regular and irregular variations of the ionosphere. Explain the various fading mechanisms in the ionosphere. Assume that the reflection takes place at a height of 400 km and the maximum density in the ionosphere corresponds to a 0.9 refractive index at 10 MHz. What will be the range (assume earth is flat) for which the MUF is 10 MHz.

Q10. At what frequency a wave must propagate for the D-region to have an index of refraction 0.5? Given N=400 electrons/cc for D-region. Q11. Q12. What is the critical frequency for reflection at vertical incidence if the maximum value of electron density is 2.58 x 106 cm-3 . A television transmission antenna mounted at a height of 120 m radiates 15 kW of power equally in all directions in azimuth at a frequency of 50 MHz. Calculate: a) Maximum line of sight range b) The fiels strength at receiving antenna mounted at a height of 16 m at a distance of 12km , and c) The distance at which the field strength reduces to 1 mV/m . Explain the effect of earths magnetic field on wave propagation .

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An air filled rectangular waveguide of inside dimensions 7 x 3.5 cm operates in dominant TE10 mode. Determine: a) The cutoff frequency b) Phase velocity of wave in waveguide at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. c) Determine the guided wavelength at the same frequency A TE11 mode is propagating through a circular waveguide. The radius of the guide is 5 cm and the guide contains an air dielectric. Determine: a) The cutoff frequency b) Wavelength in the guide at operating frequency of 3 GHz. c) Wave impedance in the guide An air filled circular waveguide has a radius of 2 cm and is to carry energy at a frequency of 10 GHz. find all the TE np and TMnp modes for which energy transmission is possible. A transmission line has the following parameters: R= 2 /m , G= 0.5 mmho, f = 8nH/m , c = 0.23 Pf Calculate : a) The characteristic impedance b) The propagation constant

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Q18. A lossless line of characteristic impedance R0 = 50 is to be matched to a load Z l = 50 / [2 + j (2 + 3)] by means of a lossless short circuited stub. The characteristic impedance of the stub is 100 . Find the stub position (closest to the load) and length so that a match is obtained.