FINAL NOTES IN PS 113 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE WORLD Value estimates of the ecosystem $16 trillion -- $54 trillion; $34T as the median figure This estimate by scientists was through assigning a dollar value on 17 different natural functions like: Water supply Soil formation Oxygen supply generated by plants But whatever assigned value one may give to our ecosystem, such as extraordinarily valuable. STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 1 billion people from the start of human history until 1804 6 billion people from 1804 to 1991 1 billion people are added in about 12.5 years current growth rate 80 million per year 30 countries have population rate of 3.04.9% 50 countries have population rate of 2.02.9% PREDICTIONS: by 2050population will be 10 billion by 2150---population will be 12.6 billion Throughout history, humans have always taken for granted environmental security. Most believe that the earth was generally able to sustain its population and provide for same people. Now, the exploding human population and technology have changed this. Technological process has multiplied our per capita resource consumption and per capita waste and pollutant production. The world then is facing a problem on carrying capacitythe potential of not being able to sustain its population in adequate manner or being able to absorb its waste. The equation is thus:
Exploding population X spiraling per capita resource consumption X mounting waste & pollutant production = POTENTIAL CATASTROPHE

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1. Environmental pessimismadherents believe that the key environmental indicators are increasingly negative. forests are shrinking, water tables are falling, soils are eroding, wetlands are are disappearing, rivers are running dry, temperatures are rising, coral reefs are dying, plants and animal species are disappearing. The expanding economy and technological advancement had greatly contributed to environmental deterioration. This situation is eloquently illustrated by them as akin to human cancer cells. Unless checked, these cancer cells continually grow, consuming the bodys resources, UNTIL such time that the cancer destroys the human who is its unwilling host. Eventual results are : unmanageable problems, undermining confidence in political institutions, social disintegration and environmental scarcities will lead to warfare among states. 2. Environmental Optimismthere is no need to panic and fear according to this group. Humankind would be able to meet all needs and continue to grow economically through: Conservation, population restraint, technological innovation ( like: desalinization could meet water demands, energy resources could be through solar and wind power ) A common consensus of these two groups is the idea that there is indeed a need to take care of our BIOSPHERE, those layers of soil, ocean, climate and air enveloping planet earth sustaining all animal and plant life. They both agree that the biosphere as the planets life support system or humankinds umbilical cord must be protected at all costs. This common cause to protect the biosphere led to the birth of the so-called GREEN POLITICS, an umbrella term for a wide range of groups pursuing environmental goals through political actions. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTeconomic development that provides for the present generations needs without compromising the future generations needs by overusing and harming the environment.

INTL. RESPONSES ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: 1. 1972 Stockholm Conferencethis environmental gathering led to the ff: 1975 launching of GEM (global environmental system), primarily to collect data from glaciers to monitor air and water pollution. 1991 GEF ( global environment facility), a program to finance investment

Hence, environmental security need to be a primary concern of states and organizations. As aptly put by Robert Redford: Its important to raise the environment to the level of national security. If we poison our planet, what is there left to defend? 2 GROUPS OF ENVIRONMENTALISTS

for the preservation of the commons, biological diversity

global

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banning the trade of ivory and other elephant parts protection of tiger, whales, dolphins, bears, and other endangered animals

The above mentioned programs led to the establishment of the UN Environmental Program ( UNEP ) which further led to the UN Conference on Environment and Development

1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) or Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro which was attended by 178 states and more than 15000 INGO delegates. This summit has the following highlights: 1. set guidelines for the emission of gases causing global warming hence, after the summit they endorsed the Global Warming Convention, a voluntary program to reduce CO2 emissions to the 1990 levels by year 2000. 2. led to the Kyoto Protocol where there was an agreement to reduce CO2 emissions of greenhouse gases by 6-8 % at below their 1990 levels by 2012. 3. pledge from the industrialized countries to give financial aids for environmental projects of LDCs coursed through the GEF (global environmental facility) administered jointly by UN & WB 4. preservation of endangered species 5. set up sustainable development communities to oversee compliance with environmental treaties 6. agreement on AGENDA 21 international clean-up strategies and plans to promote environmentally sound policy towards the 21st century. 7. preserving the world forests and monitoring changes in timberland.

5. 1994 Convention on Desertification some 100 countries agree to have a global mechanism to coordinate efforts and urge countries to channel money through the GEF to meet the $10 to $20 billion estimates for land reclamation and preservation projects in the next two decades.

OTHER IMPT. TERMS: 1. Global civil Society public sphere of activity by private individuals & groups interacting for common causes. It may or may not include the cooperation of states and their INGOs 2. Steady-state society a human society that could balance its numbers with the natural resources available, usually by leveling off human numbers & replenishing resources as people use them. 3. GAIA Hypothesis -- a theory espoused in the 1970s which is based on ancient Greek lore. This theory holds the belief that the earth is a super organism made up of interdependent parts that form a greater whole. 4. Ecocide -- the destruction of the natural environment usually a result of human activity 5. Green Politics an umbrella term for a wide range of groups pursuing environmental goals through political action especially referring to green parties focusing primarily on ecological concerns and the following issues: Nuclear issues Social responsibility Grassroots democracy Non-violence this Green Party has been very successful in Germany 6. Green Revolution widespread movement to ease chronic food shortages in developing countries through the development of high WORLD POPULATION CONGRESS 1994 UNCPD ( UN Conference on Population and Development ) or the Cairo Conference organized by the UN Population Fund brought together more than 170 countries and thousands of INGO delegates areas of concerns are: --population control --reproductive health

2. 1989 Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes ( Basel Convention) signed by 105 countries included in the ban is the export of hazardous wastes under the guise of declaring that the materials are meant for recycling or as foreign aid in the form of recoverable materials in 1991, almost all countries of Africa signed in Mali an agreement banning the dumping of hazardous wastes in their continent which is known as the BAMAKO Convention 3. 1992 Convention of Biological Diversity calling for the preservation and sharing of the benefits of genetic resources 4. 1973 CITES ( Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species )

--gender equality and empowering women to control their lives, especially reproductive lives Approaches to Population Control 1. SOCIAL APPROACH social programs like information dissemination campaign about birth control making birth control devices available to all 2. ECONOMIC APPROACH improving women status since women who are employed and educated have fewer children population control programs need to include economic and educational benefits to women this led to the establishment of UN Development Fund for Women giving technical and financial support to women

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was developed via the WWII secret science project called the Manhattan Project

2 KINDS OF A-BOMBS 1.Fission weapons less expensive & simpler when it explodes, one atom is split or fissionized 2. Fusion weapons (H-bombs or thermonuclear bombs) splitting of two elements: Uranium 235 or U-235 ( at least 100 lbs) Plutonium 239 (at least 20 lbs ) developed by Albert Einstein, his formula: E=mc2 where speeding neutrons collide with atoms & split them apart releasing energy, and if the atoms are packed together, they make critical mass) Aug 6, 1945--- the B-29 bomber plane Enola Gay dropped the first bomb, named Little Boy in Hiroshima Fat Man, the second bomb was dropped in Nagasaki, three days later. Faced with this appalling weapon, the Japanese surrendered on August 14.

ABC OF TERRORISM
TERRORISM---calculated organized violence to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm Terrorism oftentimes, becomes an obstruction to diplomacy STATE-SPONSORED/STRUCTURAL TERRORISM --form of terrorism in which a state sends agents or existing private groups to cause sudden acts of violence and mayhem to serve the states objectives. Examples: 1. 1983when agents of North Korea set-off a bomb in Rangoon, Burma 2. 19882 Libyan intelligence officers blew up the Pan Am flight 3. 1983Iranian-backed Shiites in Lebanon bombed US embassy in Beirut and US Marine barracks 4. 1985French agents blew up Rainbow Warrior (an INGO affiliate) in Auckland, New Zealand , when the ship was protesting against the French nuclear test in the French Polynesia 5. 1981Soviet terrorists allegedly plotted the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II 6. 1996Commando raid of North Korea against South Korea after the former allegedly develop atomic bomb. 7. 2001Sept 11 bombings of the the World Trade Center in New York by the Al-Qaeda terrorists which is linked with Osama bin Laden, a Saudi-born millionare. So far this is the most vicious, evil attack perpetuated by the terrorists I- ATOMIC BOMBS

These events ushered in the era of nuclear age and nothing has ever been the same after that. Most historical periods rest on impact of ideas and heroes, but nuclear age centers on weapons. Basic element: of each bomb: 600 kgs = 20 nuclear bombs In 1949, the Soviets develop their own bombs which lead to the Nuclear Arms Race of the Cold War years bet. Soviet allies & Warsaw pact and American allies & NATO NOTE: at least 15-20 third World countries may have developed gas & bio warheads including the so-called axis of evil states of Iraq, Iran & North Korea

II. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE ( Germ Warfare ) The use of germs to infect people or other sides troops in order to kill or disable them Examples of biological agents: Anthrax, cholera, botulism, ebola, smallpox (variola virus) --- these are storable in military containers which ccan cause pneumonia, skin diseases Japan experimented on POWs during WWII Iraq with their war with Iran and the Kurdish rebels

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In 1979, Russian scientists accidentally released anthrax spores in SVERDLOVSK KILLING 1,000 CIVILIANS In Oct. 2001, 8 people were afficted with anthrax spores in New York & Florida following the Sept. 11 Black Tuesday attack in New York The ATHRAX SCARE afflicted countries like Kenya & Argentina and in the Bahamas when letters were found to be laced with anthrax In 1988, Soviets buried tons of anthrax spores in VOZROZHDENIYE or Renaissance Island (host of the worlds largest anthrax burial ground) In 1997, US experts & scientists visited the area and took samples of the bacteria In 2001, US & Russia signed a $6 million agreement for the US to clean up the site & dismantle the germ warfare test laboratory Source: World Military Expenditures & arms Transfers (WMEAT) REMEDIES: I. ARMS CONTROL putting a limit or cap on weapon levels this has eased tensions bet. US & USSR Examples of treaties and covenants under this are the following: 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) original signatories are US. UK, USSR prohibited nuclear tests in atmosphere, oceans, outer space and above - ground only underground tests are allowed 1974 Threshold Nuclear Test Ban Treaty supplanted the LTBT a bilateral treaty between the US & USSR which reduced the SIZE of bomb tests to 150 kilotons or smaller 1963 Hotline Agreement Between US & USSR following the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis this bilateral agreement provided among others that in case of future crisis, the two agreed to have direct communications by a cable connection between Moscow & Washington 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty multilateral treaty w/168 signatories prohibits signatory-states from giving or receiving nuclear weapons or the means to make them as TRANSFERS among states this is an example of preclusion treaty since it requires non-nuclear states to forgo nuclear weapons. NOTE: India, Pakistan and Israel maybe THRESHOLD nuclear powers since they have parts of atomic weapons and can easily assemble them

III- CHEMICAL WARFARE Use of lethal & incapacitating gas against people or troops of the other side Examples of chemical agents: cyanide, sarin & VX ( these are nerve gases ) Sarin was used in the 1995 Tokyo Subway attack

Nuclear Winter Theory

Theory of environmental disaster involving large scale nuclear war that, through a causal chain, would destroy all life forms in which years of colder and darker conditions would trigger an environmental catastrophe. Because of these evil and disastrous effects of arms race and confrontation among states, the international community continuously work together to prevent such eventuality. There are certain objectives of the different remedies resorted to by the different states, to wit: A. for Peace Since 1945, more than 40 million lives were lost in more than 250 civil wars & conflicts mostly in Third World countries B. Cutting Costs Since WWII, global spending by states in military build-up was pegged at $30-35 trillion Since 1987-1993, there was a marked decline in spending on military build-up 1987-- $1trillion 1993-- $68 billion

1971 Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement took place during the period of dtente in the 70s SALT I in Helsinki, Finland US & USSR agreed to place a ceiling (limit) on Land-and-sea-launched ICBMs for 5 yrs This allowed the US & USSR to be entitled to two anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM) or defensive missile sites. SALT II Should have taken effect by 1977 by ratification of the US Senate, but was postponed since US Senators felt that they are greatly at disadvantaged. The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompted Carter to withdraw its final ratification

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SALT II aims at limiting the Multiple Independently Targetal Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs) this could use a single rocket to gain outer space and from there fire multiple warheads from rocket at separate targets on opponents territory The Soviets built MIRV system on SS-18 ICBM, several stories high w/14 nuclear warheads US & USSR disarmament on theater weapons or medium range missiles which could travel from 500-1,200 miles usable at regional level Note: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Pakistan, S. Africa are in the IRBM Club (Intra-regional Ballistic Missile) Tactical weapons -- short-range missiles with 95-310 mile range carrying nuclear warhead or artillery-fired shell with a range of approximately 20 miles

1959 Antarctic Treaty Bans any military use of Antarctic especially for nuclear purposes 1967 Outer Space Treaty Forbids nuclear weapons from orbiting earth or stationing these weapons in outer space 2. DISARMAMENT complete or partial elimination of weapons FACTS: In 1990s, US & USSR owning 97% of nuclear weapons in the world All these has a total of 18,000 megatons equivalent to the total explosive power of conventional weapons in WWII, Vietnam War, Korean War destroyed almost 44million lives Reagans first term of office (1980-84) reintensified Cold War hostilities since he doubled the US Defense budget under his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Program otherwise known as Star Wars program which was announced in March 1983 by President Reagan. This is well-planned large-scale defense system meant to shield the US from massive strike from the Soviet Union. It is a satellite-based rocket launcher which orbits the earth protecting the US from nuclear attacks 1985ascension of Gorbachev to power under his New Thinking Program of Glasnost (reform) and Perestroika (openness) 1986 Reykjavik Summit bet. Reagan and Gorbachev which led to the following disarmament treaties:

1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) Bilateral talks between US & USSR; since France, UK & China claim that their weapons are minuscule that they will not disarm at any given time China 450 nuclear weapons France- 424 nuclear weapons UK - 200 nuclear weapons Called for a significant reduction of nuclear warheads carried mostly by strategic weapons long-range missiles capable of traveling inter-continentally at around 8,000-9,000 miles in minutes since 1992, each superpower has 10,000 warheads (long-range bombers)

1995 Geneva Protocol banned the use of biological weapons but not the manufacturing and stockpiling of these weapons 1972 Biological Weapons Conventions prohibits stockpiling & production of bacteriological and toxic weapons or germ warfare which is subscribed to by over 130 countries In 1985, the so called ASTRALIA GROUP (composed of Western states) monitored equipment & material contributing to development of germ warfare

1987 Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) called for the destruction of nearly 3,000 intermediate range vehicles in Europe and Soviet-Chinese borders both US & USSR removed warheads or blow-torched their respective rocket vehicles; a Special Verification Commission was formed monitoring the process thus, INF became the most important disarmament since the 1989 collapse of the Berlin Wall

1993 Chemical Weapons Convention Disallows production & storage of chemical weapons and requires states to dispose of any existing stocks by year 2005 In 1996, the US Senate ratified it after much debates This convention established the OPCW or Organization for the Prohibition of chemical Weapons which has the authority to conduct short-notice inspections and to ensure that all signatory states respect all rules.

3. DISENGAGEMENT Complete or partial withdrawal of military forces/personnel and weapons from their positions to reduce or avoid conflict This is usually accompanied by Confidence & Security Building Measures (CSBMs) 1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement British & American forces agreed to withdraw their troops & warships from Great Lakes Region. Until now, both parties respect this, and as a result the US-Canadian border I the longest unarmed border in the world 1975 Conference on Security & Cooperation in Europe European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain decided to give up warning before either NATO or Warsaw Pact practice maneuver or moves Hence such maneuvers are not to be regarded as surprise attacks which could ignite war 1986 Stockholm Conference

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Allowed observers in either side (Nato & Warsaw) to watch each others movements

1990 Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty Reduction of tanks, conventional weapons, combat helicopters, artillery which leave each side equal 1992 Troop Levels in Europe Agreement Limiting US & Russian troops to 195,000 each in Central Europe

MISSILE PROLIFERATION Countries N. Korea India China Pakistan Missiles No-Don I Agni Silkworm M-11 Range 650 miles 1,500 miles 500 miles 180 miles

1948 UN Declaration on Human Rights (UNDHR)

RIGHTS 1. to be born free freedom/survival 2. to be entitled to all rights & freedom regardless of color or race freedom/survival 3. to life, liberty property being 4. against slavery & servitude in whatever form identity/survival 5. against torture, cruel, Inhumane or degrading punishment 6. to recognition everywhere as A person before the law identity/wellNEEDS
was committed (ex post facto law)

freedom

12. against arbitrary detention survival/well-being 13. liberty permanent movement liberty of abode & travel freedom

-- to leave any country & return to his own freedom

14. of asylum 15. to a nationality

freedom identity

---against deprivation of ones nationality ---against denial of ones nationality

survival identity

16. to marriage & family regardless of race, nationality religion freedom 17. to own property
--- against deprivation of ones property

well being

7. to equality before the law & equal protection freedom 8. to effective remedy by competent natl. tribunals 9. against arbitrary arrest, detention or exile survival freedom

18. to freedom of thought, conscience and religion identity 19. freedom of opinion & expression freedom/identity

freedom/

10. to fair & public hearing by individual & partial tribunal freedom 11. to presumption of innocence until proven guilty freedom
-- not to be held guilty on any act or omission w/c does not constitute a penal offense under natl. or intl. law, at the time when it

20. freedom of assembly/ association freedom/identity

21. to participation in govt. freedom/identity --- equal access to public service freedom/identity --- of suffrage; ---expression in periodical elections freedom/identity 22. to social security well being

23. to work or employment --- just & favorable conditions of work well being --- protection against unemployment 24. to rest & leisure including periodic holidays well being 25. to a standard of living adequate for health & well being of himself & his family --- to special protection, special care & assistance of mothers & children being 26. to education identity --- compulsory elementary education 27. to cultural participation --- to intellectual property rights 28. to intl. & social order 29. to force & full development of ones personality identity identity identity survival

well

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