Antibiotics by class Generic name Brand names Common uses Aminoglycosides

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin Paromomycin Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Neo-Fradin damage Netromycin Nebcin Humatin Infections caused by Gramnegative bacteria, such asEscherichia coliand KlebsiellaparticularlyPseu domonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) andtularemia. Binding to the bacterial 30Sribosomals ubunit (some work by binding to the 50Ssubunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Possible side effects

Mechanism of action

Hearing loss Vertigo

Kidney

Ansamycins
Geldanamycin Herbimycin Experimental, asantitumor antibiotics

Carbacephem
Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Carbapenems
Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Meropenem Invanz Doribax Primaxin Merrem Bactericidal for both Grampositive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea Seizures Headach e

Rash and allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (First generation)

Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cefalotin or Cefalothin Cefalexin Duricef Ancef (discontinued) Keflin (discontinued) Keflex Good coverage against Gram positive infections. Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Second generation)

Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefoxitin Cefprozil Cefuroxime Distaclor Mandol (discontinued) Mefoxin (discontinued) Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) reactions Less gram positive cover, improved gram negative cover. Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Allergic

Cephalosporins (Third generation)

Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Cefobid (discontinued) Claforan Vantin Fortaz Cedax Cefizox (discontinued) Rocephin reactions Improved coverage of Gram negative organisms, exceptPseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover. Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Allergic

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

Cefepime Maxipime Covers pseudomonal infections. Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)

Ceftaroline fosamil Teflaro Used to treatMRSA Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea

Allergic reaction Ceftobiprole Zeftera Used to treatMRSA Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)

Allergic reactions

Glycopeptides
Teicoplanin Vancomycin Telavancin Targocid (UK) Vancocin Vibativ inhibitingpeptidoglycans ynthesis

Lincosamides
Clindamycin Lincomycin Cleocin Lincocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Possible C. difficilerelatedpseudomemb ranous enterocolitis Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNAthereby inhibiting protein synthesis Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterialribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Lipopeptide
Daptomycin Cubicin Gram-positiveorganisms

Macrolides
Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Troleandomycin Tao (discontinued) Zithromax,Sumamed, Xithrone Biaxin Dynabac (discontinued) Erythocin,Erythroped Streptococcal infections, syphilis,upper respiratory tract infections,lower respiratory tract infections,mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) Prolonge d QT interval (especially erythromycin)

Telithromycin Spectinomycin Spiramycin

Ketek Trobicin Rovamycine

Pneumonia Gonorrhea Mouth infections

Jaundice Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.

Monobactams
Aztreonam Azactam Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Nitrofurans
Furazolidone Nitrofurantoin Furoxone Macrodantin,Macrobid Bacterial orprotozoal diarrheaor enteritis Urinary tract infections

Penicillins
Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Geocillin (discontinued) Tegopen (discontinued) Dynapen (discontinued) Floxapen(Sold to European generics Actavis Group) Novamox,Amoxil Principen (discontinued) Wide range of infections; penicillin used forstreptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Allergy with seriousanaphylactic reactions Same mode of action as otherbeta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of thepeptidoglycanlayer of bacterialcell walls.

Mezlocillin Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Penicillin G Temocillin Ticarcillin

Mezlin (discontinued) Staphcillin (discontinued) Unipen (discontinued) Prostaphlin (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticar (discontinued)

Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Penicillin combinations
Amoxicillin/clavulanate Ampicillin/sulbactam Piperacillin/tazobactam Ticarcillin/clavulanate Augmentin Unasyn Zosyn Timentin The second component prevents bacterialresistance to the first component

Polypeptides
Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence ofmulti drug resistantorganisms. Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of thepeptidoglycanbacteri al cell walloutside of the inner membrane Interact with the gram negativebacterial outer membrane andcytoplas mic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution. inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or thetopoisomeraseIV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNAreplicatio n and transcription.

Colistin Polymyxin B

Coly-Mycin-S

Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Cipro,Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Urinary tract infections,bacterial prostatitis, communityacquiredpneumonia,bacterial diarrhea,mycoplasmal infections,gonorrhea Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system(uncommon), tendinosis (rare)

Sulfonamides
Mafenide Sulfonamidochrysoidine( archaic) Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Sulfamethizole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamylon Prontosil Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Micro-Sulfon Silvadene Thiosulfil Forte Gantanol Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically forburns) Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Allergy (i ncluding skin rashes) Folate synthesisinhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzymedihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) todihydropteroate, a key step

Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole(Cotrimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Azulfidine Gantrisin Bactrim, Septra failure in urine

Crystals

Kidney

infolate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesizenucleic acids(nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNAand RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.

Decrease in white blood cell count

Sensitivit y to sunlight

Tetracyclines
Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Tetracycline Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Sumycin,Achromycin V,Steclin Syphilis,chlamydialinfections, Ly me disease,mycoplasmal infections, acnerickettsialinfections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. Gastroint estinal upset Sensitivit y to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent) inhibiting the binding ofaminoacyl-tRNAto the mRNAribosomecomplex. They do so mainly by binding to the30S ribosomal subunit in themRNA translationcomplex.

transient depression of bone growth

Drugs against mycobacteria

Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Rifabutin Rifapentine Streptomycin Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Aldinamide Rifadin, Rimactane Mycobutin Priftin Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis,urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis mostly Gram-positive an dmycobacteria Mycobacterium avium complex Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Neurotoxicity,ototox icity As otheraminoglycosides Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Inhibits peptide synthesis

Others
Arsphenamine Chloramphenicol Salvarsan Chloromycetin Spirochaetalinfections (obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus,cholera. gram negative, gram positive,anaerobes Acute cystitis in women Rarely: aplastic anemia. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Inactivatesenolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blockingcell wall synthesis

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Fusidic acid

Fucidin

Linezolid Metronidazole

Zyvox Flagyl

VRSA Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; alsoamoebiasis,trichomoniasis,Gi ardiasis

Thrombocytopenia Discolored urine,headache, met allic taste, nausea ;alcoh ol is contraindicated Produces toxicfree radicalswhich disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment forimpetigo, creamfor infected cuts

Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Rifaximin Thiamphenicol Synercid Xifaxan Traveler's diarrheacaused by E. coli Gram-negative,Grampositive,anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine.

Lacks known anemic side-effects.

A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Tigecycline Tinidazole Trimethoprim

Tigacyl Tindamax Fasigyn Proloprim, Trimpex protozoan infections upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness

Generic Name

Brand Names

Common Uses

Possible Side Effects

Mechanism of action