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65

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FI NAL PROJECT REPORT

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ADMINISTRATION

MARINER-VENUS
FINAL PROJECT

1962
REPORT

]k'[ARINER

II

NASA

SP-59

MARINER-VENUS
FI NAL PROJ ECT

1962
REPOR T

Prepared

under contract

for NASA by

Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology

/,_lril_,,,
Sc_ntific NATIONAL and Technical In/ormation Division AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D.C. 1 9 6 5 AERONAUTICS

FOR

SALE

BY

THE

SUPERINTENDENT WASHINGTON,

OF

DOCUMENTS. D.C. 20402

U.S, - PRICE

GOVERNMENT $2,50

PRINTING

OFFICE

Foreword

The has from sent

flight

of Mariner on Earth.

I I to the planet close The to another following

Venus planet pages

represents and describe

the first time the Mariner

that

man data

his instruments back

received

meaningful

them

R project

and its problems, drama and some and later, understood. From to Earth. instruments grew room mounted made

solutions, difficulties, and successes. Perhaps a part of the of the tensions associated with this kind of mission will be felt launching room of Mariner continuous in Pasadena, until its arrival who at the planet designed parent. the Three planet weeks the tensions past and 109 days data built As the and back the days its inon Venus and and se-

the successful In the and the

the spacecraft hovered

was under control over

observation men as anxiously

as it transmitted as any

its readings Finally, closeup the

into weeks

the distances first

into millions spacecraft observation

of miles, flew of Venus.

in the control later,

steadily.

struments

January 3, 1963, with the spacecraft 9 million km and 87 million km (54 million miles) from Earth, The journey technology. many lected the Jet designed and tractors. Center with the assigned The of NASA support of Mariner The was a spectacular possible National by the Aeronautics It was made

(6 million miles) beyond the signals stopped. of modern of many Space science people efforts and

achievement

coordinated

organizations.

Administration

Propulsion Laboratory to manage built by JPL with the assistance launch and of the vehicle United were and was the responsibility conducted Force. Air the launchings Space Network, were States selected women member had of the The

the project. of numerous of the Tracking

The spacecraft was industrial subconSpace Missile Mariner from Flight Range was many

Marshall of the

at the Atlantic Propulsion by scientists

to the Deep

operated from

by the Jet proposals part

Laboratory.

The scientific universities. Several It would their on time, specific and

experiments thousand men but

a direct who failure made project

in the Mariner special his job

R project. in accurately, thousands

be impossible task, in a superior

to list all of those every manner.

some

contribution

performed

of any

one of the many

of components would have invalidated the mission. Design, manufacture, and testing all demanded the very highest standards to achieve the necessary reliability.

MARINER-YENUS 1962

While of planetary flying on

Mariner

is the

first interplanetary it is only then orbiting the about the solar

spacecraft Soon and planets, system,

and finally

has opened will be landing acquainted are the

a new

era

exploration, planets, surfaces.

a beginning.

there

spacecraft instruments with the challenges

by other

their

Exploring questions

becoming life--these

planets, answering that lie ahead.

extraterrestrial

W. H. Director,

PICKERING,

fret Propulsion Institute

Laboratory,

California

of Technology.

vi

Contents INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER

3 3 4 6 8

History

of Knowledge About

Planet Venus

Ancient Legends and Beliefs Statistics Pre-Mariner II Theories ScientiFic Experiments in Mariner Project Organization Early Mariner Mariner Major Management Projects Structure

II

CHAPTER

11 11 12 15 20 20 21 21

and Management

R (1962) Project Contractor Support

Permanent Project-Wide Bodies Launch Vehicle Relations Jet Propulsion Laboratory Activities

CHAPTER

25 25 26 28 28 29 30 31 33

Space Vehicle

System R SpacecraFt Meetings

Design Parameters of Mariner Design Coordination Design Verification Design Utilization Development Mariner R-3 Launch Spacecraft and Test Description

Vehicle

Description

CHAPTER

41 41 41 47 48 54 58

Trajectory and Orbit Trajectory Design and Selection The Ballistics Problem Mission Constraints on Trajectory Design Four Phases of the Mariner R Trajectory Basic Trajectory Characteristics Trajectory Ephemerides, Targeting Criteria, and Firing Tables vii

MARINER-YENUS 1962

60 60 63 63 66 72 72 78 81 84

Orbit

Determination Tracking Data Editing and Orbit Determination Programs Effects of Tracking Data Accuracy Values of Mariner II Target Parameters The Mariner II Trajectory

Midcourse

Trajectory Correction

Effects of Injection Accuracy Capability of Midcourse Correction System Operational Computer Program and Sequence Execution of Mariner II Midcourse Maneuver

CHAPTER 5

87 87 88 88 97 107 119

The Mariner Mariner Mariner

Mission

R-1 Launch and Abort R-2

Prelaunch and Launch Operations Flight Period From Launch Postencounter Flight to Injection Flight Period From Injection Through Encounter

CHAPTER

121 121 122 124 128 133 134 134 137 141 141 142 143 145 148

Performance of Mariner Engineering Mechanics Structures

II Subsystems Subsystems

Temperature Control Pyrotechnics Actuators Cabling Ground Handling Equipment Subsystem and Reacquisition and Reacquisition Attitude-Control

Sun Acquisition Earth Acquisition

Sun-Acquired Cruise Midcourse Maneuver Sun- and Earth-Acquired Nonstandard Events Cruise

viii

CONTENTS

153

157
159 159 160 160 160 1 71 171

Power Subsystem Launch Midcourse Cruise Encounter Postencounter Propulsion Subsystem Central Computer and Sequencer Launch h4idcourse Cruise Postencounter Telecommunications Subsystems Data Encoder Subsystem Radio Subsystem Command Subsystem Scientific Experiments Data Conditioning System Power Switching to Science Experiments Microwave Radiometer Infrared Radiometer Magnetometer Ionization Chamber Particle Flux Detector Cosmic Dust Detector Solar Plasma Analyzer

174 174
182 182 183 1 89 192 195 195 198 198 2O5 213 218 219 223 224

CHAPTER 7

229 231 232 233 244 244 247

Tracking and Data Acquisition Atlantic Missile Range Support Space

Operations

Deep Space Instrumentation Facility Deep Communication Station, Goldstone Launch Station, Cape Canaveral Mobile Deep Tracking Station, Johannesburg Space Communication Station, Johan-

nesburg

ix

MARINER-YENUS 1962

247 253 278

278 282 282 282 282 286 287 287 287 288 289 289

Deep Space Communication DSIF Operations Central Computing Facility Primary Computing Facility, Secondary Computing

Station, Woomera

Station C Station D

Facility,

Telemetry Processing Station (TPS) Ground Communications Net Data Circuits Communication Links Voice Circuits Group Team Space Flight Operations Tracking Data Analysis Spacecraft Data Analysis

Orbit and Trajectory Determination Group Midcourse Maneuver Commands Group Scientific Mode Mode Mode Major ing Data Group Central Computing Facility Operations I (L to L + 2 Days) II (L + 2 Days to L + 108 Days) III (Encounter, Problem Areas Processes Telemetry L + 109 Days) in Flight Data Process-

291 291 294 294 294

295 295 304 304 304 306 307 307 307 307 308 309 309 310 310

Data Handling Engineering

Scientific Telemetry Information Coordination

SDAT Reports
Trajectory Information DSIF Information Central Computing Facility Communications Status Science Status Communications Coordination Dissemination of Information Information Coordinator OFFice of Public Education and Information Display System Information

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

313 313 314 318 322 325 327 328 330 331 332 332 336

Scientific Results
Interplanetary Measurements Magnetic Fields Solar Plasma Radiation Cosmic Dust Venus Measurements Microwave Radiometer Infrared Radiometer Magnetic Field Solar Plasma Charged Particles Mass oF Venus and Other Solar Constants

APPENDIX

338

Abbreviations

APPENDIX

340

Subcontractors

BIBLIOGRAPHY

342

xi

Introduction
Five lunar and planetary spacecraft were launched from Earth in 1962; of

these, one mission success. This was

can be considered the United States'

an outstanding scientific and engineering Mariner II, which on December 14, 1962,

made history by flying on a predetermined trajectory to an encounter point 34 833 km (21 645 miles) from planet Venus and 57 934 800 km (36 000 000 miles) and the The under from Earth and returning was scientific an unmanned Administration by the Jet Marshall for launch scientists collaboration built the many United data on both interplanetary program managed Laboratory Flight and NASA Air Center and the the procurement designed and of the and (JPL), (MSFC) for launch spacecraft comspacelaunch space NaCaliat planet itself. Mariner R project Aeronautics contract of was Ala., JPL industrial appendix report vicinity Institute and (NAS7-100) Technology. responsible and (in and the

deep-space (NASA),

tional out fornia

Space

carried

Propulsion Space vehicle planned with States of the

Huntsville, operations. and scientific munity), craft (see vehicle. This to the project include the cover

engineers contractors B),

experiments

scientific of the the II

subassemblies Force of the with supplied Mariner the

describes of Venus.

history-making chronology the 1962 on Venus, and the the the are

flight begins Venus project

spacecraft of the

The

activation

as a means for meeting historical background vehicle the system, events tracking operational

launch opportunities. Chapters organization and management, and II and orbit. mission, Other evaluation system, chapters of the and

space

trajectory Mariner data-recovery defined

describing network, experiments. in this book

subsystems,

processing A.

findings of the scientific Abbreviations used

in appendix

CHAPTER

History of Knowledge About Planet Venus

Our move had bodies Jupiter, human ancient Christ, tablets. Venus solar system the ideas; divine. comprises to him one star paths are (the which that Sun) are and nine principal However, and planets early that man Mars, around different were and history. appears observations seem to come to have of the from intrigued planet Babylonia, on man and for are at least dating recorded 4000 back on years. 2000 the The years famous most before Venus record, Sun in orbital Indications known elliptical.

the Earth

was the center five from nearly

of all things the

the celestial of recorded

planets--Venus,

Mercury, beginning

Saturn--were

to man

ANCIENT The stars The mother morning Beautiful evening

LEGENDS Egyptians, the

AND

BELIEFS and the Chinese had thought of Venus as two sky. the the the the had the was as and of

Greeksl

because it was visible first in the Babylonians called Venus "Istar," of the star star White gods. One. In Egypt to the The but Greeks by 500 the Tioumoutiri; Hesperos, Chinese, called B.C.

morning and then the personification star Venus the Pythagoras, was was known known star

in the evening of woman and as Ouaiti as Tai-pe, Phosphorus philosopher, changed and or and

evening

morning

the Greek

realized that the two were identical. As time name of the planet to honor their own Goddess It was placed not flat dethroned human upon but the thought not until the Had from logic Golden Greek would Age and of Greece the Earth as the been a firm foundation globes. world and

evolved the Romans of Love, Venus. that and center analysis astronomy the planets taken of the The one were

as a science regarded step progress more

quantitative have

its position

universe, Greek

accelerated.

philosopher

and mathematician, Aristarchus, held a heliocentric but his ideas were opposed on religious grounds, and to the idea of a central Earth. Ptolemy, at the end who died about Greek 130 A.D., period. left a record of the classic In his Ptolemaic

view of the solar system the later Greeks reverted of the state of the the Earth universe lies in

system,

MARINER-VENUS 1962

the cury,

center Venus, and and Finally,

of the circles. and

universe, First the Sun, and

with comes

the the

various Moon, by the the

heavenly closest other the the three that circle

bodies body planets Sun Sun. is the system,

revolving in the then

around Mer(Mars,

it

in perfect Jupiter, system supporter

sky; then known

followed finally like

Saturn), Copernicus that the

the stars. explained Earth, theory center and of the was was the not solar first the and Galileo a strong

in 1546 planets,

of the

Sun-centered

of the

planetary

to look at the heavens through center of all orbits of heavenly astronomer, omer The paths work forth Tycho with the through Brahe, the Sun laws his studies was able states

a telescope and bodies. Kepler, and to formulate the

to prove the Earth was the German mathematician made laws around ellipse. beyond were because the 18th by the the Danish Sun famous of planetary Sir Isaac doubt, relegated and event 19th and of facts knowledge which

the observations revolve matter systems

astronmotion.

first of these on universal Ptolemaic

that one put across

the planets of the the whole

in elliptical Newton's thencepast. of the presedges centuries, America. about about even the the the to the

occupying gravitation and other about in the

foci of the

Earth-centered the planet

In 1776, Venus the Venus By apparent surface most from image the

was

tracked

the face of the Sun, was deduced Throughout scientific had little, determined if any, curiosity

from which and

ence of an atmosphere visible year continued orbit of the

of the fuzzy

telescope. growing but very was

to excite 1962, of Venus planet.

in Europe

scientists Venus

a number indisputable covered

apparently

by clouds

powerful telescopes radioastronomical the surface or more, at several knew while

could not observations the what

penetrate. The clouds of Venus, as inferred made from Earth, indicated to some scienvery of the with hot, tops possibly of the surface. 600 K (620 F = was result might estimated was be. that The clouds

tists that 600 K) by others no one

of Venus hundred

was probably temperature degrees, the surface

a cool temperature

for certain

of Venus

STATISTICS Venus, any The other diameter with of the called celestial by scientists body except the Earth's the Moon, (7900 because twin, approaches vagrant The the Earth comets, 12 198 km amount so that the permanent cloud polar and closer (7580 mantle. diameter than miles), In is

some

asteroids. flattening

of Venus Earth's Earth,

is estimated 12 713 km

at approximately miles). of the

compared of Venus the case

of polar

is difficult

to determine this flattening

is appreciable,

HISTORY OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PLANET VENUS

41.84 Venus'

km

(26 miles)

shorter

than

the

diameter with

as measured an eccentricity

through of only

the Equator. 0.0068, the

orbit

is almost

a perfect

circle,

lowest of all the planets. the Sun of approximately orbital has km/hr The times mass path of approximately orbital speed a mean

Venus rides this orbital path at a mean distance from 108 million km (67 million miles) compared to Earth's 149 million of 125 808 km/hr is slightly km (93 million miles). Earth's While Venus (78 300 miles/hr), less than as compared the volume not merely Venus falling twice upon has that is 107 179 or 5.1 The

(66 600 miles/hr). mean density of Venus of Earth--0.92, 5.5 for Earth. that of Earth. that of an equal volume of water, of Venus is 0.81 that of Earth and with is 0.88

Venus

appears and light Venus Venus Earth and

particularly high from the to

brilliant, Sun about the faster, The at 224

because an albedo, solar light

of its size, but because or reflective with and only heat factor, 70-/0 for as Earth.

of its closeness of 85-/c. of the the Sun it has orbital sidereal days, according Moon. Since than

reflectivity.

it, as compared

receives is closer moves period.

as much

a shorter revolution period 16 hours,

yearly

or annual
EAST ELONGATION

SUPERIOR CONJUNCTION WEST ELONGATIOh

is estimated and 48

minutes, within miles) 40 of

to Earth's

calendar.
VENUS

Venus approaches million km (26 million Earth when at inferior the planet

conjunction, Earth
INFERIOR CONJUNCTION - EARTH

is between

and the Sun, and is as far away as 260 million km (160 million miles) at superior conjunction, Venus is on the opposite the Sun (fig. 1-1). When reaches greatest odic about and the two positions distance angular when side of Venus marked from star, the the

FmORF. 1-1.--Venus at interior conjunction. "elongation" Sun, in figure 1-1, 47 . a morning inferior evening to rotate between planet it has At star.

and

superior

reached The and

its "synis Sun

approximately elongation elapse successive

eastern

elonga-

tion, Venus period"

is an evening of Venus, while again

at western 144 days required elongation.

interval are

between for the

conjunctions, morning the around

584 days. return

Approximately 440 days to evening

elongation,

MARINER-YENUS 1962

The free planet) compared kin/see sufficient near velocity Earth, hold to the Earth. the an

escape object on (7 Venus with to trap

velocity from Earth's an the

(that

velocity (6.4

required pull of of miles/see)

to a

gravitational km/sec gravity Because the and, same that thus, escape velocity of

is 10.29 The surface. is about long

11.26 is

miles/sec). terrestrial

Earth the as escape that

oxygen-bearing

atmosphere of

of Venus men have

believed

planet

might on

a similar existence

atmosphere of living

be favorable as known

organisms

PRE-MARINER II THEORIES
Before more Mariner II, than Venus any other probably planet caused in our controversy

solar system with the possible exception of Mars. Observers have visualized Venus as anything from a wet steaming abode of Mesozoic-like creatures, such as were found on the Earth millions of years ago, to a dead, noxious, and Sunless world constantly ravaged Conjectures have ing Earth opaque between many been the Venusian by winds of incredible about the Venusian tied to theories the as viewed telescopes, Because strongest force. atmosphere about clouds from the formthe appear

inescapably topography.

Venusian through

atmosphere, the

and almost atmosphere problems.

featureless, this and topography light spots and

relationship has posed dusky

Impermanent

certain

areas were believed by some observers ciated with Venusian oceans. One lieved
FIGURE 1-2.--Visualized mountain peak. Venusian

to be assoscientist beas visualized

he identified

a mountain

peak,

in figure 1-2, which he calculated as rising more than 43.45 kin (27 miles) above the general level of the planet.

HISTORY OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PLANET YENUS

FIGURE 1-3.--Venus Another vast cause analysis. long skies, about since up thus scooped oceans, school one of thought theory being

visualized as a hot, wet world. that was that winds, salts and obtained Venus covered through these through blasted great the was covered a seltzer Earth bodies Cytherean into the entirely ocean spectrographic of water ages, have have by be-

speculated that Venus

with

of carbon-dioxide Other the forming evaporated

measurements concluded that the chloride and

observations remaining the clouds.

them

Venusian theories still exist,

Related to the its atmosphere.

topographic speculations It was reasoned that clouds it was and

were equally tenuous if the oceans of Venus

then the Venusian covered by water, equivalents of Earth's steamy atmosphere figure 1-3. Other their with the bound be given to indicate the theories authors perhaps seemingly viewed droplets high

may be composed of water droplets; suggested that it might be inhabited period of 500 million could be a years ago, as topography the Venusian or nature vapors of the by possibility

if Venus were by Venusian and the same in how." visualized on

Cambrian

respecting the of oil, temperature was consensus of surface and create near

of the

atmosphere, clouds

depending and water. that

terrain, planet's some

included surface, false with

of hydrocarbons Finally, by Earthcould

of formaldehyde to the charged scientific

as measured indications free electrons. seemed

instruments, the

credited ionosphere free oxygen

by a Venusian no detectable

heavily

However, probability

of pre-Mariner vegetation

thinking

generally against at the was of the least, other measSun to as

in the atmosphere; because

this fact inveighed vegetation,

Earth-type

uses carbon dioxide hand, a preponderance ured, would which could be trapped

gives off oxygen into the atmosphere. On of carbon dioxide in the Venusian atmosphere a "greenhouse the surface of the effect," planet, in which raising the the heat

temperature

MARINER-gENUS

1962

high miles

as 600 K. slow, per hour

If the or more, so the

topography believed, and the create

were sand

in truth effect and dust

relatively might storms

flat produce

and

the any

rate Earthly

of

rotation experience.

as many And

heating continued.

winds

of 400

beyond

controversy

SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS IN MARINER

The Mariner II spacecraft carried efforts of scientists at nine institutions: the California Harvard of the two Institute College Institute Nevada, primary radiometer. while original and planetary They the of Technology, Observatory, of Technology, the experimenters and were University NASA, University 1-I an about from eters lists The

II
experiments representing the Ordnance Missile Command, Space Flight of Iowa, at Berkeley. radiometer a period ranging distances Center the of the State Table and of Propulsion University California Laboratory,

six scientific the Army the the the their designed passed Jet State of were to the

Goddard

Massachusetts

affiliations. a microwave operate planet at during

experiments spacecraft

infrared

45 minutes

approximately 12 874 to 64 372 km (8000 to 40 000 miles). obtained information about the planet's temperature and The other four experiments space charged-particle counters; data considerations scientists possible. trajectory be designed from and allocated Mariner as far Another 19 months. the nature of Venus' unattended, would For with the to also gathered what made and scientific near measurements vicinity including dust immediate in choosing example, available scientific II to convert as 57 934 800 remain restricting an vicinity these

These radiomthe nature of its during the They a solar cruise were: plasma was that thrust, In power from order Venus only during and surface the and could only the for is

atmosphere. through and interplanetary Geiger-Mueller They of the important in the detectors, a cosmic in the of Venus. ionization and of Venus. experiments during 447 pounds the mission

a magnetometer; several One compromise what be about engineers sunlight, and, was placed 40 detector.

chamber

detector;

between in a Venus pounds and report its in

like to measure of the

technologically could

launch-vehicle experiments. electrical km

addition, miles),

scientists sensitive outer position

findings

(36 000 000 working was time.

although

in precise factor

3 to 5 months in a favorable a period Several

space. every

for the launching cencerning

of a Mariner-type

spacecraft atmosphere

of a few weeks theories

HISTORY OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PLANET VENUS

have

already

been

advanced

in this chapter.

One

of the

missions

of Mariner

II

was to make scientific measurements in the vicinity of the substantiate one of these theories, or call for the formulation

planet which might of a new one.

Table 1-1.--Mariner
Experiment Microwave radiometer... Determine planet Description the surface temperature and details of

experimenters
Experimenters the Dr. A. H. Barrett, D. Army Harvard Kaplan, Dr. University Harvard Coleman, Dr. NASA. R. Anderson, Calteeh. Van Allen of Iowa. Space Dr. C. W. Flight Snyder, and JPL; L. Dr. Frank, H. V. State Massachusetts E. Jones, Corp.; and JPL; Missile Dr. Observatory. University JPL; Dr. Berkeley, Davis, Dr. CalC. P. of C. Ordnance College JPL G. Neugebauer, of California, Observatory. Dr. L. JPL: College NASA; E. J. Smith, Institute Dr. ComA. E. J

concerning

of Technology; Copeland, mand Lilley, and

its atmosphere.

Ewen-Knight

Infrared

radiometer

......

Determine

the

structure

of

the

cloud

Dr.

L. D.

layer and temperature at cloud altitudes.

distributions

Nevada; Sagan, and

Magnetometer

..........

Measure magnetic

planetary fields.

and

interplanetary

P. J. tech;

Sonett, Ion chamber and matched tubes. Measure near dust detector ..... Measure ticles Measure positively
Sun.

Measure

high-energy lower Venus). the flux in space: the charged of

cosmic radiation

radiation. (especially

Geiger-Mueller Anton tube. Cosmic special-purpose

Dr. H. Neher, Dr. J. University

cosmic

dust

par-

W. M. Alexander,'Goddard Center, NASA. M. Neugebauer JPL. and

Solar

plasma

spectrometer.

spectrum

of "low-energy particles from the

During telemetered information, in one pared same of the

the they

cruise

and

Venus

encounter As the conditioning base to Earth

phase sensors system of the in the

of the (DCS)

mission, which The

Mariner received was code. located DCS

II

information modules

to Earth. in the

of the

six experiments

fed it to a data for transmission

hexagonal

spacecraft. of a digital

pre-

information

form

Since all of the data time, an electronic

collected by Mariner II could not be transmitted at the clock was built into the DCS. This clock controlled "listened" the DCS to one switched experiment at a time for off the scientific data and for 16.8 seconds. space. When the spacecraft devoted information from This spaceits its

the equipment about 1 second. then cycle the telemetry

so that the receiver After 20.16 seconds, system during the cruise

sent spacecraft

engineering in interplanetary

data

was continued

craft was telemetry

switched to the encounter mode, however, the system to the full-time transmission of scientific

six experiments.

CHAPTER

Project Organization and Management

EARLY The 1250-pound planetary 1962-1964 by a vehicle The MARINER Mariner class space launch PROJECTS A and that and in the B projects designed vicinity Both were intended and D first stage. by General engines, peroxide of main to fly the schedule generally launch each Dynamics/Astronautics capable propellants, NASA began P-37 of generating engines and and final P-38 monopropellant to launch Mars, stage, spacecraft in the in interduring the

were

to make of Venus types Atlas second

scientific of spacecraft

investigations respectively, were and

opportunities. high-energy vehicle, had under Ten

to be launched liquid-

consisting

of a modified

a Centaur

hydrogen/liquid-oxygen, Centaur at San Diego, 15 000 pounds Calif.,

development small hydrogen consolidation was scheduled of 1962 in the were 1961,

two gimbal-mounted control,

of thrust.

were provided for attitude velocity correction. The missions taurs the Venus By the Centaur Mariner to Venus 8. launches second would in the and week

A configuration summer slippages the However,

as a developmental Centaur forced it was

spacecraft

on Cen-

7 and

to compromise that the

missions

into rescheduling. recognized period. Consequently,

of August

not be available

for the 1962 Venus

in mid-August, JPL discussions with NASA explored lightweight, attitude-stabilized spacecraft for the P-37 it was planets the and considered most important in 1962 if at all possible. that the United

the possibility of using and P-38 missions, since launch probes to the

States

On August 28, 1961, in feasibility of a 1962 Venus the use of a hybrid This (later were increased possible be reduced. schedule, spacecraft proposed

a letter mission,

to NASA Headquarters, based on an Atlas-Agena features Only of the Ranger could period could one launch 1962 not require the transfer carry

JPL proposed launch vehicle and Mariner of inAgena changes launch 25 pounds if the

combining

A designs. struments but two

Mariner within the

R spacecraft July-September

to 40 pounds).

be guaranteed,

weight could in the Ranger vehicles.

The project would but would necessitate

significant of certain

II

MARINER-VENUS

1962

In addition

to the

activation

of a Mariner

R project,

JPL

would

proceed

with the design and development launch by Atlas-Centaur with dual Coincidental with the implementation

of the Mariner B spacecraft, scheduled for Mars-Venus capability in 1964 and beyond. of the Mariner was of R project and the shift of to be canceled. Mariner A, activation capability for the Centaur-

of emphasis in Mariner B, the Mariner A project Accordingly, NASA authorized cancellation the Mariner R project, and based Mariner B in 1964. establishment

of the dual

MARINER

R (1962)

PROJECT
project was to perform the National P-37 and P-38 missions to Venus in 1962. R (1962) project was to develop in 1962, to throughout Venus enThe 2-1), of the planet Venus with the spacecraft and during the

The purpose Aeronautics and during The primary

of the Mariner R (1962) Space Administration's launch opportunities Mariner objective of the

the third-quarter

and launch two spacecraft to the near-vicinity establish and maintain two-way communication the flight, to obtain interplanetary data counter, launch and to perform scientific vehicle used in this project

in space

surveys of the planet's was to be the Atlas

SO_AR PANELS IN OPEN POSITION

characteristics. D-Agena B (fig.

ATLAS

BOOSTER

ENGINES AERODYNAMIC

ATLAS

SUSTAINER

ENGINE

AGENA

_i

I,t,4RIIVER VERNIER OPPOSITE ENGINE SLOE) (SECOND

SPACECRAFT

MARIIttC'R

WITH

]_0t.AR

PANELS

IN

FIOVRE 2-1.--Flight

configuration

of Atlas D-Agena

B-Mariner

II spacecraft.

12

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

AND MANAGEMENT

permitting a spacecraft weight of approximately about 25 pounds of scientific instruments. Two ability for June the 56-day spacecraft that two launch 11, 1962, at least period the probes were one were firing scheduled would arranged from had dates for launch its in accomplish to take July been

460 order

pounds

and

including the problimited By were dates to the 1962),

to increase Launch

objective. advantage

schedules

maximum 18 through established

of the spacecraft two launch

available

September and both the

12, 1962.

ready for launching. The minimum separation was established as 21 days. Since the time from the first consideration initial launch date was less than a year

between of the

Mariner 1961

R mission to mid-July

(mid-August

to achieve the objectives in the limited time available it was necessary to make decisions quickly, to "freeze" the design at the earliest feasible point, and to meet all schedule milestones on time. An and associated all-out and effort launch such was initiated the and basis, two to design, spacecraft work, of develop, in an preparation ground with a gained, and procure period. for launch components, The and many flight were effort

to test

ll-month

activities,

as trajectory fabrication concurrently

operations, and design pursued on a "crash" involving To Mariner sultant spacecraft Project R-2) launch _ and design take and advantage

support equipment, major launch-vehicle use was made

manufacturing of experience

changes. already of existing rea and R-3), sets of at 27,

A and Ranger design, limited with one little set planning

hardware and procedures wherever possible. The by the many time and weight restrictions, produced specified delivery (later in support were met on equipment of two and time, spacecraft and one designated set of spares, arrival on July planned (Mariners as Mariner and two R-1

or no redundancy. of spares assembled of the

two sets of system complex All major

test complex equipment

spacecraft. including of equipment 21 and flight August

milestones

Atlantic Missile Range and the subsequent 1962, respectively, for the P-37 and P-38 Because R-1 was flight. included of a launch-vehicle by the range taken rigorous deviation safety destroyed Measures a more

launches missions. from the after

path,

Mariner of launch of the

officer

approximately experienced beacon and

290 seconds in this a revision

to correct checkout

the difficulties of the Atlas rate

I Mariner R-1 and R-2 are spacecraft injection into planetary transfer trajectory.

serial numbers, which are used in all prelaunch references and until Thereafter, the references become Mariner I and Mariner II.

13

MARINER-VENUS

1962

data-editing by the ground

equation, guidance

designed equipment.

as a precaution

against

acceptance

of faulty

data

FIGURE 2-2.--Liftoff

of Mariner

II.

14

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

AND MANAGEMENT

The initiated of success. etered final

subsequent a space to Earth flight from

launching in which the high

of

Mariner

R-2 objectives

on and

August were engineering up

27,

1962 data

(fig. was time

2-2) telemof its by

the project

met with

a high degree

A vast quantity

of valuable spacecraft quality and

scientific throughout

its flight, amount of the on the which The work after 1964

to the

communication Because of the

on January

3, 1963. great data Mariner would that underway programs, time transmitted activity spacecraft R effort of the R spacecraft have carried a decision was was and directly was or directed appro-

Mariner schedule nearly made toward

II, it was decided for the 1964 Venus identical in January termination set of 1963, of the and

to terminate attempt--a all Mariner Much

scientific proiect.

experiments.

cancellation

partially applicable to the Ranger or Mariner Mars priate transfer of effort in these areas was made. MANAGEMENT The Space a broad taking and Act National of 1958. capability new knowledge of operating STRUCTURE Aeronautics To NASA of nature defense the of launching in space to the for and was from Space given large loads by the

Administration the main into job space,

was of creating view interest. left

created

by there,

the of

and providing of the universe, Military space Departand of the the

of surviving

the more United

unobstructed n,ational States were

as required of the Mariner

activities peculiar ment of Defense. The Space Space The bility plex chart for of Lunar relationship Jet the

with

responsibility Administration and Sciences. Planetary The

R project was assigned the shown assigned was also system,

at National to the in project assigned including Office direction figure

Aeronautics of the of the 2-3 Office

Headquarters Programs, organization Laboratory R project. Mariner space-flight

Director

under chart was JPL

overall

indicates

of these Propulsion Mariner for the

offices. management system the responsimanagement comproject.

responsibility

R spacecraft operations. Laboratory under Space conduct

associated Mariner

for postinjection of the Jet

Figure

2 4 shows of the

an organization is presented for

Propulsion

during

the period manager was

A summary of the responsibilities in figure 2-5. The the overall George C. Marshall and

the project Center

structure

Flight

assigned portion

responsibility of the Mariner

management

of the launch

vehicle

15

MARINER-VENUS

1962

'.1,,o

c-

e_

r_

r_

16

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

AND

MANAGEMENT

-I
!
Iii
,i [---

-_!

-!!I
,'i

'_ ._

-II

!I|.
i|

ff

"=

T
!
!

lit

i1'

,--i

ii
!

"'1

-7
l.I ,I
! I

-"I

17

MARINER-YENUS 1962

R project. responsibility craft injection. The Agena Medium support vehicles vehicle. appointed and and

In particular, from vehicle MSFC, Office. several with order

this

assignment

included through

administrative launch and

and tracking cognizance

technical to spaceof the and these boost was vehicle

procurement in order This office projects, and the

Director, B and Vehicle to the along In

to assume was

management

Centaur

projects, space

established

as his principal responsible with project, projects, Mariner

agent R, which

a Light proper utilize Atlas manager procurement and

for assuring

including coordination R

procurement to support the MSFC approved planning

the Air Force a systems including of

Mariner

within

organization. launch and and launch support the the

He was vehicle

responsible

for the

planning

execution modification; and The

of the

GSE; assigned and

implementation insuring and

launch-to-injection reliability This effort performance of manucontractual and Force Air

tracking analysis. and

instrumentation; mating of the ground and launch

certification included vehicle preparation. activities systems Center, for NASA Office, a LOD equipment

of performance the integrity, systems. spacecraft In manager Launch view

responsibility

proper

included facturing,

facilities testing, for

for the various of prime through of the

phases the the

launch vehicles, by Flight

arrangements subcontractors Space (LOD) ations Agena reached Systems Within to the Light

contractors

were Marshall and

directed Space

Division. Operations For Directorate assigned operby the responsibility Vehicle On July was relating no to program manager. There LOD for The with launches. and however, Mariner the projects the launch as specified

was assigned in response B systems earlier Center.

Medium

was to perform objectives to was redesignated

requirements need, to the

1, 1962, LOD

as the Launch agreements with logistic

Operations

renegotiate together

R project.

Responsibility and management to the USAF. for operational, This vehicles.

procurement

of launch

vehicles,

support to meet NASA Agena launch schedules, was assigned Air Force Space Systems Division (AFSSD) was responsible and included technical personnel support and for NASA Agena launch of launch of launch by NASA projects NASA the facilities in support procurement as modified Agena with

administrative, assignment

operations. AFSSD acted as agent for MSFC in contract vehicles in accordance with USAF procedures, except regulations was Agena 18 the and normal project. policy USAF or by law. contact for The SSD SSD director operations

for NASA associated

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

AND

MANAGEMENT

/ MARIN[R J W A R pROJECT MA_AC_R MANAGER

N James, PROJ[CT Comfier. A5S'T

PROJeCt

STAFF R C V J Maqistra_e, P_OG_JVa [NClN[ER M,Cr_ k J

SCI[NTIFIC _nctotf

EXF_ RIMENT[E'S PROJECT SCINTIST

E Cu_,_9. I_s[CtOR_ES V C Cl, rke. Jr r T_AJECTOetES W F OC_lman, t_JeCTO_l[$ S _uyl, Fa_td, LAUNCH C_STRAINTS FISCAL ASSISTANT

PJ_iometer H 8hrre_ M_T

MJR he'Omelet P t J Coleman. _v_s, CIt JPL Sm,l_ t_SA

E Jones. JP_ KoOe_ar_, A_C

E J

I nlrar_

Ita_,om_er:

Ic_ Cham_er

_r_ Par_,cle

_ueaeb_uer,

JPL

R _r,OersOn.

JPI

J VJ_Allen ScOur Pl_sr_a SCectr_ter Neue_cluer, C W S_er, JPt JPL t_cror_4e_r_e W M

SUl _e_ector GSFC

Ale_n4er.

[
IA_C_ Fr,e4nch Kur_ Ouerr V_HtC_ SYST_J_ _na_er O,reclor /k_SFCJ Sysl_ O_n Sct_r_rm_. _,_,,_ L, qMSFC_ L,,u n h O_er_*on_ M A Pir_lmL_n.

I
S P_CECRAFT S_S't_ System MaWr SPAC[FLICHT MIrs/t_II Jofinson. O Alcoen. ProlK'l [rcjirk_r A C C_.nrad. SlgcKr_$ySlllmEng_nelr OS[ T S Oi;b_ D W. _OUg_S. ASS't H N Leey. Jr, F_l_d O_ret_s H R t,_lm, As_..m_y ar_ O_en_ions J F W, CC_, _s_4m_yan_O_erl_ns R. A, _. 5 L _ll_, ASS'I H H _, Asutm_y it4 Opera.s t _ Y_'_ash_r_ Qu_lltyAssur_nce J p _,acl_y, _ Slmc_ nv_r_e_ Pr_rlm R_uirltments Barnum,

I
OP[RATIOt_S SYSTE_ SyStem _n_er N,cn_d_s Rent_fl_ ?_St D;roct_r Test D_rlcto R K Malhs, A T J J r E e p Burke, FNrey. _Jl. AsCf p. J RygI_, ASCt 1esl 0irect_" O Sparks. Comber _raqlo_s J _lms, Oplr_llOnal Communiclt,ons CoonP_ltoe _n_r _'.lrl,n,k_tConl_

I
O5_F SYst[_ SyStem k_lr_tler DSIF Project Rep OSIF pro_ct R_ TrKS_r_O.'UA_y_ds Rf System A_iser

_nform_mn Engk_lr_ng

D 0 _eyer. Net _tro_ e O_terme,er, Ne_ Co_ro_ H _C_ler_ _Conlra_ L S_m_, 14etCor,_ro_ W t Lard,n, C,_sl_S_ion_n_e D H_. P Jo_s. W Sor_n.e_r_ ]Pt _es_ent Wou_er_ SUt*On t_ar_ _,r_er St.,on _o_nnes_ur9 t_nager

O ;,o_nson. R, KI_,. Bro_n,

[nSmo_r_ Pl_n_r 5PA!Chlirma_ 5PAtChlim_n

00dcki_on. D, Tr_sk, F 6_r_s.

J N

er_en,

tellcammun_c_do_

O_t pm_,r_o_ M_c_ur_ T_cto_

Co_reClion

t_etlye_r,

R _r_er, Telecommun_c_$1/U_ L D Run_. _u_nce_n4Cenl_ J N W_I_. SIruclur_s K Ze_. [r@n_tringr,K_lrtdes W _m,l_, M_c_urse Pra_lslon

Ca_c_d_

JPL ................................ _nd Spice AIr ................................................... XOmC ................ Army OrCr_c_ M_SS_. Systms D_vds_ X_rv_ ComNr_ As_stinl In_tltutl af TK_r,_cgy Fac,ll_ tASC _Sf-C ............. La_cl_

erooutsm,_ _rd Slece _ Sp_

UlI_I_'r Camlu ny Ca_rdi

Missiles M.l_hal_ a_

.........................

Tt_t

NASA...P_n_I OSE ......................... I_

AeromuaKs

A_nmril_n E_me_ln_ IIiimr,_at NI r_ of I_ le_

Ast't ................................................ _I ................... OSIF ............... ;_ .................... _llt_.'n_ t_ep Splol Glr_rld C._nl

OCVic_ # Sy_

............................................. S_ _i

In_rumenmk_n O_<k4_te_.d_cL

SOAT ....................... SUl .................................. tiC| ....................

O_ A r,i/9_s un_mr'.fi_

GSFC ........................

Spice F_kll_t |rdlr

un_rs_ty

of Cd_f, len_

FZ_URI_ 2-5.--Mariner

R project

organization

chart.

19

MARINER-VENUS 1962

MAJOR Within was imity tion the by the

CONTRACTOR Lockheed by LMSC

SUPPORT Missiles staff and office. active on In Space The the Company, MSFC project LMSC the were NASA located groups Agena office in close project and proxto a

managed of the for ease

a program

representative's "projectized"

portion

of communications. the responsiveness launch States booster Air consisted for Atlas of Space

1960,

its organizacontributing

to increase program. The the Atlas United

of the various

technical R project office reported

for the Mariner Force from of a program D, who in turn Vehicles.

was procured reported vice

for NASA The directly to and

General

Dynamics/Astronautics. which to the president

GD/A program

organization engineer director

project

Launch

PERMANENT In order the same The Ranger the Agena problems. the Mariner R,

PROJECT-WIDE to utilize and serving the panels as technical

BODIES developed in the to the was on project Ranger and at to the system the maximum, used for managers. of the users of

relationships that existed advisers Board the vehicle

board Agena project

Ranger

project

were beginning various

B Coordination to coordinate and to provide

appointed requirements for the

of the settlement

B vehicle

a mechanism

of interagency

The Vehicle Integration Panel continually structural, network, and configurational

monitored, compiled, and evaluated problems as they related to the interThe panel procedure. compiled, guidance the shroud, and was also re-

face between the spacecraft and vehicle with shroud. sponsible for the interface aspects of the launch checkout The and Performance data Control relating as they Panel interacted continually with In-Flight evaluated, and

monitored, trajectories,

evaluated, and control, the spacePanel to items mechand

coordinated

to performance,

and flight dynamics craft interface. The continually tracking, interacted The anism 2O Tracking,

the vehicle,

Communication, compiled, in-flight Test

Measurements and coordinated and

and Telemetry data telemetry as these prime in vehicle

monitored, communications, with the

relating

measurements, Working

vehicle,

the shroud,

the spacecraft. Subgroup Members acted as the

Atlas/Agena for coordinating

B Flight flight

preparations.

participated

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

AND MANAGEMENT

range readiness meetings, Launch Operations and assistance.

culminating Test director

on launch-1 day, at which time the assumed overall control with AFSSD

LAUNCH
A major ordinate, organizations

VEHICLE
concern remain had

RELATIONS
of the aware Mariner of the many technical R project activities management of the project, was to control, To assist coin

and

since five separate open, objectives At and to of the these promoted rein

areas

of prime

cognizance

in the project.

the resolution of problems, to keep channels inform and unite the different organizations Mariner To views, the better R project, numerous facilitate coordination, project policies were and represented.

of communications for achieving the were was status the

person-to-person contacts a series of status reviews were presented was interfaces that the within and Consensus

made. held. meetings project.

orientation

all agencies

involved

project

understanding

of organizational

JET PROPULSION
In addition JPL craft tions was and from

LABORATORY
management

ACIIVITIES
responsibility for the Mariner R project, of the spaceflight operaDeep Space responsibiliproject policy the system

to project

responsible for: (1) the design, fabrication, its associated ground support equipment; spacecraft injection to planetary encounter;

and testing (2) the space and (3) the these the

Instrumentation Facility tracking operations. ties, the following techniques were developed The and Project Policy and Requirements R project requirements for the Mariner

To implement by the project. document internal specified to JPL.

It established objectives,

operational requirements, fi'om Weekly each

procedures for the project in that it stated mission milestones, and an overall guideline schedule. internal JPL project of the JPL divisions. who were had a continuity from assigned each meetings were These meetings with the overall area technical held with established aspects and formed progress, shipping

key representatives the hard core project. and an organizational to function

of

individuals individuals matrix as the AMR early

of the

These

to aid in the exchange of information, hub of all project action. Mariner R was an expedited after with the go-ahead, changes mandatory project, it was 9}_ months as possible,

to monitor requiring necessary through

Since

of equipment the design change

to as

to freeze

handled

an engineering

MARINER-FENUS

1962

0 z

o o

L_ J _

,....j_

LL-

r i

W..I

22

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

AND

MANAGEMENT

I m

!
J

i
x'i

1
i,lau

i
!

i
m

m
0

D. 0 z,

c_ ,0 .-C

c_

I
c,J

L_

23

MARINER-VENUS 1962

requirement a progressive ing major

(ECR) freeze interface

system. concept freezes.

Thus, while

the

Mariner

R project flexibility

was

able

to institute by schedul-

maintaining

of operation

An initial survey of the subsystems was freeze and in what order. Major interfaces any individuals who desired to freeze their

conducted to determine when to were scheduled first. Thereafter, particular subsystems, in whole or control documents on the published periodically and required so that an ECR. A

in part, could do so by referencing the appropriate freeze list. A list, "Mariner R Change Freeze," was any changes to the listed drawings and specifications complete The freeze was instituted evolution of schedules providing show the areas of the January 15, 1962. continued during the a continuous concurrent Mariner

project

two agencies,

JPL and MSFC, were Figures 2-6 and 2-7 the more significant

flow of detailed functional schedules. activity that existed in a number of R project.

It was project policy in nature and, therefore,

to accept the schedules as being at all times dynamic subject to change. However, it was also project policy with the best available of planning efficiency. plans were prepared, inand

to insist that all phases of the project be scheduled formation, and to use the schedules as a measurement From submitted the schedules, to NASA periodic project management Headquarters.

24

CHAPTER

Space Vehicle System

As a result Atlas-Agena spacecraft design of the was program vehicle initiated. change for the This to adapt 1962 design Venus relied the Mariner mission, heavily an on spacecraft essentially hardware to the new and B launch

techniques that had of the configuration,

been developed for Ranger and Mariner A. The design the detail design of the spacecraft, and the fabrication of progressed rapidly and with a minimum was delivered a little over 3 months of probfrom the

prototype and flight hardware lems. The first flight structure start of preliminary design.

DESIGN

PARAMETERS of the without of 460 September the

OF Agena

MARINER vehicle The using enough weight served

R SPACECRAFT capability Mariner this new showed that resulting constraint. system the certain design hardware was inthen the

Reevaluation could itiated possible probability be removed weight in early to include spacecraft

compromising pounds. 1961,

the objectives, weight propulsion

in an allowable It was to increase planet-oriented R spacecraft design passed with an

R preliminary

weight near

of a midcourse

of approaching

to Venus allocations

to perform

scientific experiments. The are shown in table 3-I.

initial

of the Mariner in the until the the

Certain design characteristics phase. These included: 1. The

Venus.

as guidelines

preliminary spacecraft planet

capability

of two-way

communications of not

2. Reasonable assurance unsterilized spacecraft. 3. The 4. capability

(1:1000)

impacting and planet by the

of performing of a midcourse

planetary maneuver

interplanetary for encounter spacecraft to assist

experiments. miss components within the to occur to permit in the

Performance

to correct

and time of arrival in the vicinity of Venus; view of the Goldstone, Calif., tracking station. 5. Maintenance reception of telemetry of Sun through and the Earth lock

directional

antenna,

environ25

MARINER-YENUS

1962

mental

control

of the data

spacecraft, rates: from

and a high

to enable rate

continuous early

generation in the

of power flight and a

by the solar 6. Use second rate

panels. of two (33}/_ BPS) (8/_/aBPS) Earth acquisition to encounter. cells.

7. Derivation 8. Transmission

of power primarily through use of solar of science data in real time.

Table 3-I.mlnitial

Mariner R spacecraftweight allocations

Initial Subsystem allocation weight, Transponder Command Power CC&S Data encoding Attitude control Structure Actuators Pyrotechnics Motion sensors Spacecraft Propulsion Thermal Science Con tingency Total wiring control 41.07 10.00 108. 39 9.96 15.50 57.40 82. 30 3.40 3.75 1.33 33.00 31. 18 17.00 40. 00 5.72 460. 00 lb

Final weight, lb

39.0 8.8 105.3 11.2 13.6 53.3 77.2 3.3 4.3 1.4 37.8 33.9 10.1 49.5 ........ 448.7

A Spacecraft a single and used and source a control in the in the It

Design document

Specification about the defining of design only the

Book was prepared the spacecraft; and flight system in general to all

and

published The spacecraft concerned and

to provide tool was the book with

of information

it served terms. overall systems

as a design

establishment dissemination encompassed

of systems,

subsystems, changes spacecraft

design, associated

persons

program. ground

equipment.

DESIGN

COORDINATION

MEETINGS
held in which the As a result, circuit electrical interfaces data sheets were between generated

A series of meetings was the subsystems were defined. 26

SPACE YEHICLE SYSTEM

for each signal. These sheets provided information useful to the cable designers, as well as a record of the circuit characteristics for signals between every source and user. The telemetry channels were assigned as shown in table 3-II.

Table 3-11.nTelemetry channel assignments

Battery Yaw Pitch Roll Battery Pitch Yaw Roll voltage, control control control current Sun Sun Sun sen_r, sensor, sensor, events gyro, gyro, gyro, v ............... deg/hr deg/hr deg/hr amp deg deg deg ........ ........ ........ ....... arc ........ arc ........ arc ........ ...... angle, deg phase arc.. .... 23 to 40 1800 1800 1800 0 to 25 0.2 0. 2 1.25 Not applicable error Frequency Not defined 0 to 180 0 to 180 70 to b 30 0 to 500 0 to 1 0 to 4000 Not applicable 3 0 to 3 0 to 90 Not applicable 20 to 60 0 to 3 psia. ........ ........ 0 to 3500 0 to 5 20 to 60 0 to 5 15 High reference ................. Reference temperature, Booster-regulator Midcourse temperature, Propellant Earth-sensor Battery Attitude ature, Panel Panel Panel tank motor F. temperature, F ......... nitrogen temperature, temperature, temperature, I temperature, II tempertemperF. F. F. F.. F ..... --25 --40 35 to to + 165 Not 500 F. tank applicable

ohm

.....

temperature, nitrogen

70 to 200 0 to 170

drain,

temperature,

to +150 165

temperature, control F. 4All 4A12 4All front front back assembly assembly F. assembly F. assembly F. assembly F. thermal F. thermal F. electrometer yoke

20 to 170

Spacecraft

...............

Command detector monitor Earth brightness ................ Antenna deg Antenna l,-band [,-band Propellant Battery Midcourse Science L-band L-band Louver arc. hinge AGC, phase tank charger motor position, dbm error, ............. deg refer('nc(" hinge

70 to 250 70 to 250 --300 to + 300 20 to 170

Electronic OF. Electronic ature, Electronic ature, Electronic ature, Electronic ature, Lower ature, Upper ature, Plasma OF. Antenna

20 to 170 20 to 170 170

pressure, current,

psia .... amp ..... psia.

llI IV V

tempertempertempertempertemper-

N_ pressure, data ........ deg ......... w. ........ are .........

experiments phase error, direct position, power, deg

20 to 20

to 170 1O0 to + I O0

Low reference .................. Solar panel 4A11 voltage, L-band Attitude Panel Panel Panel omni control 4A12 4A12 power, N 2 pressure, amp amp

shield shield

v de ....

w ..........

10 to 300 15 to 160

4AI 1 current, voltage, current,

temperature, F...

v de ........

temperature,

50 to

t 150

Another

series

of

meetings

defined

the

mechanical

configuration,

pack-

aging layout, cabling, and thermal-control interface definitions, both mechanical and the subsystem Since ticular test on time attention complex. either side of design did This was the could not paid interface interface. proceed. a proof was test permit

aspects electrical, model between in terms

of the spacecraft. The were determined so that of the signal spacecraft, and the parsystem made it 27

(PTM) of the

to the

interface defined Furthermore,

subsystems

characteristics

intensive

preplanning

MARINER-YENUS 1962

possible allocated

to

achieve

maximum system and

result

from

the

comparatively

short

period

to spacecraft

environmental

testing.

DESIGN VERIFICATION
The formed immediately design on the verification assembled tests flight into the normally spacecraft. other spacecraft performed Required and the on the design spares. used for system and for for the PTM were perwere

changes

incorporated

The system test complex (STC) design verification of the spacecraft. 1. Operate flight sequence. 2. Monitor quantitative the purpose 3. Exercise presence system evaluation of evaluating functions of spacecraft of the their the entire spacecraft

was the basic equipment It had the capability to: in a manner simulating the

countdown and outputs range by

as well

as subsystem through under

inputs their

performance. spacecraft dynamic produced influences

all elements

performance

of the complete

spacecraft.

DESIGN UTILIZATION
Full of the use was made derived of the from Mariner the Ranger A and program Ranger were: as design experience. Some

benefits

1. Basic temperature 2. The 3. The the were early 4. The 5. The Many either used 1. The defined 3. The 4. The designed, 28

hex structures were available control, mockup, separation solar-panel high-gain actuators antenna mounting and feed was

from Ranger test programs for use test, and structure test models. geometry close were the same. to that used very mechanically as mechanical as the Ranger for Mariner

hinge

on

Ranger

flights. locations, dollies were as well the alinements, units. A were were: provias on Ranger. ground-handling and same fabrication techniques developed

Sun-sensor basic

the same

of the design

directly or were applied high-gain antenna dish Earth-sensor during Mariner built, and the package, Mariner

to the new design. Among these items similar to that designed for Mariner A. mechanical A design used used Mariner alinement, period. on the solar panels. hex electronic on one of the and mounting

2. The sions

A type tested

of construction louvers during the

temperature-control

boxes

A program.

SPACE VEH/CLE SYSTEM

5. Much Mariner A.

of the

electronic

packaging

and

hardware and

similar

to those techniques

built

for

6. The superstructure stress configuration directly from Mariner A experience. 7. The articulation, trajectory Many be designed 1. The motor mounted 2. The long-range inclined mounted integration expedited passes in the new and cable to the Earth items built. trough The trough. adapter be mounted structure of the by the vicinity Among assembly radiometer,

fabrication the

evolved method to of the to

including

type

and

Mariner A design of Venus. yet untried new the below the larger cabling

experience

in relation or Mariner the

and

concepts, relocated

on Ranger efforts hex

A, had midcourse

on Mariner to facilitate into that

R were: connectors the hardA be

insertion.

connected which

directly dictated

Ranger-Agena sensor

Mariner and A mirror direction.

on a redesigned

high-gain

antenna

at an angle with respect to the antenna on the yoke allowed the sensor to "see" several such tests, as the it was high-gain found that stray feed, antenna

pointing direction. in the antenna "look" light affected reflecting the

3. After components, formance. the amount

off spacecraft perto reduce

Earth-sensor assembly

A light baffle box was installed around the mirror of stray light entering the Earth sensor.

DEVELOPMENT Five different work firmed tion different phases

AND types of the While mockup with allowed

TEST of spacecraft testing the was the spacecraft a full-scale constantly interface structure was still were in the This assembled preliminary mockup The and used design design used without early was during stage, was in a a

program: mockup. updated. incompatibilities As the mechanical adapter.

1. Mockup. commenced up, the test

on building

match-mate schedule cabling

a prototype

Lockheed-Agena

comple-

of this test

to be corrected

delay. After group for use the

the match-mate test, as a cabling mockup. mockup was used for

the mockup When the measuring tests and parts. the and

was delivered to the cabling function had the spacecraft surveys were antenna were perand 29

been completed, patterns. 2. Structural formed to verify the on prototype

test model. and

Various type-approval

vibration

modal Tests radiometer

component

conducted

adequacy

of the

superstructure

structure

MARINER-VENUS 1962

their

methods

of attachment.

Type-approval

test antenna

levels when

verified subjected

the

adequacy

of the solar than-normal

panel structure and the high-gain vibration environment.

to a greater-

A structural-test prototype spacecraft was ponents. This spacecraft was used in a second tion of the mechanical the test and structural type-approval interface test with model vibration a was tests. match-mate, vibration

fabricated from flight-worthy commatch-mate test as a final verificaadapter structure structure. to a was used After modal throughsuccessfully This subjected

flight-type

out the program on this structure, damper gain 3. basic system,

for developmental to be later added (b) the solar panel

and prototype work. Among the items tested to the flight units, were: (a) the Earth-sensor extension, (c) the solar sail, and (d) the high-

antenna vibration damper. Temperature control model. with hex a complete in the structure 6-ft

Thermal vacuum

tests were of the chamber.

conducted spacecraft, Electric

in the 6-ft vacuum and strip later heaters on the were

chamber placed on dissipation

thermal

mockup

the exterior of the spacecraft load in the hex boxes was

to simulate the solar load. also simulated with heaters. control ballasted structure a test

The power The tests surfaces to the was and

supplied valuable information techniques that were applied 4. Separation weight, Lockheed, that (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The center where test model. of gravity, for Ranger. lighter-than-Ranger and a separation and

as to the proper temperature to the flight units. A primary moment test was hex structure was This using checked of inertia. conducted Lockheed the pyrotechnic the adapter

proper taken to to

setup

similar of: on

developed

Specifically, spacecraft forces baffle of

the effects rates. switches

on the separation arming

The location separation. The Earth-sensor angles. The removal The forces installation.

the

box and

on the separation diaphragm from the

clearance adapter. damper were

of the

Ranger

sterilization

applied

to the spacecraft

as a result

of the Earth-sensor equipment

5. Fliglzl spacecraft structures. Three complete fabricated: Mariner R-1 and R-2 and the spare

sets of flight Mariner R-3.

MARINER

R-3
the one Mariner project stated a requirement set of unassembled spares. When the for two delivery

The original plans for flight-ready spacecraft and 3O

SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEM

of the

three

sets of spacecraft

parts

was

complete,

it was

decided

that

the

incorbe to

poration beneficial be wise. at AMR LAUNCH The the so that transfer develops

of the set of spares into an and useful to the project. The while resulting Mariner Mariner R-1 was

assembled Subsequent

and tested spacecraft would events showed this decision used for problem detection

R-3 spacecraft was in launch condition.

VEHICLE mission of the

DESCRIPTION Atlas into enter Atlas D booster the D, proper orbit, has Earth was to lift the and by preliminary second-stage altitude Convair to injection for (6300 section, Agena into the Air miles) and B and speed Force, and a jeta Venus

Mariner the

R spacecraft Agena could The

position

at the right

trajectory.

as developed a range

360 000 pounds

of thrust,

of 10 138 km

reaches a top speed of 25 748 km/hr (16 000 miles/hr). The Atlas D has two main sections: a body or sustainer tisonable aft or booster-engine section. The vehicle long and has a diameter of 10 feet at the 275 000 pounds. No aerodynamic control used, as the Atlas is stabilized and controlled

is approximately

100 feet

base. The weight is approximately surfaces such as fins or rudders are by "gimbaling" The booster section engine in the vernier or swiveling direction engines after is attached (fine yaw the of thrust and at the the

engine thrust chambers by means of a hydraulic system. can be altered to control the movements of the vehicle. The entire engines centerline engines plane. are All aft burn section out. installed three mounts The two 154 500-pound-thrust from the sustainer sustainer 1000-pound-thrust of the operate tank during section the section is jettisoned or separated section. of engines Two sides

the booster steering) phase. boosterfuel combusbooster down) engine to permit 20 toward

60 000-pound-thrust

of the sustainer groups

on opposite

or side-turn the

booster-powered (when

Only the sustainer and the vernier engines burn after engine section is separated from the sustainer section). All (RP-1). The tion thrust and of the Dual Atlas engines propellants they are can side be swiveled to side) and about The yaw. use and liquid valves are ignited the oxygen control and the under turbopumps where

staging a liquid flow pressure

hydrocarbon to (up gimbal the Each and sustainer

of these devices. pitch The

propellants.

booster-engine chamber, chamber yaw (from

delivered

by electroexplosive of 5 in centerline. vernier and in yaw missile

a maximum outboard

is deflected

3 in pitch

engines

pitch and roll movement through the missile body and 30 outward.

140 of arc,

through

31

MARINER-VENUS 1962

All while burn thrust The of the out

three and and

groups

of engines on the

are The

started pad. sustainer vernier shut structure

and

develop takeoff,

their the the

full

rated

thrust engines until its

the

vehicle

is held The tank

launch

After engine engines

booster to burn final

are jettisoned. attitude It before is the

continues provide

is terminated. propellant Atlas.

swiveled they basic

correction section 50 thus and

in velocity

down. of the forward steel and or sustainer is approximately structure, weight, stainless

is constructed

of thin

feet long. eliminating increasing to the and uses proper

Pressure of helium gas the need for internal overall performance. by heat on the and control. this by radar. R-1 and other pods units flight The from outside pressure

is used to support bracing, saving helium the of the and engines. sustainer of the of the function radio system on employs board

the tank considerable

gas used for this purpose section vehicle vehicle before two the house systems.

is expanded the electrical The Atlas by the

Equipment electronic a flight for are to the

components The attitude

programmer, is set for furnished radio inertial ground Mariners The and B fuel Agena tanks

an autopilot, automatic a ground guidance

the gimbaled-engine the system radio vehicle

thrust-chamber flight. and Guidance computer. which the

actuators autopilot, commands The

is controlled

which

guidance

airborne

beacons processes

respond guidance capable

A decoder R-2

commands. to Venus required and weighs a second-stage into a proper 1700 pounds, alloy. The vehicle flight path of driving the spacecraft has an overall are more and develops can out of Earth length made than orbit

Launching to the planet. in diameter, The are Agena a form The mounted thrusters. fired once cant the first After the 32 Agena burning

B used for this purpose of 25 feet, of 0.080-inch 16 000 nitric

is 60 inches The liquid-

in the Mariner aluminum of thrust.

R configuration. propellants the gimbal-

engine Agena engine

pounds acid. trajectory system.

of hydraz'ine

red fuming

be steered by gimbaling

to a desired of the guidance the engine

by swiveling The attitude gas from

on command

of the vehicle pneumatic

is controlled

either

or by ejecting

The Agena B has the ability to restart its engine after it has already to reach an Earth orbital speed. This feature makes possible a signifiin payload second cutoff, from and a change when of orbital altitude. velocities of the vehicle device. it down pitch A velocity have been meter ends and burns predetermined reorientation programming or in orbit, reached. through can turn into the

increase

engine

the major an electronic around

is achieved This for system reentry

gas jets controlled

completely

SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEM

atmosphere. The orbital attitude horizon scanner and gyroscopes. The principal modification

is controlled vehicle

by

an

infrared,

heat-sensitive R mission weight. was

to the Agena adapter

for the Mariner to reduce

an alteration SPACECRAFT As utilized program.

to the

spacecraft-Agena

in order

DESCRIPTION earlier in this chapter, the Mariner R spacecraft (fig. 3-1)

discussed

many of the The basic and mounted antenna, The

design principles and techniques developed for the Ranger structural unit of Mariner R was a hexagonal frame made to which each face was attached of the and is shown an aluminum correction, structure, of the and 3-2 superstructure, six rectangua high-gain spacecraft's 3-3. engine on Sun for midcourse sensors, trajectory hexagonal in figures

of magnesium a liquid-propelled lar chassis directional attitude. The hexagon. during

aluminum rocket one the

gas jets

for control upward latched top

spacecraft

configuration

tubular, truss-type It provided support the launch phase, antenna, and

superstructure for the solar for the was

extended panels while the at the

from the base under the shroud and the The structure.

radiometers, mounted

magnetometer, of the

omnidirectional

which

superstructure was designed to be as light as possible, ing the predicted load stresses. The six magnesium hexagon scientific housed the following the equipment: The system experiments, communications

yet be capable of withstandchassis mounted to the base circuits the circuits; for data the six electronics; encoder a power Sun

electronics

and the command control and battery The radiation electric hexagonal another Mariner

electronics; the attitude charger assembly; and R spacecraft was

control and CC&S the battery assembly. in power.

self-sufficient

It converted

into electrical energy through cells which charged a battery base. of the The chassis control, cases. switching, The

the use of solar panels composed of photoinstalled in one of the six chassis on the and regulating the circuits various were housed in suboperated spacecraft

battery

systems during the period from launch until the solar panels were faced into the Sun. In addition, the battery supplied power during trajectory maneuvers when the panels were temporarily out of sight of the Sun, and shared the demand for power for brief panels. when duration, The the panels such Mariner were equipment R battery overloaded. in flight used sealed The and of explosive battery for furnished other power heavy had directly loads the a capacity 33 of solar switching various certain devices

as the detonation

for releasing

silver-zinc

cells and

MARINER-YENUS

1962

FIGURE 3-1.--Mariner

R spacecraft.

34

SPACE YEHICLE SYSTEM

of 1000 panels. in. wide cells

watts/hr.

It weighed

33 pounds

and

was

recharged

in flight

by the solar

The two solar panels, as originally designed, and each panel contained about 4900 cells, area of 27 sq ft. Each solar cell of a volt. The entire array power in the range between a 2.5-sq-ft panel the extension to add in order solar cells it was necessary to protect

were each 60 in. long by 30 or approximately 9800 solar only about 230 one-

in a total

produced

thousandths to electrical change rubber) In order solar cells,

was designed to convert the Sun's energy 148 and 222 watts. When a later design panel in order to add about 910 more silicone of (Dacron infrared impregnated and ultraviolet with

required

of one to balance from the

an extension

to the other

the solar pressure

on the spacecraft. radiation

the Sun, which would produce heat but no electrical from these rays by a glass filter that was transparent converted another and the two, switch Mariner Roll tional tions. amount the the stability antenna, Pointing of solar spacecraft spacecraft. The quently, roll-stabilize experiments. sensors, valves. beam by into power. of the hexagonal either power R was was The from power the subsystem cases. solar This panels, by the axis the chassis

energy, each cell was shielded to the light which the cells circuits was were housed in of The axes. direcdesigned to receive

electronics equipment the

battery,

or a combination subsystem. and yaw on the the

to a booster-regulator. stabilized at the Sun, achieved roll at Earth, to strike in space providing in order the the solar Sun by keeping or longitudinal attitude-control about sensor, the and Sun aided known mounted allowed stability Earth at the pitch continuity

roll axis was pointed

pointing the energy

to maintain panels

of communicamaximum control relative and, was of to

the thermal attitude

maintaining

at a constant

width

of the high-gain had to be pointed

antenna

was 16.3 at half-power This requirement

conseused to

the antenna

at Earth.

the spacecraft, The Sun and

thus providing a stabilized platform for the science Earth acquisitions were achieved through a series of caused actuation provided desired stable attitude. supplied timing, of the Mariner R in events encounter controlled three which the sequence distinct occurred events in35 of cold-gas rates about

gyros, and internal logic circuits which Expulsion of gas in preferential directions axes to bring the spacecraft into the

the various

desired

The central sequencing, and spacecraft. sequences during necessary the All

computer and computational events of the (2)

sequencer (CC&S) subsystem services for other subsystems spacecraft the were implemented controlled sequence (3) the sequence propulsion maneuver;

or "modes": launch to perform

(1) the launch phase; the midcourse

SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEM

.....
F_ouaE

_;r R spacecraft

"configuration,

17
end view.

3-3.--Mariner

cluded electronic spacecraft the clock

all CC&S clock and timed modes

commands The output issuance

required oscillator required

in the vicinity oscillator) frequency tor the by the

of Venus. the kc of 307.2 CC&S

A highly operations was The

accurate of the to three control

(crystal-controlled 400-cps the

scheduled power

subsystems.

reduced ot the

2400also Mariner

subsystem. in each carrier coded same received

ot commands

operating data

ot the spacecraft. a technique keying. displaced displacements for modulating In this another signal in phase its radio the of the were with signals frequency on Earth telemetry from but the of and
37

R used measurements phase.

known

as phase-shift These

system,

telemetry a different

788_0_5

0_-

e_-_4

MARINER-VENUS 1962

then

translated

back

into

the

codes,

which

indicate

the

voltage,

temperature,

intensity, or other values measured by the spacecraft instruments. A continually repeating code was ground receiver the data carried This munication Radio mand system the was technique system command used and R decoder with the spacecraft. on the information channel. was and called was used and the them a two-channel, to modulate routed commands, in its to the send transinitted

telemetry used for The decoder

sensors or scientific synchronizing the then deciphered com-

binary-coded, a radio proper back signal R were using

pseudo-noise for transmission. decoded devices.

signals processed,

to Mariner

in a comThe of receipt subto

subsystem, Earth, Mariner

to receive distribute used four

confirmation system.

to the spacecraft

subsystems. A conelike superuntil

antennas

communication

nondirectional structure and Earth could gain.

(omm) antenna was used from

was mounted at the top of the spacecraft injection into the Venus flight trajectory maneuver (the on the Earth). Earth The

acquisition and during the midcourse not be used until it had been oriented directional antenna was used was following correction maneuver

directional antenna A dish-type, highand after the was antenna

orientation, directional while panels,

trajectory

completed.

located beneath the hexagonal cone shroud. Following the operating onto the coaxial was command commands anffular The employed position, ahhough Sun and the Earth. cables and by a rotary rolling the

frame of the spacecraft unfolding of the solar it was not used until The directional antenna joint. It was moved spacecraft around

it was in the noseit was swung into locked flexible motion two

after the spacecraft was equipped with directions; axis. In one addition,

in two its long

supplied

antennas, one on either side of one of the solar panels, received radio from the Earth and were used for measuring spacecraft velocity and position Mariner a rocket in the R engine two-way propulsion that Doppler subsystem weighed mode. for midcourse with trajectory and correction a nitrogen 37 pounds propellant

pressure system, and developed 50 pounds of thrust. within the central portion of the basic hexagonal with the thrust axis parallel to the roll axis of the

The system was suspended structure of the spacecraft, spacecraft. The rocket engine so of

used a type of liquid propellant known as anhydrous hydrazine and it was controlled that it could burn from as little as 0.2 of a second to a maximum 57 seconds, and increase the velocity The At the of the spacecraft was ignition stored from as little nitrogen to as much as 200 ft/sec. hydrazine in a rubber bladder gas

as 0.7 ft/sec inside under a

a doorknob-shaped 38

container.

command,

SPACE VEHICLE SYSTEM

pressure sively

of activated

3000

lb/sq

in. The

was

forced

into then

the

propellant the

tank rubber

through bladder,

exploforcing

valves.

nitrogen

squeezed

the hydrazine into the combustion requires ignition starting for proper nitrogen tank tetroxide starting by a pressurized cartridge.

chamber. (Hydrazine, combustion.) In the fluid was oxide injected pellets

a monopropellant, Mariner subsystem, into in the the tank propellant acted as burning of by exploselfand

or "kindling" Aluminum

catalysts to control the hydrazine was sively activated The sufficient polished to keep shields basic The plastic course The depending Those the cuits heat assemblies constructed structure lower spacecraft's

the speed of combustion of the hydrazine. stopped when the flow of nitrogen gas was temperature Paint surfaces and to protect reflected the plastic installed basic control and system absorbed at the was sheet, proper panel, immunity hexagon: exposed structure components radiating control and aluminum units might made thin

The halted, as gold

valves. thermally plating, patterns, its subsystems aluminum

as possible. aluminum the were spacecraft used and of aluminized shield was

the amounts components.

of heat The

necessary Thermal shield, of the

temperatures. upper the protected made blast

hexagonal

on a fiber-glass for maximum below the

top

was designed aluminum exhaust. cases power were case was the

to ultraviolet to the were surface CC&S

radiation. of aluminum of the mid-

it was

faced with rocket-engine upon

foil where on the

it was

six electronics of high loss. power The

hexagon of the a good

variously contained of white shields

treated, in each. paint; cir-

dissipation coated with the because on

of low power

were provided housing mounted sensitive

with polished attitude the face the critical

to minimize 130 o F. of eight as

electronics

was particularly assembly polished bimetallic and opened and

fail above it consisted

A special movable, sensitive springs

of this case;

aluminum element. the bracket thermal to solar

louvers, each activated When the temperature A drop external in

by a coiled, temperaturerose, the elements acted would hexagon close were

louvers. assemblies radiators radiation. a similar radiation were

temperature to the basic

them. gold these

Structures plated if made

of magnesium,

or polished

if aluminum.

Thus

protected,

items became poor relatively immune nized shaded plastic

as well as poor solar External cabling effect. control The solar properties. radiators

absorbers, making them was wrapped in alumiwere items painted thus on the were designed conserving

to produce surfaces balance.

panels Other

side for maximum

so that the internal the spacecraft heat

as efficient

as possible,

39

CHAPTER

Trajectory and Orbit

TRAJECTORY DESIGN AND SELECTION the most elementary nature M's" of celestial mechanics: was not payload has made is a complex Moments, ballismasses,

Interplanetary travel of even tics problem involving the "three and lack motions. Until recently, of sufficient vehicle energy sphere of influence

interplanetary travel to boost a meaningful and into rockets

possible, owing to out of the Earth's transfer Earth solar escape orbit; and

gravitational however, planetary

an interplanetary

the development of high-energy exploration possible.

The Ballistics Problem For positions best utilization planets from solar freed of the of the about rocket the Sun energy must available, the relative since the motion and

of the

be considered,

spacecraft

itself (once (planetoid)

the Earth's system and,

gravitational pull) will become a member therefore, subject to the same inertial forces. relationships, of flight, and an travels body in an (figs. 4-1 body the Earth the available time flight path change trip For Earth, will is the imaginary to 4-3). the is first plane of departure continually. knowledge passes the Sun, which then follow The Earth and

As a result of the changing planetary (launch date), speed of travel, time Of prime that through the significance (orbiting) center a free-falling body

in scheduling

interplanetary

of a controlling

an Earth-Venus

interplanetary then Venus, Within geometric tory path hyperbola, hyperbola, The Earth

spacecraft, this controlling and again the Sun. each paths describes of these that are various planes conic mathematically figures: transfer permanent to escape

of motion,

spacecraft and Venus orbits-ellipse,

certain trajecescape escapefrom time of the

definable

predictable. encounter a ballistic 19 months.

Sun-centered Sun-centered energy required

orbit--ellipse, orbit--ellipse. the Earth and approximately

effect every

transfer This

to Venus

is at a minimum

sequence is the synodic period and results from the Venus and Earth orbital periods of revolution about

harmonic the Sun.

relationship

41

MARINER-YENUS

1962

0 0

r "7

42

TRAJECTORY

AND

ORBIT

OJ ,-C

U _J

L_

43

MARINER-VENUS

1962

o e_

o i: '-o

;>

e_

44

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

The quired necessary the counter.

minimum to reach in order from (The

velocity Venus

required

just than

to escape 11 km/sec.

the Earth's the This to the celestial encounter

gravitational actual and to take additional Sun latitude

sphere reis ennear a to velocity

of influence

is approximately to move II the

11 km/sec spacecraft plane

(6.8 miles/see); in closer permitted

velocity

is greater

to displace of planet place

spacecraft

the ecliptic

to the Venus

Mariner

opportunity

the intersection of the Venus and Earth orbit planes--the node--and, therefore, the displacement from the ecliptic minimum.) The Venus date position occurs of August dates of the longitude. 22 and could and a total flight Earth at launch (In be placed times 1962 for an optimum around efl_ient this most

Venus ascending plane was near trajectory had a launch

rendezvous the Sun trajectory vehicle deviate

when

Venus

is trailing flight

the Earth time

by approximately the maximum this optimum increases, spacecraft be achiev-

60 in celestial spacecraft As launch weight

of 114 days; which

consequently, from

on top of the launch are selected

for this trajectory.) transfer a given will

trajectory, the energy required to effect the thereby decreasing the allowable spacecraft weight there is a corresponding value of injection able by the booster vehicle. Also, minimum, there is a corresponding the spacecraft Each day can be launched. opportunity of several (in a launch

interplanetary weight. For 1 energy

which

for a given fixed "launch interval" weeks) This

energy above the absolute (number of days) in which has its own launch launch window Earth. period

or "window" of only by several interrelated l. The geographically Earth center

several hours or minutes. restrictions and conditions: fixed point referenced orbit. latitude place and launch site on the

is created

surface

of the

2. The 3. The

geocentrically

direction

of injection

into

an

Earth-escape hyperbolic with the Venus celestial position and, therefore, Earth's 4. The rotation

(The range at encounter greatly

of locations and with

and directions varies the Earth's own orbit day.)

does not change on its axis.

for any given

5. The 90 to 114 S. lat. geographic launch corridor AFETR range safety restriction in the event of a booster

(fig. 4-4). malfunction.)

(This

is an

t Injection "injected" into

occurs when its hyperbolic

the final Agena thrust period orbit away from the Earth.

is terminated

and,

consequently,

when

the

spacecraft

is

45

MARINER-VENUS

1962

e-

_e

E-

i
i r,1

46

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

The of injection

launch are with This

site, satisfied.

Earth The and

center, orbit effect

and plane

asymptote when the place

of the and rotation the orbit

escape direction

hyperbola conditions the launch azimuth day,

will all be in the site eastward to coincide the period available.

spacecraft's

of the Earth's to change spacecraft the which

is to move launch plane. of azimuth

15 deg/hr of time

continuously inclining during defines Design

required

the continuously is limited of time period

For each headings

range window.

is

the launch

Mission Constraints on Trajectory Interplanetary traiectory objectives and their resulting constraints fell into five broad 1. Communications. might mately separation neous enhance be achieved 1 X 10 _ km Venus in arrival life. (6X The between near dates The the

design requires constraints. classes: maximum Earth and Each

early consideration For the Mariner at was which estimated

of the mission mission these

distance spacecraft spacecraft of the was had

communications to be approxiand day. R-2) A had 2-day R-1

107 miles). for each travel

(Mariners required to be kept

to encounter reception the

middle

Goldstone

tracking

spacecraft data. to Venus of the 110-day booster

to prevent

simultato to

of planet-encounter probability of survival

2. Equipment

time

at a minimum which was

electronic nominal vehicle

equipment,

operate continuously during the nearly 3. Atlas-Agena guidance system. The determined conditions the preinjection trajectory for planning the interplanetary

flight period. guidance system and, therefore, the the

design initial use of a as space-

characteristics transfer

trajectory.

4. Launch facility. single launch facility, 5. Instrumentation craft with design distance and aiming from pointing

The two spacecraft were to be launched with requiring a substantially tong firing opportunity. considerations. planet The limitations, following Mariner These and specific Venus included planet the such lighting, general at encounter, spacecraft of impacting were used

factors

mechanicalthe planet the to establish

view-angle point

probability constraints encounter:

the spacecraft.

for the

2 The radial finally

asymptote line Earth's of the

of

the

escape

hyperbola the center sphere

is a straight of the Earth turn of influence. is in

line and The

that spacing

is parallel between by the

to the outgoing point these in space two lines

radial; at which velocity

the outgoing the at spacecraft by time the of the

is a straight escapes

connecting gravitational this

the geocentric

is determined

eccentricity injection.

hyperbola;

eccentricity

determined

spacecraft's

47

MARINER-VENUS

1962

C_)VENUS

/
SUN_ EARTH _ / "_

@
y SPACECRAFT-SUN (NORMAL TO LINE PARER) SUN PLANE

FIGURE 4-5.--Encounter

geometry

constraint

resulting

from radiometer

limitations.

(a) (b)

The

probability having

of Venus to sterilize

impact the

was to be less than spacecraft.

one

part

in a thousand

to avoid When the (as viewed The angle

spacecraft from the

was to cross the Venus terminator plane, the planet spacecraft) was to subtend an angle between 10 and and radiometer considerations. between the Earth-spacecraftat the spacecraft

45 for magnetometer (c) Sun plane and Sun direction,

to be measured

the far edge of Venus, in the plane normal to the spacecraftwas not to exceed 55 because of radiometer limitations to occult the Sun from (fig. was the spacecraft the because angle of attitude Earth, the

(fig. 4-5).
(d) (e) Venus control Because was and not power considerations. limitations 4-6), between to remain greater than 60 until

of Earth-sensor

probe, and radiometer

near limb of Venus scan went off Venus. R Trajectory The ascent

Four Phases of the Mariner 1. Near-Earth ascent.

phase

is divided

into

three

portions:

the

powered-flight ascent, the parking-orbit coast, and postinjection ascent (fig. 4-7). The first part of the ascent phase consists of an Atlas and Agena thrust period. At the end 48 of the Agena thrust period, the spacecraft/Agena stage is placed in a

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

--RADIOMETER

SCAN

ZONE

END SPACECRAFT _ I ""'":':::':':':':':iii VENUS _ ::_ _...@-p _;_::::::::::;_::::..::::::'_.!:: :.:.:. _.:...._: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::.." :;!:_ _._._!i_:_'i!:i_::::" ":iii::::'_ _%.'_."..::_iii::":?ii::" ' f.'i:':::::_.._i:i:i::...T.....-.H...A..N.......6....O... :::::::_i:!:::..: BEGIN /'.::::::: ::':' o :::::::::::::::

SCAN

/ /
/
EARTH AND

SCAN

SENSOR HIGH-GAINVIEW LINE

ANTENNA

/
/
_EARTH

FIOURE 4-6.--Encounter 187-kin orbit the (ll6-mile) until required escape takes place circular

geometry orbit.

constraint The at which

resulting

from Earth-sensor limitations. stage phase thrust "coasts" (near period. 49 in this perigce of

spacecraft/Agena for a final time the of this final thrust Agena Agena

the optimum

point hyperbola) upon

is reached

engine

is restarted.

Injection

termination

MARINER-VENUS

1962

ATLAS BOOSTER-ATLAS SUSTAINER AGENA FIRST BURN --

THE FIGUREISIN PLANE OF THE NEAR-EARTH LAUNCH SITE VECTOR POSITION ASCENT TRAJECTORY

PARKING ORBIT CC

GENERAL DIRECTION OF EARTH'S __ MOTION

OUTGOING RADIAL

DIRECTION GENERAL

OF SUN

AGENABuRN SECOND_

A,,,_"_,....._

POSTINJECTION ASCENT '_ASYMPTOTE FIOURE4-7.--Typical near-Earth Mariner

HYPERBOLA

OF ESCAPE

HYPERBOLA profile.

Venus ascent trajectory

The hyperbola escape away The

postinjection with the and the trajectory

portion Earth after along outgoing

of the near-Earth at the outgoing value principal a few hours the The radial

ascent focus.

phase travels of the

describes essentially escape and

an escape of the radially hyperbola. right is at enthe

center

A characteristic

is that Earth of the declination.

the spacecraft asymptote right

from direction

is defined of the

by its celestially ascension

referenced declination Venus latitude,

ascension

determined from the counter, and remains Since requirement 50 the launch of the

relative positions essentially fixed site location near-Earth ascent

of the Earth at launch and for a given launch date. at a fixed is to geographic match the phase

remains

powered-flight

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

portion The escape

(which hyperbola.

begins The

at the vector

launch has

site) excess launch

to the speed

required by is the

escape the geocentric the Earth's excess

velocity asymptote speed

vector. of the which by

escape

velocity attains

a direction after

determined as it leaves

hyperbolic

the spacecraft

a few days

gravitational is given

sphere of influence. (The magnitude of this hyperbolic the square root of the injection energy.) tote the

speed

The line (outgoing radial) through the Earth's center, parallel to the asympof the escape hyperbola, and the geocentric position of the launch site define plane of the near-Earth of AFETR ascent range trajectory. safety constraints, opportunity throughout azimuth change due there is only a certain number during which the spacecraft the launch opportunity. As also increases--from to launch through time the approxdelays, daily the posias the in a As a result

of minutes in a given day of the launch can be launched, and this period varies the daily launch time increases, imately 90 to 114 (fig. 4-4). In addition to the coast time launch parking-orbit the launch azimuth

decreases

as time

increases

launch

window. The coast tion vector and the Earth rotates. The wide location surface, different tially change

time decreases since the angle between outgoing radial (projected backward) launch of the date azimuth injection and and parking-orbit This when launch date,

the launch-site gets smaller coast time onto results

in both range launch

geographic describes injection

locations. As the

variation projected and arrival

of the dates

injection change,

for a given

arrival

the Earth's

the injection loci. loci are generated.

2. Heliocentric transfer. intersects the Earth The

The heliocentric transfer at launch and the planet escapes the Earth

orbit Venus along

is an ellipse that essenat encounter, with the its outgoing radial and The Sun, helioEarth's is smaller toward passes the

Sun at one focus. at a speed hyperbolic add centric orbital (relative the Sun

spacecraft

determined by the specific energy imparted to the spacecraft. excess velocity vector, plus the Earth's velocity vector about the to determine Since the than (fig. 4-8), the velocity spacecraft the Earth's, the the magnitude and Sun, a very Earth at which the spacecraft "backward" velocity enters from vector the the is launched

vectorially orbit. velocity

of the resultant the spacecraft it picks sensor

to the Sun) (fig. 4-9). probe

falls in gradually and finally the Earth the Earth.

As the Earth. to keep The

falls in toward antenna and

up speed

spacecraft

goes through

slow roll as it passes pointed toward

in order At this 51

its high-gain

MARINER-YENUS

1962

FI6VRE 4-8.--Mariner

II flight

path

relative

to Earth

and Sun.

52

TRAJECTORY

AND

ORBIT

E C

VENUS AT ENCOUNTER

MARINER DEC 14 p DEC 27 1962 /

/ /

COURSE

"

_ \ VENUS AUG 1962 0 27

MARINER AUG AT 27,1962 LAUNCH

1'9' _,EGIN S SECOND ORBIT

1_6"

FIOURE 4-9.--Heliocentric

plan view of Mariner

II trajectory

projected

on the ecliptic

plane.

time

the

Earth-spacecraft-Sun

angle

reaches

a maximum

which

is less than

180 .

The reason this angle does not reach 180 is that the probe is not in the ecliptic plane on its path to Venus. If this angle were to come too close to 180 , there

MARINER-VENUS 1962

would be an attitude-control and the Earth for its attitude 3. counter Venus. the Earth encounter the altitude phase than Venus encounter. phase The when trajectory the The

problem since the Mariner references. third phase source described travels phase. Venus elliptic encounter takes orbit inertial acquires since general the up differ and a new the of the during by along

R spacecraft trajectory attraction phase that

uses the Sun is the is the is similar during path. ento the Also,

spacecraft's the encounter

primary of the

of gravitational

planet

spacecraft

ascent phase

phase--both the spacecraft Earth orbit. of the due the ascent After new approach

hyperbolas--except an incoming times greater hyperbolic

of the closest for the

is several

for the Venus hyperbolic from those

encounter escape from pre-

4. Heliocentric its sphere The parameters

of influence,

spacecraft

heliocentric

orbit

(fig. 4-9). of the during the a greater "behind"

greatly

encounter orbit Venus encounter. heliocentric Venus and speed travels

to the large The spacecraft encounter same

perturbations additional spacecraft direction

introduced energy and approaches prior

has from

after in the

orbital

to encounter.

Basic Trajectory Studies energy encounter Since the booster firing for the after period In order in the 15, 1962. period 450 pounds were

Characteristics relationship to reveal opportunity is a direct the weight spacecraft finally should then vehicle design. the between acceptable in 1962. relationship weight A decision be greater would This be altered all feasible between is evident. allowing was made or less than also reflect days, period firing injection A design an approximate that Changes upon a firing extended the nominal the length period however, The R-1 and The energy between achievable the length firing from of the of period of the spacecraft, a trade-off flight time, launch intervals date, during and the injection Venus-

of the made launch there and and was

launch

goal for the spacecraft 55-day of the spacecraft

established,

two launchings. would

if the weight in the

construction boost to include trajectory

450 pounds, performance of the firing

the firing of the period.

accordingly. launch

Atlas-Agena

of 69 days the

was utilized launch date sets of dif-

from July

10 to September scheduled

Subsequent

to spacecraft

completion,

date of Mariner R-1 was established as July 21, 1962. for Mariner R-2 was then to be 21 days after Mariner Results closed 54 of these studies are types illustrated I and in figures contours, denoted II, are presented.

nominal launch was launched. 4-11. Two characterizing

4-10

TRAJECTORY

AND

ORBIT

77i :;. i:

i;

rl
!:;!:.

.....
:Fi

.It

-'

2,

5i_

N
..+.+

t-ii.ii! i_!i:tl!
_5
I

71
.. ii

':lil

77'7

; _&:

55

MARINER-YENUS

1962

O =E

,,=, m

-C C:

o_

-__

-_

I i =
I

i!

i ............... I I I t

"

....

i!

.....
901 x wN'_M 33NVISIO NOliVOINnNNOO SnN3A-H18V3

56

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

ference that Type Type

between

type

I and 180

type

II trajectories from 360 of these longer launch

was the heliocentric to encounter:

transfer

angle

the spacecraft II:

was

to traverse 180 and properties have I. energy type

I: Less than Between important than type

Several 1. Type at encounter 2. For trajectories 3. For launch and date

trajectories times

are and

as follows: communications distances different for each for type is a correat enwere I

II trajectories a given injection can be used. both type I and (with a given absolute 19, 1962, fixed with for interval selected discarded After checking energy for once the excess thereby vicinity

flight (C3) and are

launch

date,

up

to four transfers

II, there II).

minimum-energy on August minimum, times type times and II and 23,

minimums for type above relatively Mariner of their launch energy their the

occurring the firing short R long date. that was launch the

1962, there

on September 4. For launch were

absolute period. flight mission; flight Such built vehicle (and time

sponding Type counter immediately distances. near constraints ultimately energy produced almost spend The the 4-I); the

or permissible

I transfers

distances trajectories

because each

communications to use a trajectory (a) satisfied period all

all type

I transfers, (b) assured

it was decided transfers and a maximum was

minimum

mentioned be available attainable hyperbolic a minimum, near by

proviously,

firing

would injection and (e) were would for I at perto of

the spacecraft speeds at Venus planet.

the maximum calculated, the which and time loci spacecraft were to Venus)

Atlas-Agena maximizing

relative which

which

in the

of the varied

arrival

dates

of the minimum-energy with the the day the essentially followed

trajectories of launch

selected of the type

Mariner

R missions trajectories For varied safely these from

of flight

(table

minimum-energy km

trajectories. encounter which mitted Venus was

trajectories, 51.7X the

Earth-Venus

communication (32.1 X 106 to 36.6X maximum

distance distance

l0 Gto 58.9X106 1 X 108 km (6X

l0 G miles),

less than

107 miles)

by communication for each selected daily studies point. by

system constraints. The time of closest approach arrival date was chosen to correspond to the middle period. conducted aiming point of the for near-Venus Venus trajectories was and were

the Goldstone Targeting the aiming principally

viewing The

to choose determined spacecraft 57

encounter

space-science-instrumentation,

communication,

MARINER-VENUS

1962

constraints. edge The of Venus plane

Subject was passes of the and

to these selected coordinate through

constraints, within system the the center

a design acceptable 4-12 of Venus.

aiming region

point shown

on

the

trailing 4-12. incoming

in figure to the

in figure

is normal

asymptote

Table 4-1.--Schedule of launch and arrival dates

Launch date, 1962 Flight days time, Arrival date, GMT 1962 :

July july july Aug. Aug. Sept.

lO-July 18-july 28-Aug, 7-Aug. 17-Aug. l-Sept.

17 27 6 16 31 15

149-142 143-134 135-126 127-118 119-105 106-92

Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee. Dec.

6; 18:14 8; 18:08 10; 12; 14; 16; 18:03 17:57 17:55 17:53

In virtual

order aiming

to

facilitate

error

analysis (fig. 4-3).

and

other The

trajectory aiming

computations, point is defined S coincides the planet the away set. the

point

is selected

virtual

by using three orthogonal unit vectors with, and is in the direction of, the center vector the which and Sun; are the parallel unit B.T to vector and the asymptote plane and R completes B-R. normal R design (not The T lies in the ecliptic

R, S, and T. The unit vector incoming radial (i.e., through of the points the encounter hyperbola); generally orthogonal along and B-R define and in a direction right-handed into B.T

unit from The R

aiming-point

(or miss _) parameter called

B is divided components to the incoming aiming point

components

T and virtual through

aiming point in the plane the center of Venus. The km (-18 closest miles) nominal approach Mariner and distance 358 miles)

asymptote had

passing

components The was

B.T = -29 magnitude km (12

545 of the 427

B.R = 4-5210

km (4-3237

miles).

B) to the center

of Venus

20 000

for this aiming

point.

Trajectory The to satisfy

Ephemerides, Targeting Criteria, and Firing Tables Mariner strict R trajectory mission ephemerides and
refer distance

and

targeting

criteria Studies
the center

were of the

developed relationand not to the

objectives
of "miss planet distance" nor to the

their
to the from

constraints.
distance an from

3 By definition distance from the

of B, values surface of the

of the planet

aiming

point.

$8

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

330 deg

0 deg REGION FOR

50 deg

O_ "0 0 0

ANGULAR DIAMETER OF VENUS EQUALS IO deg AT TERMINATOR

_0 O (.O

CAPTURE CROSS OF VENUS

SECTION DIAMETER VENUS EQUALS deg AT TERMINATOR PLANE

"0 0

)ESIGN AIMING POINT FINAL 3

G;D 'IO O O_

>OINT
o '10 0 O

I
RADIAL DISTANCES, km x IO 3

210 deg

180 deg FIOURE4-12.--Mariner II aiming zone chart.

150 deg

S9

MARINER-YENUS 1962

ship

between

the

various

ballistic

conditions

were

first

conducted

to reveal

the

acceptable launch intervals and characteristics aration of the trajectory ephemerides and simulation the from Sun, the guidance of: (1) system the Atlas-Agena parameters boost (equations) the influence pressure. all precisely was firing were daily also made firing tables. for a 93 to mission of Mariner on prepared the

of the targeting (ascent) and of the

various criteria (2) the

trajectories. required free-flight

Prepdetailed by trajectory Jupiter, upon their use an conSouth

trajectory Earth, that 7090

as constrained Venus, be placed selected A and

injection to target, under and solar wind (plasma) Then, flight after path, specification the considering the families

Moon, would were computer.

constraints trajectories IBM for the

ephemerides criteria in generating

computed

targeting

boost-vehicle

contractor's corridor, that were in the

Computations approximate 2-hour

111 launch injection

azimuth locations

window,

and and near

fined to a region of about 6 in latitude Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa and

35 in longitude, Ascension Island.

ORBIT DETERMINATION
Tracking Data Editing and Orbit The Mariner R orbit Determination Programs were centered around two

determination

operations data These program from

digital computer programs: the tracking orbit determination program (ODP). to each The tions other TDEP to: blunder (error) points methods received data which from are depicted functioned schematically as a service

editing program programs and 4-13. to the ODP;

(TDEP) and the their relationship its principal func-

in figure

were 2. Use

1. Remove ODP

the input the

data. amount of data that the

data-compression data

to reduce different

was to process. 3. Reduce input format for the ODP. 4. Compile The TDEP

tracking

sources

to a uniform data.

ancillary was

the ODP

needed

to utilize

the tracking

essentially

an elaborate

bookkeeping

program.

It accepted

as inputs: the tracking data, portions of the tracking station reports, and computer control cards, which allowed an operator certain options on how the data would be handled.

6O

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

FROM STATIoNsTRACKING -_ ( I ) TRACKING DATA (2) STATION

I TELETYPE

I _._

PAl

ER ]

PE ''M''P_RTA_I--/--J 'BMI------JRAW I
TO

CARDS

I'lI
PRINT-OUT 4...-(OPTION) ON-L NE

REPORTS

PRIN1

STATION REPORTS

1 t

CAROS TRACKING DATA EDITING PROGRAM (18M 7090)

I
CONTROL _CARDS t CARDS

CONTROL CARDS I CARDS

I
PRINT-OUT OFF-L _____j NE (OPTION)-_ ON-L I

I
1' PRINT-OUT NE DETERMINATION PROGRAM (IBM 7090) ORBIT

MAGNETIC TAPE

pKE_ 1"_
TO TRAJECTORY MIOCOURSE PROGRAM AND/OR MANEUVER CARDS

ON-L,NE_

"
TEleType

_11_

(OPTION)

J
IBM CARD 63 TO

I
PAPER TAPE
CONVERTER

TO

TRACKING /

STATIONS -

.....

r
I

PAPER
TAPE

FIOURE 4-13.1Functional

block

diagram

of orbit

determination

operations.

Aside to removing transmission values. because blunders determined All

from

the

use of the

control

cards,

the editing

of the TDEP by such things occurred) or early phase At solution tracking that

was limited as teletype out-of-limit mission gross as orbit stage,

automatically errors (when editing was relatively

the blunder unrecognizable most small effect important amount on the

points caused characters during of data "least Facility the

This of the

of the to the data had

available.

have a strong by the ODP. Space

squares" (DSIF)

Deep

Instrumentation

to be 61

MARINER-VENUS 1962

converted the ODP which

into a format assumed that at the

that middle

the

ODP

was equipped data were count

to handle. labeled with This interval.

As an example, the event meant that time all

all counted

Doppler

occurred

of the Doppler

DSIF-counted Doppler data which were end of the count had to be "re-time-tagged" needed station this to know the duration and the from of the sample transmitter tracking data identification,

tagged with the by the TDEP. time interval, frequency. messages, The station

time occurring at the In addition, the ODP Doppler TDEP report tracking count, tracking all and compiled messages, data

information

control card inputs, and either the information on to the ODP The TDEP provided record of the data state,

labeled the appropriate in tabular form. and "off-line" discarded (and

or passed

both "on-line" amount of data In addition, data that were

print-outs for a visual why), and the systems tape tape a subODP. to proform (3,) and values of

the operator had selected. which included all tracking included tor might set of the This data determine certain want data data from which

it compiled a mission master data might be useful; that is, the master considered data which prepared data "bad" tape the but which tape had (which operator contained to the

currently tape) "good" was

the opera-

to use on option. the master only

A separate

as an input

tape contained the orbit.

selected

The ODP accepted the mission master data tape from ceeded to determine the orbit, using the trajectory program as a model option The of the to construct orbit Doppler for a least-squares the its own ODP "good to edit data" method may be solution. statistically records was A "3-times-standard the based input on the by tape use. fact allowed

the TDEP and in subroutine deviation" from that the TDEP

for future

determination observables and speed

computed the

obtained

integrating

equations

motion of the spacecraft tion coordinates, and

by taking of light.

into account the Partial derivatives

observation times, staof observables with

respect to initial conditions were also available. here in the sense of any parameter that affects derivatives in addition with respect available. The weighted were obtained usual by solving equations a set to the of motion. such

Initial conditions were used the trajectory. These partial differential the partial locations, used of the equations derivatives were in an initial easily Finally, as station were values

of variational

to nondynamical and partial

constants, derivative which

observable least-squares

quantities adjusted the

iterative condi-

procedure

62

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

tions

and

station and

locations computed

so that data was

the weighted points was a also treated

sum of squares minimum. and data as data formed for

of residuals A priori part

between

observed

information of the quanstations

about the initial conditions tity to be minimized. The output of the ODP

included:

acquisition data which

the

tracking

(which were transmitted via teletype), maneuver program, and print-outs predicted spacecraft trajectory.

cards used described

as inputs to the midcourse the characteristics of the

ERects of Tracking Data Accuracy The cant tion, DSIF quality of the tracking of the data received II from mission the DSIF constituted Special performed and a significalibraby the also the of

factor

in the

success

Mariner

(fig. 4-14). were are

maintenance, in recognition (1) The manner used

operating, and analytical procedures of the following relationships: in which of the and tracking data such the measurements the has quality a direct them, tracking establish

obtained, tracking on the

equipment

to produce

of the effect

data. accuracy importance,

(2) The quality orbit determination. (3) Establishing

maintaining and DSIF

accuracy

is of paramount are determined fulfillment

since the midcourse orbital data. The curacy Values The received Goldstone. determination pseudo-two-way the other The received two from Mariner the performance requirements. of Mariner Mariner from the are Values

maneuver of the

trajectory successful

directly of the data

from ac-

insured

II Target Parameters II premidcourse DSIF of the given Doppler tracking target in table from Angle tracking data orbit parameters 4-II. Goldstone were orbits stations The and were was determined in Johannesburg, derived primary coherent determined from data types on the basis Woomera, were of data and orbit coherent from of data The 4-II. Echo of flight.

stations

the premidcourse two-way on and the Doppler basis

stations. II DSIF

also used

for the first

15 hours Goldstone.

postmidcourse corresponding Doppler data

in Johannesburg

target parameters Coherent two-way

to various solutions are from the Johannesburg

given in table and Goldstone

b3

MARINER-VENUS

1962

OC+

64

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

Stations Station

and were

coherent used. week. After No

pseudo-two-way September angle data

Doppler 9, the were target pass. were DSIF used

from stations in

the the

Goldstone

Pioneer only

normally

tracked

1 day per determinations. Values with locations results. additional and

postmidcourse-orbit 4-II changed in station at the

of the data in

postmidcourse-orbit from each weekly the astronomical unit

parameters The not effects

in table

of inaccuracies in arriving

considered

Table

4-ll.--Values

of the

Venus

target

parameters

prior

to

December

7,

1962

Time Radius Condition B, km B'T, km B'R, km closest proach, of apkm closest approach (Dec. 1962), Premidcourse information," at 07:19:19.000 Postmidcourse information,at 00:23:32.000 Data used from orbits: no advance 27 394 293 291 715 --265 272 384 180

of

14, GMT

epoch of Aug. GMT orbits : advance

epoch of Sept. GMT epoch 9 15 24 7 15 25 28 5 11 17 26 1 to

Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec.

53 159 49 921 49 850 50 839 50 869 50 690 50 549 50 177 50 050 49 931 49 712 49 709

--42 --39 --39 --41 --41 --41 --41 --41 --41 --41 --41 --41

655 768 722 473 590 581 543 351 282 189 068 066

31 725 30 176 30 120 29 404 29 291 28 992 28 798 28 420 28 298 28 223 28012 28 009

43 314 40153 40083 41 042 41 071 40895 40756 40392 40269 40152 39 938 39 935

19:31:46 19:12:59 19:14:47 19:47:05 19:50:35 19:55:12 19:56:50 19:59:18 19:59:53 20:00:05 20:00:32 20:00:32

The advance velocity components solution and

information at epoch. of the

consisted of a covariance matrix corresponding This matrix expressed the uncertainty assumed midcourse maneuver.

to a set of nominal position to exist in the premidcourse-orbit

and

in knowledge

Data that the

covering encounter

the period parameters

from were:

December

7 to the end

of the

mission

showed

65

MARINER-VENUS

1962

B.'r

.........................................

41 481 km (25 775 miles) 29 244 km (18 171 miles) 50 753 km (31 536 miles) ...................... (Dec. 14) .............. 40 954 km (25 448 miles) 19:59:28 GMT

B.R ......................................... B ........................................... Radius Time of closest of closest approach approach

The Mariner The attitude at Atlas short coast increment, spacecraft (116 miles)

II Trajectory
II spacecraft During engine period the were from the Atlas times cutoff. engine was cutoff prior was launched and the at a booster vernier to adjust roll azimuth adjustment the altitude separation, At a preset the Agena value and 4 of 107.5 in vehicle and velocity there was a of velocity the attached 187 km of 7.8 km/sec

Mariner and

east of north.

sustainer After

stages,

was commanded Agena orbit and

vernier-engine Agena

Atlas-Agena ignition. both

to the first parking surface

shut off; then were

in a circular the Earth's

at a distance traveling

of approximately at a speed

(4.8 miles/sec) (space-fixed). After a total coast orbit, the second Agena ignition was initiated. was determined .after lift-off by the ground to the Agena during the Atlas At the end of Agena final the spacecraft The latitude orbit the were south Within an almost angular injection, angular versed craft km After would (239
Due

time of 16.3 min in the parking The parking-orbit coast time computer liftoff), and the transmitted Agena with

guidance

vernier stage. cutoff (26 rain,

3 sec after

was traveling and longitude -14.8 Atlantic and Ocean.

at a speed of injection +357.9 The 4-III.

of 11.41 km/sec (Agena cutoff)

(7.09 miles/sec) (space-fixed). into the geocentric hyperbolic thus taking of the from at Earth Earth's estimated above place Mariner the the Earth geocentric after regeocentric track surface. that the the planet
changing.

, respectively, geocentric

injection characteristics

over II in

trajectory

are listed an hour radial rate the rate from of the

in table after

injection, with rate The

the spacecraft decreasing in inertial Earth longitude tracking, approach passing

the booster

was receding This the the until,

direction

speed. coordinates exceeded over of the

reduced spacecraft's

spacecraft

1.3 hours then

rotational (fig. 4-15). increasing hours on

of the

direction

spacecraft's it was radius

to decreasing of continuous with the

the

several

space384 000 in its

The per-

miss Venus

a closest leading

of approximately

000 miles)
to the Earth's

edge,
in which

slightly
vehicle should

rotation,

direction ) from from

fly is constantly

Atlas rolled to the proper bearing (107.5 formed a gradual gravity-pitch maneuver

its initial bearing of 105 , shortly after lift-off. the vertical in the desired flight direction, 15

The Atlas then sec after lift-off.

66

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

orbital -1 within results and that indicated

revolution that 3_ (three indicated, the

around of

the

Sun,

and results

with with

a flight-time the desired of the guidance encounter

error system

of approximately Sun-side had values. pass The performed be obtained,

day.

Comparison times

these

Venus nominal could

launch-vehicle's the standard that no would however,

injection deviation) useful

data

a midcourse

maneuver

be required.

Table 4-111.--Geocentric characteristics of Mariner II trajectory

Postmidcourse Geocentric injection orbit Postencounter epoch Dec. of

7, 1962

Parameter Radius, Inertial Earth-fixed Geocentric Longitude, Right Path Path Azimuth angle angle R, km speed, V, km/sec v, km/sec $, deg H, deg velocity, velocity, velocity, p, deg 2;, deg 7, del _r, deg speed, latitude, 0, deg of inertial of inertial of Earth-fixed 6 581.582 11.410 11.006 --14.843 357.855 82.734 1.830 118.714 1.897 119.875 07:19:19 Aug. Hyperbolic orbital e to Earth's of ascending of perigee, distance, of perigee q, km passage, 7-, GMT Aug. equator, node, w, deg i, deg ft, deg element axis, a, km 43 1.149 32.031 237.670 205.459 6 575.303 07:18:45 27, 1962 910.177 744 083 91 53 3 4 Semimajor Eccentricity, Inclination Longitude Argument Perigee Time 27, 1962 Sept. 978 689 9 720 321 545 51 037 6 12 1 11 2 408 2.988 175.486 --2.436 244.190 233.708 89.366 58.845 0.975 563 00:23:32 5,1962 270.005 175 739.5 012 2 47 6 18 90 651 343 59 58 481 14.156 3 437.172 --11.330 144.053 219.337 70.676 127.429 0.222 685 00:00:00 Dec. 7,1962 269.952 240 41 288 4 543 87 85 903 84 51 53

ascension,

Azimuth of Earth-fixed velocity, Time of event, 7-, GMT

The the miles) elliptical with Sun. approach

entire from

midcourse the and

maneuver had was moving and 26.9

took reached primarily

approximately a distance under (16.7 indicated km (25 000

34 min. of 2.4X

At the l0 s km (1.85 projected and

time

of

maneuver, orbit

spacecraft

(1.5 X 10 s miles/see) to the closest

Earth with

the influence was 2.98 km/sec miles/see) that a miles) with

of the Sun in an respect

the Sun at a focus. Earth orbit computations

Its speed km/sec

respect

to the

Postmidcourse radius

of approximately

41 000

a flight-time 67

MARINER-VENUS

1962

5O

40

SALVADOR FIRST

30

20

10

I0

20

30

40

5O

280

300

320

340

20

40

60

80

I O0

t20

140

FIGtn_E 4-tS.--Earth

track of Mariner

I[ showing

turnaround

effect caused

by Earth's

rotation.

error

of

approximately

+0.14

day

had

been

achieved

by

execution

of

the

maneuver. As the spacecraft continued out of the gravitational influence of the Earth, it followed the Earth around the Sun, but at a reduced speed (fig. 4-16). Slowly, Mariner II curved in toward the Venus orbit with increasing heliocentric speed, so that, the Sun. speed, at 65 days Figures heliocentric Note after 4-17 speed, angle in figure launch, to 4-22 it passed present the Earth curves distance, of flight maximum in its orbital of geocentric geocentric time from revolution radius, launch declination, around geocentric and angle to Venus

spacecraft-Venus as functions 4-22 that the

Earth-spacecraft-Sun encounter.

Earth-spacecraft-Sun

was approximately 167 , rather than 180 , when the spacecraft passed Earth in its orbital revolution around the Sun. (If the inclination of the heliocentrictransfer orbital plane to the ecliptic plane had been 0 , the maximum Earthspacecraft-Sun angle centric characteristics and 4-V. would have reached 180.) The of the Mariner II trajectory heliocentric are shown and aphrodioin tables4-IV

68

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

Sixteen of the flight, to December

orbital covering 7, when

computations the period the mass

were from of Venus

made the caused

during the

the

interplanetary on

phase 5

midcourse

maneuver first detectable

September perturbation

in the Mariner II trajectory. fourteen computations were

During made.

the period Of these,

December 8 to 18 (see fig. 4-23), eight preceded Venus encounter

Table 4-1V.--Heliocentric

orbital

elements

of Mariner

II trajectory

Elliptical Semimajor Eccentricity, Inclination Longitude Argument Perihelion Time axis, e

orbital a, km

element

Pre-encounter 127 198

orbit 500 186 642 2 5 667 900 1

Post-encounter 144 419

orbit 000 7 805 12 02 900

0. 191 i, deg node, o0, deg T, GMT Jan. q, km passage, fl, deg 1. 850 332. 102

0. 270

075

to ecliptic, of ascending of perihelion, distance,

1. 664 42. 708 83. 644 105 414

172. 158 879 12:25:35 7, 1963

of perihelion

05:15:46 Dec. 28, 1962

Table 4-V.--Aphrodiocentric

orbital elements o| Mariner II trajectory

Hyperbolic

orbital

element

Venus-encounter orbit

Semimajor Eccentricity, Inclination Longitude Argument Periapsis Time

axis, e

a, km i, deg node, ft, deg

10 971.61 4. 732 134. 216. 236. 749 3 8 7 24 3 899 745 826

to ecliptic, of ascending

of periapsis, co, deg distance, q, km passage, T, GMT Dec.

40 954. 19:59:28. 14, 1962

of periapsis

and that

six followed. the closest

On

the basis of these to the surface

fourteen of the

computations, planet was

it was determined 34854 km (21 645

approach

miles), occurring at 19:59:28, Dec. 14, 1962. Spacecraft 6.743 km/sec (4.188 miles/see) relative to Venus; the Venus jection and the spacecraft approach above was the ecliptic days. was 1.43; Additional to closest 109.546

velocity at the time was heliocentric latitude of the elapsed pertinent time data from are: in-

MARINER-YENUS

1962

0 u

hi3

;>

_J r=.l

_6
,, _J

7O

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

6O
(D

o x E a <_ rY

/
40

/
J
J J J J

o rY

20 Z
bJ 0 0 bJ

of
0 20 40 FLIGHT FIGURE 4-17.--Geocentric 60 TIME, doys 80 IOO

radius vs flight time.

Distance Distance Velocity Velocity

from from relative relative

Earth ............ Sun .............. to Earth ......... to Sun ..........

57.785 >( l0 B km (35.907 million miles) 107.557X 106 km (66.834 million miles) 18.115 39.490 km/sec km/sec (11.256 (24.538 miles/see) miles/see) the of

Mariner II approached Venus along the trailing edge and from outside planet's orbit. Figures 4-24 and 4-25 illustrate the planetocentric geometry the flight of about scan the 42 min movement The as it left changed and miles) the (fig. 4-9). past Venus. 47 400 km planet. later, the At scan At about from the a distance moved 65 min planet's of about permanently in its hyperbolic pull altered an 000 km from to such changed changed before closest approach, center, the radiometer 41 800 off the orbit the extent (63 from km about that Jan. and from the planet spacecraft's the because Venus. heliocentric perihelion to Dec.

or at a distance commenced to planet's of the center, angular orbit, distance 28, 1962

of the spacecraft planet's the from time The gravitational vicinity

of Venus, passage distance

102 880 000 to 105 415 of perihelion aphelion

926 000 to 65 502 000 miles), 7, 1963, 151 500 000 km (94 100 000 its passage was predicted 71

about

to about

183 423 000 km (113 973 000 miles),

MARINER-YENUS

1962

2O

(.3

_) E
J_

16

cE
uJ uJ n co (J rr Z LLI 0 0 bJ (.9 8 12

/
/
0 20 40 FLIGHT FIGURE 4-18.--Geocentric 60 TIME, days

80

I O0

speed vs flight time.

for

June are

19,

1963.

Curves in figures

of

additional to 4-29.

spacecraft-related

parameters

near

Venus

presented

4-26

MIDCOURSE

TRAJECTORY

CORRECTION

Effects of Injection Accuracy When a spacecraft is actually launched, it will not, in general, be injected errors in was such reinjection

precisely into the desired, or standard, the guidance system components. The that a midcourse a correction statistical was description needed quirements; 72

trajectory accuracy to satisfy

because of small of the Atlas-Agena the Mariner deviations at

R mission

of the

coordinate

TRAJECTORY

AND

ORBIT

4(
o _D

E c:;
LLI UJ 13. 03 32 3(

0_. I-Z ILl C.) 0 I W -r

J j28

J
/ .J
0 20 40 60 80

I00

FLIGHT
FIGURE 4-19.--Heliocentric 120 X E

TIME,

doys

speed vs flight time.

uu"
(b Z

80

z IJJ > ! kLL

40

0 0 20 40 FLIGHT FIOURE 4-20.--Spacecraft-Venus 60 TIME, days vs flight time. 80 I00

distance

73

MARINER-YENUS 1962

-8

"o

z"
--16 I.,,=Z z
,--I ILl a

-24

-52

20

40 FLIGHT
4-21.--Geocentric

60 TIME, days
declination vs flight

80

I00

FIGURE

time.

was

necessary

to determine

the

midcourse

correction of the

capability injection

needed system since

to assure in terms were

arrival at the desired aiming point It was not realistic to specify of the uncertainties in the many combinations of the midcourse terms The once of the maneuver. statistically expected matrix of injection correction. (or the

at Venus. the accuracy injection

individual

coordinates,

there

errors that would map The injection accuracy mean magnitude squared of the coordinate

into the same magnitude had to be specified in of the midcourse was time found of the

variance

magnitude) midcourse

maneuver the

a covariance

of injection

deviations,

midcourse maneuver, the maneuver were to determine 74

and the sensitivity of the known. A units-of-variance between the variance

target miss components with analysis was then performed of the magnitude of the mid-

the relationship

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

o, 160

u2
_J Z Z

D
! F-IJ_

140

/
J

\
\

W J Or) i "I"l-rr LIJ

lao

//
SPACECRAFT EARTH 20 40 FLIGHT 60 TIME, doys angle vs flight time. 80 FiatmE 4-22.--Earth-spacecraft-Sun

\
I00

I00 o

course The statistical follows:

maneuver analysis

and errors.

the

variance

of

the

individual guidance

Atlas-Agena system,

guidancethe as error obtained

system-component description standard the

of the Atlas-Agena of the deviation coordinate

injection

to determine was performed

deviations of each

at injection, independent to these

1. The source from and

(1_) value

component errors were

sensitivity

of injection

coordinates

the Agena contractor, Lockheed Missiles and 2. The 1, injection coordinate deviations were was used to form

Space Company. then obtained. matrix of injection in the absence velocity capa-

3. This information coordinate deviations.

a noise-moment

4. This matrix was used of midcourse guidance. 5. The matrix was also bility needed for the Mariner

to calculate used R.

the target the

miss components rms midcourse

to compute

75

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FIGURE 4-23.--Mariner

II and Venus

orbits near encounter.

76

TRAJECTORY

AND

ORBIT

FIGURE 4-24.--Mariner

II encounter

of Venus

as seen from

Earth.

FIOURE 4-25.--Mariner

II encounter

of Venus

as seen from inside

Venus

orbit.

77

MARINER-VENUS

1962

200
!

LL 0 I m ._1
!

160

rY

12o

o woo

8O

I h.l

40

-16

-12 TIME

-8 FROM

-4 CLOSEST

0 APPROACH, angle vs time

4 hr from closest

12

FIGURE 4-26.--Earth-spacecraft-near-limb-of-Venus

approach.

6. each

A units-of-variance Atlas-Agena

analysis

was

performed error

to obtain on the

the

relative

effect maneuver.

of

guidance-system-component Correction System

midcourse

Capability

of Midcourse

Four types 1. Execution 2. 3. 4. Radio The

of error existed in the midcourse of the commanded maneuver. observations.

guidance

system:

mathematical

model occurring

used after the

for

trajectory

computation.

Disturbances 1 errors error R, the

maneuver. velocity error increment errors was expected and in the pointing midcourse to be the errors. system. pointing

Type The For error. Type velocity Mariner

resulted vector main

entirely depended source

from on

component

of execution

2 errors

were

caused

by

random

noise

in the

radio

tracking

observations.

78

TRAJECTORY

AND

ORBIT

32O

d
Z I-a U_O 24O

< x ,6o
w o9 80 09 D Z UJ > 0 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12

TIME

FROM CLOSEST
distance

APPROACH,

hr

FmURE 4-27.--Venus-spacecraft 7.0

.3

vs time from closest

approach.

cff
w w o_

6.6

6.2 n_ Z w 0 D 0 n_ I o_ 5.8

5.4 -16 -12 TIME -8 FROM -z CLOSEST 0 APPROACH, 4 hr 8 12

FIOURE 4-28.--Aphrodiocentric

speed vs time from closest approach. 79

MARINER-FENUS

1962

5O

20

P_
_1 _.1 <Z F-cO n,I -20 _1 ILl C.) (._ n" I-- -40 z bJ f_) O a 0 -60 t_ "lIX

-16

-12 TIME

-8 FROM

-4 CLOSEST latitude

0 APPROACH,

4 hr

12

FIOURE 4-29.--Aphrodiocentric

celestial

vs time from closest approach.

This caused Doppler data Type

noise an

produced error and shift

an angular

error computed

in

the

estimate but for

of miss The Mariner the

components takes R the

which measurements two-way figure

in

turn of

in the

maneuver.

DSIF

information,

Doppler for the

were

of primary miss was

importance 700 km (435

in determining miles).

orbit.

A typical

2 rms Type

3 errors unit, of the

arose gravitational

from They

uncertainties constant also arose for caused of

in physical the Earth, uncertainties the from computing by

constants tracking about solar

such station the

as the

astro-

nomical and such the miss speed as

locations, spacecraft effect, total and rms

light. and

area

reflectivity

pressure jets. The

translational due Type to Type 4 error pressure assumed the three

acceleration 3 errors was the was

attitude-control to be by 1500 km (932

estimated caused storm

miles). factors this as solar of

miss

such

unpredictable after the maneuver;

corpuscular error was When

if a solar to be error negligible. sources

occurred

type

(Types

1 to

3)

were

combined,

the

total

rms

8O

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

possible preflight the

error after the maneuver was about 8200 estimate of the system guidance accuracy, errors had been determined guidance enough and so that trajectory accurate primarily design the for the midcourse was accurate preflight was convenient requirements from sufficiently were system, as

km (5095 a number

miles). This that changed that

was a once

injection

the required linear the

maneuver

was known. the injection could be This system. period,

In designing guidance used The which with system the

it was assumed perturbation reference design

theory trajectory. of the firing

standard

approximation maneuver was

engineering

the same

over the entire In computing

viewpoint.

the maneuver

during actual flight, iterative schemes were used to refine To correct for at least 990-/0 of all possible injection bility m/sec mum the V of 2.6 was range 99% tanks times were the rms maneuver R. the was required; required of the dispersion for Mariner loaded ellipses counter for Actually, digital from

the linear approximation. errors, a correction capaa capability (200 ft/sec), injection it was Figure was that of about the midcourse the 4-30 maxishows vehicle useful centered by the the flight to 40

to be conservative, of 61 m/sec accelerometer. the uncorrected spacecraft, Figure

propellant

to a capability resulting

errors referenced to the Given the correction know the at the the range capability aiming ellipses point, maneuver.

desired aiming point. capability available errors which could

in the

of terminal

be corrected. ; when which shown though could

4-31

shows

for V= 61 m/sec it contained The range which

(200 ft/sec)

the ellipse assumed important,

all coordinates of capability was a secondary,

be reached

midcourse

time was left uncorrected, Operational The formulate achieve commands mitted sequencer command

consideration.

Computer Program and Sequence maneuver operations program was to one real-time command required to maneuver. of the maneuver. the about The desired), central The three when computer one stored transand of the maneuver of the and

primary function of the midcourse the three stored commands and standard (which (CC&S) initiated to the operation specified prior of events was orbit were with stored the the parameters to performance sequence. in computing tracked from

midcourse in the memory

spacecraft,

real-time maneuver day of

the maneuver

The sequence was as follows: 1. The flight, 2. The a definitive

executing On

midcourse the the

spacecraft midcourse

launch. was made. required

seventh trajectory

determination velocity impulse

to modify

of the 81

MARINER-VENUS

1962

-I.OxlO

-0.5XlO

I0, 1962

SEPTEMBER

15, I

AUGUST
n

28,

1962 B'T, km

-I.OxlO

-0.5xlO

6 AIMING ZONE

1
B'R, FIGURE 4--30,--99% km dispersion ellipses before midcourse maneuver. spacecraft so that it would orbit time fly by Venus could it passed and was in an acceptable not be found would through following manner which at a favorable the bestpoint If the took with spaceit suffitime was computed. fit (least-squares) an acceptable craft 82 was operating If a maneuver so that of flight, properly a failure modified aiming existed. which the optimum have a trajectory situation

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

JULY -i.OXlO 6

I0,

1962

-0.5x AUGUST -I.5XlO 6 -I.OXlO 6 i I -0.SXlO ( B'T, km 28, 1962

SEPTEMBER

15, 1962B'R, km FIGURE 4-31.--Capability ellipses for V=61 m/see.

ciently course available. would angle, tude

close to Venus, maneuver which The vector then three DSIF trajectory have enabled

an attempt would have been made to determine a midplaced the spacecraft on the most advantageous trajectory evaluation features personnel of the guidance to choose a revised The operations aiming coordinates: two angles to the them were and program point. roll-turn magnito the and sent in the spacecraft.

the operations impulse angle, and

3. The were 4. The appropriate them to the CC&S.

was converted magnitude (roll, the to the commands where The

to the appropriate of impulse. form pitch, stored

pitch-turn

converted stored station

binary-coded command

acceptable checked

impulse) operator the

transmitted in registers

spacecraft.

spacecraft

commands

83

MARINER-YENUS

1962

5. The 6. The 7. The impulse the increment After orienting integrator

real-time roll and midcourse counted

command pitch turns motor down the

"execute were was the ignited register the and

midcourse and burned and

maneuver" until the

was

transmitted. velocity from an time

executed

by the spacecraft. required each cruise integrator. was sensed. returned to the mode, Digital output

was measured of 0.03 m/sec completing itself by means

by the accelerometer (0.1 ft/sec) maneuver, of its Sun

containing spacecraft Earth sensors.

"magnitude"

in the velocity

Execution of Mariner When were they results onto

II Midcourse Maneuver of uncertainties through ellipse in the midcourse the planet (1_ center includes 40% guidance and system 4-12), 8 in were would would of the

of the analysis the R-T

mapped resulted

plane,

(figs. 4-3

in a standard-deviation

of anticipated

dispersions from the the take pass time place The conditional,

from T-axis, of flight in the nominal

the nominal) having a semimajor axis of 2300 km, rotated and a semiminor axis of 1900 km. The standard deviation was estimated they were to be based 13 min. on was the These assumption that statistical that no estimates failure

because

spacecraft Mariner and

system. R trajectory the Sun, (12427 would with so designed the spacecraft to the center a closest approach

between

Venus

planet of about 20000 km however, that the spacecraft with a closest approach

miles). The premidcourse orbit showed, have passed on the other side of the planet, km (238600 miles). (For comparison with and B.R 715 km guidance was about coordinates of the premid(181 263 miles) and B-R = from the system. one-half nominal The of the was well midcourse 61 m/see with from

of 384000

the aiming-zone chart in fig. 4-12, the B.T course orbit were estimated to be: B.T=291 -265272 within correction (200 the ft/sec) When -28000 injection through -41481 84 the km (-164832 miles).) of the the This trajectory of the the analysis final accuracy required propulsion the results chart (-17400 Venus of the km tolerance to alter capability (fig. 4-12), miles), postmidcourse approach injection

deviation

spacecraft. were considered aiming km days. the basis of tracking data obtained in the R-T plane were B.T = (18171 miles); and time from on point (6214 was in conjunction selected and time as: B.T=

of the statistical

aiming-zone

B.R=10000 = 109.41 orbit,

miles);

to closest

Estimates

encounter, indicated that the coordinates km (-25775 miles), B.R=29244 km

TRAJECTORY AND ORBIT

injection nated The spacecraft The

to closest as the following performed maneuver

Venus is an _ which

approach= point" estimate the

109.546 4-12. of the

days.

The with

aiming which

point the

is desigII

"predicted

in figure

accuracy was

Mariner was:

its midcourse

maneuver: commanded to perform

spacecraft m/see m/sec

ax=28.38 zX_}=12.07 z_=-4.49 where (The Pole.) ,_, x-axis This ;,), and points AZ, are to the velocity Vernal

(93 ft/sec) (40 ft/sec) (-14.7 ft/sec) equatorial points coordinates. to the North

m/see changes Equinox, to: 0p= -139.83 OR=-

in geocentric and the z-axis

maneuver

corresponded Pitch Roll turn turn

9.33 m/see (102 ft/sec) _ performed was:

Speed The estimate from

increment tracking zXk*=29.34 zX)*= 13.98

Av=31.16 data m/see m/sec m/sec

of the (93.92 (44.75 (-

maneuver ft/sec) ft/sec) ft/sec)

zX_*= - 5.95 This corresponded to:

19.05

0p* = -137.51 OR* = --12.49 av* = 33.12 Thus the estimated errors m/sec (106.20 ft/sec) of the midcourse (3.07 (6.11 ft/sec) ft/sec) maneuvers were:

in the execution _k = 0.96 m/sec m/sec

by

_(zxk) = ak*-

_(A)) =zX)*-A)=

1.91 m/sec

_(A_:) = A_,* - A2:= - 1.46

5 That observed in the the 6 The maneuver maneuver irt the spacecraft estimated and which would data, have been to performed the radio between vector

( - 4.67 ft/sec)
spacecraft, were with sent gyros at the temperatures and at the verified end of

a perfect

telemetry telemetry.

in response is the of what

commands the estimate would

which

to the velocity

spacecraft vector were

maneuver the estimate

difference

of the spacecraft been at that time

the velocity

have

if there

no maneuver.

MARINER-YENUS

1962

This corresponded

to errors

in the spacecraft

controlled

variables required errors

0p, OR, and to

Av of:

_0_,=0p*-0p = .1.1.2.32 1 Equivalent _0R=0R*--0R= --3.16J account _zXv=z_v*--zXv= 1.96 m/sec (6.27

turn errors for pointing ft/sec)

The pointing error (the angle between the commanded neuver vectors) was 3.11 o. This does not necessarily mean turns from drift; sensors. On other ance location were other and performed factors electrical such respect with to the and the above error vector null errors, since and point; the as angular thrust mechanical in pitch pivot yaw in the

that

and estimated mathe pitch and roll error yaw, and yaw, due error deviation can roll and result gyro roll center-of-gravity

pointing of the pitch, pitch,

with

offsets

Mariner than rollThe

II the expected and pitch-turn alone standard offsets

contributions errors was were

to the pointing increased 0.69 . The in the

error

to factors guiddue to of the was 2.2a. guidance pointing m/sec X 103 in and

by the lack pointing standard

of a path

loop.

deviation

of dispersion about the the

center-of-gravity

overall pointing error was 1.43; thus, The estimation error in determining system performance error and 0.6 m/sec The (0.42 km B.T expected ft/sec). The error (-10.6X103 The and The error

estimated accuracy

pointing error of the midcourse the was was

had standard deviations (1.9 ft/sec) in estimating standard deviation at closest in B.T and error

of 0.86 in estimating the shutoff error. increment to cutoff kln error error

of velocity approach +13.3X103 was due

0.13 -17.1

in position miles) due

kin (+8.26X103

miles)

in B.R. miles)

to pointing

+7.3X103

(+4.5X103 miles) in

,1,1.6103 km (+0.99X103 overall error was -9.8X10

miles) in B.R. a km (-6.1X103

B.T

-t-14.9X103 cancels out of the 3.37X103 tion errors.)

km (+9.26X10 a miles) in B.R. some of the effect of the velocity maneuver dispersion kin (2.09X103 ellipse and 0.863X103

(Note that the increment error. for Mariner miles) II 0.536X103

pointing error The semiaxes at Venus were 1_ execu-

midcourse and

for the

8b

CHAPTER

The Mariner Mission

MARINER The several hold resumed T minus next night, the R-1 countdown delays delayed at the LAUNCH AND R-1 12:37 The when ABORT began a.m., count at 11:33 p.m., safety July then 21, over e.s.t.,July when without cause 20, 1962, after Another was to fuse The midwith in a.m. 1:58 incident counting of a blown

for Mariner of trouble until a.m., caused 165 min. count at 2:20 circuits

because T minus safety attempt launch

in the range

command 1962, the

system.

proceeded

79 min

uncertainty for July 21-22.

in the range launch The launch July

the operations for Mariner power had in order T minus

to be canceled R-1 hold began

for the night. shortly before p.m.,

was scheduled countdown Spacecraft July system. was resumed hold at

second count (12:17

21, 1962. a.m.,

been

turned

on at 11:08 was required a noisy clock

at T minus

200 min. 22, 1962)

A 41-min

at T minus component

130 min the ground When

to change 130 min, the

tracking counting scheduled

read lasting

12:48 from

A previously

was called

at T minus

60 minutes,

to 2:38 a.m. At T minus 80 sec, power fluctuations in the radio guidance system forced a 34-min hold. Time was resumed at 4:16 a.m., when the countdown was set back to T minus 5 rain. The formed tinue, inhabited of the Atlas lifted off the until might Steering equations a.m., officer after Agena--after pushed of the after the launch the crash range in the By 4:25 commands was taking which the pad a.m., were at 4:21.23 officer it was being Atlantic a.m., noticed evident supplied e.s.t. that, but The booster peryawto con-

satisfactorily the vehicle area.

safety North

an unscheduled if allowed lanes faulty

lift (northeast)

maneuver.

shipping

or in some application

guidance and

the vehicle and the launch

far off course. separation the vehicle. for 1 vehicle could not be destroyed--

At 4:26.16 of the Atlas a range The minute safety and

293 sec of flight "destruct"

with just 6 sec left before button, which had been destroyed sent.

radio

transponder 4 seconds

Mariner destroy

R-1

continued

to transmit

signals

command

87

MAR/NER-VENUS

1962

MARINER

R-2

Prelaunch and Launch Operations Assembly Spacecraft was where shipped assembled, to the it arrived of the spacecraft Assembly Atlantic on June Facility Missile subjected designated in Pasadena to subsystem, Range 3, 1962. as Mariner on January system, (AMR), and Cape R-2 was started The Fla. at the JPL spacecraft tests, (fig. and 5-1),

19, 1962. environmental Canaveral,

FIOURE 5-1.--Atlantic

Missile Range, Cape Canaveral,

Fla.

At those ready Mariner AMR lated 5-2 On 88

the applied

end

of the to Mariner

scheduled R-l),

series spacecraft. Mariner

of AMR R-2 After R-2 prior was repeated.

prelaunch assembly the removed The and was

tests

(identical launching storage, time hours. D-179, and

with of the

the Mariner

was stored from total 690

in a flight-

condition R-1 prelaunch by to 5-9 the August

as a standby on July Mariner 25, 22, 1962, were R-2 various 1962, checks

unsuccessful test

essentially spacecraft phases

accumuFigures Agena

to launch prelaunch composed

illustrate

of the vehicle

launch of Atlas

operations.

the

space

THE MARINER MISSION

O ,.Q

;>

T
l

89

MARINER-VENUS

1962

<

,o

Z"
N) e_

e_ e_

_2

9o

THE MARINER

MISSION

-i..

FtGURE 5--4.--Installation

of Mariner

II midcourse

propulsion

system at AMR

explosive

safe area

91

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FIGURE 5-5.--System

tests in progress

at electronic

checkout

station

in hangar

AE.

92

THE MARINER

MISSION

|_

FIGURE 5-6.--Attachment

of solar

panels,

a final step in assembly

of Mariner

II.

93

MARINER-YENUS

1962

FICURE 5-7.--Mariner 94

II in nose shroud

being lifted

to top of gantry.

THE MARINER

MISSION

FlCU_E 5-8.--Joining

of Mariner

II and Agena

B, atop

Atlas

l). 95

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FIGURE 5-9.--Space 96

vehicle

on launch

pad during

countdown

operations.

THE MARINER MISSION

B-6902,

and

Mariner

2 was was

started canceled

into

launch

countdown. of a stray

At voltage

launch in the

minus Agena

205 min, the countdown destruct batteries. Countdown 2 was presents the operations the countdown, external checkouts began. of 98 min, none replace power. station the Atlas

because

started at 22:37 GMT on August 26, 1962. log for the launch countdown. At T minus power was applied to the spacecraft and unscheduled holds to the spacecraft. because

Table 5-I 200 min in prelaunch

Although four was attributed battery and

delayed launch for a total One hold was called to ground-station radio groundthe inhibit on R-2 in the 27, 1962,

a second

of loss of radio

The other two holds resulted from fluctuations beacon signals. At 06:50:07 (GMT) on August

the CC&S spacecraft,

counter was released, and approximately 3 min later atop the Atlas D-Agena B vehicle, was launched.

the Mariner

Flight Period From launch to Injection The At lift-off, flight the history space and vehicle major rose events from the of Mariner its pad vehicle cutoff rolled II are listed in table bearing 5-II. of 105 booster of the engines BECO,

in the

nominal

east of north. Shortly after launch, roll azimuth of 107.5 east of north. A few seconds two vernier engines prior

to the programmed control reason, of one and

to booster-engine

(BECO),

on Atlas

was lost for an undetermined

the engine

moved to the maximum overrode and maintained however, the booster

negative mechanical stop. The main booster the proper roll attitude during this time. At were turned off and jettisoned and their

engines

roll control

was terminated. With one vernier vehicle began to roll. The companion

engine at full mechanical stop, the space vernier engine then moved to its electrical

stop to oppose the roll; however, the vernier-engine forces remained unbalanced, and the vehicle began a negative roll (counterclockwise when viewed from the rear). Control of the of control occurred. deg/sec. Telemetry vernier engine was regained approximately 60 sec after loss At this time, the vehicle was rolling at a rate of about 360 data later showed that the motion was arrested in about Even though the vehicle a case, the roll-attitude This random had no provision error in the new has never

10 sec, after a total of 35 revolutions. for maintaining roll reference in such null been position was fully resolved. approximately

1.5 .

perturbation

97

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Table 5-1.--Operations

log for launch countdown 2"

Time,

GMT

Countdown

time

Event

23:32 23:37

T--300 T--295

min min

Communications Range Range a. b. count status: Computer Uncorrected

with started.

Pasadena

established.

All green with

following

exceptions: Ship (TFV) TFV. is again inoperative. problem be-

on Twin Falls Victory data expected from Station 92 because 92 and 7. (RSC) checks

No data from tween Stations Safety checks picked

of communication started.

00:32 00:45 00:56 01:07

T-T-T--

240 227 216

mill min min rain

Range RSC Count No-voltage

Command satisfactorily checks up with

completed. completed. 73.3 . amp. satisfactorily received when to be OK, completed. Atlas but main-battery will be replaced actito spacecraft.

satisfactorily hinge on: system Battery assurance. 92 now angle: 1215 38 v, 4.9 checks not

T--205

Antenna Encounter 01:12 01:44 02:05 T-T-T-200 168 147 min rain rain Spacecraft AZUSA Correct vation gain 02:15 02:42 T-137 min min SRO T--110

reference parameter: power tracking light initiated.

counts.

indication

believed

additional report: report:

Station

in green condition.

Spacecraft

Frequencies: a. 960.036718 b. 890.037750

at 02:25 at 02:35 at 02:38

GMT GMT GMT

c. 960.040722 Case D-deck 02:52 03:01 T-100 rain min Hold T--12 for hr T-- 100

I1 temperature: sync: Atlas weather moment: control: effect: hr weather moment: control: effect: made 0241:09 main-battery report:

93 F replacement, Go expected 30-rain duration.

Bending Usable Total T--6

24.5% 18.4%

52.5% report: 25.0% 22.8c/c Go

Bending Usable Total 03:02 03:09 03:20 03:32 03:35 T-100 rain min min rain min Decision

53.0% to change Atlas telemetry and "can" because Proper of TV Agena of acid cameras tanking). communications of unsatisindication on serv-

T--100 7---100 T-T--97 100

factory channel 11 subcarrier. Atlas main battery replaced received. Hold extended 15 rain to complete required with yet

activated.

installation to monitor exception

ice tower (cameras Count resumed. DSIF with in green

condition 4 and 5, not

voice

DSIF

established.

AMR

test

No.

3731,

August

26-27,

1962.

98

THE MARINER

MISSION

Table 5-I.mC)perations

log for launch countdown 2--Continued

Time,

GMT

Countdown

time

Event

03:37 03:49 03:50 04:02 04:03 04:04 04:12

T--95 T-T--82 T-T--69 T--68

min 83 min min 70 min min min

All

spacecraft

systems experienced tanking systems tanking

Go. with started. Go. Communications duration data links at IPP to (may 30 min. between prevent TFV). verification of spaceCenter: circuit Pasadena end of circuit GT131-69.

Difficulties 100% 100% acid acid

All spacecraft Report received 69 checks out Built-in hold Intermittent tions Center

completed.

from Hangar AE with CB toll office. started, expected reported with 7090 computer to Stations Director

T--

60 min

(BIH) trouble and

Communicatransmission

of acquisition 04:42 04:43 04:48 T--60 min Hold extended craft battery Count resumed.

message by Mission life.

12,

13j and obtain

T--60 T--55

min min

DSIF green with exception of Trouble on voice line between Spacecraft, vehicle, and FPS-16) range

voice communication London and Pretoria. all in green condition. inoperative.

with

DSIF

5.

04:52 05:03

T--51 T--40

min min

Radar 1.16 (Cape Spacecraft report: Frequencies: a. 960.036751 b. c. d. e. Case D-deck 890.037600 960.040537 890.037750 Minus II test 1.16 20

reported

at 04:45 at 04:51 at 04.53 at 04:49 my

GMT GMT GMT GMT

temperature: sync: now 0501:09 satisfactorily reported

93 F completed. green. Go

05:08 05:13 05:18

T-T-T--25

35 rain 30 rain min

Loop Radar

T--2 hr weather report: Bending moment: 20% Usable Total control: effect: 16% 49.7%

05:24 05:31

T--19 T--12

min min

Voice communications Spacecraft report: Case lI temperature: Encounter parameter:

with 93F 1215 systems duration

DSIF

5 now

green.

counts Go. 4 rain.

05:36 05:38

T-T--

7 min 5 min

Spacecraft station: all BIH started, expected Launch plan : 27D Ready reports: Vehicle: Go Spacecraft: Range: GE guidance Go No-Go primary

power

lost.

tloldextended

for estimated

10 rain.

99

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Table

5-1.--Operations

log

for

launch

countdown

2--Continued

Time,

GMT

Countdown

time

Event

05:45 06:00

T-T--

5 min 5 min

Hold

extended plan:

for additional 27F

5 min.

Launch

Ready reports: Vehicle: Go Spacecraft: Range: Go Count resumed. Hold: cycled Launch GE guidance experiencing fluctuations on return signal. RcGo

06:06 06:10 06:22

T-T-T--

5 rain 60 sec 5 rain

to T--5 min. plan: 27H

Ready reports: Vehicle: Go Spacecraft: 06:26 06:30 T-T--50 5 min see Range: Go Count resumed. Hold: GE guidance experiencing with with DSIF DSIF fluctuations 5 out. 5 reinstated. main battery down to 3 min. switch-over to internal power conserve battery life. on RA-54 return signal. line Reto Go

06:34 06:41 06:43

T--5 T-T--

min 5 min 5 min

cycled to T--5 min. Voice communications DSIF Voice 5 out. communications

teletype

Remaining life (before When count resumed to be delayed until 27K.

launch) for next T--60

on Atlas attempt, help

see to

06:44

T--

5 min

Launch

plan:

Ready reports: Vehicle: Go Spacecraft: 06:48 06:53 TT--0 5 min Range: Go Count resumed. Li[toff: 06:53:13.927 DS1F 0 in one-way GMT. lock at liftoff. Lock maintained, with momentary Go

dropouts during booster staging, until final loss of signal at L+463 see. Signal level at launch: --85 dbm, gradually decreasing to -- 120 Normal data. Event AMR dbm just prior to dropout. in preliminary to launch: and times. yielded 30% of data frequencies. of good quality. evaluation 0-0-1-0. operations monitoring Corrected all of of spacecraft operation register inflight indicated

reading data

subsequent transmission

computational by real-time badly garbled.

performing Following AMR Station when Station

close general data:

to nominal evaluations

91: Approximately Station 9l switched 12: Data generally

100

THE MARINER MISSION

Table 5-1.--Operations log for launch countdown 2--Concluded

Time, GMT Countdown time Event

TFV: tive

All

yaw

data

uncorrected Real-time

on utilization

board

ship

because prevented real-time

of inoperaby data-

computer.

of data

handling problem at AMR. Station 13: Data not time-labeled, of information. 07:24 07:32 08:28 L+ 1865 see sec rain Spacecraft Reports Sun craft acquired received telemetry that data by DS1F

preventing level spacecraft by of

utilization dbm. GMT. of space-

I at signal 5 acquired GMT AE.

--100

L+2325 L+95

DSIF

at 07:24 evaluation

acquisition

at 07:58:54

confirmed

at Hangar

The attitude roll, The

altitude error was

at

BECO

was

somewhat 10 in pitch. effectively sequence error to the did

high

and

the the

vehicle period

also

had

an

of approximately unable the separation a position result and The the of the improper the horizon

During

of uncontrolled was the was executed shroud desired. down 2

the Atlas

to respond attitude closer attitude sensors

to guidance to Agena flight Agena Atlas Agena was above path

commands. first-burn caused than pitched the by Agena the

Atlas-Agena although into

prior

satisfactorily, to be ejected As an additional at first ignition, until start signal burn

described Agena the not

error,

was caused sensed

complete the

correction successfully

of this error timervelocity terminated

15 sec later. when

altitude However, velocity

of the increment

to be sent

8 sec early. preset

its first meter. orbit orbit

At the termination with a nominal from 9 west and

of Agena first burn, the Agena-Mariner was in its parking altitude of 185 km (115 miles). The vehicle coasted in this point arriving 64 west about longitude and 22 north latitude to 12 south, 980 sec later. At this point, Agena

an Earth-referenced was

a point

second burn Agena-Mariner into The Agena,

successfully initiated and cut off by the velocity separation was also successful and the spacecraft escape hyperbola which would carry it to the maneuver performing a programmed 140 yaw

meter. The was injected of Venus. expelling of im-14.8 and

a geocentric by

vicinity

its unused pact with latitude

propellant, reduced its speed and minimized the Venus. Injection occurred over the South Atlantic and +357.9 longitude.

probability Ocean at

788-02,50_

6_5_----8

101

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Figure 5-11.--Sequence

of significant Flight events for Mariner

II

No.

Event

Date, 1962

Nominal

time

Predicted time, GMT

Estimated time, GMT

(a)

(b)

(c)

Inhibit released

on

CC&S

counter

Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug.

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 L+300 L+349 L+ L+ 500 1302 L sec sec sec sec to sec sec to I to 1834 sec see sec sec 07:21:53 07:21:53 07:21:53 07:21:53 07:37:07 07:16-07:23 06:58:14 06:59:03 07:10:34 07:14-07:22

06:50:07 06:52:07 06:53:14 d 06:58:14

CC&S relays Lift -off Atlas-Agena First First Second Second Agena Agena Agena Agena

cleared separation ignition burnout ignition burnout

L+1736 L+1400 L+ Spacecraft-Agena separation a. CC&S enabled b. 10 Pyrotechnics armed power up to unfold unlatch I+ I+ 156 I+ 156 I+ Aug. 27 L+ 156

156 sec

07:21:53 07:21:53 07:21:53 07:21:53 07:37:04

c. Transmitter Command issued solar panels radiometer and

44 min

11 12

Solar Initial a. b. c.

panels Sun Attitude

on

unfolded acquisition control and power gas-jet ex-

Aug. Aug.

27 27 L+60 L+60 min rain 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 to L+90 07:53-08:23 07:53-08:23 23:30:07

07:38:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:53:07 07:55:35 07:58:35 23:30:02 16:13:00

Sun

sensor

L + 60 min L+60 min

system Directional tended

activated antenna

d. 13 Sun a.
14

Sun-acquisition begun acquired Gyros turned off

sequence Aug. 27

L+ L+60

60 min min

min L+60 rain up(cruise Aug. Aug. Sept. re27 29 3 A+10 A+ 000 iO 000 min min 05:30:07 05:30:07 min to L+90

First antenna date, AC21 RTC-8 science on)

reference F

A + 1000

min

15 16

transmitted

Initial Earth a. Inhibit Earth moved

acquisition on automatic acquisition

05:29:14 05:29:14

See

footnotes

at end

of table.

102

THE

MARINER

MISSION

Figure

5-11.--Sequence

of significant

flight

events

for

Mariner

II--Continued

No.

Event

Date, 1962

Nominal

time

Predicted time, GMT (b)

Estimated time, GMT (c)

(a)

16

Initial b.

Earth acquisition-Continued power

Sept.

3 A+10 A+I0 A+10 A+10 000 000 000 000 min min min min min to 30 rain to 30 min to 30 rain to 30 min 05:30:07 05:29:14

Earth sensor turned on Gyros Cruise off L-band rectional Roll turned science

c. d. e. f. 17 Earth

on turned to di"

05:30:07 05:30:07 05:30:07 05:30:07 05:30-06:00 05:30-06:00 05:30-06:00 05:30-06:00

05:29:14 05:29:14 05:29:14 05:29:14 05:58:58 05:58:58 05:58:58 05:58:58 21:3021:3021:3522:2322:39-

switched antenna

search

initiated Sept. stopped off turned on Sept. 4 3

A + 10 000 Event Event Event Event 16+0 16+0 16+0 16+0

acquired search turned science

a. Roll b. Gyros c. Cruise 18

Preparation for midcourse man euver a. SC-1 b. c. transmitted (rolltwice turn duration) SC-2 transmitted

(pitch-turn duration) SC-3 transmitted twice (velocity increment) Sept. Sept. 4 4 M

19 20

RTC-4 tional RTC-6 tion

transmitted (directo omniantenna) transmitted of midcourse (initiamaneuver turned on turned begun turned on off

22:49:42

sequence) a. Accelerometer b. Gyros c. Cruise 21 turned science

22:49:42 22:49:42 23:49:42 23:49:42 23:49:42 23:49:42 23:49:42 23:49:42 sec 23:50:33 23:49:00 23:49:00 23:49:00 23:49:00 23:49:00 23:49:00 23:49:51

Roll-turn sequence a. Earth sensor b. c. d.

Sept. off

M+60 min M+ 60 min M+ M+60 M+ M+ Event 60 min min 60 min 60 min 21+51

Roll gyro capacitor connected Roll-turn Directional extended turn turn polarity set antenna to started stopped 118

e. Roll f. Roll

See

footnotes

at end

of table.

103

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Figure

5-1l.--Sequence

of significant

Flight

events

for

Mariner

II--Continued

No.

Event

Date, 1962

Nominal

time

Predicted time, GMT (b)

Estimated time, GMT

(a)

(c)

--I
22 Pitch-turn a. b. c. d. e. 23 sequence begun on signals Sept. 5 M+ M+72 M+ M+72 set M+ M+72 M+ begun Sept. 5 M+ Event Sept. turned off switched to re5 M+98 M+ M+ M+ 72 min min 72 mln min 72 min min 85 min, 94 min 23+0 min 98 min 98 min 98 min to 2.5 min 15 sec 00:01:42 00:01:42 00:01:42 00:01:42 00:01:42 00:01:42 00:14:57 O0:23:42 00:23:42 00:23-00:25 00:27:42 00:27:42 00:27:42 00:27:42 00:27:42 00:27:42 to 30 min to 30 min to 30 min 00:27--00:57 00:27-00:57 00:27-O0:57 02:09:42 02:09:42 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:14:10 00:23:00 00:23:00 00:23:31 00:27:00 00:27:00 00:27:00 O0:27:00 00:27:00 00:27:00 00:3400:3400:3402:07:59 02:07:59 02:07:59 02:07:59 02:07:59 02:07 :59 Autopilot turned Sun sensor error switched out Pitch and yaw

gyro

capacitors Pitch-turn Pitch turn turn

connected polarity started stopped

f. Pitch Motor-burn a. b. 24 Sun a. b. e.

sequence

M + 94 min

Motor ignition commanded Motor shutoffcommanded

reacquisition Autopilot Gyro capacitors out Antenna extended

acquisition d. Sun sensor switched

position signals in begun Sept. off turned sequence on Sept. 5 5 M+ M+ Event Event Event M+200 M+ 200 98 min 98 min 24-[-0 24-[-0 24+0 min min min min min min min to 30 min to 30 min to 30 min to 30 min

e. Sun 25

reacquisition

Sun reacquired a. Gyros turned b. Cruise science Earth-reacquisition started a. Inhibit sition

26

on Earth removed power

acqui-

b. c. d. e. f. 27 Earth a. b. c.

Earth sensor turned on Gyros Cruise L-band rectional Roll search

M+200 M+200 off M+200 M+200 M+ Sept. 5 Event Event Event on Event 200

02:09:42 02:09:42 02:09:42 02:09:42 02:09:42 02:09-02:39 02:09-02:39 02:09-02:39 02:09-02:39

turned on science turned switched antenna initiated to di-

02:07:59 02:3402:3402:3402:34-

reacquired Roll Gyros Cruise search turned science stopped off turned

26+0 26+0 26+0 26-[-0

See

footnotes

at end

of table.

104

THE

MARINER

MISSION

Figure

5-11.--Sequence

of significant

flight

events

for

Mariner

IImContinued

No.

Event

Date, 1962

Nominal

time

Predicted time, GMT (b)

Estimated time, GMT (c)

(a)

28

Earth-gate a. Gyros b. Cruise Earth-gate a. b. c. Gyros Cruise

actuation turned on science turned actuation turned science on turned

12:5012:50off Sept. off 19 Abnormal 12:5014:3414:3414:3414:3405:3020:280l:0021:26-

29

Earth sensor indicating correct value malfunction transmitted science operating transmitted science on) Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. 15 9 12 14 Abnormal I Abnormal Abnormal off) Nov. 8l Oct. 31 Abnormal

3O

Power system a. RTC-10 (cruise

31

Power a.

system normally RTC-8 (cruise

32 33 34 35

Power system Data encoder CC&S

malfunction malfunction

12:2223:2020:01 13:35 -

malfunction sequence transmitted telemetry

Encounter-phase a. RTC-7

(encounter b. 36 mode) RTC-8 (cruise

transmitted science angle transmitted transmitted to lock up comDec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 15 20 28 30 Abnormal on)

20:39-

Reference hinge updated a. 4 RTC-2's b. 6 RTC-2's c. Failure

37

mand loop CC&S or power system malfunction a. Frequency rate, 7.59 shift: bps data

17:2817:28-

See

footnotes

at end

of table.

105

MARINER-FENUS

1962

Figure5-11.mSequenceof significantflight eventsfor Mariner II--Concluded

No. Event Predicted time, (a) Nominal GMT (b) Estimated time, GMT

D9_2'

time

(c)

38

Final

communication

with

spacecraft

Jan. 3, 1963

07:00-

" Letters

in this

column

are launch

defined counter

as follows: starts counting; it controls all events from launch until cruise mode is

,4, time at which established /, time L, time M, time clock, b Predicted c Estimated a Time the of injection of lift-off at which which, time time

input in turn,

decoder was

was to accept signals event event

signals

from

spacecraft midcourse

command maneuver to clock

system events error.

and

start

maneuver

to provide

to initiate

is that is that

at which at which

should occur, without reference is believed to have occurred.

announced from

by AMR. omniantenna this to directional should not antenna should not have occurred before Earth acquisition; under however, be regarded as abnormal behavior.

e Switching circumstances,

Coverage electronic vided and station 5 (San by AMR

of the tracking Salvador). stations

flight devices

during was,

the in

Atlas general,

boost

phase

with

both

optical was

and pro-

satisfactory. was supplied

Tracking Bahama by station

0 and Canaveral),

1 (at Cape and

Canaveral), 3 and

3 (Grand 5 at Grand

Island), Island

Telemetry

coverage stations

1 tel 2 and

1 tel 3 (Cape

Bahama

and San Salvador, at Cape Canaveral zon. a few launch ately tems tions station Rico) ment (Grand 106 This was prior station -85 momentary

respectively. The provided spacecraft was dbm, in one-way for horizon. gradually the dropouts,

JPL launch-checkout tracking station coverage until loss of signal at the horiand maintained The to -120 indicated provided systematic station because to launch was lock, signal dbm that by all with only at 71//2 min. as expected data was level immedisubsysstain the of equip3

lock at lift-off approximately decreasing Telemetry coverage time. first

to reaching

were performing satisfactorily. At Agena first-burn cutoff, tracking 5 (San 91 data was failure. Bahama Salvador) prevented Telemetry Island), and their data 5, and 91 (Antigua). use in real

AMR

However, prior burn

errors

In addition,

92 (Puerto at stations

reported

inoperative

a few minutes for Agena 91.

recovered

THE MARINER MISSION

Telemetry and Agena Island),

coverage retromaneuver 13 (Pretoria,

for

Agena second burn, Agena-Mariner was obtained from AMR, station South Africa), and three ships, ORV 1886 (Uniform, or the during this time from during the Atlas-Agena 5-10.

separation, 12 (Ascension 1851 (Whiskey),

station

ORV 1852 (Yankee), and ORV Tracking coverage was provided ORV 1886. The marized major events 5-III during record (nominal) and

Twin Falls Victory Ship). stations 12 and 13, and boost The phases altitude two are sumof

in table

illustrated

in figure

profile concepts

the space vehicle of the Earth-track

this period is shown in figure 5-11, and are presented in figures 5-12 and 5-13. Table 5-111.--Launch-vehicle events
Time, Event see after lift-off

(nominal)

Lift-off Agena Agena Shroud Agena Agena Agena Agena restart primary jettison first first second second D-timer timer separation ignition cutoff ignition cutoff

L L+ 267.5 L+288.8 L+296.8 L+299.8 L+337.8 L+484.9 L+ 1468.3 L+1565.6 L+1722.3 L+1932.3

Atlas-Agena

Agena-spacecraft separation Agena retromaneuver

Flight Period From Injection Through Encounter Mariner 3 sec. quired ]he the II was injected DSIF into tracking contact interplanetary station 31 with the rain trajectory after spacecraft (L4-44 was indicated launch. from at lift-off South The this -+-26 Africa, DSIF time until min acmainthe had after

NASA spacecraft

at Johannesburg,

approximately

tained virtually continuous end of the mission. Approximately extended; the time CC&S command. 18 min required Initial

after injection for full-extension telemetry data

min), the solar nominal, within that the

panels 5 min

Sun-acquisition 107

MARINER-VENUS

1962

,J:: :

'i::

J::: CL

0 ..Q

.=_.
:> 0

I
c_

'T t_
,v

I08

THE MARINER MISSION

IG N ITION-----_ E 50 _-IGNITION ,OOt I< "_,/_/,,_ /----CUTOFF I , _ AGENA --_ nrn

/--CUTOFF I' 6__ J--------..-_ /4 _'-_ ,_fSEPARATION

____.--_

_RAN?E, I000

200. IooL _i_1--VE RN ' E R-E NG !NE_C UTO_FF o1_- _-'_SUSTAINER-ENGINE CUTOFF "-BOOSTER-ENGINE CUTOFF FIGURE 5--11.--Altitude profile of space vehicle during boost phase.

sequence from the the acquisition

was normal CC&S. angle The output

and

was The

completed directional solar panel

approximately antenna output excess

2}/2 min was extended w over

after

command to its preset above

high-gain and

of 72 .

of 195 w was of 43

slightly the

predicted

represented

an

spacecraft

requirements than expected slowly With solar to turn see table temperature panels

for this period. Although temperatures for the cruise mode, after Sun acquisition and 6 hours the performing adequate science transmitted were (BPS). later entire showed hexagonal normally, power, to the turned The the The spacecraft an the of 84 F over structure. battery

were somewhat higher most of the temperatures stabilized fully made charged, on average and August (RTC-8, from (DCS) the 29

decreased

essentially

all subsystems providing on the cruise 5-IV)was

decision from

was

experiments.

first real-time DSIF-5

command

(Johannesburg). decreased system

Cruise science experiments 33g to 8}a / bits per second operated ciated 75% normally with cruise

on, and the data rate science data conditioning

in all respects, and the science operation functioned properly; in this unit had had hours were inoperative stable with the become

power switching unit assohowever, approximately until within two-way planetary the lock, encounter. limits, data tolerance telemetry

of the had

components been

By August tracking were On good, and

31, temperatures continuously 3, 167 all subsystems

maintained operated after launch,

as intended. Earth-acquisition sequence on, at

September

was initiated cruise science that time was value and to that antenna

by the CC&S. The was turned off, and rolling from Earth at a rate -t-235 sensor deg/hr were

Earth sensor and the gyros were turned roll search was initiated. The spacecraft -720 deg/hr, first gyro the having turnoff. steadily The accelerated directional following

of about pointed

72 below

Earth-spacecraft

plane, 109

MARINER-YENUS

1962

cJ

0 "C/

c_ ;>,,

r_

I10

THE MARINER MISSION

50

40

30

2O

I0

tO

2O

30

40

50

FIGURE 5-13.--Earth

track of Mariner I1, showing DSIF acquisition effect caused by Earth's rotation.

times and "turnaround"

apparently and data

caused by a switch were lost until Earth

from the omniantenna lock was established

to the directional 29 min later.

antenna, measwould was,

Telemetry data after acquisition indicated an Earth-brightness intensity urement significantly lower than expected and comparable to that which have in the sequence poned actuator pointing midcourse correction Mariner The resulted antenna until had at the the if the hinge Earth that servo. to correct following Earth. in launch-vehicle capability actual in the spacecraft performance spacecraft trajectory the original initiated at require the This (GMT), inclusion necessary capability day, performed sensor the Moon the when had had been been viewing acquired, in the that the the Moon. midcourse orbit) that the There therefore, a possibility (required actually dispersions maneuver after the implying original directional

a malfunction maneuver was postwas of orbit in 4, III a antenna

As a result,

execution

of the

dispersions it could and

be determined

properly

antenna

Normal

to provide is known. orbit. 22:49:00

II was adequate to correct midcourse maneuver was

September

MARINER-VENUS

1962

and five

completed km commands: and

at

02:45:25, three stored (RTC-4

September from and and commands

5, with Earth. The (SC-1,

the

spacecraft maneuver SC-2, stored and

at a distance sequence SC-3) increments. required and

of two

2 408 740 real-time the roll-

(1 496 762

miles)

commands pitch-turn

RTC-6). polarity

The and

commands

contained

duration

the

velocity

Table 5-1V.bReal-time
Command RTC-1 RTC-2 RTC-3 RTC-4 RTC-5 RTC-6 RTC-7 number

commands (RTC'$)
Command Roll override hinge override override antenna title

Clockwise

Counterclockwise hinge Command to omniantenna Command Initiate to directional midcourse planet planet planet cruise cruise 8.3 Sun

maneuver science telemetry science off on mode

_." Command
Command Command Command D. Command Command 0 1 2 Command Command Spare Command

Command

RTC-8

telemetry mode science on data rate (backup) (backup)

BPS

RTC-9 RTC-I RTC-I RTC-I

acquisition

solar panel unlatch cruise science off

Earth

acquisition

(backup)

Commands because the registers indicated craft. Mariner's spacecraft's telemetry data mand initiated command, the

SC-2 station

and lost

SC-3

(stored sync

commands) transmission;

were

transmitted however, the by the output

twice event spaceof the so that

ground

during

that all transmitted commands receipt of the RTC--4 command from the directional antenna

were received switched the The receipt

transmitter

to the omniantenna,

could be recovered during the maneuver. the maneuver sequence. One hour after Earth sensor was turned off, the directional

RTC-6 comof the RTC-6 extended

antenna

to 118 (nominally 120), ginning and end of turns, by telemetry because the roll and pitch took approximately

and the roll turn began. Exact times for the beas well as for the motor burn, could not be verified time resolution of the data; apparently, however, maneuver 11 min pattern of occurred normally. The entire data were lost for approximately null in the propagation

of the

turns and motor burn 34 min. Telemetry pitched into

because the spacecraft the omniantenna.

a partial

112

THE MARINER MISSION

Postmidcourse tance of approximately had been achieved. eters from indicated nominal that

trajectory

computations

indicated and and

that

a projected

miss

dis-

41 000 km (25 476 miles) Comparison of the desired the maneuver was A number

a flight time of 109.546 days achieved encounter paramwith about data maneuver Sun-reacquisition the maneuver, to the took the reacquisition approximately by the CC&S approximately lock was established. of the sequence, fading and a loss subpropulsion a 10a for could deviation no that explanations this out-ofprovide

accomplished of possible

performance.

tolerance condition have been offered, clear clues that could isolate the cause Initial all was subsystems turned The time The nominal min, The just the initiated of 70 . telemetry were off and data received still operating the directional sequence sequence the maneuver approximately

but the telemetry in this case. the midcourse In moved and again, before antenna causing exception mode the also the

after

indicated

normally. antenna was was and, 351 sequence, With

sequence autopilot position 7 min. at the 30

by the CC&S reacquisition following

at the nominal

time following normal

Earth-reacquisition spacecraft initial rolling

initiated Earth

required

transmitter as in the for

was switched approximately returned maneuver. nonstandard Apparently, commanded

to the high-gain 6 min.

at the start severe of the

Earth-acquisition

of signal system, prior pulsion close propellant The

the spacecraft to the first system. at the tank.

to the normal event shutoff, that was and

cruise

of operation, by the

as observed prodid into not the

flight the motor

experienced open nitrogen

midcourse valve slowly when

normally

nitrogen-shutoff gas leaked pressure,

It was calculated

the equilibrium

reached,

would be well below the components; accordingly, The bounds, appeared louvers, employed

burst pressure of the propellant no further complications were to assist in maintaining

tank and associated expected or observed. within specified they that flight cruise

temperatures

caused some to be open

concern in the early stages 30 when the louver-position

of the cruise mode in that measurement indicated the the

they were closed. However, and reduced the average hex On science sensor caused before not an September experiments malfunction the the axis spacecraft telemetry had lost 8, the were or an

they performed satisfactorily throughout temperature by 12 to 15 F. were with automatically turned an unidentified All attitude be sampled was occurrence turned object sensors on because which were back and off, possibly

gyros impact

automatically

of an Earthtemporarily to normal whether three or weeks 113

to lose Sun lock. measurements lock. A similar

could

to determine experienced

MARINER-VENUS

1962

later,

on

September

29, when

the

gyros

were

again

turned

on

and

the

cruise

science experiments were back to normal this The to the On of power diagnosed date, the data October from Earth significant nominal

were automatically turned before it could be determined sensor that power solar short brightness between the point the indication two events trajectory. began (with in the solar panel.

off. Here, again, all sensors which axis had lost lock. By had was essentially that, in the gone had to zero. case, increased with against loss the second

difference indicated value the 31, the 4All

telemetry

Earth-brightness on the

measurement to operate sail

for that

subsystem panel circuit

abnormally

attached),

a malfunction was transexperiments operating to remained however, shortly power

as a partial

As a precaution

spacecraft's going into a power-sharing mitted from Goldstone Tracking Station, and, thereby, Eight normally; reactivate essentially engineering after the requirements on November by the the At one this cruise days an the the science reducing later, RTC-8 cruise same power telemetry command science as before data the were consumption. data

mode, an RTC-10 command turning off the cruise science that the panel

indicated therefore,

was again from turned data off; increased increased

was,

transmitted telemetry been had

Goldstone

experiments. experiments that indicated

Science most

telemetry

temperatures because of the

experiments

reactivated,

of the spacecraft. 15. However, operative panel experiments the

A recurrence of the panel short was experienced with the spacecraft nearer the Sun, power supplied was adequate were to meet the a high spacecraft's active. offset caused by current made readings difficult steady magnetic fields. occurred cruise phase throughout predicted a demands, and permitted evidenced to remain

science time,

magnetometer

redistribution to interpret, Other the flight. Radiometer

when the power failure occurred. This but the data recorded indicated reasonably unscheduled calibration magnetometer data received calibrations during instrument initiation the

occasional

probable nonstandard and it was considered

operation of that possible that, upon

at the time of encounter, of mode III, 1 the radiometer change or automatic only one of the two In actuality,

would be in permanent slow scan, and that no scan-rate scan reversal would occur. The data also indicated that microwave radiometer channels would have the desired

sensitivity.

I Mode both vicinity

I was

the and

launch scientific

phase, data.

when Mode

only III

engineering (encounter)

data

were

transmitted. only scientific

Mode data

11 (cruise) from the

provided immediate

engineering of Venus,

transmitted

114

THE MARINER MISSION

however,

both

the

microwave

radiometer

and and

the one

infrared scan-rate

radiometer change

channels occurred

had acceptable which allowed The November

sensitivities at encounter, three scans of the planet. data for the the instrument by 10%; Space

calibration 27, either

cosmic dust experiment sensitivity or the amplitude 14, a further Facility,

indicated that, by of the calibration by a factor minor problems September because of 1_, hours condition at the transmitted of

pulse had decreased 10 had occurred. In arose, 22-23 the such view Deep

by December

decrease

Instrumentation

occasional

as a commercial power period, when changeover automatic-transfer lost. the week data ending was

failure at Goldstone to local generators In this particular 21, an occasional

during the was delayed case, about

an inoperable of data were During in the stations;

switch. November

out-of-sync was

telemetry

diagnosed

as a telemetry-demodulator No real-time telemetry to Pasadena lost, however,

problem

the spacecraft

was not at fault.

from Goldstone and Johannesburg period. The information was not magnetic Center. Except operation orbit craft and spacecraft. On tape at these stations

during the November 26 view since all data were recorded on to the stations Space Flight Operations II for the

and

later the

sent DSIF In

for problems continuously DSIF DSIF

of this nature, and successfully. 3 (Echo Station, reference

covered transmitted the

the Mariner Doppler signals data data from

taking

two-way

determination,

Station,

Goldstone)

to the space-

2 (Pioneer 14, the

Goldstone) hinge angle

received changed

November

by one

number

(DN), an event This phenomenon exception of this the attitude-control Spacecraft since they had temperature DN of 126,

which should normally have occurred only had occurred several times during preflight anomaly system been higher and the Earth sensor abnormalities performed without fault through became than the a cause for concern predicted values.

at cyclic update times. system tests. With the previously December. in On November noted,

temperatures

mid-November, 16, the

of the lower thermal shield which corresponds roughly "pegged" estimated

reached its telemetry limit: a "pegged" to 95 F. Seven out of eighteen tembefore the encounter by extrapolation. phase, and these

perature measurements were temperatures were subsequently

On December 9, a failure in the data encoder circuitry disabled four telemetry measurements: Antenna hinge angle, propellant-tank pressure, midcourse-motor 115

MARINER-VENUS 1962

pressure, and ments did not The provide every pulse was CC&S the

attitude-control nitrogen affect the outcome of the was designed to perform subsystem the antenna fact that attitude-control by the

pressure. mission. various with

Loss functions, hinge

of these one or cyclic

four

measurewas update Until to

of which update, cyclic count.

a timing, register

pulse

1000 min to update evidenced

reference event

angle. 3 stepped

Each one

December however, 155th craft was

12, the pulses occurred with predictable reg-ularity. On that date, only 2 days before the encounter phase, the CC&S failed to issue the subsequent) (RTC-7), 14, prior reached cyclic pulse. mode As a result from of this malfunction, by a prearranged Tracking spacecraft the spacebackup Station on switched to the encounter of operation

(or any

ground command December 14. On December ture sensors had

transmitted to transmission upper

Goldstone seven

of RTC-7, The

temperadata

their

limits.

Earth-sensor

brightness

number had dropped to 3. Approximately by the spacecraft (165 w was available from from the 4A12 were normal. orbit covering panel were being and were clear were from the dissipated and experiments virtually the flight, Sixteen operating Signals the coverage

149 w of power was being consumed the 4A12 solar panel). About 16 w in the 4All panel. All continuous phase science and of 5 to in for six that was reremained was good. the interplanetary on September

by the DSIF data quality during

computations period

made

midcourse

maneuver

December 7, when the mass the Mariner II trajectory. purpose followed. the closest km/sec occurring 6.743 garding by the to closest of trajectory were On the approach at 19:59:28, (4.19 approach the encounter the except spacecraft. was encounter The for the computations run. basis to the miles/sec)

of Venus caused the During the encounter covered these, eight of the 14, 1962. to Venus. (fig. 5-15). Venus of all scan science in the scientific days and only fourteen

first detectable perturbation phase (fig. 5-14), which, December Venus it was velocity elapsed time in chapter data dust were was encounter determined at the from 4. transmitted essentially pertinent time data and

computation, Of of these surface relative December 109.546 trajectory phase, operation sensitivity

the period preceded computations, planet was The Spacecraft

8 to 18, fourteen

34 854 km

(21 645 miles) injection

Additional are given telemetry cosmic

During successful,

experiments

decrease

experiment. by a was

The encounter ground command returned 116

mode lasted approximately (RTC-8) transmitted from mode at 20:40:00 GMT

7 hours, Goldstone. on December

being terminated The spacecraft 14, 1962.

to the cruise

THE MARINER

MISSION

"9,
c_

c_

>

0 0 0..

_ 0

-d

r
I u_

MARINER-VENUS

1962

o -_,

t_

0 0 "_,

0 _d
I
u'3

al

118

THE MARINER MISSION

Postencounter Flight In the postencounter flight of Mariner II, engineering telemetry data indicated

that all subsystems performed essentially as before the encounter peratures still rose and were not expected to decrease until after of perihelion (point closest to the Sun) on December 28. As a result of the CC&S malfunction, been updated since December 12. lock, and Goldstone, to prevent once the directional two series hinge-angle setting, reference and the

phase. Temthe attainment

not Earth from

the antenna reference hinge angle In the event that the spacecraft antenna again from on moving (RTC-2) December of commands were

had lost

to the last antenna transmitted accepted to be 8 . to 1, were on Decto the 20, increasing

reference

on December

15, and

and updating the by the spacecraft the with

hinge angle. Five of these commands were effective reference angle change was believed Earth-sensor Nevertheless, -20 Continuous 10-hour brightness negative by January DSIF coverage data number data-number 3, 1963, coverage per day 28. angle when was

On December 16, the telemetry threshold. to a value spacecraft the ceased.

dropped values changed relief

extrapolated cember stations.

of about

communication

17 to approximately

to provide

Perihelion was reached at 05:15 on December was again made to command the reference hinge verified old had At CC&S however, up, through its inability to lock been reached, as previously 17:28:00 countdown RF later, GMT December resulted telemetry 7.59 BPS.

On this date, an attempt to update, but Goldstone loop that command failure threshin the signal; locked 8.33 readings

up the command predicted.

30, a reference-frequency in bit temporary the had rate loss of telemetry changed design When

circuit the signal from at lower

chain the

telemetry was again the nominal

lock was maintained.

l g hours due

BPS to approximately increased

Simultaneously, subsystem

internal-temperature

to inefficiency

of power

frequencies.

The spacecraft was tracked for the last time at 07:00:00 (GMT) on January 3, 1963, by the Johannesburg DSIF. During this pass, about 30 min of real-time telemetry and tained data was received. out for the the tracking Although of the period the demodulator tracking from period, 03:54 went good out of lock at 05:21 RF lock was mainExamination of the remained balance

throughout

to 07:00.

recorded data showed that the spacecraft power consumption of 151 w and available panel. Spacecraft trajectory data during

was still performing normally, with a power of 163 w from the 4A12 solar the final tracking period were as follows.

119

MARINER-YENUS

1962

Distance Distance Distance Velocity

from from from

Earth Venus

............. ............. .........

86.677 105.857 8.994 21.980

million million million km/sec

km km

(53.860 (5.588

million million million miles/sec)

miles) miles) miles)

Sun ............... to Earth

km (65.778 (13.658

relative

Further search for the spacecraft was unsuccessful, mands were sent from Goldstone on January 8, 1963, respond. On May 28, the data with Goldstone antenna was expected ephemeris culated view period, was also unsuccessful. and a frequency negative results.

as expected. Fifty combut the spacecraft did not positioned according to the the cal16, 1963.

search was conducted during A similar attempt on August

120

CHAPTER

Performance
Although the primary provided Venus Useful from craft effects ances several objectives a large space, and information the engineering design. Simplification on were the held by the view As an alternative confirmed of adequate Earth sensor

of Mariner H Subsystems
of the spacecraft of valuable subsystems mission data were relating exosphere performance will experienced adverse and anomalies, the flight and nearof the Mariner met successfully, to interplanetary

quantity

the nature of the planet's concerning spacecraft telemetry--data of the alinement-control that

and surface temperature. and design was gained useful in future had space-

be most

philosophy of the of the assembled components. mission

apparently components, Other were: The l'ocation, Sun sensor early

no adverse accuracy. tight tolerused the and about use The did the features

critical on

spacecraft individual determination,

alinements mechanical

or midcourse

maneuver design and

to optical successful angles and

alinement completion the

methods locations.

for center-of-gravity mirror

midcourse-motor and secondary despite that flight the performed

at the primary light baffles

apparently

as intended confusion temperatures indicated

not affect the sensor's pointing accuracy, validity of the initial Earth lock. As the flight levels upper being higher progressed, predicted, it became although evident the than

spacecraft transducers

reached that the energy was minimizing

thermal shield was performing as designed and that thermal adequately distributed throughout the basic hex structure,

case-temperature differences. The louvers performed temperature excursions of the attitude-control case, operability balance solar the sail was of the solar louver torque bearings on the satisfactory. SUBSYSTEMS subsystems included in a vacuum spacecraft about the

their function of lowering and thereby indicated the The axis by attempt means to yaw of the

environment.

considered

ENGINEERING On Mariner

MECHANICS II, the major

in the

engineering

mechanics

category were: (1) structures, (2) temperature control devices, (pin-pullers and squibs), (4) solar-panel actuators and radiometer

(3) pyrotechnics scan actuators,

121

MARINER-VENUS

1962

and Since effects of the rise,

(5) the on

cabling. occurred

Analysis in the

of spacecraft temperature temperature caused here which were electrical scan could

data control

indicates and anxiety Possible caused the

that

nonstandard with the modes the

flight resulting stages midpressure

behavior

pyrotechnics during failure

sybsystems. later of the

performance other

of the

control

subsystem,

subsystems, it is discussed squib, data the

considerable in detail. ,nay have the

mission, are reviewed

course-motor Direct control subsystem, neering these

shutoff telemetry

propellant-tank subsystem. of the and of the has been

in conjunction

with received

pyrotechnics on the

performance pin-puller The behavior directly

temperature other engifrom

subsystem, and mechanics telemetry data. the

pyrotechnic actuator. only this

valve-actuation or indirectly,

radiometer subsystems Where

be deduced,

applicable, performance.

information

interpreted

as an indication

of successful

Structures The subsystems was designed included ure 6-1 no primary in an for purpose optimum of a spacecraft configuration. and proper structure The function was physical I! with the support booster. of all structure This

Mariner

spacecraft

compatibility

separation, shroud clearance, is a photograph of the Mariner

and boost-environment survival. FigII basic hexagonal structure (or "bus"). apparently adequate. Although the vibration environment, the that no failures resulted from been incurred evaluated. Earth sensor excursions, to an acceptable value. of the Atlas booster just the spacecraft. was The less than some undamage. basis gyro the component included to deterby conservation in

As noted above, the configuration was instrumentation was included to measure performance appeared to indicate

spacecraft

unanticipated vibration levels. Had measurements mine the boost environments, the weight penalty the design The and damper test vibration system, the II levels which sensor launch, could was have been to

added

limit

apparently reduced During the Mariner after booster-engine centrifugal maximum

vibration environment the abnormal rolling did of any not spacecraft

cutoff

apparently

overload

acceleration

3g. This, however, was coupled with a 2g axial acceleration, plus known vibration. The shroud was apparently ejected without spacecraft Agena-Mariner of tumbling-rate outputs, 122 the yaw separation information and roll apparently occurred normally. deduced from telemetry of the rates before solar panel extension

On the spacecraft were below

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

123

MARINER-YENUS 1962

maximum product exceeded On within

measurable

value

and and the

the

pitch

rate

exceeded

it.

Later,

as

the

of inertia coupling that value, whereas the specified maximum,

the opening of the solar pitch rate fell back within all separation indicating a normal

panels, the yaw rate this maximum value. to have been well

the basis of this information,

rates were deduced separation.

Temperature Control The in figure basic 6-2, features are the of the upper and Mariner lower II thermal temperature shields, the control louvers, control system, and the shown vari-

ous coatings and finishes. At AMR, the prelaunch II involved final during that thermal peratures of insuring design.

activity preparation

pertinent and

to temperature the monitoring

of Mariner temconsisted control re-

of spacecraft

final tests. all spacecraft were

Basically, surfaces

final thermal conformed to cleaned where Spacecraft and checks existed.

preparation the temperature possible;

All

surfaces

meticulously

however,

painting of some assemblies was required. tored during the various electrical tests, no out-of-tolerance temperature conditions was against craft and environment thermal condition was temperatures established,

temperatures were made A continuous

were monito insure that log of spacenormal were levels,

maintained; in this way, a which spacecraft temperatures

checked during countdown as an aid in detecting any abnormal condition. Prior to launch, Mariner II temperatures had stabilized at predicted consistent with previous countdowns and shroud was maintained at 70 F by means blanket. rise, they Spacecraft the were slowly temperatures immediate decreasing during postlaunch at 2 hours Although tests. of the launch after

The environment within the air-conditioned shroud-cooling changed from At 8 hours 70 to 109 F. temperatures after launch, of 84 F. all temperatures internal power, to caused

environment launch.

temperatures had stabilized, with From this time until initiation remained essentially constant.

an average hex temperature of the midcourse maneuver, time, because of increased

At that

a significant heat input from the propulsion system, and the loss of Sun orientation as required by the maneuver, the spacecraft hex experienced an average rise of 20 F. Within 10 hours after midcourse, temperature had decreased to premaneuver the nitrogen During values. tank the and The maneuver cruise phase maximum were, and and minimum thermal temperatures 130 shield. Mariner II temperatures encounter, F on the measured during midcourse respectively, through midcourse-motor

72 F on the upper

124

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

c_

F _J

125

MARINER-VENUS 1962

steadily occurred the

increased, because hinge October

except these angle 31, a

in the Earth then again components changed. solar-panel

sensor were

and

the by

antenna the

yoke,

which This

cooled as

to 85 F on October antenna On

27 and

increased shaded

in temperature. spacecraft by

variation

structure an off-science

malfunction, decrease the battery, power

followed

condition, resulted in a temperature affected were the booster regulator, which direct later dropped result the solar 9 , 5 , and of a decrease panel returned in the

of 5 F in the hex. Particularly and a science electronics assembly, The and temperature within the hex. science cruise drops Eight was were days reactia

8 F, respectively. dissipated operation to normal

vated. Within the malfunction. occurred, slightly counter and part the cruise affected.

8 hours temperatures had regained the On November 15, when the second science was not commanded were and off and not after

increment solar-panel temperatures

dropped after malfunction were during were the only en-

Although mode, to determine power was resumed. of the After December to the efficiency dissipation, 3 days. Booster case V, Sun. temperatures,

temperature measurements the thermal assembly Both temperature

measurements made before of Venus influence indicated rise

telemetered encounter rise when during internal to could rise

compared the cruise battery mode

on the spacecraft. Venus

Both the encounter; power rise of closest result

a 2 F temperature faced from had increased reached solar was the

of these

assemblies resulted

however, dissipation. slowly until approach in lower of electrical

encounter, 28, when Before the within which the

spacecraft the the spacecraft slowly failure hex

temperatures decreasing on December The result temperatures

continued point intensity a sharp

CC&S caused

30 caused to rise

a lowering over

spacecraft.

in internal-power the following

gradually

By January 2, 1963, the following temperature regulator, 9 F; midcourse-motor nitrogen tank, 7 F; flight, The the only case I, 3 F; case shield, II II, 3 F; case near which predicted which III, Earth than and possible 17 F; upper thermal Mariner near monitored 6-I. general categories into 2 F.

rises had occurred: 8 F; propellant tank, 3 F; case exceeded anticipated actual causes IV, 5 F;

5 F; battery, During by as much as 75 F. those is presented There temperature 126

temperatures temperatures of

expectations by as much were temperatures for the high-

as 40 F; those solar in table are four condition panels.

encounter

were higher

behaved

as expected

of the

A summary

can be grouped:

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

Table 6-1.--Predicted and actual flight temperaturesfor Mariner II (typical)

Temperature, F

Component

Earth

(stabilized)

Ventls

Maximum Actual Predicted Actual Predicted (Jan. 2, 1963)

Desired operating limits

Power

booster

regulator nitrogen

80 78 76 78 70 68 126 73 85 86 74 86

78 55 55 40 55 59 132 50 60 62 60 52 32 80 5O

129 139 138 165 130 160 250-254 152 152 149 124 135 122 153 155

114 84 84 90 91 115 262 92 90 89 80 84 58 215 92

143 151 148 171 141

32-140 35-165 35-165 0-95 50-120 32 140 As cold as

Midcourse-motor Propellant tank Earth sensor Battery Attitude Solar Case Case Case Case Case Lower control panel I II III IV V thermal front

nitrogen

160 159 157 134 t58 162

possible 14-149 0 50 140 130 0-149 32-140

shield

58 59 78

Upper thermal shield Solar plasma experiment (case I)

14-158

Extrapolated

data.

1. High individual disparity Earth solar either hex in and inputs or both 2. High

internal-power components may expected was

dissipation. have and input. been actual The

Although made, power dissipation that than the

erroneous that existed. temperature suggests have could the Direct

predictions no great rise that been

for overall

it is believed

between Venus were

solar-heat partially

fact higher These For

between excessive caused by on were similar This shield 127

substantially to blame.

expected

inputs example, and

of the following solar by was reflected the

conditions: energy solar incident inputs from heater-pad intercostals legs could not be simulated but any properly. members. the upper

a. Reflected faces which preflight tests

irradiation.

approach.

simulated by applying the appropriate heat to sunlit areas, treatment of reflected sunlight was too difficult to implement b. Conduction of heat to the hex from sunlit structural source resulted fl'om the degradation of white paints and

MARINER-VENUS

1962

because in total dirt, and

of ultraviolet spacecraft so forth, The emissivities. causes exact has from hard higher

irradiation, solar absorptivity. Any an increase proved difficult of space

which

may have

been

caused

by an increase surfaces by surfaces oil, in is

3. I,owered capability. vacuum known action with 4.

contamination in emissivity to assess, case, have Some may

of polished and, although it is possible lowered of the hence,

in heat-radiating

nature time

and degree

of contamination

of spacecraft that

chambers to occur of the

oil contamination the "cleaning" emissivities, encountered spacecraft difficulties

to time.

In any

vacuum thermal-test

resulting Inadequate

temperatures. mockup. An additional solar inputs and source of the possi-

in preflight thermal tests have been mentioned above. error was the localizing (in heater pads) of distributed bility that heaters used in the test separated of these factors could have caused local hot temperatures, during adequate. excursions critical collected preflight the The by should midcourse Despite thereby tests. high 12 to prove temperatures performed 15 F. invaluable All The of the well, large spacecraft, decreasing store stayed creating artificially from spots

the spacecraft which radiated within thermal average within data studies

surface. Both heat at high the spacecraft design proved the been

low temperatures the the of flight control

louvers

hex limits which

temperature during have

temperatures in temperature

maneuver.

for future

genera-

tions of spacecraft. Pyrotechnics The pyrotechnics subsystem (figs. 6-3 and 6-4) was designed to unlatch the

solar panels and radiometer; the midcourse motor; and at CC&S tion lation failed The commands. failure that the to operate. in the of midcourse-motor firing

open the nitrogen, fuel, and oxidizer valves to start close the nitrogen and fuel valves to stop the motor were performed shutoff. nitrogen-pressure control this of the paragraphs, schematic is presented indicated supplied shutoff assembly portion 6-5. the PCA was to armed primary voltage that speculation has led to specu(PCA) of the may have is discussed. subsystem as designed, with the excep-

All functions

nitrogen-pressure relays In the in the pyrotechnic following a simplified shutoff and register separation

of the mideourse-motor

As an aid necessary at 128

analysis, event

for nitrogen-pressure

in figure squib-firing

Telemetered spacecrafl-Agena

information

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

FIGURE 6-3.--Pyrotechnics

control assembly.

DATA ENCODER PYROTECHNIC INHIBIT SEPARATION SWITCH

BLOCKHOUSE MONITOR

FROM PULLER MOTION

PIN

I__
CURRENT _[

1
PYROTECHNIC CONTROL ASSEMBLY

m_
SQUIBS

SENSOR

SPACECRAFT BATTERY

I
FIRING

I
PYROTECHNIC INHIBIT SEPARATION SWITCH

COMMANDS

COMMAND

POWER

CENTRAL

FIOURE6-4.--Block

diagram

of pyrotechnics

system.

solar

panel

and

radiometer

pin-pullers counts the

at command. received for when

Opening the solar

of the solar panels were

panels fully were: PCA to of of

was verified extended. Necessary (1) receipt the the the dual firing

by event functions of the

register of

subsystem

midcourse-motor of firing current continuity and valves.

shutoff by the and

CC&S (4) proper fuel-

command, operation and

(2) delivery of the

bridgewire lines, open

squibs,

(3) maintenance nitrogen-pressure

of the squibs,

integrity closure

(5) complete

normally

explosive

129

MARINER-YENUS

1962

b
$

> oo

_d

:2
L_

_0

_o_o

130

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

The spacecraft:

following

facts

are

known firing,

from

flight on

information the nitrogen an by relay one

received tank open count to the one

from decreased, or on

the

1. After

midcourse-motor the fuel

pressure increased, given as

whereas pressure on nitrogen-shutoff valve. 2. The register firing event 3. voltage 1. 8SQll was 3. Firing line register 4. Squib valve end CC&S

tank was

indicating indicated through

leaking event

command was

supplied

by the PCA 8SQ11A, relay the Firing K20,

K20 by

primary count on fuelindicated

to fuel-off

squib fired

bridgewire through causing

as indicated and the to the

midcourse-motor event was nitrogen-pressure-off

supply by the

closed,

motor

shutoff. voltage

This

of Doppler

variation.

squib 8SQ14A voltage to the

was not telemetered. However, relay K20 primary bridgewire on the nitrogen-pressure-off

also supplies firing squib through the

other pole of the two-pole and 8SQ|4 is a duplicate nitrogen-pressure-off were After were In all and tests Cabling integrity verified prior midcourse-motor recorded tests showed secondary and prior firing

relay. The redundant firing circuit to squibs 8SQ! 1 circuit, with the exception that neither fuel-off nor voltage is telemetered.

and bridgewire resistance to the midcourse-motor squibs to installation of the midcourse motor in the spacecraft. installation, all firing lines the PCA the checks and had Central of 2.6 midcourse-motor on April in the that and While and type of the the of failure completely. 2.6 amp a were repeated; were once data fired The failed measured checked to fire taken resistances both during primary systems the since bridgewires never amp recorder valves 13, 1962. PCA and/or or is a not Squib for continuity.

to flight, squib

simulators. current in the current had been at JPL

a minimum All squibs conducted have has have motor that

delivered

to nitrogen-pressure-off normally probability was firing squib the the (refer the fired damaged possibility, during remote, harness. (nitrogenfiring routing valves of the leads of and squib a high above. 131 of failure

simulators. dummy in the supply two failures The pressure-on) to the cable squibs itself, degree 9W10 also A more

test run

of firing would may on the

to the nitrogen-pressure-off to occur advanced squib. previously

squib

theory

fragmented frame this

severed this placement was

nitrogen-pressure-off indicated plausible

of the likely

explosive

to fig. 6-6).

explanation to close at the

malfunction minimum

is failure testing current

or failure of firing

of the valve reliability

indicated mentioned

MARINER-YENUS

1962

r
r

132

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

Valve

test

history squib.

indicated There

that is reason

the

nitrogen

valve

operated that

reliably the squib

with failure valve)

the was but on her-

associated

to believe, Thus, charge

however,

charge

may have been slightly high. probably not due to inadequate was of on the probably squibs, squib-valve associated resulting overcharge with in cable

any supposed squib-valve (degraded squib or welded (fractured Analysis also on the piston, was the testing

an overcharge damage). and

or prior of squib squibs

venting degradawere

concentrated

concept,

possibility

tion due metically Actuators The

to space environment. It should be noted that sealed, and that tests were run for seal verification.

radiometer

scan

actuator

was

designed

to scan

at either

of two

rates.

During the planet-search phase, the actuator operated at the higher rate (1 deg/ see), with a fixed amplitude of =t=60 . When the planet was located, the DCS changed the scan actuator to its low-speed scan (0.1 deg/sec) and controlled The only end, deposition of data the DCS. its amplitude to keep the telemetry on the actuator signed analysis, to correlate was it appears information returned that radiometer correctly oriented was the position potentiometer position through the actuator with the radiometer system. science functioned on the planet. on the output data; On thus, the the basis by

pointing

as commanded

During the flight, the actuator started because of a malfunction in the radiometer 60 see later at continued and to scan before planet by the encounter. limit but switches. did -t-60 as controlled

in fast scan as designed; however, system, it switched to slow scan The At amplitude planet of the encounter, reverse at the scan the remained actuator limb was on As the actuator 60 limit, final planet planet

at 0.1 deg/sec,

not properly

because it was not commanded the dark side, and the second radiometer switched the scan scan was The so that an air. actuator The rate crossed to fast made actuator it would housing unit again the limb Shortly scan. across was

to do so. The first scan across the planet crossed the terminator onto the sunlit side. at the after back side within the completion the scan of the direction speed, planet. and state-of-the-art phase as a without backup storage, with second reversed and a third scan, and the at the

switched

to the lower of the schedule

the lighted designed, over

limitations, benefit device, clean of the dry

function was survived sealed the

required and

encounter However, pressurized

artificial

atmospheric

environment. by 0-rings 108 days

to 1 atm

of space-environment

as indicated

7gg-4)250-

65 ....

10

133

MARINER-VENUS 1962

by the fact maintained selection been Flight actuators 1 rain. position. Cabling The flight which and wire to

that it operated is not known. to confirming radiometer from the panels the panels are

for the the support pyrotechnics to within presumed

full encounter actuator bearing, design,

period; the

whether

pressure indicated

_,_as that had

In addition of the data opened The satisfactory.

operation design, and that locked

cabling

material the

subsystem 5 of their to have

indicated cruise and

solar-panel cruise

position

in approximately in the

extended

Mariner impair might

II

cabling

apparently operation. to deterioration high temperature inserts, indication and the

did

not

deteriorate malfunctions vacuum were

enough in the

during were

the

spacecraft tests under connector No

Minor and

spacecraft studied, on the pottingwas tended

be attributed

of cabling

components tubing, in the cabling of the

laboratory insulation,

conducted and mission

abrasion-protective of inadequacy successful performance

compound uncovered to confirm

materials.

system

by these efforts, this conclusion.

GROUND In The

HANDLING the ground and

EQUIPMENT handling Mariner consisted equipment A equipment. of an of the were local upper sling, spreader frame, cranes shop dolly (fig. was lower perfor the Mariner R spacecraft

general, hoisting

was similar

to Ranger

assembly

sling, and lifting bars. All lifting formed with this equipment. The transport support trailer and for JPL adapter and assembly

spacecraft used with

by overhead either of the the

or the 6-7).

transport

spacecraft

The upper portion dish for installation Agena the separated The assembly 134 adapter. during doll): ef the antenna

of this assembly and alinement. The normal height damage. use. with and the of the

also served to position the The lower part provided two-part the JPL and within assembly adapter adapter the was and Thus,

high-gain antenna a mount for the designed support to protect were never during

feed from was

used

support

for convenience building.

spacecraft

operations

assembly

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

0 C_ _L

e_ e_

r_
r

135

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FIGURE 6-8.--System 136

test stand

with Mariner

R-2

mounted.

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

The test stand swinging antenna travel system. welding positioner.

system was was

test stand capable

was

the

same the

as that spacecraft so that rotate principal to adapt

designed in an the the hinge through

for axis

Mariner of the

A.

The then of

of holding for operation stand consisted could in a vertical (2) a fixture

upright

position, range the

it 90 to a horizontal vertical The panels stand and (fig. 6-8). solar The

position then

high-gain hinge

of the position

antenna for the the

its entire to place of their (1) a to the

spacecraft operation spacecraft

axis of the

actuation commercial welding

of two

assemblies:

positioner

The motor loading stand was required to hold the spacecraft in the vertical position approximately 5 feet from the floor to allow the high-gain antenna to swing down for installation of the midcourse motor. The stand was also used for the general assembly work shows when the it was motor necessary loading fixtures Z-axis. to have stand, were For access the to beneath system rotate the test the about spacecraft. stand in the Two spacecraft Figure 6-9 background. the with used

aluminum about

magnetometer-mapping magnetometer's X- and

360 mapping

the magnetometer fixture and mounted was then mounted were performed (fig. 6-10).

Z-axis, the spacecraft was attached on an oil table. Using the system on the X-axis mapping fixture and the spacecraft 360 about

to the vertical support test stand, the spacecraft magnetometer the magnetometer's calibrations X-axis

by rotating

ATTITUDE-CONTROL The attitude-control

SUBSYSTEM subsystem maintained the orientation of the spacecraft

solar panels on the Sun and the directional antenna mission from the time of initiation of attitude-control of operation mode. the the In the were necessary, mode, a cruise a cold-gas mode system and was cruise

on the Earth throughout the power. Two general modes a midcourse-maneuver utilized as the propellant; thrust in in

thrust mode, the propelling stream Mariner and The attitude-control

spacecraft attitude of the midcourse system flight made, subsystem were

was controlled by deflecting vanes motor. The functional mechanization is shown data where in figure obtained possible, 6-11. from between telemetry the

of the sampled,

II attitude-control comparisons

were

predicted

nominal and the actual flight parameters. In many instances the attitude-control subsystem parameters have large uncertainties, due to two factors: (1) the difficulties involved in obtaining accurate measurements from a failure-mode telemetry 137

MARINER-YENUS

1962

FIC;,URE6-9. 138

Spacecraft

on motor

loading

stand.

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

r_

i _o

139

MARINER-VENUS 1962

L
o
bl

.<

'7

140

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

system, flight.

and It is,

(2) the

low data not

rate

of the

telemetry to determine

system

in the cruise the

portion

of

therefore,

possible

whether

discrepancies are the in the

between the nominal predicted values and the flight performance values results of actual system deviations or of the measurement inaccuracies flight telemetry data. basic attitude-control (2) Sun-acquired cruise. The data were presented in four Earth acquisition and reacquisition, maneuver, and (4) Sunand

modes: (1) Sun or cruise, (3) midcourse

Earth-acquired

Sun Acquisition Yaw The data rate were Sun about lost angular

and Reacquisition acquisition the yaw offset command. removal between was axis 07:42 about initiated at injection and the Gas of 0.07 mrad/sec after 07:58, yaw axis at 07:53:07 was all greater rate for pound, was -280 the GMT than mrad yaw on August deg/hr. was at the with constant lost. time 27, 1962. Since The of the and

1800

information

estimated injection-rate worst-case

Sun-acquisition

consumption at 0.011 pound. 2, which The

acquisition

was estimated

compared

an estimated calculated 0.225 5. This

consumption was 0.226

acceleration

from the data mrad/sec 2. The The yaw yaw axis

was within occurred

0.5,07o of the nominal at 00:27:00 this on September sequence.

reacquisition had a motion

midcourse

of approximately

85 during

large angular attitude-control At The was estimated 130 . The

change was investigated behavior at the end injection, offset acquisition the rate rate was angular consumption at 0.006 The in pitch

and appeared to be a result of the midcourse maneuver. about 1050 the deg/hr pitch versus and the axis was at the time of the Sun-acquisition a nominal injection-rate worst-case the data 2. The

of normal deg/hr. of 1010

spacecraft

-+-675 rate

command removal estimate of was 0.303

deg/hr. Gas was estimated 0.0503 mrad/sec The mate time pound.

for the pitch acquisition pound, as compared with constant calculated nominal appeared was

acceleration

from

2, which was within 340-/o of the pitch reacquisition after midcourse in pitch was -130

0.225 mrad/sec to be normal. within the

approxi-

angular offset resolution.

, which

telemetry-data

Earth Acquisition The injection rate and

and Reacquisition the roll axis was greater than 120 -400 deg/hr deg/hr at the at time spacecraft of gyro 141

about was

reduced

to approximately

MARINER-I/ENUS

1962

turnoff creased to -720 to Earth mately The The was roll

(Sun

acquisition). roll rate was observed This

Momentum to approximately during change command At the time the rate

interchange 167-hour

during

gyro

rundown cruise

inperiod

the vehicle deg/hr 6 dyne-cm. initial search acquisition.

-+-235 deg/hr. to a roll at 05:29:14 and Earth the

A gradual torque

increase of approxi3. to

Sun-acquired

corresponds occurred of initial

Earth-acquisition rate was 285 . observed

on September offset a transfer

to be nominal,

angular

in roll

approximately

acquisition,

high-gain antenna was observed, which was probably due to a power The acceleration constant in roll was not obtained from telemetry data the low Earth The During 72 (verified 73.3 . gust 27, slewing At rate the the sampling was rate estimated was by at Earth acquisition. pound, initial hinge The which at gas was consumption the preflight on sequence. servo reference at 07:53:07 The acquisition to be 0.019 after similar lnidcourse to the the

transient. because of in roll for 5. set at of Auestimate.

reacquisition the prelaunch

occurred

02:07:59 or update nominal angle

September was on

reacquisition

Earth-acquisition reference with the

period, of the extended

telemetry), initiation

as compared to the

angle antenna

Sun-acquisition acquisition with hinge prior servo

command the nominal

antenna was 0.155

of 72 . rate

deg/sec,

as compared

of 0.16 deg/sec.

During the initial motion, which verified the Earth-acquired lnal tracking action. of the

Earth acquisition, the the hinge angle setting interval and before the reference

servo telemetry indicated no to Earth acquisition. During the hinge indicated servo indicated northe proper followup

time Earth,

midcourse,

At the initiation of the roll-turn sequence during extended to 118 versus a nominal value of 120 . At sequence, the antenna Cruise the above, value Sun-acquired the roll rate at the to the curves of approximately 720 deg/hr torques cycles. presented due Typical cruise during 235 roll mode, this deg/hr rate was the roll returned to the original reference

midcourse, the antenna the end of the midcourse angle of 70 .

Sun-Acquired During indicated positive approximately cross-coupled axis pitch 142 limit are

axis

was

uncontrolled. from The pitcha maximum value and in yaw negative

As of

period

changed command.

to a maximum observed cruise respectively. in the

Earth-acquisition of Sun-acquired 6-13,

effect

of the yawand

operation

in figures

6 12 and

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

8.0
._I

o rr lz u
"'0 rO 0 <_ ,--

4,0 0

-8.0 0.8 0.4 0 -0.4 -0.8 80.0 40.0

_J

LUd
ZOC Z><i[(_9 -i0

7
- _-40.0

ooE

a::"-8o.o
.-Io

,,,co zz Z W
I

8.0 4.0 0

-4._
02:30 02:54 03:18 TIME, FIGURE 6-12.--Yaw attitude control in Sun-acquired 03:54 GMT cruise, typical curves for August 31. 04:60 04:30

Midcourse Maneuver
As activated The verify was sample only the verified at the the midcourse and, maneuver sequence 1 hour available later, show the began the on September sequence of The and The by the 4 the was roll gyros were

approximately data or the

roll-turn transient polarity.

initiated. turn and polarity pitch-rate

telemetry negative by

stop

counterclockwise-turn sequence pitch-turn of

pitch-turn a 1-point

reacquisition of the

pitch

beginning

sequence.

autopilot

performance

143

MARINER-VENUS

1962

0.8 I .J 0 I-- u Z O_ 0.4 C -0.4 -0.8 '<E 8.0 zn,. z_-r (J 40 0 -4.0 -8.0 8.0 4.0 z iD'o q) o 0 -4.0 -8.0 80.0 40.0 0 -40.0 -80.0 02:30 02 : 54 03:18 TIME, FIGURE 6-13.--Pitch attitude control in Sun-acquired GMT cruise, typical curves for August 31. 03:42 04:60 04 : 30

_J

a:"

,,,o
zz zuJ -1_J

could was, ignition flight the

not

be verified verified that The the indicated

by telemetry by the the yaw

because trajectory gyro analysis and

of the analysis.

time which that

resolution data the was verified

of the point by at

data; motor the

it pre-

however, simulation. angle

One

saturated, indicated the

trajectory commanded

pointing

error vectors)

(i.e., was This

between

calculated

maneuver

54.3 mrad. This may be compared to the error is a measure of attitude control and

allowable autopilot

3a error of 80 mrad. performance.

144

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

...J

0
Z

4.C 0
u

n_

o<.
.-I

,,,d
Z)-

0.8 0.4 0 -04 -0.8 80.0 40.0

z n-

-!0

Z
u') o

0 _: .
or"

<t

-40.0 -80.0 8.0 4.0 0 -4.0 -8.0 00:30 00:54 01:18 TIME, O1:42 GMT cruise, typical curves for 02:60 02:30

--Jo wm <o_ T O
ZZ till

FmURE 6-14.--Yaw

attitude

control

in Sun- and Earth-acquired September 4.

Sun- and Earth-Acquired The torque the yaw shown yaw cruise

Cruise was essentially 28 0 normal; dyne-cm, dyne-cm. however, considerably The with gas the for the disturbance higher consumption preflight this estimate are than in

performance was of

experienced estimate

approximately approximately 0.0028 6-15, lb/day, of 6-16. and

preflight was in

approximately lb/day. figures Typical 6-14,

as compared cruise operation

of 0.0005

curves

parameter

145

MARINER-FENUS

1962

8.0
_1

o
rr"

4.0 0 -4.0 -8.0 0.8

0.4

l--u z 0 _ (..)"_ ,,o'o <E

,,,o"
ZCr z>-

!
,

I
1

1(..)

o -0.4 -08 80.0 40.0

Z Z)

0
w

oo- =
i,i Z "r 0

140lO --80.0 8.0 4.0 0

E
I

--40 --8.0 00:00 00:24 00:48 TIME, FIGURE 6-15.--Yaw attitude control OI :12 GMT cruise, typical OI 36

]
02:00 in Sun- and Earth-acquired September 15. curves for

The negative

pitch

cruise

performance level. The

was estimate The gas the

normal of pitch

except

for

a 1-mrad torque was

offset observed

of

the was

switching 44

disturbance in pitch

approximately 0.0042 ical lb/day, curves After disturbance of initial

dyne-cm.

consumption preflight are estimate presented 3,

approximately lb/day. 6-17 and indicated continued Typ6-18. a to

as compared pitch Earth cruise

with

of 0.00114 in the figures roll

operation on

acquisition

September l 1 dyne-em.

system

torque

of approximately

This

disturbance

146

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

of) X . e) <,ua_ i... _,-

0.8 0.4

Q.

_-

0.4
0.8

eo
-Jr._ E 4.(

"'

zIo '_ -r F- z -BO 08

U

i
!

0.4
I

_rv_
-0.4 -0.8

L
!

80 o Q0_ 4.0

I i 0 " -"" "" "" "" _" ""

w w

,,--I <z_ m

-8.0 23:00 00:00 OI '-00 TIME, 02:00 GMT cruise, typical curves 03:00 04:0(

FIGURE 6-16.--Pitch

and yaw attitude

control in Sun- and Earth-acquired for December 5 and 6.

decrease, manner;

and on September however, the roll

4 the roll system axis still exhibited

operated in the normal limit-cycle a slight torque of 6 dyne-cm. The

roll positional dead-band, with the nominal value shown in figures 6-19 and roll axis as a result of the figures 6-21 and 6-22.

as verified by telemetry, was +0.250 , as compared of +0.229 . Typical curves of cruise operations are 6-20. The effects of yaw-axis angle are cross-coupling presented into the in Earth-probe-Sun graphically

147

MARINER-YENUS

1962

0.8 __J 0 0:_ t-- u Z 0 _ 0.4 0

o%
E

-0,8 8.0 4,0 0 -4,( -8.( I 8.0 4.0 r /

"d w
zrt Z >.<_c9 -I" c)

Z D

<

z U3

-80

'
[ i
___, 0

_jff w o
Z

8o.o:
40.0

0 -40.0 -80.0

" I
00:30 00:54 01:16 TIME, GMT Earth-acquired 4. cruise, typical curves 01:42 02:60 attitude control in SunSeptember and

1
02:30 for

FIGURE

6-17.--Pitch

Nonstandard In the ably angle

148

Events coasting of the than the (which mode, preflight was the the attitude-control in the estimates. limited presence From by the were system a careful granularity estimated consistently torques of the study maintained considertelemetered

the

orientation higher

spacecraft severely disturbance

of disturbance

of the limit-cycle as follows:

performance

information),

torques

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

0.8
d 0 rY 0.4

I-- o
Z e

0 -0.4 -0.8 8.0 4.0 0 -40 -8.0 8.0 4.0

0 _ 0 _
"10

o
d

,,,d
z rr z >.<_ (,.._ T
(J

:7
o3 o

_-

-4.0 -8.0

'_
t.l..I

z
Z T

_ _

8o,0 40.0 0 -40,0 -80.0 00:00 00:24 00:48 TIME, 01:12 GMT ccuise, 0 I: 36 02:00

(J

FIGURE 6-18.--Pitch

attitude

control

in Sun- and Earth-acquired September 15.

Preflight estimate

typical

curves

for

Flight-analysis estimate

Pitch, Yaw, Roll,

dyne-era dyne-cm dyne-cm

....................... ........................ ........................

11 0 0

44 30 3 torques are: (1) magpoles of a magnet and and (3) gas-system

Among the suspected possible causes of these disturbance netic moment (the product of the distance between the the strength of either pole), (2) solar-pressure unbalance,

788-'825

0_11

149

MARINER-VENUS

1962

LJ
<_
rY

8.0 4.0 ....

1
t
L-r _' J
I

,
_-

_'_ E 0 rr
,..,J

-8.0 8.0

O "-c,

1 1

1 , r !

4
L

o,; _
< Z

4.0

o
-8.0

-r w 0

I rr

09

_- _
u..J I.T
(..9 (.9

-7.9
-8.5 -9.1 -9.7 00:00

!+.i!
' i

r
01:36

r !

-00:24. 00:48 TIME, 01:12 GMT Earth-acquired 15. cruise, typical curves for 02:00

FIC,URE 6-19.--Rol1

attitude

control

in

Sun-

and

September

leakage. consumption 6-23 solid

As to 6-25, line

a result was which actual

of the are

disturbance proportional of gas

torques to The the fact consumption

present torque-time as that, a

on

the product.

spacecraft, In of the time, rate

gas figures the of

directly

graphs consumption. than was

function cruise,

shows was

during the for data

consumption disturbance that the

higher than gas 100

estimated adequate to

corroborates The allowance the maintain if no

indicating of the the

higher was such spacecraft

torques remaining

anticipated.

contingency

attitude in

for approximately requirements The September yaw axes

days

beyond

encounter

change

attitude-control

occurred. attitude-control 8. of the The system disturbance, was responded which of sufficient to an probably magnitude unidentified centered impact about the gyro at 12:50 pitch on and

spacecraft,

to require

activation

150

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

u]
l-Or" q)

8.0 4.0 0 -4.0 -8.0 8.0

_ 0

__o
X
_J

2J E
0 O_
__J _J

0 02 <I

4.0

NE
Z <{ T U 0 taJ

0 -4.0 -8.0 -7.3

/
f

"N

"1Inr" < LU (.9

(/) o3 L_ = t-I (_9

-7.9 -8.5 -9.1 -9.7 23:00

00:00 O1:00 02:00 03:00 04:00

off:

TIME, FIGURE 6-20.--Roll attitude control in SunDecember

GMT cruise, typical curves for

and Earth-acquired 5 and 6.

to damp perfectly returned The nominal

the

control-system this cruise reference

reacquisition. disturbance mode (i. e., servo and, gyros

The after off).

attitude-control removing the

system transient

functioned produced,

during to the hinge

telemetry moved

measurement out after and to reset the

began attainment the the

to

deviate

from

performance angle. widely

as the Its

antenna deviation

of the

maximum measure-

Earth-probe-Sun ment The varied best

continued, were sent is that thus

telemetered reference

when for the

commands this discrepancy

hinge

angle. had

explanation path to

telemetry a

potentiometer variable impedance angle,

a leakage across hinge the

spacecraft A graph is presented

frame,

generating angle,

potentiometer. angle

of hinge in figure

Earth-probe-Sun

and

reference

6-26.

151

MARINER-VENUS

1962

C_ t<Z

8.0 4.0 0
t .

t
i

cc_
<z ', E ._J o n_
._J ._J

-4.0 -8.0

m E <z
IJ.J

<_ -i- L_J c.) -1In.,_ LJ u) 03 w z I--I-

,./-

._I(13 16:00 17:00 TIME, FIGURE 6-21 .--Roll attitude

18:00 GMT cross-coupling,

19:00

20:00

control showing effects of yaw-axis October 28 (afternoon hours).

typical

curves

for

During ness At date min, loss registered 14:34 has on not

the

first an

35 days 29, from the this

of flight, several the a DN cause. transient signal. degradation of the Earth

the

telemetered of magnitude telemetry

indication below of 63. time, sensor the measurement

of Earth expected

brightvalue. to for 3

intensity change

orders

September determined because

sensor Also, in the After was at

of intensity analysis came on

indicated

a step

of 6 to a DN this

Postmissidn the gyros

probably of the

Earth this

resulted Earth the design the

in a momentary sensor last performed 10 days of

Earth-acquisition although the some temperature

event,

the

normally, flight

apparent was

during above versus

because of the in figure

component measurements

specifications. level is

A curve shown

actual 6-27.

Earth-intensity

predicted

152

PERFORMANCE

OF

MARINER

II

SUBSYSTEMS

u_
(n G')

8.0 4.0-0

" 0 n_
_.1 .._,1

-4.0 -8.0 8.0 4.0

1 1
r

0"7 _<

k...

,l&

L/V

-_-v

--_
ILl

0
-4.0 -8.0 -7.3
v

,..'

z O Z _ <[ I u.J

j ........ \
1

"1Y

CO LLI

I-- CO z uJ v.T (D (-9 O _"

_1 133

-7.9 -8.5 -9.1 -9.7 .... 03:00 04:00 TIME, 05:00 GMT cross-coupling, 06:00

02:00

07:00

FIOURE

6-22.--Ro11

attitude

control

showing October 28

effects (morning

of yaw-axis hours).

typical

curves

for

POWER The was These

SUBSYSTEM Mariner energy from R power two subsystem the panels was equipment and and a logic designed on circuit to provide board which, the a central spacecraft. supply Power battery.

of electrical derived sources

to operate solar regulator power

rechargeable

(secondary) in turn,

fed a power

switching

fed a booster

regulator. The booster and a 400-cps sinusoidal units, The 6-28. utilizing 400-cps The the power battery

drove a 2400-cps amplifier. Users power supplied when supplied was

square-wave power amplifier provided transformer-rectifier their was from dc requirements. as shown available. the battery.
153

the 2400-cps source could

square-wave principally be recharged devices

to produce solar power

the ac motors, directly

in figure Power

to operate

pyrotechnic

MARINER-YENUS

1962

__

GAS WE GHT ATLAUNC.,*32 b ISUN ACQUISITION I / [

, "_... Is EART. ACQOIS,TION I I

---__SUN AND-- EARTH '-REACQUISITION

I I

--_-__

AFTER

DISTURBANCE

--

"

--T ....

-4__

ENCOUNTER SCIENCETI

......................... ..... _. 2o _ 0 I0 PREFLIGHT ACTUAL L 20 ESTIMATE CONSUMPTION I 30 i 40 | / | 50 60 FLIGHT TIME, I [ 70 days _ _ 80 . ___ 90 _ 1% I00 NITROGEN-PRESSURE TELEMETRY LOST ON DEC 9 22 20 _-L I10 ' L 120 130

FIOURE

6-23.--Attitude-control

system gas consumption

vs time.

I
/-TELEMETRY SATURATION

/CL ENCOUNTER
/ e II_ SCIENCE

..//<
120

z I 8O / I /

/
I

/I O IO 20 30 i 40 50

i 60 FLIGHT TIME,

70 days

80

90

I O0

I I0

I L 120

130

FIGURE 6-24.--Attitude-control

system

nitrogen

temperature

vs time.

The the the the

power

system electrical

was loads. spacecraft spacecraft

sensitive During was was

to

the the

orientation launch phase to face the

of the

the

spacecraft battery solar panels

and

to all the

required power, Sun.

supplied panels toward assumed

since When

the the

not Sun

oriented oriented,

the solar

154

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

/
n_ I-

=E -J o
bJ OJ

",_

_J UJ C_J

n,-

UJ 0_a

c_ _

zo

_
CD _

S
J
o
0

/
8 8
0!sd '3unss3ud

T
t",l I

g
N390_IllN

155

MARINER-VENUS 1962

ill J .0

_w

z b

>_,. Ud_
o

___
_Ue_-)

_ _,-

oo

\ \

o_
r--

_ ,!
,,..4
I ",,0

o
o

j.
I

o
o

/./.
o
bep

8
'319NV

_
39NIH

o
VNN3..LNV

IS6

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

7O

6C

:
50

"-T--.
f

4c

\ \

LSERIAL 3-POINT SYSTEM

NO. 4

EARTH

SENSOR FROM

CALIBRATION TEST DATA

u.i

\
\ \ \ IO --

\
o Io 20 30 4o 50

] .... t60 FLIGHT TIME, 70 days 80 90 I00 I I0

FIGURE

6-27.--Earth

sensor

intensity

vs

time.

load and recharged the battery. Again, during midcourse maneuver, to occur 7 to 10 days after launch, the anticipated orientation of the provided encounter, the system that the load would that be carried additional or, at best, shared would by the it was expected science loads

scheduled spacecraft At upon

battery.

be imposed

Lounch
The 06:53 provided Analysis put experiments of the acquisition spacecraft on occurred power panels were of solar-source was power August system 27; the operated solar until panels same after day. the end the normally were of the After during extended that mission revealed load. launch, at 07:37, time, that the the on January When the starting and solar power at Sun panels 3, 1963. outscience demand GMT

at 07:53

on the

to the spacecraft sufficient

characteristics on August

launch

to support

science

activated

29, an increase

of 13 w in power

was noted. The battery, which launch, was completely recharged Up to the time of Earth and acquisition at 150 w, as expected,

was discharged by approximately within 3.5 days at the estimated the power charger demand in parallel with

179 w during rate of charge. remained supplied 157

of the spacecraft the battery

the battery

MARINER-VENUS

1962

//
e

0 .)

I 0 4.4

? 0 0

158

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

the direct battery loads. When the Earth-acquisition executed on September 3, the power system provided 3-phase power to operate the gyros. The power because demand the was normal; no battery support the peak power Midcourse During performed the midcourse properly, maneuver, executed were sharing demand. occurred,

command was properly the required output of of the solar spacecraft were system able to panels

on September normal, and

4, the power the solar panels

system pro-

all power

demands

vided sufficient after the pitch and the motor firing load spacecraft

power to operate turn was initiated. was after approximately Sun orientation period

the gyros. Sharing with the battery occurred The battery power during the sharing phase 1.67 amp-hr. and supported The solar panels assumed the the spacecraft demand during

Earth-acquisition

of the midcourse

maneuver.

Cruise After level and midcourse fully dropped current maneuver charged, On the reducing October 4A12 31, power the the demand recharged charging telemetry to 3.9 returned rate to the cruise-mode 14 hours value the level previous of of panel

of 151.5 remained had v. The

w; the battery 2 ma.

was completely

in approximately to a "trickle" that operating from the indicated amp

approximately voltage 46.2

approximately of panel

8.4 v from increased

its previous

operating value of 1.92 amp, while the current of panel 4A11 read approximately zero. These new readings indicated that panel 4All had stopped providing solar power On available power feared that the point to the spacecraft. assumption indicated with of panel sharing that that 4A12 only (the one panel might panel with occur was the functioning, Solar cell calculation extension). should turning of the It was the spacecraft was operating if a load close to the maximumtransient appear.

power

the battery

On the basis

of this analysis,

it was decided

to transmit

RTC

off the cruise

science instruments in order to relieve panel 4A12 it to operate below its maximum-power point. the data that these causing received it was showed point that of panel that and panel 4A12 clamp 4A11 was circuit the operating results, it to receive remained panel

of a 13 w demand, thus enabling After the command was given, accepting had power from 4A12 and From 4A11, approximately developed at about the same. on panel

theorized power

a short

4A12

its maximum-power 159

MARINER-I,'ENUS 1962

point. Postflight one of the small (fig. output remaining panel On current and load results. condition 6-29). of both With

analysis of the flight data showed that the short circuit sections of the solar-cell array located near the spacecraft the loss of one was clamped section small near section on 4All. panel This 4All, voltage the panels the open-circuit produced level voltage

was in frame by the forced and

solar-power

series-connected

of panel

voltage All with

4A12 to operate at about its maximum-power November 8, panel 4A11 output returned telemetry conditions. On November indicating data indicated Science 14, the a shorted normal was turned on panel section readings telemetry panel on shortly

point. to normal. thereafter again The

for the temperature, readings 4All.

trajectory, satisfactory to the of panel

changed lowering

voltage because of the short circuit had caused the battery charger to become inoperative. The battery voltage dropped slowly, since there was a small continuous load of approximately 20 ma on the battery.

Encounter During despite the encounter short the on December in panel 14, the 4A11. power Although system performed data adequately were that not the

circuit

engineering

telemetered during total encounter-mode Postencounter On the from dicated frequency December loss of the 38.4 kc the power

encounter phase, there were strong indications load was being supplied by the solar panels.

30 the frequency

2400-cps of the in the

power-supply power-system which power of the signal,

frequency magnetic should have At increased

shifted oscillator. been this by

to 2195 This counted new

cps, indown

free-running

synchronizing cps requirements

to 2400

synchronizer. spacecraft

operating

approximately

16 w. The power dissipation of the booster power inverter and the transformerrectifier unit increased, as noted by the temperature rise. A stable condition was from reached the on January was 2, 1963, recorded. however, up and all time the temperatures the last remained RF signal constant for approximately spacecraft 24 hours, to the at which

PROPULSION
The reduce Mariner dispersion

SUBSYSTEM
R midcourse resulting propulsion from system was designed so that to remove a Venus or flyby

errors

Agena

injection,

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

SOLAR

PANEL

I I
J 3

I ft 2

SUSPECTED CIRCUIT

TO

SHORT FRAME

I
I.

!
//)//
FICUR 6-29.--Solar-panel connections.

with a sufficiently this function was 7 to 10 days attitude propulsion day and in order after system. in space

small miss distance could be reasonably to be performed during a single midcourse launch, and In during the that On which II the spacecraft impulse this sensor day Earth mission, would respond the to a corrective Mariner September the imparted This spacecraft's

assured. Nominally, maneuver, executed turn to a prescribed was delayed Earth the miss161

provided maneuver was after

by the midcourse 1 locked launch, pitch on the turns,

to insure successfully propulsion

not on the Moon.

4, the eighth commanded a velocity reduced

the Mariner and

II spacecraft midcourse 31 m/sec

executed system

roll and increment the

of approximately Venus

to the

spacecraft.

maneuver

predicted

MARINER-YENUS

1962

distance

of

some

386 232 of the 6-31 was,

km

(240 000

miles)

to

approximately is presented The as the rocket

32 186

km

(20 000 miles). A schematic 6-30, utilized midcourse and figure motor a liquid

midcourse

propulsion anhydrous a system regulator, engine

subsystem hydrazine,

in figure subsystem The fed by

is a photograph functionally, The principal a gas-pressure The rocket

of the

subassembly.

monopropellant,

propellant. engine,

constant-thrust

regulated gas pressure. nitrogen-gas reservoir, and a rocket the engine. accelerate

components were a high-pressure a propellant tank and bladder, a quantity actuated o f catalyst valves to were Explosively

contained

decomposition

of hydrazine.

used throughout the system. activated to initiate nitrogen pellant flow to the rocket

Normally closed explosively actuated pressurization of the propellant tank, engine, and to release nitrogen tetroxide explosively actuated of the propellant sequencing, preflight the

valves were to start profrom the were protank engine valves tank and

engine ignition cartridge. Normally open activated to terminate nitrogen pressurization pellant was flow to the rocket with engine. or mechanical during the In order ignition and simultaneously sary 6-II, for thrust and to avoid regulated through electrical nitrogen

propellant so that

prepressurized

operation

nitrogen pressurization one signal from the A summary pressures and

of the propellant CC&S; similarly, performance are

tank could occur one signal is necesis given in table in table 6-III.

termination. system

of engine temperatures

nominal

shown

The firing of the which received the

midcourse propulsion time, direction, and

engine was controlled by the CC&S, magnitude of the midcourse-motor had assumed was ignited originated as computed was jet-vane propulsion covering 6-32 controlled firing, actuators. subsystem temperature the period to 6-34. in

firing through the ground communication link. After the spacecraft the correct firing attitude, the midcourse propulsion subsystem (at by the the prescribed After spacecraft CC&S four attitude time) through an electrical increment signal. for the four signal had thrust During midcourse and parameters, in figures which been the termination was the CC&S. by the spacecraft The were and from the specified integrating velocity attained,

accelerometer,

by means telemetry The

of an electrical measurements and data

rocket-engine

was maintained temperature reduced termination,

by the autopilot-controlled pressure are plotted

nitrogen-tank pressure. launch

propellant-tank

for these

to mission

As depicted in figure 6-32, nitrogen-tank pressure remained constant up to the time of the midcourse correction, indicating a leak-tight system through

162

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

COMPONENTS I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 14 IZ ROCKET ENGINIE GN z FILL _I_LVE

IGNITION-CARTRIDGE IGNITION-CARTRIDGE IGNITION-CARTRIDGE iGNITION-CARTRIDGE iGNITION-CARTRIDGE PROPELLANT PROPELLANT SHUTOFF START

GN2 RESERVOIR ACTUATION OXIDIZER OXIDIZER VALVE VALVE FILL VALVE VALVE RESERVOIR FiLL VALVE

P_OI_ELLANT-TANK PROPELLANT TANK

PROPIELLANT-TANK PROPELLANT-TANK VALVE NITROGEN NITROGEN NITROGEN PRESSURE FILTER START

BLADDER PRESSURIZATION

_S t4 IS 16 17 18

REGULATOR

VALVE FILL VALVE NzH4.NzH5NO3 VALVE

NITROGEN-TANK NITROGEN NITROGEN TANK

SHUTOFF

INSTRUMENTATION PRESSURE Q (_ NITROGEN P_OPELLANT ) IGNITION TEMPERATURE TANK TANK

CARTRIDGE

Q Q O

PROPELLANT NITROGEN ROCKET

TANK TANK

ENGINE

SYMBOLS

{_

T_K)-WAY OPERATEDVALVE, EX_SIVELY

[_]

PRESET

REGULATO_

OPERATED ANGLE VALVE, BELLOWS

NIANLLALLY

_ (_

_ENT

NUMBERS NUMaERS

RESERVOIR

INSTRUMENTATION

FIOURE 6-30.--Schematic

diagram

of Mariner

R midcourse

propulsion

system.

163

MARINER-VENUS

1962

164

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

boost (as

and limited

during by the

the

8-day would

coast have load) of 61.05

period. supported and m/sec.

The resulted

near-nominal midcourse in the

and

constant correction predicted

nitrogen-tank velocity-increment

pressure

a maximum

propellant capability

maximum

Table 6-11.--Nominal performance (without jet vanes) for midcourse propulsionsystem

Vacuum Vacuum Vacuum Propellant Ambient Hot throat Stagnation Characteristic Engine thrust, specific thrust flow throat area, chamber velocity ratio expansion lbf .......................................................................... impulse, coefficient rate, area, lbm/sec ]bf-sec/lbm (based on .......................................................... hot throat area) ............................................ 50.7 235.05 1. 7558 0.21574 O. l 5 0. 1527 psia ..................................... 189.1 4306 44:1

.................................................................

in _ .................................................................... pressure (based (based on hot on hot throat area), area),

in s ........................................................................ throat fps ............................................

......................................................................

Table 6-111.--Nominal

pressuresand

temperatures

for

midcourse

propulsion

system

Nominal Component pressure, psia

Nominal temp., o F

Nitrogen Nitrogen Propellant Propellant Propellant N204

reservoir, reservoir, tank tank, tank,

at ignition ............................................... at termination (maximum duration ......................................................................... prepressurization operating at ignition ........................................... ..........................................

3000 run) ..................... 940 300 310 350 210

70 --20 70

.................................................

ignition

cartridge,

N20_ ignition Thrust-chamber Chamber convergent

cartridge, at termination ...................................... wall .................................................................... operating (represents stagnation pressure at entrance to nozzle

1800-1900 189

pressure, section)

.......................................................

The istic noted rate for

propellant-tank prior was to launch roughly days

pressure and after up

(fig. to the

6-33) time because Tests

maintained of the rise

the appears that

rising

characterThis 6-33 of a the the

midcourse

maneuver. in figure effect

of rise the first

3 to 4 psi/day; launch temperature.

no pressure of the

several

compensating the

decreasing

propellant-tank

indicate

tank-pressure

rise was due to hydrazine decomposition resulting from incompatibility with expulsion bladder containing the propellant. At the time of the maneuver,

MARINER-FENUS 1962

W 3J.NQODN3 ISO7 VIVO

AWVl

3NVqd

I _1

3WFISS3Wd 314Fl71V-I

_I

_o__ o o o o__ o
o z

73NVd

8V70SI_

o
o

q=I

VlVG

FII

i o I

!
o o

--

_-

q2

bs

_El-

o
_,_

__
--

W3An3NV_ 3S_N030

IItV

o e

co

_dm

IIISINODV

HI_I V3 o

uJ

I
C4

NO 03NWOI 3:DN31:DS 3SIN_IO

I_qu

_c

oo
0 0 N

oo
>INV1-N390WIIN

oo

o!sd

'3WI7SS3_1cl

166

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

i I

o o.

z 0-(

,,=, _ _
JW_ Ix 0 0-, WO

OZ _u_ t2 400

'
Ot i ----:3

I : I I'Z 300 ....

I :

I i i

i
W i i IOO 28 AU8

[
2 $ 4 S SEIPT FLIGHT TIME,days 8 ? 9 Io 20

_o
I OCT

4o

5o

6o 7o eogo_oo
I NOV I DEC

zoo

Figure 6-33.--Midcourse-motor

propellant-tank

pressure vs flight time.

propellant-tank propellant-tank pressure resulted no with ducted, was II This figure craft time time during and cation On flection, difficulties initial and, the predicted. basis transient. During

pressure

was

378 psia,

roughly

70 psi above

nominal

for an 80 F

temperature. This higher-than-nominal initial propellant-tank in a nonstandard starting transient for an 80 F firing; however, were predicted the course or, pressures of these tests, apparently, as high encountered testing, were shown as 550 psig transient as a result of this ignitions con6-35 of system type-approval the thrust setting, engine thrust with the engine

propellant-tank on the basis

successfully in figure of the

of the

pressure-regulator and nominal together resulted and thrust and Also, recorded vacuum

characteristics at a pounds starting m/sec, during verified, signal times. midcourse

Mariner deof burn predicted.

propulsion steady-state 6-35, mass of 28.3 being the shutoff the

system, thrust

performance of 50.54 predicted of 31.16 acquired were blips blips shutoff

10 jet-vane was and the the initiation were Further transient the

an engine

steady-state level, velocity-increment pounds, From ignition start were the

requirement data termination

space-

of 447.67 sec. motor roughly oxidizer-valve midcourse commands

in a predicted

midcourse-correction

Doppler-shift

midcourse burning of the recorded verifiis 167

maneuver, fuel- and

as predicted. signals maneuver.

Event-register the event at the operation

indicating

the fuel-valve

for the CC&S the

motor-start maneuver

appropriate during

of normal

propulsion-system

MARINER-VENUS 1962

bJ tY

I.m

oo o

bJ --I-m3< Z

el.. _E t4J I----

_ o>
z

._
:

mZ

Q_

--

o
._d

:=

="

:o
xO _(_Z_ _I3AN3NVtN 3SHIN03 OlIN --

xO

N OI.LISInDOv

/xO

__

KO_ _0 _0 ,,cO xO

4
e3 I

--

,,_0,_0 ,,=0 xO xO--

NO 03N_lnl 3ON310S 3sinN3

=o

o
o

o
_

o
_

o
ONV --1NV773dO14d

.4o *S3_N.LV_I3dlN3J.

NNVI--N390_.LIN

168

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

provided

by

the

postmaneuver

propellant-tank

and

nitrogen-tank

pressures

and temperatures. stabilization had pellant-tank

By using these pressures and temperatures occurred, together with the premaneuver and temperatures deflection, midcourse This the and a delivered maneuver, pressure valve the situation to close the nominal velocity

after temperature nitrogenand propredicted engine of 37.5 pressure perm/sec

pressures

formance at a 10 jet-vane was calculated. Subsequent decreased, figures the This 6-32 failure normally and and open to the the 6-33.

increment

nitrogen-tank increased, was

steadily in of

propellant-tank nitrogen-shutoff remaining of the pneumatic of the two tanks the midcourse two tanks

steadily

as indicated of a failure command. tank

nonstandard

the result in the

at the motor-shutoff nitrogen

permitted

high-pressure regulator involved predicted

to leak

slowly past the seat basis of the volumes in these mately tanks after 850 psia

into the propellant tank. On the and the pressures and temperatures an equilibrium pressure of approxiof 110 F. It at a temperature

maneuver, was

in the

appeared that the tank pressures were nearly equalized by the 80th or 90th day after launch, as indicated in figure 6-32, and that the predicted value of 850 psia were at 110 F was roughly of the propellant or observed impossible subsystem, weakness had that been the control that on expected verified. tank and as a result the Note that 850 psia was well below components, component or the squib, the squib squib valve and failed itself. no the burst pressure associated what squib, in the from closed difficulties in the the It is a failure and/or pressure were lost. transducer closely the as a

of the failure. : a relay of which such squib valve It is known,

It is essentially pyrotechnic however, connector, conjectured,

to determine existed blown normally

a design occasion, therefore,

as a result upon underwent open

actuation.

at midcourse ignition, damaging the neighboring, connector and rendering the nitrogen-shutoff valve As noted and in figures 6-32 pressure and 6-33,

normally inoperative.

the measurements 9.

of nitrogen-tank In addition,

propellant-tank

were

lost on December

the measure-

ments of attitude-control It is believed that these circuit The spacecraft shown result associated with, propellant-tank temperature 6-34 heating in figure of radiative

nitrogen pressure malfunctions were and common and history nitrogen-tank throughout of the

and antenna hinge angle caused by a failure in the four measurements. followed The temperature was temperatures the flight. from maneuver

to, these

"spike" the engine

at the

time

midcourse tank

anticipated

of the nitrogen

the engine

during

169

MARINER-YENUS

1962

IO-deg

JET-VANE FOUR ZERO

ANGLE

/ -J ANGLE/

(ALL

JET VANES) JET-VANE

40 NOTE I. : OXIDIZER VALVE, VALVE 0 sec (IMPULSE VALVE CLOSED)=

N 2 VALVE, AND ALL

PROPELLANT OPEN AT _MPULSE PROPELLANT N 2 VALVE +2__4 Ib-sec IS AND ARE

--

2.

TAILOFF AFTER AND 6,79

3. 5O --

THRUST 15 sec N 2 VALVE VALVE

CONSTANT TIME AND AT

BETWEEN WHICH

PROPELLANT

ARE

CLOSED

n_ I

4.

DELAYS: FROM SIGNAL VALVE FROM VALVE CC&S TO OPEN PROPELLANTOPEN RISE CCS_S TO TO = 20 STOP PROPELLANT=85 _+45 ms THRUST -Z-_5 ms START PROPELLANT= 85 +_4-,5 ms

20

START FROM SIGNAL VALVE FROM SIGNAL VALVE 5 IMPULSE =69288 JET-VANE

CLOSED CC&S TO OPEN FROM Ib-sec

START PROPELLANT= B5 0 TO +_4,5 ms

14 sec IO-deg

WITH

DEFLECTION

6 TIME,

7 sec

I0

I I

12

15

14

FIGURE 6-35.--Midcourse-motor

predicted

thrust

vs time.

170

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

burn

and

of heat engine

soak shutdown.

from

the

engine

to the

nitrogen

and

propellant

tanks

following

CENTRAL COMPUTER AND

In the Mariner R spacecraft,

SEQUENCER
the computation and command of all time-

sequenced events central computer three launch CC&S through

(except the science experiments) were performed by the digital and sequencer. All events of the spacecraft were activated in (1) The launch (2) the sequence, midcourse which controls events from which the cruise mode; propulsion sequence,

sequences:

controls the midcourse trajectory-correction sequence, which provides required commands of Venus. The This the the the time power various three operating CC &S base at 307.2 subsystem subsystems. the CC&S sequences. also was kc. provides supplied This and The determines Figures the by a frequency control the 6-36 basic

maneuver; for data for down to 2400 provides

and (3) the encounter collection in the vicinity the spacecraft to 38.4 and the at subsystems. in the CC&S in by rate time a in block

timing

crystal-controlled is divided down again oscillator issuance and 6-37

oscillator 400 basic the

kc for timing cps for use counting right

is divided

by which diagram The has been

of commands present,

respectively,

and a photograph of the central discussion of CC&S performance separated into four flight

computer and sequencer. during the Mariner II flight Launch, midcourse,

to Venus and

phases:

cruise,

postencounter.

Launch
At from clock 3 min served tiated launch. at 16_ approximately the blockhouse 12 counting launch in the hours with prior the Two and after the minus CC&S, to the release 12 min, in order closest of the 1215 update pulses encounter to Venus. current in the were start The inserted time CC&S obAt iniafter the 171 at

to set the approach inhibit

approximately began

blockhouse

prior to launch. as programmed, 44 rain as was antenna and was correctly, The hours

minutes later, the clear-release command was the CC&S was declared in a go condition. launch, the solar-panel-extension power-up pulse hours was command initiated command was attitude-control update 16_ every at 60 min hours,

approximately

reference-angle repeated

as programmed

thereafter.

At 166_

MARINER-VENUS

1962

_,,-'_

ulw

I.

z,_,_ "z__ _o_ _oo

_uz >

C > o: --<I _r ,_I __c _ _ .J arl It i= U

F_o
wo

= 6 t_____ i_.iL
IFI_I E

t
F-

_J_

"o

.L._

_I

m_

172

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

t"-

173

MARINER-VENUS 1962

Earth-acquire zation reference phase the boost Midcourse The

command point)

was sync

initiated. times prior affect

Monitoring and subsequent the stability

of the DO to launch

(data

synchronithat

indicated

did not noticeably

of the clock frequency.

following

midcourse

maneuver

parameters

were

inserted

in the

CC &S roll, 795 a velocsequence and was 5,

by ground command prior to the start of the maneuver: 51 see of minus sec of minus pitch, and 1033 accelerometer pulses to give the spacecraft ity increment of 31.16 m/see. At approximately 22:44 on was the activated. by the The pitch roll followed maneuver for Sun The September began and 4, the 1 hour was mode midcourse later, given, again maneuver

maneuver

as programmed, At 00:27 and the spacecraft with after

the motor

burn. was

on September Earththe

CC &S command

reacquisition cruise

began start

its reacquisition

maneuver.

established 3}/3hours

reacquisition command by the of the midcourse maneuver. The lnination

CC &S, as programmed,

designed resolution of the telemetry of the accuracy of the turn durations

data was not fine enough for deteror computation of the motor-burn

duration; only burn durations, commanded. midcourse

the occurrence was indicated. However, the turn and motoras indicated by telemetry and within telemetry resolution, were as Doppler data indicated compiled that by the DSIF the motor-burn tracking duration stations was during longer the than

manuever

commanded. The long outside, as well as within, tion to this error (1) The possibility (2) register CC &S; since might that

burn could have been the CC &S subsystem. been made all of the acceleronmter of the The

caused Within pulses feedback would motor not did

by a number of errors the CC &S, a contribuanomalies: by the with in were circuit appears normally burn. have not sensed associated more be evident No explanation accepted acceler-

have

by one or both of the following

a momentary

malfunction

the velocity the rollis available ometer Cruise During DO 174 sync and

in the CC &S. of the register durations, if the pulse

first explanation circuit

probable,

a malfunction

feedback

pitch-turn as to why especially

as well as in the momentarily characteristic

the CC &S might

pulses,

not change.

cruise, times

both

the antenna

reference-angle

update check on

commands the operation

and the of the

were

monitored

as a continuous

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

CC&S. mand and again

Figures limits and

6-38 DO

to 6-41 sync times,

present

graphs encoder a

of CC&S in telemetry C-deck radiometer one frame The

antenna data. On picked

update October

com13

as observed

on December

28, the data

counter

up an extra sequence. resulted in in figures

count resulting This caused the a 37-see shift in

from noise generated by C-deck counter to overflow the observed DO sync the sync times not affected the sync times in figures

calibration too soon and dashed curves

times.

6-39 to 6-41 represent calibration noise had curves of normal DO

which C-deck 6-38

would have been observed if the counter. The solid and dashed to 6-41 fall between the respective number because, 82. Update number under normal operaantenna reference No the not diserror Appear-

antenna reference update limits, except 82 should also have bracketed the DO tion, update reason same counter have placed The during the DO sync time which for the DO late sync-time which provides should be the command is known error as the which overflowed DO

for update sync curve same

as the errors

in the

were due to the fact that this event sync, the which cyclic of time was occurred timing

CC&S clock-frequency error. did not appear to occur with a few for the minutes update later. command would CC&S have The could been

CC&S

because curve

all subsequent used in figure

commands the

by the same the flight,

amount

(11 to 48 sec). to calculate 6-42 versus ti'equency of flight. the day

is plotted

ing on the the graph A graph sented mation assembly possibly

same graph is a curve of case IV temperature. It is apparent from that the CC&S frequency error was proportional to temperature. error Here, to the versus the temperature dashed line The for the represents made differences on Mariner the I I flight II is preapproxiCC&S could time have to to 6-43. prior a straight-line Mariner between

of frequency in figure of two

temperature

measurements flight.

at a time be explained

the curves between the which could analysis

as follows:

1. There at which the contributed 2. obtain On start Some

was some aging of the CC&S oscillator crystal static measurements were made and the flight, slightly error to the was, frequency 12, the the which CC&S. was difference. introduced by the graphical update on December to launch, were perhaps, error. antenna Two reference-angle days later, prior failures

used ceased encounter-

the CC&S December by

command 14, the also failed

be generated command, It is possible, cause within

set for this date that these

to occur.

and quite probable, the CC&S.

attributable

to the same

175

MARINER-VENUS

1962

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Zn,<:[ UJ -_--0 _zZ O u.I I._1 -WW -UUO_W w n" z_ G

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062 382
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176

PERFORMANCE

OF

MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

t@ c I

i/ /
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06

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o.----_ c i
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og8

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uJ r,,O IJ..IZ Z_--LiJ

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177

MARINER-VENUS 1962

I o-,--i-,,,o2_t i

lSEI

o--------.o99_1
o,.,,L I .--,o n_1

I
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I
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/ / ,ZZl
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q.----c/zll_
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L
Jgll--

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o._ J
hll-- Z z ends __ww

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. .

J
z_

7(.9 t_

io_t, I
o--_1_-,o I! I _

""_i_,.,
J_ _Lo 09 O n_ Uj'r

-8

o/--o-- o ,II o801 /

x%oo,,
ozoI

o:u

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178

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

''I
I

i l I l

l l

G_

| I I l I I I

.0

I
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I I I

LL--

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w_ZZ .._1_ m:_ _Ww fro _ bJZ -

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m_ 0 _00 00" Q. n'IZ U_ 0

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ogt_l
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,_Ot_l 06I_!_0V o o I o _ _ I o _I" i o ! o 0 I O NVIN_Q3 o _ I o _ I 31V_d_ 0 I VNN31NV 0 I

0_s 'blO_IU3 HOO7D 179

MARINER-VENUS

1962

-6
0

'3WNIVW3dI_31

I
,
1 I o1
o

0! -o o_
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up 0 0

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oJ 0 0

d S_O3

(07 _Zo:qVNI_ON)

% '_dO_l_13 ADN3nO3w4

180

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

ii
I

0
, ! i 0

() 0 '
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///

0 0
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'EIOEIEI3 AON3nD3EI-I

MARINER-VENUS 1962

If such a single failure is assumed, then it must have occurred somewhere between the 38.4-kc signal (since it was still present at that point) and the -,/3--a'/_'r'i pulse point in the counter chain. common to both the cyclic-update probable area 50 cores, tantalum It changed voltage parison reliable, likely given signals, telemetry cause would are of malfunction 40 diodes, capacitors. is most value levels with but causes any except data unlikely enough at which their a change of failure. hint as to the the event for failure that these a resistor the components ratings. semiconductors, received nature are directly is limited. exact pulses, analysis characteristics and of the or a glass normally Magnetic cannot tantalum and f/ailure. back capacitor since cores the are be operate opened, average is quite generally ruled capacitors analyzed Because to Earth, out. shorted, power low or and to cause malfunction, the The and -,/3--al/h r signal encounter-start failure. components: is the last counter commands. The within the 160 resistors, pulse most

be a component following capacitors,

Included

suspected and 4

51 transistors, resistors,

25 glass

21 temperature-sensitive

in comtemmost have CC&S

maximum in core resistors,

considered The are the to date no

perMute-sensitive

No data

by telemetry CC&S telemetered

use of the

Postencounter At One signal ponent 17:28 on December among type 30, others, As before, discussed sources or changes the the 2.4-kc could the above, power have more with been the frequency the went out of sync. sync and a

possible from failure

cause, the of the

loss of the cause would

38.4-kc

CC&S.

probable

be a com-

addition

of a crystal

transformer

as possible events with

of malfunction. were noted in the CC&S 3, 1963. up to the time of final

No further communication

spacecraft

on January

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
The Doppler available telecommunications capability, and

SUBSYSTEMS
subsystems angle from were designed (3) to provide command The thus (1) two-way and

(2) automatic engineering data

tracking, the

capability, limited

(4) scientific measurements 182

spacecraft. the capability phases,

bandwidth or deleting some data

on an interplanetary as a function

mission of specific

implied flight

of adding transmitting

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

only when measurements A study munications of 6107 km communications with a variable At cations necessary transmit launch could

needed and accommodating required for system evaluation of the possible million Earth-Venus have miles). subsystems (37 282 would

the scientific in a reliable trajectories

data and yet flexible that maximum over

engineering manner. the telecoma distance available system

revealed of operating of the that was which system

to be capable A prediction

system capacity data-transmission and until such

at this distance showed rate was required. time as attitude antenna performance telecommunications control system, during

a telemetry achieved, it was,

communitherefore, to be maneuver. it must

not depend

on the

high-gain

directional

antenna;

to provide information

an omnidirectional on spacecraft for the

was also required was that

the midcourse

A further

requirement

compatible with, |nstrumentation carrier certain limits, and

and utilize to the fullest Facility. Compatibility that the the that modulation

possible extent, the existing with the DSIF required modulation not completely automatic requirements, system consisted transducers, operation of the spectrum suppress angle the of

Deep Space that the RF within The receipt

be phase-modulated,

be confined the carrier. and tracking

latter requirement of the required Within system ground Figure cations was transponder, support the

was necessary to insure two-way Doppler. bounds of the The used foregoing flight to verify

telecommunications a data the encoder, associated components. telecommunia and of flight

implemented. a command equipment

assembly,

antennas, proper block diagram components.

6-44 shows the functional system and ground support

spacecraft

Data Encoder Subsystem

The data digital signals tive count conditioned encoder was designed to accept approximately from the spacecraft, in addition to accepting and 50 analog and keeping a cumula-

of an unspecified number and encoded these signals the data modulation in addition reconstruction for

of uncorrelated event pulses. It then to a common 7-bit digital format, added purposes, subcarrier a unique bit sync, of the words. and two and performed with the 7-bit pattern these binary of pulses were 6 45 also and signals timedata during placed on the 6 46, 183

unique codes into sequential biphase words. each ground The work period

identification of a sine-wave generated and data combination of the

pseudo-noise subcarrier.

generator Proper

to word

_m a separate enabled

Figures

MARINER-VENUS 1962

COMMAND n,.

VERIFY

COMMANDS

o _> __ i Q a U

z 0 )z (1: LL _ 0 U3 Z 0 I-0 z :E

_j----n

0 Lu _1 W t--

!
7

_o 2

<_

b
0

-l-I
<[ -I n," .fI i c

U_ w 0 IJ

i
HARDLINE DATA I _' COMMANDS (3 J z q) uJ n x bJ 0

_0

(1:,_

gg w

n_ (.9 z -i-

184

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

]
I I
1 I I

I I

_J11!111

i i
l

I
w_

185

MARINER-VENUS 1962

DATA I i BI NARY-TODECIMAL CONVERTER RECEIVEDVALUE DECIMAL READ-OUT

I
DECK SYNC I I SYNC WORD ! COMMUTATO SYNC COMMUTATOR R POSITION PRINTER

-] I I I

!I I
I

I I I
I
I
I I

I
ENCODER INPUT S I M ULA TOR -D COMMUTATOR POSITIONINDICATOR LAMPS

DATA CONTROL AND DATA DETECTION BIT AND WORD SYNC RATE COUNTER

MARINER R DATA ENCODER

1'
I I I I I J

I I I I

I CONTROL SIGNALS

I
WORD of data encoder ground support

2400-cps POWER SUPPLY

BIT

AND

SYNC

FIGURE 6-46.--Block

diagram

equipment.

186

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

respectively, equipment. The Anomalous the A total flight. flight

present

block

diagrams of the data

of the

data

encoder was for

and the

its ground most part

support normal.

operation did

encoder

events

not prevent

successful

completion

of the

mission.

of 18 nonstandard Of the 18 events,

events were registered 14 can be correlated

in the event counters during with radiometer calibration with the remaining of noise to a malencoder event event used registers; counter.

sequences. One event occurred three events unexplained. Since into the function the primary data that encoder, apparently as an noise in the source

at the time of Sun acquisition, of these anomalies from lines circuit have seems the noise. circuit

to be the injection events The for leading data the the

it is informative originated input-signal input

to study

a differentiator consequently, During sensitive countered together this did that these Noise, "skipping" like most In figure rate word insertion of the

conditioning could

triggered

the testing of the spacecraft, it was found that the to most transients and would react in a manner in flight. with added not eliminate on nonstandard probably of the of the 6-45, and Rearrangement filtering, improved the the occurrence were decks. events, B, and word 2.4-kc events and the of false occurring power circuit When be traced shift The rate. elimination operation counts. prior

event registers were similar to that en-

of the noisiest inputs, of the counters; however, System-test records caused show the cycle. at the the

to launch. encoder, occurred calibration are clocked controls it could,

to the data to a radiometer registers master which that

commutator nonstandard decks 1/20 can A, of the

this phenomenon

C are

programmer

of a 1 into commutator

the shift registers be closed

in such

a manner

no two input

switches

simultaneously. cycle remaining unchanged, master counter was not inserted and reset by at noise. the 2.4-kc which -t-6-volt the master time power is the power proThe of investigation transients transient operation in the supply, in the of

When a deck but with no output into exact lines supply the shift process affected supply leads to

was skipped (the commutation for any input) the 1 from the of that this deck, or was was believed +6-volt The concerning dc induced the abnormality

register causing However, the data for the an

inserted under that

this report. collector

it is generally encoder's flip-flops.

unregulated

uncertainty

grammer, as well as the shift registers. This abnormality was also present during testing prior to launch. In addition, there was anomalous behavior in the data encoder that could not be linked to noise.

187

MARINER-VENUS

1962

On December failure, nitrogen was The the With supply channels source causing pressure,

9, four these was

telemetry lost;

channels a DN however,

exhibited of 1. the sample

an apparent Channel rate D4,

data-encoder attitude-control

channels also

to read

for this measurement

approximately 1 hour, making indications from telemetry were second the 37-sec transducer data B3 except (fig. 6-47). on cycle period shown, completely encoder (antenna This failure failed,

explanation of this failure more difficult. that a transducer shorted sometime during causing the a loading fuse in the was the of channels B4 and and B7. 3-v position of spacecraft-excitation supplied 6-45 from erratic for the

shorted, resulting could 29. reference),

in the

in a loss of all pressure which previous

a different behavior spacecraft

explain Refer

channel B9 mechanization

September 26 and of these channels.

to figure

+3-V REGULATED S UPPLY

TELEMETRY

FI

ANALOG -TOD IGITAL CO MPARATOR

1
DATE ENCODER FIGURE 6-47.--Data

I
I I encoder failure area. SPACECRAFT F I = BUSSMAN GFA, 1/20 amp

The four The

event

register are counter

and

logic

block the the fifth

in figure being

6-45

incorporates unit event counters

five counters, for a count-of-4. and controls 20 filled

of which two-stage

count-of-16, develops

a two-stage for the

address

all the sampling The CC&S

gates for these counters. update event that was expected

to occur

on November

188

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

register would vated result This

10/3, for a total count in all registers of 6-1-15-14. not have created a problem; however, after continuous temperatures was loading excessive would consequently, for not 85 days, of the the counter some most degradation counter significant was through digit loading the address operated the of the

Normally, this operation at eleThe gates. counter only two sampling address

to be expected.

allow

to toggle;

as a count-of-2,

allowing

registers to be sampled. This condition prevailed when a nonstandard event occurred, as previously 10/3 for a readout of 6-1-0-14. The new count operation was and December values channels. nals, which Seven mates, at data occurred, Lower

for approximately 12 hours, described, resetting register the gates, and normal on November 23 in the resistance for the in all reference the sig-

unloaded

resumed. The changes in data number received 2 are believed to have been due to a change used anywhere in the else signal-generating would the the have design resulting dates on caused circuits a change

of components A change did

not occur. exceeded encounter, with range, based in saturated which the on original estioutput from the saturated November November December December December December December output 18 25 2 9 11 12 13

temperatures had the time of Venus These channels, were as follows: shield

encoder.

thermal

................................

Antenna yoke ...................................... Earth sensor ....................................... -X solar panel (front) .............................. +X solar panel (front) .............................. Plasma experiment .................................. Attitude-control nitrogen.. ...........................

Radio Subsystem The RF power antenna, circuits, The transmit coherent The radio subsystem incorporated antenna, in figure transmitted a signal 6-48. radio (RF) system signal from was which was to receive transmitter was either coherently and oscillator. selected 189 to phasefrom an Earth-located a and phase-coherent antenna, associated transponder, a high-gain control and cavity directional monitoring

amplifier,

a low-gain

transmitting

a command-receiving arranged purpose back with to the as shown of the signal Earth received spacecraft

a phase-modulated

phase-modulated or derived mode

a crystal-controlled automatically

transmitter's

phase-coherent

of otSeration

MARINER-YENUS

1962

-] r_
I x_

18_1

.._
.2

.2o

I
o

[]

190

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

whenever 890-mc the was then The spacecraft spacecraft the crystal

the signal.

transponder If the was to the

receiver transponder turned crystal from on

acquired receiver oscillator. the

lock lost

with lock and

the the

Earth-transmitted the 890-mc signal, signal to the of from transmitted was was the and Mariner routed received

with

oscillator referenced demodulated command commands. data

automatically, transponder for decoding modulation This signal

signal decoder The encoder

receiver and signal modulated scientific the

system transponder system.

subsequent

issuance transponder engineering II power

spacecraft

transmitter measurements The The creased however, etry data dc. This increase. The cerned, and the encounter. RF

carrier and, were then subsystem of case Telemetry

via this link, the spacecraft transmitted to Earth. operated II 1 db, that data normally from that throughout the 960-mc of

flight. de-

temperature

increased indicated possibly the was within

85 F at launch the

to 152 F at Venus temperature of the system. increase; Telem0.2 v

transmitted

approximately also indicated

as a result the design

this 1-db decrease

tolerance estimated

automatic-gain-control

voltage for

decreased the

AGC voltage shift was the amount All other functions were normal. events are actually of interest, indicating received links. communication, strength applied predictions of the midcourse event spacecraft-Earth this tolerance signal-power turn the took as far as the agreement signal strength overall for both

temperature

communications between the

system the

was and

conthe

those

or disagreement

theoretical

Earth-to-spacecraft

spacecraft-to-Earth For the time curred Since low-gain minacy During this within

spacecraft-Earth the cumulative the the pitch

a comparison demonstrates to the really fell theoretical

between good outside when into one the

the

actual at The bounds nulls

and least only ocof the

theoretical at which during

received-signal

agreement, numbers. these RF of the relative null

maneuver, vector demonstrates were lost; the

lock was lost. indeterregions. that to the was

this maneuver transmitting with Earth which from signal with

antenna, the antenna

characteristics was This again by switching

known however,

in the from the the roll

reacquisition, premature was the transmitting

RF lock antenna.

it is believed low-gain because search

resulted

spacecraft later when

the high-gain spacecraft terminated

loss presented of Earth.

no problem,

reacquired complete

a few minutes reacquisition

191

MARINER-gENUS

1962

Command Subsystem The ponder command in the form subsystem received command (PSK) information subcarrier and the bit presented from a coded the trans-

of a phase-shift-keyed

reference

frequency, detected the decoded the commands.

serial binary bits, recovered These commands were then isolated solid-state-switch subsystem were derived spacecraft power unit. divided functionally and demodulated (2) a command

timing pulses, and to the appropriate

subsystems by means of required by the command powered The command extracted from the central command detector, the bit

closures. All de voltages from a transformer-rectifier into three units: the PSK subcarrier which decoded (1) A and the

subsystem was which filtered timing pulses;

decoder,

commands and supplied the command users; and housed the command eters to be telemetered decoder commands are presented is given

both the commands and (3) a transformer-rectifier. telemetry to Earth. circuit, Block 6-49 and

appropriate timing pulses to The command detector also

which conditioned the detector paramdiagrams of the command detector and 6-50, respectively, and a list of available

in figures in table

6-IV. Mariner R ground commands

i

Table 6-1V.--Available

Designation

Command

(-)
RTC-1 RTC-2 RTC-3 RTC-4 RTC-5 RTC-6 RTC-7 RTC-8 RTC-9 RTC-I RTC-11 RTC-I SC-I SC-2 SC-3 2 0 Roll override hinge to to override hinge override antenna maneuver antenna

Clockwise L-band L-band Initiation Encounter Cruise Sun Cruise Unused

Counterclockwise low-gain

directional of midcourse mode

mode acquisition; science spare roll pitch velocity turn, turn, duration, duration, and and polarity polarity off unlatch relay solar panel and radiometer; unlatch/reset

Earth-acquisition

Earth acquisition Midcourse maneuver Midcourse Midcourse maneuver maneuver

increment

RTC

denotes

real-time

command;

SC denotes

stored command.

192

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

1
1 ,

e_

-r

193

MARINER-VENUS 1962

_n _E b.J o3 o9 en

INHIBIT o SIGNAL CONTROL INHIBIT CONTROL COMMAND SWITCHING REAL-TIME I2 TO L OUTPUTS REAL-TIME USERS

b3 o I(._ t._ F-

SYNC SIGN _L__

_[ CIRCUITS SYNC

COMMAND

r
PROGRAM CONTROL

_ELAYEDJ SYNC SIGNAL

'

e'_ Z :E O L) O nr COMMAND ib DIGITS ADDRESS DECODER

J
i i TEMPORARY[ STORAGE l

I
STORED DIGITS ;-.CC8,S SWITCHING COMMAND , { TO CC&S

FIGURE 6-50.--Simplified

block diagram

of command

decoder

subassembly.

Basic fact that command attained transmitted

to an

understanding

of the

command

subsystem

operation

was

the the be was

any command detector was only if command

transmitted to the in lock. However, modulation To was minimize

spacecraft command applied

was inhibited unless detector lock could signal which of a false command,

to the radio

to the spacecraft.

the probability

command modulation was applied or if a checkout of the command infrequently was required during standby the state in an energized

only if command transmission detector was desired. Since Mariner I[ flight, portion the for the greater of the

was anticipated, commands were subsystem flight.

command

The performance of the in addition to the command illustrated command malfunction. perature observed. The failures
194

command subsystem flow

link involved several proper. The most shown flight with exceeded in figure the

items of equipment important items are 6-51. The overall test temwas of a hardware performance were

in the subsystem limit analysis and that

command completed

diagram

the entire

no indication type-approval

Although before

its temperature encounter,

no degradation subsystem adhered reveals closely

in subsystem that there

of the command the performance

no discernible case.

to the nominal

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

/_T_

COMMAND COMPOSITE SIGNAL

/ I IsP c c. T
ANTENNA SPACECRAFT COMMAND COMMAND J " _ I RECEIVER TRANSPONDER COMPOSITE COMMAND 890 - mc TRANSMITTER SIGNAL COMMAND SUBSYSTEM t (READ-WRITEGROUND VERIFY)

I I

I COMMAND I I OUTPUTS

Jl SUBSYSTEM

COMMAND

WORDS VIA I OPERATIONS CENTER TELETYPE[SPACE FLIGHT

lr

DSIF

STATION R command flow diagram

FIGURE6-51.--Mariner

SCIENTIFIC

EXPERIMENTS carried six institutions. scientific experiments representing the efforts of the the

Mariner II scientists at nine

One of the important considerations in choosing these experiments was compromise between what scientists would have liked to measure during 1962 mission and total could what weight was technologically which could to scientific possible. experiments. For example, trajectory, 460-pound 40 pounds be placed in a Venus only

of the original about

be allocated

Data Conditioning System The designed Mariner data to II conditioning gather spacecraft The were: and four system prepare basic (DCS) the the functions was a solid-state instruments for presentation by the DCS conversion, electronic on system board the

information

from

scientific performed (A-to-D)

information

to telemetry for the scientific digital-to-digital 195

for transmission. instrumentation

Analog-to-digital

MARINER-VENUS 1962

(D-to-D) acquisition. The was the counter framing the provided experiment, The of data ment,

conversion, transformed center for the the data, of the

sampling data DeS were

and

instrument-calibration into (2) a an PN eight-stage This generator Data

timing, shift register for

and

planetary which as and and The (1) and (4) antiming plasma sensors. by transfer experia

loaded

register, acted subframing

data-handling storage conditioning from the three by

section.

A-to-D for the the data were

conversions, planet-acquisition

(3) buffer

for the digital-to-digital function. system radiometers, the Des appear and was circuitry, in parallel magnetometer

conversion, formats 6-52. the solar (1)

comparator within

in figure sensors, three received with

alog voltages

sampled the infrared

and microwave sampled power-on

temperature dust

digital from and

information plasma

the magnetometer

scale-indication indicator,

the cosmic

the solar

the shift register; chamber; ionization inA the by with 1.5 v

(2) by time-interval and (3) by counting chamber, struments binary-clock Detection comparing the digital the during were three Sampling bit-synchronization signal. of the

measurement of pulse data different reset by from by a

between pulses from the ionization from the particle detectors plus the intervals. and clock calibration and data associated encoder of the was was the went

time

intervals, generated pulse

commands, binary the the of the voltages.

scientific logic. for used

matrix

spacecraft microwave analog If the

planet reading of two

radiometer signal analog from voltages

performed instrument above

digital

equivalent

the scan speed was switched to a lower rate. 2.25 v and then dropped below 1.5 v for more was reversed. scan data The had If the analog back voltage to high and system remained speed. employed required sec, the was switched conditioning components, of 3200

When the voltage went above than 20 sec, the scan direction below 1.5 v for more 325 power. the mission and than 160

approximately 2.5 w of raw throughout

transistors,

a total The Des

appeared

to operate

satisfactorily

accomplished in the data. analog the second which problem appeared

its mission objectives; however, The first anomaly observed was particularly was the those occasional with from skip the the appeared to be related

two types of anomalies were noted the apparent "cross talk" between radiometer effect clock subsystem. of some monitor, grounding Basically, kind. The

channels, anomaly

to a grounding in the postulated

a phenomenon problem.

to be connected

196

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

SF SF I . E_q 2"2

hS 'l[[ll ,F
I
c2 -887 48,

]1 s, II
04 {CRU)SE ) 84 sec ,ec (ENCOUNTER) PF HI S

II
I
2 )C,: _._

MASTER

F_A_E

_._

p_

i_sic

........ WORDS 5_6

sE2-'
SF2ID

Se_z
PFI [

s'23
PFI 2 221 --_20

[
SF I 76 96 Ilc _

Srz4
IC cl (C} {E)

SF2-S

s'26
SUSCOMMUTATOR PF IVPF )H m,_ I

SF2-1

SUBCOMMUTATOR pF H/pF Ill

SF2ID

....
SF2

121,1, ) oIGI, Is Is I_1,, l._l,_l,.l.sL,_l,,li.[.si_ol_,

SF-10 / pL iC _ SUSCCC,tMUTAT MF_ID. PET _i, OR IC c SYMBOLS RI Mj_ )RTH MI _SP FC PS ED/M MI IR I R_ mR 2 IRTC PL

w5 SF2 ) PN PFI SF 2 . c'( SF2Q (5 BITS 0 82 _c _I S _TS 96_ ICE

W6 PN

W5 PN I _CCC S 6_TS IEcc i I 0 0

W6 PN

W_ PN _I IS 8ITS OgZ _1_

W6 PN

W5 PN I t '_ _v_I ___

W6 pN

C CD,_I FC IC IR IRTC IRTN

CRUISE COSMIC D4JST/MAGNETOMETER ENCOUNTER FRAME COUNT ION C_A_BER INFRARED INFRARED RADIOMETER RADIOMETER CALIORATJON_PLATE HOUSING TEMPERATURE SCALE

;
I 0

IBITS I % '
96wcj ICE 0

SOTS I

TEMPERATURE INFRARED RADIOfllETER

PF SF2 " -

l(

IC

I O

PFll I IS SITS Oe2 lec PF_)i S BiTS O 96_,:J I O

_ _

_ I

--

MT MF PF _ PS

MAGNETOMETER MASTER FRAME ,c_.RT_GLE FLUX PL=OMA PSEUDO POWER - NO4SE SENSOR

ELECTRONICS

TEMPERATURE

O821KIS BITS

SC_lTS I

8 "BITS _2-(__ 96s_<l

' _ O

re< 8B_TSJ

I I

_576 _ (c] S6hr(E)

RSC R S.F

RADIOMETER RADIOMETER SUSFRAME

SCAN

POSrTPON

MAGNETOMETER

CALLS

_.

120 96

_c

{E)

MAGNETOMETER PULSE l 189 12 hr

MAGNETOMETER PULSE 2

RADIOMETER CALIBRATION (C)

)57'6 hr / / / 32 256 _m / / /

.LII
\ \ \ \ \ \

h
RAD+OMETER CALIBRATION I-_ {E) 120 S,S

221 ?_

_ec

Z21

76 Hc

I
EAt._RAT_ON ON ERU_SE SG_ENDE OF' _AO)OMETE_ DN SF2-_ S_2 2 SF2-S DF_

I
GAL_SRAT_ON

I
CRUISE _C_ENCE ON RAD_OME_Er) O_

DATA

ENCOOER

COMMUTATION

(C)

.........I
SE2-1 5F2-2 ENCOUNTE_

t
SF_-3

J
conditioning system format and timing.

FIGURE

6-52.--Data

MARINER-VENUS 1962

Power Switching The scientific

to Science Experiments power of the switching (SPS) unit was designed power to perform to appropriate from the the followportions attitudeand

ing functions: 1. Control of the science

application

of ac spacecraft with

subsystem

in accordance

signals

received infrared the

control system, the CC &S, and the command decoder. 2. Application of power to the microwave and removal of power from the the cruise instruments direction during of periods commanded 3. Control of by the DCS. speed and

radiometers

radiometer scans

calibration according to con-

radiometer

signals received from the DCS during the encounter Since this unit was a series element in obtaining sidered necessary relay the mounted to utilize for the unique ball some task relay device inherently the relay withstands hermetic 50-v, was crystal-can Accordingly, properly of switching is capable

mode of operation. scientific data, it was reliable than 2400-cps square-wave for this purpose. as many

more

the standard power. The operations vibration contacts Therefore, or command complete of the 3 times were of the by the berelay II inmission.

magnetic-ball

selected

of performing

4 times

as most crystal-can environments and from decoder switching rugged ball During by the operated), radiometers. DCS ginning operated dicated and, and the case and although redundancy actuation

relays; it also utilizes a double minimize was of the was II the planetary not effected

more severe shock and seal to isolate the electrical of contact-to-case for either through because science the arcing. CC&S SPS unit,

possibility

by providing instruments incorporated cruise by

redundancy relay. the Mariner

of this was (when

utilization switched the

mission, 6 times

power control

command and

decoder,

attitude

_yros

25 times when the DCS commanded a cruise calibration Power to the latter instruments was also switched 25 times separate of the relays, encounter. performed twice mode. by In the command the received throughout decoder, encounter addition, scan-reversal

through end

at the

21 times during that the SPS unit Radiometer microwave of Venus performed were

The data as designed

from Mariner the entire

Microwave The temperature ments 198

radiometer through

was

designed in two

to detect bands,

and

measure

the

absolute Measureof

its microwave-radiation

characteristics. centered

simultaneously

at wavelengths

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

19 mm (15.8 Gc) and input dynamic range range of 5.0 v. The ature. The form in the The in diameter frame These assembly metal frame machined horns, thermal were outside teristics, surface was

13.5 mm (22.2 of approximately output varied

Gc).

The instrument was 1000 K, corresponding 1.0 to 6.0 v, linearly channel dish antenna The was

designed for an to a dc output input temperto digital inches) the

from

with

analog output data conditioning consisted a 19.3-cm all the were thermal mounted were with

voltage of each system. of a parabolic focal length runs and

converted (19.25 were and and were

instrument on which components were components entirely (electronic waveguides). shield were

48.9 cm packages surface

(fig. 6-53). electronic

dish also constituted

waveguide mounted shield. on the aluminum, from outside flat

mounted. covered All The were by the some characconcave at the

on the back top a and solid

(convex) of the the the

by a sheet-metal

A reference-horn front billet; of the including

assembly dish, other integral

a diplexer-feed frame.

respectively. dish components covered of the In addition, the energy

machined chassis), All the painted metal for

extruded black,

(waveguides), surfaces and the outside control the proper steps were concentration

or dip-brazed components surfaces

(reference instrument

of polished

temperature

purposes.

surfaces were painted to provide for the same purpose. Small of the dish to prevent dangerous the instrument did not impair The

reflection/absorption machined into of infrared

feed when that they longer

looked at the Sun; however, the steps were so designed the focusing properties of the parabola at the muchradiometer rotation actuator, the was mounted on the spacecraft at two perpendicular a mechanism through in figure into the of the to the instrument axis, and consisting of motors and a +60 maximum 6-54. feed The toward looking scan

wavelengths.

points, one a bearing allowing the other through the scan gears. angle. energy the detectors. energy space (near being (near The actuator diagram and drove

instrument appears separated the switched horn

A block diplexer

of the radiometer antenna was down alternately signal, was A Since then

microwave bands the the antenna at empty switch before reference in a phaseof the by video

collected

by the

two frequency between frequency further provided radiated

propagated switch The The to the

waveguides which

A ferrite and the energy 0 K).

the detector

from a comparison detected signal DCS. by a two-stage,

was always

at the modulation low-noise integrated amplifier and energy oscillator

1 kc), was amplified detector. delivered for each

and rectified the

sensitive frequency

amplified

tuning-fork the microwave

channel.

by a hot body 199

MARINER-YENUS

1962

FIGURE 6-53.--Microwave 200

radiometer,

showing

dish-antenna

structure.

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

COM_.ISON FEED 1 L
STEPPED PARABOLIC

DC !

SIGNAL FEED AND DIPLEXER DISH t

\ R[_,] SWITCH COMPARISON FEED ..... AMPLIFIER I TO

Des

FIGURE 6-54.--Block

diagram of microwave

radiometer.

is proportional output of the of the body calibration 10-db signal The radiometer the scan allow One planet could

to its temperature radiometer was at which system, thus the instrument consisting couplers, be injected one into speed

and

the

reference The

was to the

very

near had tube

0 K, temperature

the

directly

proportional was pointed.

absolute noise calibrated desired.

radiometer

a built-in and amount two of

of a dual-output in each the and channel. instrument direction

gas-discharge A fixed whenever of rotation

directional

scan-mechanism output-voltage speed went from time radiometer was on

were

determined

by the 1.5 v, was to a scanthe

levels. When one or both channels exceeded 1 to 0.1 deg/sec. The purpose of this feature the planet had This both and reduce the 2.25 was went and accuracy The to below forth search be time outputs to exceed command outputs back and the vibration v in order 1.5 v. across was to arm Thus, the

maximum or both signal

to a minimum. when planet disk. and the in the of problem where

direction-reversal the radiometer In prelaunch components assembly paraboloids was and was was

command. lost, or when to scan operations found 0.051 under feed-boresighting cm

generated

normally, frame

at low speed the mechanical

of the radiometer encountered warpage No maximum allowable. except

to be excellent, (0.020 inch),

no difficulty maximum testing,

operations.

was encountered

flight-approval

in the area

the 22.2-Gc waveguide joined the diplexer feed, after repeated test runs. All units were rebrazed this area.

where fatigue or reinforced

cracks developed with Devcon F in

201

MARINER-VENUS

1962

The

radiometers

were

repeatedly

tested

over

the

temperature

range

of 0

to 55 C. Some output variations ambient temperature "going hot," increased variations as a function These feature with were temperature mainly due by as

were present in which case much as

in all units, especially from the output of the instrument the 55 C limit. impedance of the factors on These changed amplifiers.

15,7o at phase

to the fact that thought was offset

the detector-crystal because

of temperature,

as did the gain and

shift of the audio

variations were not of the instrument. serious, however,

to be serious the effect outputs points thermal sensitive supply, which

self-calibrating the absolute were

More value

of certain

of the

zero-signal

of the

(baselines).

These

factors

the mechanical layout, the grounding locations of some cables and of the effects from These were the picked was 2400-cps and up in the highly picked up from the power effects, spacecraft interference Interference pickup

of the amplifiers, shield. It was crystal and varied detectors from amplifiers and various

and the physical found that these and preamplifiers. ferrite other with switches, sources. the loca-

switch-drive

in magnitude

tion and orientation of the various components with respect to each other, normally amounted to several tenths of a volt. In several instances, the stray signal amounted ground possible, and to more than 1 v, as measured the have preamplifiers significantly. complete involved the layout at the output. and crystal More radiometer calibration graph, the of channel in which by removing and baseline the the screws shifts securing redesign To reduce detectors extensive from shielding these effects, was not com6-55 it was necessary since to isolate it would the chassis components.

to change

of several

During the flight of the spacecraft, the manded on for a 2-min baseline and a 2-min shows mm) down The tude the shield. to launch ing in the radiometer. the baseline data on data the and appear lower calibration half. output half During the 1 (19-ram) on the upper 2 v, and were in the rim that being

was periodically sequence. Figure of time; the of channel 2 shifted shifts the up screws and channel

values of the launch,

as functions baseline

the channel 2 (13.51 shifted by 1.5 v.

by approximately prelaunch could thermal Thus, values shield vibrations thermal be duplicated to the

baseline The was

+ 1.0 v. of the the torn

only way

of this magnisecuring the due resultto the distorting

laboratory

radiometer observed from

permanently were

it is thought shield

possibly and edge

considerably

exceeding

flight-approval

levels its

The gradual tivity) of channel 202

changes of the baseline and I stemmed mainly from the

calibration basic design

amplitude (i.e., sensiof the audio-amplifier

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

ICHANNEL
-"-" 4 -D-(].-O,_o v

I (19 mm)

CA I_ I B RATI 0 N SIGNAL BA SE LINE I

(.9 <( F._1 0 0 > 6 Ill. !0 4

I CHANNEL

I 2 (13.5

ram)

Ib,,,l

" ',li,M

0 AUG 28 SEPT 17 OCT 7 OCT 27 DATE, FIGURE6-55.--Microwave 1962 calibration history. NOV 16 DEC6 DEC 26

radiometer

chain. 20-cps signal phase-shift

This

chain

consisted centered at

of two the These

amplifiers amplifiers factors

in cascade, frequency. were quite the

each sensitive design

with

a narrow the to a

passband frequency

ferrite-switch

Furthermore, dependent,

characteristics variations.

of these

to passband-

rendered

203

MARINER-YENUS 1962

certain and

extent,

on component elements. shifts observed

stability Although in the of sufficient

in the

reference

oscillator, used were that to cause

passband, of high one, or

and output

gain-determining variations were

the components magnitude

quality, possibly

no phase-passband

substantial

laboratory,

it appears

several, components slowly degraded conditions of the flight. Enough phase actual phase reversal, resulting

under the extended vacuum shift was observed in channel rather than a positive,

and heat 1 to cause output for

in a negative,

a given input signal. Channel 2 also experienced some phase ually decreasing sensitivity was basically due to a deteriorating evidenced signal. The ture nominal December close detector temperature carried relation on the was to the temperature temperature maximum The of microwave values based control of the radiometer Figure exceeded operating radiometer radiometer itself; the was designed 6-56 shows on November to be 58 C. temperature temperatures housing, by the proportionally decreasing signal-to-noise ratio

shift, but its gradvideo crystal, as of the calibration a temperathe on

to provide

at encounter

of 35 4-10 C. of 35 C was permissible microwave the infrared instrument

actual

performance: dangerously

13; at encounter, This came (65 C) were since no

14, the temperature crystals.

was estimated

of the videobased on the was sensor temperature

infrared-microwave about radiometer, October radiometer plasma Differences temperature

on ground calibration were in the on

calibrations. periods, noted of the infrared and starting infrared 12 and varying in the microwave scan-position experiments, readouts with in readout

During in magnitude, readout, and the

the cruise

differences and noise

as well as in the outputs source

magnetometer, calibration

radiometer

off (see

fig. 6-54).

as high as 11 digital steps were noted on outputs known to be steady. They did not appear to be internal to the radiometers but, rather, related to interactions between The that level planet the the most various important encounter. and no scan instruments, net effect was This reversal possible of the positioned upon through radiometer's above a slow-scan loss of planet the spurious internal 1.5-v condition signal, grounding functioning slow-scan during resulting loops. was trigger initial in a less

channel

1 baseline

during search

produced

efficient planetary data obtained by high quite quality. stable high and The

scan pattern the radiometer baselines of noise, the and

and corresponding toss of data. on its three scans across the before and after the the signal-to-noise planetary ratios, data.

However, the planet were of scans were in channel

obtained

planetary especially

free

1, were 2O4

during

recording

of the

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

6O

(.3
o

4O

tE
r" t<_ rY IJJ a. i,i b0 t::l.-O---O- MICROWAVE .o-o.-o. -2O AUG 28 SEPT 17 OCT 7 INFRARED HOUSING OCT 27 DATE, FIGURE 6-56.--Microwave 1962 history.
I

2O

RADIOMETER RADIOMETER TEMPERATURE

t

TEMPERATURE

NOV 16

DEC 6

DEC 26

radiometer temperature

Infrared Radiometer The measure the The tary these. 10.8_. two-channel the effective infrared (IR) radiometer of small IR made radiometer the in two atmosphere spectral for areas by Mariner of Venus, the might ranges: II thus originate was designed radiometer. on the planeof 10, to to

temperatures by the atmosphere, recieved

complementing

radiation-temperature radiation surface, This to be received clouds radiation in the was

measurements

microwave itself,

or a combination 8u to 9_ and

As illustrated in figure 6-57, ing to the microwave radiometer having the reference its axis and normal viewed microwave radiometer dark

two mounting frame. The face of the The other

flanges permitted "hard" alinement was such that instrument lens was of 45 with was used respect boresighted as a

mountthe lens with chopping

to the front beams. space

at an angle

to the first lens. 205

MARINER-VENUS

1962

PLANET

LENS

SPACE

REFERENCE

LENS

FIGURE6-57.--Infrared

radiometer

in case.

The rotates the and 90%

chopper

disk is driven It has

on its edge

by a 400-cps gold

synchronous and cut from that

motor out

and

at 600 rpm.

alternate

quadrants the system filter serves longer than of planet to provide shorter

plated

so that one lens is, about while than output. level of 200 to

radiation transmitted then the other. The of the Since the radiation radiation expected system,

through dichroic

comes alternately as a beam splitter; than radiant 9.5u 9.5u is reflected. encrgy

having

wavelengths range

is transmitted, is greater

90-/_ of the that

of wavelengths dynamic it was necessary

of the data

compression

of the data

Accordingly, a logarithmic amplifier 23 mv corresponds to a temperature 250 K range, 206 while

is employed so that increment of about resolvable

one digitizing 1.0 C in the is 7 C.

at 600 K the smallest

temperature

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

A synchronous simple voltage One This was spacecraft radiometer lens views Since way to get insensitive

demodulator narrow noise to fluctuations by

and

low-pass (0.1

filter cps) speed. was plate in the

were and

used still

as a have

relatively the output check. of the when the

bandwidth in chopper of the system a small space

of the firm requirements accomplished in such scan space the a way is near during that the

an in-flight on the lens views fast scan input

calibration the plate

mounting

superstructure mode. radiation The

reference

one end of its travel this check. is sensitive to the

planet lens

instrument

phase

of the

(one

system compared calibration were circuit. of the output 6-58. These

with the other), it not for the circuits maintain

the output voltage would be negative during output selector and calibration demodulator a positive output are radiometer used voltage at the regardless output of the to obtain sense low

input radiation. impedance. diagram

Emitter-followers of the infrared

A block

functions

is presented

in figure

Figure 6-59 presents a flight temperature history housing and calibration plate, together with the 81, and IR2. Two points are plotted for each data day: the

of the IR radiometer 10,, channels, IR1 and points taken when

upper

the microwave radiometer noise source was on, and the lower points when the source was off. The lower points show less variation with time and are considered the more valid data. The cause of the fluctuation is unknown. Except both the the basis for plate the and effects the from from and of cross-talk, the Sun. the 1.5-w sequence It had of about motor temperature (between which been first followed thought 8 F when dissipation. 50 and appeared the that the The the on curves there chopper predicted range October predicted would motor rise 27, on be an was did no

housing temperature

temperatures

of distance in instrument on, resulting however, the meaning chopper

increase turned tion not occur, particular since the

the housing

was within

of calibra-

throughout

encounter

55 C).,

Although

can be attached to the IR1 and was off', large changes would have ca.tastrophic failure. A large 27. This drop was unexpected During normal drove a Schmitt on

IR2 data indicated

during cruise, anomalous be-

havior and, perhaps, did occur on October following photodiode synchronous Following manner: pickoff the

drop in IR1 and IR2 data but can be explained in the chopper in turn, energized, switched a the

operation, with the trigger circuit which,

demodulator demodulator

and off in synchronism with the chopping was an intregrating circuit and an output

rate. driver. 207

MARINER-VENUS

1962

208

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

=I o

' 3_Irllv_13dI_31

'3_InIVH3dl_31

r-__=_
! I I i I I I I X 'I I I I # I i

_,
I

_.

o., I' I

_ I

_. I

o I I I I

" I

,_

-.: I I I I

o"
I I !

',
I !

'

x hi

'_

Y W 0 W

W _ -.1 --0. I Z -_- I1:

g
I-"

g
rn ___J U hi k" W 0 __ :_K r-n,_ O0

_z

V-

0 _

I11: I1_ Ilg "' ,., W FWW h_ IE 0 "_m

I
t_ I _a

W Ilg rr --Z_ x x cell: h __ ZZ

0
Ilg Z 0

O.O.a.._

o_

o
73A37 7V_I010

209

MARINER-VENUS 1962

In the and

absence noise

of radiation was output

to either arose

lens, from trigger

a null base

determined when flowing

by optical the chopper from the

balance was off, output sensitive

system

obtained.

In the cruise

mode, current

a higher-than-baseline

driver into the integrating capacitors. With the chopper off, the Schmitt to noise capacitors Normal photodiode with would craft, apparent pulses were operation signal effect not trigger the effect with increasing and the prevailed overrides and discharged,

circuit When

became than had

increasingly normal been the 60 C.

temperature. an output with the noise. That

this happened running,

the integrating was obtained. since than the the in tests circuits spaceframe in the of curve. dip past calibration in the

much chopper This

lower effect

however, observed Schmitt

a breadboard

the spare

radiometer,

but

it was less pronounced about

on the spacecraft. spuriously was observed calibration 165, and on scale represents calibration just before the time

is, in the laboratory, below around 20 C.

at a temperature at a temperature sequences 19 and 21. the and was graph. one direction

On the

Two typical counts 162 and frame-count 7 see between Each the small center

are shown Note that At count, of the

in figure 6-60 between there is a discontinuity there is a discrepancy on the The which is ignored sec duration. scanning in the difference

numbering division of the plate

this point, of 20.16 The

the frame subframe the result

radiometer

calibration

reversal.

amplitudes on each different temperatures plate fleeted changes changes was 9 F warmer counterclockwise.

side of the dip arose because the calibration plate was at at these times, as shown in figure 6-61. The calibration when effect hex and the was scan direction shield can in the was clockwise caused by than when it was reThis apparently variations in the

sunlight from the in calibration-plate in channels IR1 effect of the laboratory was

thermal temperature IR2 and

as the radiometer be accounted for calibration data. received curves.

scanned. The on the basis of A similar, with but that 50%. reversal calibra-

less pronounced, Comparison taken in the

observed

in the

housing data

in-flight indicates

calibration a decrease

at encounter of approximately

in sensitivity

The large dips before and after calibration (fig. 6-60) result from a phase in the electronics when the instrument switched from the normal to the tion mode. Data occurred 6-62 actual 210 taken three on the passes planet 159/4, taken The are the on also second the shown planet in figure and the on the the with 6-60. third curves reference The lens,

first prior

pass to the

at frame-count planet encounter.

at 167, points

at 17. represent

Figure

shows

inaximum

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

o. "_'_ _o 0_

Z 0 0

wwO bJW

_oo
D CI _.)

"_,

._.
n-rr_

ZZrr 0 o _ r7 ed__

--

"_

.e

7
&
t,0 _,

Cal.-

o
73A37

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7VI191C)

211

MARINER-VENUS

1962

:3.'3_nlv_13dlAI31

_o' 3_INIV83dM31

I--

SL
_J Ul Z 0

if)

Iv - U 0

_ .

f
Z "0 if') 11: 00 0 u_ rlrl I-.W 0

_o_

g
Q _m

U.-O z"r

,
ra I , ;WOfUl3 A.LI_Vcl _cr c --

_z
(.D

6_ C_

o_

b-

.o
6. "0 _J

I--

...I W (./1

f
,r" u..i t LLI_I c211-,_

0 __J (_)

rr Z

..j (.._

'_ _ I--.

t_ 0

73A37

7_I1910

212

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

normal baseline values; the two minimums are data points the planet was "seen" by the reference lens, the radiometer to the calibration however, mode as it does when viewing the tunately, the radiance of the planet was insufficient

on the should

planet. Since have switched plate. Unforthis transi-

calibrate

to cause

tion, and the electronics remained in the normal No meaning can be attached to these curves, run under these conditions. Radiometer break Slow as seen in the scan looking scan-position curve down after from data reversal. are shown Positive at frame-count indicates

mode with a depressed baseline. since no prior calibrations were in figures 6-60 into indicates the and clockwise 6-61. The mode. rotation,

switching slope

fast-scan

was resumed

the omniantenna.

Magnetometer The field inboard obtain analog gauss). data triaxial of the three outputs The line. fluxgate in the mutually had scales position The were omniantenna. two magnetometer of the Three sensitivity switched axis had was sensor, probes components scales was each: automatically indicated for provisions designed which were to measure was mounted field the vector. =t=320_, instrument, on an the in the magneticsensors The and (1_,=10 additional performed On receipt to 30_,, was a-value, The a by a compresent package. output level 3.5 v and a noise to -5 the

intensity

vicinity

immediately three

incorporated of the within in-flight -4-64q, and by a voltage

orthogonal

scale-switch

for each

instrument

calibration,

periodically on command from the science data conditioning system. of a command pulse, a preadjusted current, nominally equivalent switched or change calibration mand block (set at true The of 0.25_,. waveform, The data quality 1. The pulse diagram design +3.5 Some (2) into auxiliary outputs, was a separate of the volts specifications causes pickup coils on each allowed switched line. of the three probes. The in the current on determination off after Figures and for offset, cross-talk, noted in the 6-63 an and of instrument 6-64,

resulting sensitivity.

six subframes a photograph uncertainty of _2_, or the and flight

(six readouts) respectively, in the long-term, zero-field and between drift. their of its electronics

magnetometer called

in a 0- to +6-volt of possible are: or circuit flight offset were

range)

difference distortion

zero-field

output,

(1) Second-harmonic in magnetometer (including instrument-

in the probe-excitation and effect contribuon

(3) detector-bias performance record: and spacecraft-field

following during total

anomalies zero

MARINER-VENUS

1962

:q -N ii -

n... n--WW-I-.. I-_*.J LU O0

1,1

u.I

U __Z_z _

I.

I-II |_ _1 J 0

_'_

I
_g
I

II

|{ !

0 1_.

0 73A37

0 7 _'l191q

214

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

LI-

__.j

I _'-_ I

I i_"

z--,

nO OPW_ _z

uJ_: _uJ

L2_.__
b_3

,.o_

E
N

oct ow z_

d
I
_0 ig

w_
w ed "I"

e
"5.3

-T

215

MARINER-YENUS 1962

tion) while launch axis, total panel the

measured the and

during

the rotated,

time

between the

Sun from +X

acquisition prelaunch spacecraft shift

and estimates axis,

Earth

acquisition, on the pre- Y

spacecraft 7_, along

differed axis.

(based 55_, along 105-r

measurements) the

by 32-r along -Z

A second

of approximately

in the

offset, having roughly the same failure on October 31, but this panel failure corrected itself. The and, of course, continued, transmission termination. or launch-mode offset

direction cosines, offset disappeared offset since did not again the panel

occurred during solaron November 8 when with mode data the second failure degrade remained quality or in

appeared

panel failure in force until The initial

materially

beyond the uncertainties predicted for offset stability. However, the second panel-failure offset placed all three axes on the low-sensitivity scale, resulting a loss of resolution from 0.7"r to 4"r. A number data do not possible reasonable the Malibu cause, of possibilities permit grounds (Calif.) are although cycling. exist to explain out of any unlikely; two axes facility and rather Spacecraft the launch-mode one factor. prelaunch to undergo were and found testing large valid, methods were shift, did were but available stability not

the singling for expecting low-field

Instrument

is a

indicate vibration at

shifts during although

or temperature on residual Other

field measurement vibration temperature

checked the

effects very

fields of launch-phase (1) magnetic

not well known. structure

possibilities

contamination

of the spacecraft

near the sensor prior partial power-system current configurations panel illumination. 2. The inflight exhibiting random ever, tion the periods and, since prelaunch brief and drop The therefore,

to launch and (2) current-loop failures not malerially affecting not present system between were steps data. data these dc voltage the during simulated

fields resulting either from system operation or from conditions without actual

calibration switching in either were the not

began malfunctioning after the normal and calibration usually hours nature. or, at worst, Data in output quality

September 20, modes. Howin duranot suffer reasonably 20. power which is The was did

mode

minutes

of a noisy

appreciably, well with The noise3. A few plainable supply.

observed

or changes

checked after

calibration periods outputs

of complete during of regulated

loss occurred periods from were

September

low-level in the value

caused

by an unex-

the magnetometer behavior,

drop

was detected

by observing

temperature

a direct function of the power supply voltage time pattern of this failure mode was such that 216

at any given temperature. less than 1% of received data

PERFORMANCE

OF MARINER

II SUBSYSTEMS

=;

L.

217

MARINER-VENUS 1962

lost up to the few davs after 4. On functioning

postencounter encounter. 15, the

phase.

This

failure

mode for

became the

more X-axis

frequent began mal-

November in a manner

scale-switching to that

circuit

similar

of the calibration

anomaly

mentioned

in

paragraph 2. For periods of minutes to hours, the X-axis scale normal low-sensitivity scale (solar-panel failure had occurred high-sensitivity scale. During these periods, the X-axis output the full-scale voltage range, condition. The sensitivity and calibrations x:ere obtained was much lower than normal point on the detector The data resolution at the the likely least

switched from the previously) to the did not exceed abnormal scale high-sensitivity

for the in the

scale at these times, since the operating the "knee" of the characteristic curve. indicated during was Since current, by normal larger the the the than new calibration in-flight the change sensitivity steps, calibration predicted is far measurement low-sensitivity-scale

curve was well into in this condition, as as that on obtained the Z-axis data. as valid.

remained operation. mode, from more can

as good change

5. During

output than

prelaunch

calibration accepted

a shift in Z-axis

a shift in the calibration periods which constitute loss of instrument output values of the low interto Earth acquisi-4-103" long-term offset during the larger than

sensitivity

be confidently

In summary, it may less than 1% of the data data occurred throughout

be stated that, except for brief transmission time, no complete the flight. Accurate absolute

planetary fields were obtained tion when the spacecraft was zero-field launch stability and at of the solar-panel

only for the X- and Y-axes prior rolling. Otherwise, an estimated together introduced with shifts failure, uncertainties

instrument,

in total

interplanetary be detectable -4-23", except degraded estimates, At been result

"quiet-field" over periods during panel

value. Changes in the interplanetary field should of a few hours (occasionally a few days) to within failure, when the resolution of the instrument was with unknown stability. calibrated current-loop In these fields.

to approximately 43" on all axes, correction is assumed for previously encounter, the stability of the for detection of a planetary-field occurred period throughout of time. for any

planet sufficient

instrument was estimated to have component of 43, to 8% and no the encounter mode which would

instrument

malfunctions

in loss of data Chamber ionization

Ionization The steel wall. 218

chamber

was

a gas-filled 6-65,

sphere

with and

a 0.2-g/cm pulsing

2 stainless mechanisIn

As illustrated

in figure

an ion-collection

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

was were charge

placed

within energies

the

sphere. the ionizing and amplified where rate

Protons, the wall had the was the

electrons, ionized lost the a pulsing further telemetry and,

and gas, and

heavier the

particles amount associated until the

with of its with to the proper output

sufficient

to penetrate When this

ions thus formed simultaneously

collected. through the

collector action, pulse the through transmitted

predetermined mechanism shaped was link.

recharged the data

collector The

a pulse information

to a preamplifier stored The could

experiment. conditioning

for transmission instrument vary

system, to Earth

time for transmission represented over a wide was designed between

the integrated

of ionization

as such,

in frequency

range. In order to accommodate this wide to operate with a 5-decade bandpass. Output of 1000 to 0.01 sec were possible with the

range, pulse Mariner

the instrument rates (intervals II configura-

pulses)

tion. The pulse amplifier extremely wide temperature The from resulting -50 to assembly 150 C.

was designed specifically to exhibit stability over an range and to be insensitive to extraneous interference. was capable The power. was 500 see, corresponding of STP air. This rate was the exception of data for of repeatable assembly operation weighed at any less than temperature 1 lb and complete

consumed

100 mw of raw

The nominal to an ionization expected October October period manner ship range figure been reduced probably In of the 23 and 23, the

interval between pulses during flight rate of 670 ion pairs per cm 3 see atm galactic cosmic radiation and, with 24, varied no more than 10,7 o. interval between pulses decreased

Following a class 2 flare on to a minimum of 10 sec in a approximately to nominal. ionization the been That capability radiation have mission belt able exponential The relationand the in the is shown around Venus would to accept

of 2.5 hours. The radiation decayed in an after this increase and, in a few days, returned the It dynamic-range the evident assembly that was the between remained the capability operated had chamber without the been chamber of the during would extrapolation. performed that through 6-66. interval have summary, encountered, which

between

chamber

a trapped

ionization pulses within ionization

is, the rates

dynamic-range concluded

of the instrument. throughout design were of the

as anticipated all facets

the Mariner suited to the

II flight. It has task performed.

Particle Flux Detector

The particle flux detector to the results of the ionization was designed (1) chamber experiment to obtain data complementary and (2) to detect and measure 219

MARINER-VENUS

1962

BLACK

DENOTES AQUADAG j

CONDUCTING

OVER

QUARTZ

/
SHIELD CAN / ,-rILL--_ " \QUARTZ FIBER

FIGURE

6-65.--Cross

section

of ionization

chamber.

220

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

_INTERVAL

BETWEEN

PULSES,

sec
I_. 19 ..d 500

L
I-"

_1
"-I

FLIGHT

READINGS I
I00 I000

I
O.OI

I
0.1

I
I

I
I0

IONIZATION
FIGURE 6-66.--Comparison

CHAMBER
of ionization

DYNAMIC-RANGE
chamber dynamic-range readings.

CAPABILITY
capability with actual flight

trapped

corpuscular

radiation

in the

vicinity

of Venus. were was

Since rigorous,

development the two to the

time complerate of

was short, and weight and power constraints mentary instruments were consolidated. The ionization measured per unit radiation. instrument respond mounted flux in the chamber energy dissipation flux of ionization by that means both The ported housed was two shields of an would particle in shields in a single were volume of gas, but It was decided, matched to particles detector One condition glass to the of similar

proportional

did not depend uniquely on the therefore, to measure this flux chamber Figure in such 6-67 a way the supall type, other The had to many and and 221 energies. three shows tubes, amplifiers, end-window The shields. particle served inverting stability

ionization

two instruments

on the spacecraft. incorporated configurations, of the Geiger from counters, which the Geiger-Mueller three electronic of a special by and tubes, State

of various chassis.

supplied

in flyable commercial

University

of Iowa. metallic

surrounded electron,

determined

the energy

a proton,

or heavier

possess in order to penetrate functions, such as converting shaping impedances. this pulse, The and design

and be counted. The amplifiers charge energy to a voltage pulse, the Geiger-tube optimized and amplifiers temperature

matching of the

transmission-equipment

MARINER-VENUS 1962

FIGURE 6-67.--Ionization

chamber

and particle

flux detector

mounted

on spacecraft.

low-noise eters least and 222

operation

of very-low-level of the The

signals.

The

particular

selection

of param-

permitted one order required

an extension of magnitude. 300 mw of raw

normal dynamic range of the tube by at instrument weighed 1.85 pounds complete to operate.

power

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

The Mariner received The counts/see, sec. tion varied rates increased The

performance of the II mission. A high from this instrument. average which rates counting corresponds agree than with 10%. beginning to 200 to respond rate were

particle degree rate

flux detector of confidence two larger cosmic and 2 flare

was normal throughout has been placed in the tubes flux radiation. several declined. flux detector known count/see. for the larger on October lasting during of 2.95 With days, 23, the Had flight the the the was

the data 20 2

of the to an

omnidirectional galactic 23 a class then the and tube frequent

particles/cm exceprates rates have average

expected on Following

of a period no more increased by

October and a small

counts/see, factor with of the larger

gradually particle accurately was 0.6

an additional

of 100,

would

been able correction. The

counting-rate Increases tube, in since

average rate

end-window and more

its counting

than

it was sensitive to particles of lower energy. tube rate would have increased by 104 had belt at Venus similar to that of the Earth.

It is estimated that the end-windowMariner II passed through a radiation

Cosmic Dust Detector The II function employed ments primary of time, of the much objective the and of the were of the cosmic dust the and experiment of the Sun, permitted, carried aboard dust and 6-68). Mariner flux as a

was to obtain Because

first direct

measurement from time means

interplanetary the Earth, the (fig. Mariner

also of distance development Ranger by

Venus. II instrument Measureanalysis

short

I circuitry sensor. into the

hardware

in flight

obtained

of a two-channel

pulse-height

of a microphone frame by parallel reset and command initiating across above weeks missing and

momentum "dumping"

When data readout occurred once per data conditioning system, a delayed dataof resetting the data binaries the input of the microphone amplitude became sensitive displayed in the calibration was preset apparent data more channel sensitive altogether. 223 calibration. in

signal was received for the purpose an electrical calibration pulse in the sensor the threshold of the calibration the within prior crystal. of the dust 45 The encounter, detector. min later stopped signal less sensitive

amplifier, for 10_ Two the At began channel

calibration-voltage channel. The no began less longer missing showing a degradation

to Venus cosmic and

performance Venus encounter,

calibration period

a 45-min

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FIGURE 6-68.--Cosmic

dust detector.

It

is believed degrading

that the

overheating calibration

of the

sensor

crystal but the

caused electronics

a change were

in its impednot degraded.

ance,

amplitude,

Solar

Plasma solar

Analyzer plasma analyzer charged was designed component to of measure the the flux emitted and energy from the

The spectrum

of the

positively

plasma

224

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

Sun, those

commonly positive flux

called ions density falling

the

solar into the

wind. energy a current

Specifically, range

the

instrument to 8400 or greater.

measured are of

of 240

ev that

sufficient Figure instrument:

to produce

of 10 -13 amp

6-69 shows, in block-diagram form, the following subsystems (1) The programmer, (2) the sweep amplifier, (3) the curved plates, and (4) the electrometer to the sweep magnitude to the amplifier, and electrostatic amplifier. where opposite The these polarity programmer inputs were plates, were the different two outputs were inputs

of the electrocomamplipositive Bethese the were the the of

static-analyzer mutated fied These output cause voltages collector collected. dynamic and

of equal connected

generated. plate. by into ions so that

outputs going of the cup. The range

deflection

to the outer plate and the negative output geometry of the plates, the electrostatic positive The electrometer of the output ions in a narrow measured had was within energy the the range rate at feedback electrometer

to the inner field produced to be deflected which these element,

allowed

a logarithmic

measurement

capability

analog-to-digital feedback enabled Also included analysis The flight, were more Mariner in both noted First, September the

converter of the data conditioning the instrument to measure currents instrument plasma and was an inflight analyzer the

system. This logarithmic from 10 -13 to 10 -6 amp. current to make data

in the accurate.

calibration

II solar cruise

operated mode.

successfully Two

during

the entire however, occurred on

encounter

anomalies,

in its performance. a' downward 5 (see table shift in the 6-V). On electrometer-current October 8, another calibration downward shift of 2 DCS

Table 6-V.--Calibration
Date, 1962

history for solar plasma analyzer electrometer

Temperature range, F Calibration Duration calibration of

Aug. Sep. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Dec.

30-Sept. 5-Oct. 8 8-Nov. 11-21 21-Dec. 3-26 8 11

85-89 89-100 100 100-122 122-133 133-146 146-160

120 119 118 117 118 119 120

6 days 33 days 11 hours 34 days 10 days 12 days 23 days

Estimated

temperature.

225

MARINER-FENUS 1962

PROGRAMMER SWEEP AMPLIFIER +Sv DEFLECTION PLATES L, _ _INFLIGHT CALIBRATION FEEDBACK LOGARITHMIC ] 5xlOlO ohms

FROM DCS

CALIBRAT ION COMMAND

/,
._

DISCRIMINATOR

ELECTROMETER AMPLIFIER

TO DCS FIOURE6-69.--Block steps occurred. counter it had increase increase On November returned to 120. diagram of solar plasma analyzer.

11, the calibration began increasing, and at enThe expected shift for the flight was a minimum least by part the of the normal that the

of 2 steps and in calibration

a maximum of 3 steps. Therefore, at after November 11 can be explained with other spacecraft events,

temperature-induced In comparing

changes. these shifts

it was

noted about near

science temperature steps on October 8. netometer channel, erator, The 226 did would not this shift,

measurement for the magnetometer shifted The engineering temperature measurements record a similar shift. Since decrease laboratory the circuit on magnetometer such the if attributable shifts to a common in the

1.2 DCS the maga 7-bit genchannel chamber

uses staircase plasma

as the

correspond

to a 2.4-step

8-bit

electrometer-output

vacuum-temperature

PERFORMANCE OF MARINER II SUBSYSTEMS

had

indicated

that The

the

plasma

data

should

be increased shifts

by

2 to 3 DCS analyzer

steps

at encounter.

simultaneous threshold, correction magnetometer to the that which was the used

downward

of the plasma

calibra-

tion, discriminator indicated that the termination. rection The analyzer trum. eter or and should second was A reed to temperature The

and magnetometer temperature data on October 8 should be made for all data from this date to flight temperature plasma arose in the to apply data, in the a 2- to 3-step shift indicated and flight the plasma should performance portions current if should negative occur. correction that a 2.4-step coranalyzer be made. of the plasma specof the preflight

be added tests verified problem that prevent currents switch

of ambiguity

very-low-current the calibration from saturating currents

to the electromtransients Negative the It cup on the been above

electrometer in excess

background

of positive

background current analyzer plates and might after plates. occasion, current calculated is 20 see, discriminator and also having This needed have been been

might have liberating caused at least current

been caused by sunlight reflecting down electrons from the suppresssor electrode. electrons from the walls reaching of the The static net the the collector and, from has time twice analyzer flight

by energetic fluctuated as -10 point

scattered

deflecting net positive

background to charge

throughout -_3 amp. on the All

was observed threshold the

to be as high the where capacitance to the proper

minimum capacitance characteristic

electrometer-compressor the voltage is 4 pf. excursion

as 3 X 10 -_a amp, diode

is 1.5 v, the positive

interval

currents

3X10 -13 amp may electrostatic transient to energy level at the end of step to its steady-state in figure less than discharged per DCS then 3 see, required steps, charge During or 1/6 6-70. 3X10 state. 1.

be taken from the static caused by the reed-switch leaves ability within the electrometer The

electrometer characteristics. An coil in sequencing from calibration near the discriminator to restore transient record threshold the output plotted current in the

1 usually value

of a 3 X 10 -13 amp 20 see is illustrated

An integration calculation -_3 amp when the electrometer Under to arrive this condition, time mode, intervals. feedback the cruise electrometer at a value interval. off-step In

may be used for average currents of feedback capacitance is in a highly scale factor background intervals the static was or were minimum maximum Most is 6 X 10 -_5 amp current reduced current in odd disodd227 must to Negative ion current. sampling this condition,

the integration

step per measurement the encounter cruise the

be added

for positive

of the the was

to charge when state,

to its correct capacitance threshold,

characteristic in the

electrometer 6 times

1.8XlO-_2amp.

MARINER-YENUS

1962

_NPUT

i I i i i I
CURRENT CURRENT

=0

i i I
omp

[
{

_NPUT

:3xlO'i3amp

6 PROGRAMMER

7 STEP

8 LEVEL,

9 2:0 sec/slep

IO

I1

12

FIGURE

6-70.--Electrometer

time

response.

step area

encounter were results solar the The

data were plasma

were quite

directly because had

usable, of the

with

no

corrections transient, preflight

required. but even

Step in this and ac-

1 readings

different

switch-coil reliable

predictable. a highly history in performance. accrued during the was obtained,

analyzer

complished In addition thousands in both

its mission without any detectable deterioration to the wealth of scientific information which of hours of operation, and valuable engineering techniques.

experience

components

228

CHAPTER

Tracking
The facilities covered through included Space and

and Data Acquisition

Flight personnel from Operations required injection of the Flight Center, Facility Mariner Complex of the (SFOC)

Operations
comprised a Venus II the transfer flight, Control (CCF), Missile the Earth-based which trajectory complex the Center,

for the conduct spacecraft For the Center, mission.

of space-flight into Mariner the Launch Facility Atlantic

operations,

the phase termination the Space

Operations

Communications Instrumentation facilities. through The Pasadena, the were was Data and 2. mission. The

the Central Computing (DSIF), and certain II Complex phase. Operations Center Flight to the Data Analysis Commands over DSIF at focal

the Deep Space Range (AMR) from launch

was operational

24 hours

a day

the encounter Space Calif., Flight was Within

the point

Jet for

Propulsion activities

Laboratory associated activities

in with

the the

coordinating Space the flight

Operations of Mariner flight path Analysis Group, Group. tracking

Center, II : and Team the Orbit operations.

the following

in progress 1. Information analyzed Group, Control by

throughout pertaining the

to spacecraft (SDAT),

performance the Scientific Group,

Spacecraft Data

the Tracking was exercised

Determination

the Midcourse

Maneuver

3. All spacecraft commands were originated. 4. Current overall status of the operation was displayed boards. The Launch Control and Center, launch Center throughout and the with the located activities (fig. the CCF. 7-1) at Cape Canaveral, the all

on the

status

display

provided spacecraft

coordinaand AMR lines

tion of countdown facilities. The over line

involving controlled

Communications

communication

which data flowed between Goldstone associated

SFOC, except for the high-speed data The center was the terminus for all operation. Facility, (TPS). required

communications

Mariner

The Central Computing Facility incorporated a Primary Computing a Secondary Computing Facility, and a Telemetry Processing Station The CCF processed and reduced tracking and telemetry data to forms

MARINER-YENUS

1962

=.
0

1 'T

230

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

by the command

users

for analysis

of spacecraft

performance,

flight-path

information,

and

generation. Instrumentation Facility was one mobile tracking station, and Doppler data, and received by the DSIF was made up of four permanent and a launch station. The scientific to JPL and engineerand in real

The Deep Space station installations, DSIF near-real by the obtained time. DSIF. angle Data ing telemetry.

also received transmitted were

Ground-computed

commands

transmitted

to the spacecraft

ATLANTIC
The data to the were, data The

MISSILE RANGE
Missile parking data Data not prior usable at low in the Range orbit

SUPPORT
(AMR) from that part supplied of the were JPL and with from with real-time stations. first powered program. of the uncertainty were used Agena flight cutoff and Good of for tracking

Atlantic Agena Antigua horizon.

on the

the Antigua

Ascension

covered

trajectory concerned

to this time in the elevation

therefore, were effects

parking-orbit-determination angles no data but, below because 3.7 elevation

received

refraction precision maximum frequency AMR the 48 total

atmosphere,

orbit determination. of 37 data triplets transmission time. In measurements, of 16 range Tracking angle of the program. elevation pass

Between first Agena cutoff and the horizon, a could have been received, but, because of radioonly some 39 were 16 of the of these usable data in the triplets were orbit and final were not received intact. at Of 16 triplets points, pass Agena angle. applicable quality.

problems, addition, only points,

in real

determination;

these consisted points. The initial Range toward after elevation the this, end

13 of 16 azimuth sent was data were a full angle

10 of 16 elevation ranging back down were ignition from an

Ascension at the peak because

Station angle at the

of data, second No

of 5 to a maximum

of 73 and

to 12 . occurred accepted

190 km. are not

12 elevation of excellent

data in the

powered-flight All data

parking-orbit-

determination

A relatively new tracking station FPS-16 radar set, tracked the Agena ment mately give orbit malfunction 10 hours caused later, a loss of the sufficient when

at Pretoria, South Africa, equipped with an after second burnout. However, an equiptime-word DSIF in the data data message. had been Approxireceived to with this the time 231 tracking

a good orbit determination, and time correlation was

the Pretoria obtained. The

data were compared Pretoria data covered

MARINER-VENUS

1962

period end miles) of

from the from

9 min tracking Pretoria. Agena

25 sec to 34 min period, These obtained the data from

30 sec after was

second

Agena

burnout. 14 000 with km The the order consistent.

At

the

Agena were the Mount

approximately compared

(8699 Mount of 0.2 The on a data was Twin comfrom

subsequently Palomar

five optical

fixes of the

Observatory.

Palomar data were partially reduced, yielding min of arc. The two data sources were found transfer collision evaluation completed Because Falls puter's orbit thus determined course with Venus. were on the of an was conducted Mount equipment no tracking to remove Palomar data the for the A final when data. in the were ship's

an accuracy on to be statistically

Agena indicated that it was not transfer-orbit determination and to 1 see of arc 4101 computer from in pitch, radar. of the this roll, on in accuracy board and the The heading

a reduction

failure

Victory Ship, function

available motion

source.

the tracking data obtained by the shipboard taken, but were not used in real time because data.

Useful range data were availability of the Pretoria

DEEP SPACE INSTRUMENTATION

Six stations the Mariner Launch Mobile Pioneer of the Deep These Cape Station Goldstone, Space

FACILITY
Instrumentation were South located Africa Facility and (DSIF) were used 0 1 2 3 4 5 data DSIF Center in also sumbasis, so and for

Mission. Station: Tracking Station:

stations Canaveral, (MTS):

designated

as follows: DSIF DSIF DSIF DSIF DSIF

Fla ...................... ..............

Calif ..........................

Echo Station: Goldstone, Calif ............................ Woomera Station: Australia .............................. Johannesburg The DSIF during commands The near-real 1 day of the maries that 232 Station: South Africa stations obtained angular phases spacecraft. during were the the launch, tracking were Operations could data during when supplied and tracking station of the Tracking virtually transmitted mission. data ........................ position, Doppler, and entire transmitted were Space tracking and obtained. in nonreal on a daily in the carried Flight data mission. operations the to the The were Center and

DSIF telemetry on by the

postinjection to the telemetry time time period, were tracking

trajectory,

ground-computed

on a 24-hr/day in near-real a week

schedule

Operations were periods, Tracking weekly analysis.

throughout precision data to the

transmitted the remainder

midcourse, forwarded

encounter time. and

During

conditions

be included

data

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

To

maintain

24-hour

contact

with

the

Mariner

spacecraft

from

the

rotating

Earth required the operation of at least three deep-space tracking nications stations, which were located approximately 120 apart: burg, South Africa; Woomera, Australia; and Goldstone, some and Calif. very radio

and commuat Johannes-

Before escaping initial launch ascent

the Earth, the Mariner spent and low Earth orbit. Tracking

crucial minutes in acquisition during

these periods required two additional Earth stations. Monitoring Station located at Cape Canaveral, Fla., checkout launch located of the spacecraft pad near to the the while Cape system horizon. and Station stage and early spacecraft station, Mariner A second

The first was a Spacecraft and used both for prelaunch telemetry the Mobile Africa, II were provided from Tracking early above the Station space-

Johannesburg the Agena

in South

craft tracking orbit.

still in Earth-parking

Deep Space Communication North lie the sites were (Echo capable of Barstow, and Calif.,

Station, Goldstone some 100 miles (See with from the Jet Propulsion to 7-8.) antenna The The Laboratory, two DSIF which had systems location

Goldstone

Stations Pioneer)

of the DSIF. were equipped communications

figs. 7-2 precision with

of continuous

spacecraft.

to be remote from population centers and large industrial areas noise interference to the receivers; yet proximity to the Jet Propulsion was essential The Dry and because the Goldstone and DSIF as an are facilities, development covers airstrip situated 68 square for light at the equipped data-recording polar-mounted to the Earth's apart from miles aircraft. Echo with site, and DSIF also used Lake, for advanced which operations. Pioneer and and 7-10). Echo sites are both each and are with a steerable drive and system, research in space

to overcome Laboratory activities, are

communications. includes Offices the for Goldstone technical for

site of the Goldstone is used personnel

administrative The

headquarters 85-ft-diameter radio

Goldstone paraboloidal ing, (figs. angle 7-9 and

reflector and

antenna, receiving, The

its associated

tracksystems in hour-

transmitting

transmitting parallel plane)

antennas in declination

(moving equatorial

perpendicular

and

have

a pointing accuracy of better than 0.02 . consisted of the antenna, an antenna feed subsystem, subsystem. a phase-coherent The receiving receiving subsystem

The tracking system at the system, a master parametric and a signal a digital data transmitted

Echo site amplifier handling from the 233

subsystem, detected

MARINER-VENUS

1962

<

!
I t"-

J_ oo

234

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

"3 3

N%

j_

_2'_

_N N'_

_._
0 i

235

MARINER-VENUS

1962

/G-_8

IHF
(
I

LABORATORY BUILDING

L__,J
._ G-3 GENERATOR BUILDING _GCONTROL BUILDING

-f'--L----_--_ --"I ___I:''?..--------------PROPOSED DS,F S_.._.....__ 2 ] _,_.._TEMPORARY DSIF BUILDING S - BAND FOR

PROPOSED M S FN BAND BUILDING G-2A MASER AND BUILDING

PARAMETRIC NI IF_[__G-2 d 1__ _"

AMPLIFIER

G-8 ANTENNA FEED STORAGE BUILDING-----'-'----

HYDRO-MECHANICAL CONCRET E PAVEMENT

BUILDING

..........
ANTENN_J

I .. _

J o--

50.,, COLL, M,T,ON TOWER

COLLAPSIBLE (PROPOSED)

0 I

50 L

IO0 I FEET

200 I

a,

STATION

MAP

?
M / / PROPOSED S-BAND ROOM MSFN EQPT INS AND [ HANOI CONTROL ROOM PROPOSED S-BAND ROOM DSIF EQPT /

LABORATOR
/ r jJ

O i

IO I FEET

20

b.

CONTROL

BUILDING

FIOURE 7-4.--Goldstone

Pioneer

Station.

236

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

_ --_0 I I0 I FEET _ _ DATA 20 I O.

'

- ....

RACKS_I T_+ETRY --

HANDLING SYSTEM___/ DATA TELETYPES J

I/2

RACKS

CONTROL

AND

INSTRUMENTATION

ROOMS

L-BAND POWER AMP t GRINDER BAND SAW _JLATHE

[] []
DATA SYSTEM

/ r_A_"'TTE"l ,.%"L'_R J1
i t0 I FEET 20 I O [ 5 I F'EET IO I

b.

HYDRO-MECH.

BUILDING

c.

ANTENNA

CAGE

FIOURE

7-5.--Goldstone

Pioneer

Station.

237

MARINER-VENUS 1962

_o

_._
N

2_

_g
0

_'_ _'_

$8

_
I_,.Q

_._

e2

238

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

/_SEISMO

LAB

CAFETERIA G-23 DORMITORYv,;X =.._"__:_ PARKING = _ _:i _ .'L....,.._J_r_/PARKING _._ _NIN

G-25 GTRANSPORTATION

G-27 GEN BUILDING PUMP HOUSE

o 5o,oo _oo
I I 1 I

' ,
ANTENNA_

_X..
M

_-I I ._D'N_X.'-)
FUTURE

_EE,

ANTENNA PAOJ
HyDRO-MECHANICAL BUILDING

_,_,NE LpRE,,OUS
ANTENNA PAD

a.

STATION

MAP

PROPOSED

S--BANO ADOmON

I I

ROOMi--i" I

"

'

L.J
LAB LAB
r _

FIEI_T

20

1I f I
c% LAB
b. G-26 CONTROL BUILDING

_ I0 I FEET 20 I c. G-33 AND

EUi;]

--_1

0 I

COMMUNICATIONS OPERATION BUILDING

FIGURE 7-7.--Goldstone

Echo Station.

239

MARINER-VENUS 1962

i-]
TTY

E3
TTY

PROPOSED SBAND

ADOITION

U
_ _ / CONTROLS CONSOLE AND CONTROLS-o. CONTROL AND

_DATA RCA _INSTRUMENTATION VIDEO RECEIVER EQUIPMENT_ SDS _GITAL INSTRUMENTAT_N SYSTEM--

DSIF AND SERVO STATION TRANS tO i FEET

RECEIVER CONTROLS

MANAGER EXCITER

i
INSTRUMENTATION ROOMS "''"-IO - k w TRANSMITTER ""-----HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY 20 I HYDRO-MECHANICAL BUILDING

20 I

tO I FEET b.

I _
J GR[_I_ I FILM READER_

,..y_lo ---L- "_'_TELETYPE

_ U _ll_,_,,_h, -EQUIPMENT

KEYPUNCH-'----_ CHART READER_

jl[U
I_-I
C. G-33 COMMUNICATIONS AND OPERATIONS

0 I

IO I FEET

20 I

I
BUILDINGS

COORD

CONVERTER

COMPUTER

FIOURE 7-8.--Goldstone 240

Echo

Station.

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

Mariner vided Echo system, The with

spacecraft

and,

from

a combination

of the

antenna

feed

signals,

pro-

a pointing error site had the added and of transmitting and Echo

signal which was used to position the antenna. The capability of tracking with a precision two-way Doppler commands sites at the to space Goldstone receiver band region a very vehicles. Station in the it occupied were 960-mc during both range. the equipped of a These mission. designed narrow for reception noise

Pioneer 960-mc

a three-channel used

superheterodyne frequency

continuous-wave receivers and to track the

signal phase-lock signal

in a narrow techniques over

to achieve

bandwidth

the frequency

The inputs to the receiver channels feed : a sum of reference signal and provided channels The used with receiver. signal, (radial command recorded position the a quality transmitted Laboratory. discriminators signal the an for from recording ultraviolet site data the subsequent At Echo telemetered provided transmitter a diplexer Simultaneous transponder converts measurements capability and data for computer spacecraft frequency velocity) the spacecraft

consisted of three signals two angular error signals. for recording.

from the antenna The sum channel The angular error be the use

information

dc-error signals for the antenna servosystem. at the Echo site was a 10-kw 890-mc unit which to allow simultaneous of the and operation receiver equipment it) The site. systems analysis The pointing at the Echo and Echo and of the that enabled transmitter and receives operation it, transmitter accurate

could and the

of a spacecraft

(communication to be made. for the

a transmitted Doppler also provided Pioneer sites

retransmits

transmitter

transmission tracking and

Instrumentation to record

data-handling telemetery.

to determine

accurately Doppler

the Mariner recorded data, and were then Propulsion

data-handling angles,

system

time-labeled

tracking

data--antenna

code on paper tape via teletype to the The instrumentation and the recording the receiver equipment oscillograph, performance detailed and for quick-look Pioneer

in teletype code. Central Computing

The tracking data Facility at the Jet

system at each site consisted of the phase-lock equipment necessary to record the telemetry wideband of two a hot-stylus The the the data, antenna of telemetry recorder. magnetic-tape while was the channel. magnetic-tape These records oscillograph by an At each instruments were site, also used records electroseven-track recorders,

supplementary consisted and analysis

recorded provided

information. analysis. sites,

positioned

hydraulic servosystem which the antenna so that the error

used the error signals signals were nulled.

from the Hydraulic

receiver to position drive systems were 241

MARINER-VENUS

1962

242

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

FIGURE 7-10.--DSIF

Tracking

Station

at Goldstone

(Echo site).

243

MARINER-YENUS

1962

used

because

they drive

produced systems were

no

electrical

interference at each

and

had

a high

stiffness. capa-

Two-speed

employed

site to provide

the speed

bility required antenna rates ranged from declination. driven to the In the stowed

for tracking spacecraft or an orbiting satellite. were 0.001 to 0.030 deg/sec for both axes. The 0.020 to 1 deg/sec The antennas can stowed position, for hour-angle and from be operated in winds up

The low-speed high-speed rates

0.20 to 0.8 deg/sec for to 45 mph and can be

(minimum wind load) position in winds up to 60 mph. the antennas can withstand winds of 120 mph.

Launch Station, Cape Canaveral The Complex mitter on equipment strip Launch Station was 12. (See fig. 7-11.) and receiver for charts; and the processing located at Cape The station had of the dish received for Canaveral, two trailers, recording signal receiving for Fla., one near Launch for the transand display The the

other portions

for test equipment, antenna

equipment, real-time and

a 6-ft-diameter

transmitting; on

and a collimation tower simulated frequencies Mobile used

tower for calibrating and the spacecraft for checkout by Mariner.

checking station equipment. procedures, transmitting

Tracking Station, Johannesburg the Mariner DSIF mission, station the mobile station was South located Africa. approximately The Mobile

During 1 mile east

of the

at Johannesburg,

Tracking Station tion point. The of tracking receiving Doppler the feed was mounted

was used primarily to obtain data station had a 10-ft parabolic antenna (See a 25-w, transmitted fig. 7-12.) reflector 890-mc/s to JPL A circular focal point. transmitter two-way Doppler by teletype at the antenna of obtaining

near the reflector polarized In addition

Mariner II injecthat was capable tracking on the and antenna antenna precision to the standard

10 deg/sec. equipment, data were

was

diplexed data. time.

for the purpose

precision

Angle

in real

Adequate support Mobile Tracking space were system, and located also

equipment is an Station in remote a central in this van telephone location for

important logistic factor in maintaining areas. An office van provided adminisfor site documentation. the tactical and intervan a full duplex Master intercom teletype patch a system, terminal.

trative panels paging

a five-key

system,

Backup communications S-line communications was provided 244 by four

equipment consisted of a teletype converter and an receiver and 2-kw transmitter. Power for the MTS 75-kw diesel-driven generators and two 400-cps converters.

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

J,

"0 v

o'_

I
I

788_026

0_--65_

17

245

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FIGURE 7--12.--DSIF

Mobile

Tracking

Station,

South

Africa.

246

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

Magnetic failure gallon fuel equipment spare-parts and tools.

switches of either

allowed generators

for or

instantaneous converters.

transfer Diesel fuel

to load was

in stored

the in

event a

of

4000A

tanker. The rear of this (provided for each van) van held spare modules,

tanker held spares for the and for power generation test equipment, and

air-conditioning equipment. hardware

miscellaneous

Deep Space Communication Station, Johannesburg

The National Johannesburg Deep Space Station was staffed by personnel from the Institute of Telecommunications Research (NITR) of the South African Research and was sponsored by NASA and of the Deep Space Instrumentation Facilitv. valley, approximately Its facilities included associated and drive system, parallel plane) comprised transmitting a

Council for Scientific and Industrial technically directed by JPL as part The 40 miles steerable, radio-tracking equipment. ill hour-angle and had

South African station is located in a bowl-shaped northwest of Johannesburg (figs. 7-13 to 7 17). 85-ft-diameter, and The and a pointing parabolic reflector surface than antenna and was 0.1. data polar to the The and receiving antenna-reflector perpendicular accuracy of better equipment,

recording mounted Earth's tracking

(moving equatorial system

in declination

a simultaneous lobing antenna feed supported quadripod, a parametric low-noise amplifier, and an electrohydraulic servosystem. The mitted from the spacecraft provided a pointing error the antenna. 890-mc/s Doppler This command data station 10-kw spacecraft cision transmitter capability. readouts

at the focus of the reflector by a a phase-coherent receiving system, system detected a signal transfeed signals, to position with and preand a Doppler angle

receiver

and, from a combination of the antenna signal which was used by the servosystem had to a phase-locked provide The both station data 960-mc/s precision provided transmission receiver two-way telemetry to JPL

diplexed

for real-time

by teletype.

Deep Space Communication Station, Woomera

The Woomera and Deep Deep Space Station was operated by the technically capable vehicles. identical village Australian Department of Supply as part of the manding, Australian and is also sponsored by NASA and Space Instrumentation Facility telemetry The facilities (See figs. 7-19 from 15 miles deep from space is located directed by JPL of tracking, comGeographically" in south to those at Johannesthe central

receiving

Station

Woomera

Australia (fig. 7-18). burg, South Africa.

were almost to 7-22.)

247

MARINER-VENUS

Ig_2

I!

e_

t
_q

"7

)
2411

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

.0 "_

_o

..Q

249

MARINER-VENUS 1962

NNA

DRO - MECHANICAL BUILDING

DUCT IN GROUND

BUILDING CONTROL

TRANSPORTATION BUILDING

GUARD

BUILDING 0 I ,50 I FEET I00 I

o. STATION

MAP

_TATON

MA_ACER'S

OFFICE,_

t//OFFIIC_S\_

".ANS.O,,ME.S---IL'T'__/__L__L:E_'
Typ,sT I_ ] /1 t
| PASSAGE

VI_ \1"_
_

COMMON I ,.oo,I
I

\1/// ..E..NO.OO.
/ RECEPTIONx

l _
l

l _::;I
l |J

/ \ .O,_E. TO.LE.
'

I:_
LIBRARY PASSAGE I_

III k _._.o-,._...o,_._o,.
I

STANDARD

ROOM

_
'I

STORE

.=v,.ol
STORE

PASSAGE

?
b. CONTROL BUILDING

FICURE 7-15.--Johannesburg

Station.

250

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

1
I
o. CONTROL ROOM

I
I

L
I0 I FEET 20 I r-i DRAIN D DRAIN

II

II I II

Ill Ill

WORK

BENCH

b.

HYDRO-MECHANICAL

BUILDING

Fmu_.

7-16.--Johannesburg

Station.

251

MARINER-VENUS

1962

FmURE 7-17.--DSIF

Tracking

Station

at Johannesburg.

252

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

The II for output time.

station real-time was

provided

angle

and to JPL

two-way by format

Doppler and

data The

readouts telemetry to JPL

on Mariner demodulator in near-real

transmission

teletype.

encoded

in a suitable

transmitted

DSIF Operations
The DSIF operations room, which Space the behind manager occupied a console beside the test director in

the main operations DSIF Net Control, integral adjacent operations line. plan, portions overseas continuously. portion to and manager Net In turn, so that DSIF of the

which was functioned Flight main current manager might teletype then

also shared by the DSIF advisers. for the first time in this mission Center, room. Net the station Control DSIF contact was Net over located Control of changes During advised

The as an the phone critical with the almost

of the

Operations operations status advise telephone communications advised of each

in a room

of the Control

a private

the operations mission, stations;

in the test

stations. were

long-distance

was established maintained

%_

TO

WOOMIERA-)3

mn

L_MESTONE

. ..

.,.

"

/_-

WOOMERA

....

"'- .

"_

.: " _.L_;:_

"CAOOUARTE_S .... :.

STAT,O. 41_

(_'-" " -

..

,-.7

..... .:,-

,_

._:_. "_**

.... _,

-,_.:_:;...

_-:-: ......

FIOURE

7-18.--Area

map

of

Woomera

Station.

253

MARINER-YENUS

1962

"0

-_

e.,

6
e.,

o o

r
c;

254

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

COLLIMATION POLE BEACON

TOWER

AND

,(_ "_

BUILDING--_,._'

4 THEODOLITE PIERS

ANTEN/

ANTENNA

PAD

/--

HYDRO MECHANICAL BUILDING

PATH _ WATER TANK _ _"-=ELEVATED TRAY CABLE

GENERATOR BUILDING ,

FUEL

OIL

TANK

TRAILER

SHED

APPROX MAiN

3/4mi ACCESS

TO ROAD

50 7EET

IO0 I

STATION

MAP

o.ol
CONTROL OATA AND TELEMETRY ROOM ELECT LAB ROOMI_

5O I FEET

I00 I

CONTROL

BUILDING

FIGURE

7-20.--Woomera

Station. 255

MARINER-VENUS 1962

ANTENNA

I/C AMPCONSOLE RACK

, ,!

Io,lot Io3! o,los Io'1='1 DATAAREAMAINTENANCE

DATA --' TELETYPE m'l_ W/I/2 CONVERSION EQUIPMENT
n

II _ I2 I3 Z4

TIM MAINTENANCE AREA

I
_1 mU "-']TTY SCAMA TABLE CONSOLE DATA AND TELEMETRY ROOM AND TELETYPE

IS IS 17 "-" f r.I I II

TELEMI[TRY EQUIPMENT "

AIR

LOCK

TELEM POWER

REG

0 I

IO FrET

20 I

o. CONTROL

AND INSTRUMENTATION

ROOMS

CABLE TRAY

SERVO _--" I-CONTROL GAB. "--"

I_ UNITS

I CONTROLI CAB.

I I TEST

RACKS

F 1
,l c"

.ENC. MASTERUlLB_. RACK

mllnm

b. HYDRO-MECHANICAL FzoLraz 7-21.--Woomera 256

BUILDING Station.

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

FIGURE 7-22.--DSIF

Tracking

Station

at Woomera. 257

MARINER-VENUS 1962

The features the and

following paragraphs of the DSIF operation and ranges lock of the the lift-off at 06:53:14 with

outline, in chronological sequence, during the Mariner II flight. Figure major DSIF installations 27, DSIF until 07:00:56. throughout 0 (at AMR) The on August spacecraft

the major 7--23 shows the was world. in lock

locations Following maintained

received-signal

level varied between -80 and -125 dbm. horizon of DSIF 0, various AMR stations 07:21:37, lock; one-way After The DSIF difficulty at 08:12:00 08:39:00, in which (Woomera) 4 acquired level of -110 power two-way unstabilized The RTC-8, changed reduced mode transmission change lock. DSIF lock. this initial acquisition, was radiating DSIF turned 1 (the DSIF mobile tracking station) 3 min later, 5 (Johannesburg)

After the signal was lost over the tracked the space vehicle and, at acquired also Mariner acquired two-way since 5 turned to obtain the lock DSIF on two-way II in one-way spacecraft at 07:30:20. having in had

1 achieved off at lock. 07:48:00, DSIF

1 transmitter maintaining and when DSIF were the dbm. After The began

was

pseudo-two-way

its transmitter lock until

200 w, attempting

it was instructed to turn its transmitter 5 was trying to acquire two-way lock, tracking spacecraft the spacecraft, DSIF period, narrow with at 07:37:00 in one-way 4 acquired there were were those bandwidth

off. During the period both DSIF 1 and DSIF 4 loss of lock. with lock with DSIF a received-signal a radiated an in obtaining to tracking

intermittent lock, two-way attributable

At 08:44:32, this initial initial using a very

of 58 w.

few problems transponder.

difficulties

spacecraft

first command was sent to the spacecraft transmitted at 16:13:00 and verified the telemetry was to the cruise from effected the mode, from the telemetry-transmission a deviation been DSIF 7-I. was to have bit rate

on August at 16:13:57. on 33}3 / to 8g plan, spacecraft BPS.

29 from DSIF 5: This command cruise science, This the and command telemetry basis,

switched

operations by an internal the

in that

command

in the spacecraft.

After this time, the as outlined in table The midcourse from the Goldstone DSIF DSIF table signal 258 3 as 7-II. level the The started 3 at 21:01:00,

continued

to track

on a 24-hr/day

maneuver stations; after the

command sequence DSIF 2 functioned station. The at the transmission DSIF During dbm.

was performe d completely as the receiving station and loop -129 was locked dbm up by in the of commands 2 was the maneuver, momentary was as shown before the receivedout-of-lock

transmitting received-signal midcourse as low

command

which

level as -162

spacecraft

maneuver.

dropped

Several

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

"

12,

_
o

_
i IIII l/

_
i)

ie,. ""

/,'_

- = _

_:_
e

259

MARINER-gENUS

1962

Table 7-1.--Summary

of DSIF operations, launch to midcourse

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time

of

Time

of lo_s, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

acquisition, GMT

Aug.

27

07:21:37

21:08:46

--100

Two-way Trouble taining trouble

lock at 07:30:38. at DSIF 1 in maintwo-way in data lock. system, Also, result-

ing in loss of 2 hr of data. 5 1 07:31:45 21:04:35 --82 Initial way way 4 1 07:37:30 13:18:00 --110 Two-way ceiver tween DSIF 2 1 19:34:05 03:31:20 --122 attempts lock

approximately to obtain twoTwoRebewhile two-

not successful.

lock acquired

at 10:02.

lock at 08:44:43. in- and out-of-lock 08:14 5 was and 08:44

attempting db

way lock. Variations of 12

in received drift.

signal noted, caused by MASER and PARAMP Two-way Transmitter --128 --132. 5 Two-way type lock at 20:12. power, 7 kw. lock until at 03:01:13. data 11:27 sent by

20:12:15 2 2 Aug. 28 01:48:00 09:35:48

03:31:20 13:52:00 21:10:35

No telemetry telemetry culties.

teleof diffi-

because

demodulator bypassed

19:37:30

06:09:00

--132

MASER

for this tracklock at

ing period. 20:26:23. 20:00:35 01:51:10 09:34:34 06:09:00 13:58:00 21:06:40 --134.5 126

Two-way

Aug.

29

Two-way Two-way 20:18. 16:13:00. 2

lock

at 06:10. at

lock from 11:51 to RTC-8 transmitted

19:41:00 20:01:49 01:51:30 09:40:20 19:32:00 20:05:00

06:25:45 05:48:00 13:57:00 21:02:20 06:27:48 06:27:00

--138.

Two-way

lock

at 20:01:49.

Aug.

30

-- 138 --142 --137

Two-way Two-way Two-way MASER

lock lock lock back

at 05:53. at 13:20:50. in operation. at 21:05:45;

260

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table 7-1.--Summary

of DSIF operations, launch to midcourse--Concluded

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

4 5

5 5

Aug.

31

01:46:00 09:32:05

13:53:06 21:01:01

--140

50-w used

transmitter after Aug.

at DSIF 30.

4 not

--140.

Two-way lock at 09:33:15. Scheduled transmitter-power decrease from 400 w to 20 to determine threshold. transponder at 19:30:25.

2 3

5 5

19:28:15 19:20:00

06:21:40 06:20:00

--138

Two-way

lock

4 5 2

6 6 6

Sept.

01:53:00 09:30:00 19:23:00

13:50:00 20:56:35 06:20:21 --142

Listening feed this track. Considerable ceived-signal MASER variation. and

installed variation level

before in reof gain

because

PARAMP

19:25:00

06:20:00 --144 Attempt vented mitter. for two-way problem level, at 19:20:30. lock pre-

4 5

7 7

Sept.

01:44:00 11:58:15

13:41:00 19:56:00

by noise

in trans-

19:20:30

06:16:00

--128

Received-signal before way Earth lock

-- 145 dbm Two-

acquisition.

19:20:00

06:15:00 --124

Sept.

01:41:00

13:38:00

Decrease to receiver tion.

in

received-signal and lock-drop Earth

level by acquisi-

-- 161 dbm before

5 2 3 4 5 2

8 8 8 9 9 9 Sept. 4

13:45:00 19:15:50 19:2"I:00 01:40:00 09:15:62 19:09:00

20:51:34 06:14:00 06:15:00 13:42:00 20:47:40 06:00:29

--125 Two-way lock at 19:27:00.

--125 Two-way --129 Decrease dbm ver. lock during at 09 : ! 8:27. level to -- 156 midcourse transmitted maneuver. maneufor mid-

in signal

19:09:00

06:00:00

Commands course

MARINER-YENUS

1962

Table 7-11.--Midcourse maneuvercommand sequence

Command

Time

initiated, GMT

Time mitted,

transGMT

Time

verified, GMT

SC-1 SC-2 SC-2 SC-3 SC-3 RTC-4 RTC-6

21:30:00 21:32:00 21:35:00 21:37:00 22:23:00 22:39:00 22:49:00

21:30:32 21:32:31 21:35:30 21:37:28 22:23:28 22:39:31 22:49:29

21:30:57 Inhibited 21:35:57 Inhibited 22:23:56 22:39:58 22:49:57

When

SC-2

was

inhibited,

the

cause

was

assumed

to

be a

mo-

mentary loss of sync between and detector. When SC-3 showed system open, tioned sequence. the temperature to be allowing normally much the lower throughout

the read-write-verify (RWV) was inhibited, a thorough modulator normal. to the rise, compartment The and compartment the system of the

modulator investigation of the then RWV left func-

in the than

was command

temperature

remainder

periods maneuver,

were

experienced the received

by DSIF signal

2 during

this time. dbm

At the

completion

of the

returned

to -130

at 02:34:45.

At 01:30:23, and was in- and level increased

DSIF 4 acquired out-of-lock until Good

with a received-signal level of -152 dbm, 02:34:27, at which time the received-signal data were obtained throughout 24-hr/day during which until during the the remaincoverage from

to - 130 dbm.

der of the tracking period. The DSIF was originally

committed 10-hr/day September

to provide tracking 9, after On September basis Venus the

launch (L) through Lq-10 days, and 24-hr/day coverage through was was reduced completed Mariner period. it would be II to approximately schedule (table was 7-III). programmed data obtained to transmit and to the 24-hr/day

the cruise phase, date its coverage DSIF returned phase view that to the lock at 3 turned vehicle the encounter a Goldstone data indicated spacecraft

12 hr/day. remained

16 the

on that

to encounter prior RTC-7 to

Telemetry

encounter

necessary

to command

encounter mode. 12:16 on December on command

DSIF 2 acquired 14, and two-way at 12:42

the spacecraft lock was obtained and obtained

signal in one-way at 12:24. DSIF lock and

modulation

command-loop

262

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

sync

at

12:56.

RTC-7

was DSIF

initiated

at 13:35:00 that the

and

verified

by the was in the

spacecraft encounAt 20:20, to end the

at 13:35:57. ter mode, and DSIF 3 turned encounter at 20:32:57. off the therefore, the planet

At 13:46,

2 confirmed

spacecraft

DSIF 3 turned on command and return at 22:10. Command

off command modulation modulation; RTC-8, the mode, was initiated the was turned 4 acquired

at 13:51. command at 20:32:00 and signal at DSIF

mode transmitter

to cruise DSIF

and at

verified 3 turned 18:10; during DSIF 3 level at

modulation

off at 20:43, spacecraft

two DSIF stations scan. Both DSIF

were receiving the spacecraft 2 and DSIF 3 were secured The the

telemetry 22:11.

radiated 10 kw throughout DSIF 2 was approximately

the encounter phase. -150.5 dbm throughout

received-signal period.

Table 7-111.--Summaryof DSIF operations,midcourseto end of mission

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, GMT receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

4 5 2 3

10 10 10 10

Sept.

01:30 09:19 19:04 19:15

13:31 20:43 06:00 06:00

--125 --126 --127

Two-way Two-way

lock lock

from at

09:56-18:50.

19 :15.

4 5 2 3

11 11 11 11

Sept.

01:40 09:07 19:00

13:34 19:14 06:10

--128 --125. --127

Two-way Two-way

lock lock

from

09:22-18:50.

at 19:40.

4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3

12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13

Sept.

01:20 09:00 18:57 18:59

13:31 20:36 06:05 06:00 13:27 19:50 06:01 06:00

--127.5 --126.5 --128.5

Two-way Two-way

lock lock

from

09:36-18:50.

at 18:59.

Sept.

01:15 09:02 18:53 18:53

--126 --127. --130 5 Two-way Two-way lock lock from 09:28-18:45.

at 18:53.

4 5 2 3

14 14 14 14

Sept.

03:52 08:54 18:48

10:00 20:28 05:55

--128 --128.5 --126.5

One-way

lock.

One-way lock. Not scheduled.

263

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Table 7-111.--Summaryof DSIF operations,

midcourse

to end

of

mission--Continued

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

GMT

4 5 2 3

15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17

Sept.

10 08:50 18:39 20:20 05:48 --129.5 --131

Not

scheduled. lock.

One-way

One-way lock. Not scheduled.

Sept.

ll

01:04

13:15

--130 Not Not Not Not scheduled. scheduled. scheduled. scheduled.

Sept.

12 09:01 20:13 --132

One-way lock. Not scheduled. Not scheduled.

18 18 18 18

Sept.

13

00:55 00: 18:31

13:05 00: 05:40

--132.5 Not --133 scheduled. One-way lock. Not scheduled.

19 19 19 19

Sept.

14 08:48 18:28 18:37 20:06 05:27 05:20 --131.5 --132

Not

scheduled.

Two-way

lock

at

18:38.

20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22

Sept.

15

00:55 08:29

09:00 20:01

--131 --132.5 Not Not scheduled. scheduled.

Sept.

16

00:42 18:20

12:52 03:15

-- 131.5 Not --132 scheduled.

One-way lock. Not scheduled.

Sept.

17

02:38 10:30 18:30

11:00 19:15 04:00

-- 131.5 --132 -- 132 One-way lock. Not scheduled.

264

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table 7-111.--Summary

of DSIF operations, midcourse to end oF missionmContinued

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

23 23 23 23

Sept.

18

03:20 11:45 18:30

12:30 19.00 03:00

--131.5 -- 132 -- 132.5 One-way lock. Not scheduled.

24 24 24 24

Sept.

19

02:26 10:33 18:30

11:00 19:00 03:00

--134 --132.5 --132.5 One-way lock. Notscheduled.

25 25 25 25

Sept.

20

02:13 10:30 18:15

11:00 18:45 02:45

--134. --133.5 --134

5 One-way lock. Not scheduled.

4 5 2

26 26 26

Sept.

21

02:11 10:08 18:15

10:45 18:46 02:45

--134. --133 --130

7 One-way lock.

4 5 2 3

27 27 27 27

Sept.

22

02:05 10:15 18:08 17:58

10:45 18:45 04:45 04:45

--133.8 --134 --135 Two-way lock at 18:08.

4 5 2 3

28 28 28 28

Sept.

23

02:08 10:12 17:47 17:52

10:45 18:57 04:33 04:30

--134 --133. --135

5 Two-way lock at 17:57.

4 5 2 4 5 2

29 29 29 30 30 30

Sept.

24

01:45 09:31 18:00

10:30 18:30 02:30 10:30 18:30 03:00

--135 --134 --134 --135 --134 --137 One-way lock. One-way lock.

Sept.

25

01:57 09:45 17:40

31 31 31

Sept.

26

01:54 10:02 17:38

10:30 18:30 04:35

--135.4 --134. -- 135.5

5 One-way lock.

265

MARINER-gENUS

1962

Table

7-111.mSummary

of

DSIF

operations,

miclcourse

to

end

of missionmContinued

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, GMT receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 3 4

32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 35

Sept.

27

O1:52 09:46 17:29 01:46 09:45 18:07 01:39 09:44 17:19 17:04 23:51

10:30 18:15 03:00 10:15 18:15 02:45 10:15 18:45 04:01 04:00 10:00

-- 136 --135 --135.5 --136. --135 --134.5 --135.7 -- 135.1 --136.3 Two-way lock at 17:19. 3 One-way lock.

Sept.

28

Sept.

29

--137.4 --136.1 -- 136.5 --137.9 --136.3 --136.2 --137.8 --136.4 --136.5 --136.5 -- 136 --137.5 --138 -- 136 --137.5 --138.2 -- 136.8 --136.4 --138.1 --137.7 --136.4 -- 138.4 --136 -- 137.5 One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock.

35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42

Sept.

30

09:28 17:24 O1:25 09:30 17:08

18:00 02:30 11:00 18:00 02:30 09:45 17:45 02:15 09:45 17:45 02:15 09:45 17:30 02:00 09:30 17:30 02:00 09:30 17:30 03:30 09:15 17:15 02:00

Oct.

Oct.

01:15 09:07 17:04

Oct.

01:11 09:06 16:58

Oct.

O1:15 09:09 17:13

Oct.

O1:00 08:58 16:51

Oct.

O1:03 08:52 16:43

Oct.

00:42 08:45 16:50

266

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table "/-III.--Summary

of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of mission--Continued

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

4 5 2 4 5 2

43 43 43 44 44 44

Oct.

00:42 08:26 16:35

09:15 17:00 01:45 09:00 17:00 01:45

--139.1 --137. --139 --139. --138.4 --141.5 1 7 One-way lock.

Oct.

00:26 08:51 16:25

One-way No signal trouble.

lock. strength due to AGe

4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4

45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49

Oct.

10

00:33 09:01 16:28 23:00

09:00 16:15 23:15 08:15 17:00 01:30 09:00 17:02 01:30 08:45 16:15 23:12 08:30 --138.3 --139.5 -- 143.4 --134 --139.2 --143.6 --140. --139 --143.4 --139 --139 --149. 9 1

One-way

lock.

Oct.

11

08:07 16:26

One-way

lock.

Oct.

12

00:23 08:11 16:17

One-way

lock.

Oct.

13

00:12 08:19 16:06 22:38

5 2 3 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2

49 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52

Oct.

14

08:09 16:16 15:30 22:20

17:15 03:00 02:50 08:30 16:50 01:30 08:32 16:45 01:30 09:00 16:30 01:17

--139.4 --139.2 -- 144.6 --139.3 -- 138.5 --139. --139.4 --139. --140 --139.3 --141 5 4

Two-way

lock

at

16:16.

Oct.

15

07:59 1 5:54

One-way

lock.

Oct.

16

00:28 08:26 15:50

One-way

lock.

Oct.

17

00:45 08:00 16:03

One-way

lock.

267

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Table 7-111.--Summary of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of miuion--Continued

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, GMT receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4

53 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 59

Oct.

18

00:15 08:12 15:38

00:45 15:30 02:40 09:58 15:36 02:34 09:52 17:03 02:33 00:48 16:59 02:26 09:41 16:54 01:00 08:30 16:30 O1:00 08:15

--140. --142. -- 140. --141 --141 --140 --141.1 --141.1 -- 141 --138.2 -- 141 --142. --140. --143. --142. --139 --141.5 --141.9 -- 137.6

5 1 3 One-way Late lock. due to RA-5

Oct.

19

04:35 11:20 16:33

acquisition

tracking. One-way Late lock. due to RA-5

Oct.

20

03:46 11:09 16:07

acquisition

tracking. One-way Late lock. due to RA-5

Oct.

21

03:46 11:02 20:54

acquisition

tracking. 5 8 1 5 One-way lock. One-way Late lock. due to RA-5

Oct.

22

03:42 08:26 15:26 23:59

acquisition

tracking.

Oct.

23

08:00 15:21 23:38

One-way

lock.

5 2 3 4 5 2 4

59 59 59 60 60 60 61

Oct.

24

07:45 l 4:31 14:38 22:42

16:42 O1:50 01:50 08:11 16:00 00:27 07:45

--141.7 -- 141.5 --142. --142. -- 141 1 5

Two-way

lock

at 14:38.

Oct.

25

06:53 14:59 23:21

One-way No signal

lock. level recorded because trouble.

of paramp 5 2 4 61 61 62 Oct. 26 06:49 14:56 23:16 15:45 00:15 07:45 -- 142 --145.6 No AGC

calibration. lock.

One-way

268

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table 7-111.mSummary of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of rnissionmContinued

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, GMT receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

5 2 3 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 4 5 2

62 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 67 67 67 68 68 68

Oct.

27

06:49 14:52 14:52 22:25

16:15 O1:32 01:32 07:30 15:30 23:10 07:30 15:30 23:51 07:30 15:30 00:00 07:30 15:30 23:45 20:42 07:15 15:15 23:45 06:53 15:15 01:13

--142 --142. --146.8 --143.9 --142.1 --145.9 --142 --142.4 --145.6 --142.2 --143.8 --146.7 --144.5 --145 Horn feed installed period. lock 20:00 initiated verified to 20:42. at 20:25:30 after this One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. 5 Two-way lock at 15:37.

Oct.

28

06:22 14:47 22:45

Oct.

29

06:27 14:41 22:57

Oct.

30

06:30 14:35 22:59

Oct.

31

06:20 14:47 19:57 22:30

tracking Two-way RTC--10 and --147.1 --142. --143 --147. --142. -- 146 --147.4 --143.6 --143.5 --144.4 --143.4 --143.5 --145.5 --143 --143.5 --144.2 Two-way One-way One-way 1 4 One-way 4 One-way

at 20:26:27.

Nov.

06:20 14:34 22:41

lock.

Nov.

06:19 14:23

lock.

4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 3 4

69 69 69 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 72

Nov.

00:26 06:10 14:17

07:15 15:15 01:08 07:00 15:00 23:30 07:00 15:30 00:32 13:55 07:32

lock.

Nov.

01:12 06:07 14:12 21:45

lock.

Nov.

06:04 14:07 00:30 21:15

lock

at

14:07.

269

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Table 7-111.--Summary of DSIF operations, midcourseto end o[ mission--Continued

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, GMT receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 4 5 2 3 4

72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 77

Nov.

05:39 14:03 21:59

14:45 23:15 06:45 14:45 23:00 06:30 14:30 23:00 22:32 06:30 15:20 22:08 06:30 15:30 00:32 00:35 06:15

--144.7 --144 --144. --144 --144. --145.4 --143.2 -- 144.7 Two-way RTC-8 verified lock at 20:46-22:32. initiated at 21:25:00 at 21:26:00. and 5 One-way lock. 9 One-way lock.

Nov.

05:39 13:58 21:36

Nov.

05:22 13:54 20:45 21:42

--145.1 --143.7 --144 --147.3 --144 --145.5 --146.8 Two-way lock at 13:45. One-way lock.

Nov.

05:30 t3:50 21:17

Nov.

10

05:28 13:45 13:43 20:24

5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4

77 77 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 81 82

Nov.

11

05:14 13:40 21:22

14:15 22:45 06:00 14:15 23:30 06:00 14:00 22:30 06:00 14:00 22:30 06:00 14:00 22:30 06:59

--143.4 --146 --145.6 --145.3 -- 145.5 --146.8 --145 --145 --146.7 --146 -- 145 --147.2 --145.2 -- 145.5 -- 146 One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock.

Nov.

12

05:10 13:36 21:05

Nov.

13

04:59 13:33 21:06

Nov.

14

05:02 13:28 21:15

Nov.

15

04:54 13:24 21:19

270

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table 7-111.--Summary

of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of mission--Continued

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

5 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5

82 82 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 88 88

Nov.

16

05:48 13:22 21:16

14:00 21:55 06:00 14:40 23:58 24:00 05:45 13:45 22:15 05:46 13:45 22:15 05:45 13:45 22:00 05:30 13:30 22:00 06:56 14:00

--147. --146 --146.2 --146 --146

1 One-way lock.

Nov.

17

05:00 13:20 13:13 21:01

Two-way

lock

at 13:20.

-- 148. 2 --146.6 --146 --146.9 --147.1 --146 -- 148.8 --146.4 --146.5 -- 148.7 --146. -- 146 -- 148.7 --148. 3 7 One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock. One-way lock.

Nov.

18

04:52 13:14 20:56

Nov.

19

04:51 13:15 21:14

Nov.

20

04:46 13:13 20:43

Nov.

21

04:36 13:05 20:37

Nov.

22

04:44

Very

little

telemetry of

data demodu-

by

teletype because lator trouble. 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 88 89 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 Nov. 25 Nov. 24 Nov. 23 12:57 20:44 04:34 12:57 20:30 04:15 12:56 20:27 04:01 12:54 20:16 22:00 05:30 13:30 21:45 05:15 13:15 21:45 05:15 13:15 21:45 05:15 -- 146.5 -- 149.1 --148.2 -- 146. --148. --149 --146.5 --149.2 --149. --147.5 --148.2 3 One-way lock. One-way lock. 5 7 One-way lock. One-way lock.

271

MARINER-YENUS

1962

Table 7-1[I.mSummary

of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of mi.ionmContinued

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Dat_, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

5 2 3 4

92 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 95

Nov.

26

04:17 12:46 13:13 20:31

14:00 23:11 23:15 05:15 13:15 21:45 05:15 13:15 21:45 06:15 13:15

--148.6 --147.5 --148.8 --148.8 --147.5 --149.3 --149 Not scheduled. as receive only station. -- 148 --150 --151.9 Paramp trouble during most of One-way lock. Two-way lock at 13 : 13.

Nov.

27

04:09 12:45 20:13

Nov.

28

04:02 12:57 20:39

Functional

95 95 95 96

Nov.

29

05:49

this period. Not scheduled. 12:12 20:27 04:11 12:08 20:39 04:21 12:35 12:25 20:15 2 05:27 12:36 19:57 3 03:56 12:30 20:30 03:56 12:27 19:53 21:46 05:15 13:15 21:40 05:15 13:45 20:55 21:45 06:43 13:00 21:30 05:00 13:00 21:30 05:30 13:00 21:30 05:30 --148. --148.4 --148.5 Not --148.3 --150.6 --150.5 --147.8 150.5 --148.7 --148.8 --150. 9 One-way lock. scheduled. 4 Receive only.

96 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 101

Nov.

30

Dec.

Two-way Transmit

lock only.

at 12:35.

Dec.

Dec.

-- 150. 3 --149.2 --149.7 --150. --148 --151.5 3 One-way lock. One-way lock.

Dec,

272

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table 7-111.--Summary

of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of miuion--Continued

]_a_mum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

5 2 4

101 101 102

Dec.

03:55 12:41 20:01

13:00 21:30 05:00

--150.1 --148.1 --151 One-way lock.

5 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3

102 102 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 104

Dec.

03:49 12:23 20:17

13:00 21:30 05:00 13:00 21:30 21:30 05:30 13:00 22:30 22:30

--146. -- 149. -- 150. --152.3 --148.7 --151.1 --150 --149.5

1 4 6

Sudden gain bratiom. One-way lock.

change

during

cali-

Dec.

03:48 12:24 12:14 20:08

Two-way

lock

at 12:24.

Dec.

04:44 12:24 12:12

Two-way lock at 12:24. Command-modulation tests ducted during this period.

con-

4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4

105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 107 Dec. 10 Dec. 9

19:44 03:50 12:20 14:01 19:38 03:47 12:18 13:03 22:16

05:10 13:00 21:30 21:30 05:00 13:01 22:30 20:15 04:45

--150.4 --150 --149.2 --151 --150.5 --150.8 --149.2 --152.5 --149.7 One-way Receive Listening this lock. only. feed
f

One-way Receive

lock. only.

Tests

conducted before

to

determine period.

telemetry installed

threshold.

5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4

107 107 107 108 108 108 108 109

Dec.

11

03:45 12:17 12:08 18:28 03:45

12:45 22:26 22:20 05:00 13:28 22:23 22:20 05:00

--152.1 --149 -- 148 --151.9 --150. --149. 5 3 Two-way Transmit lock only. at 12:17.

Dec.

12

12:20 12:31 18:32

Two-way Transmit

lock only.

at 12:31.

273

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Table "/-III.--Summary of DSIF operations,midcourseto end of mission--Continued

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1962 Time GMT of Time of loss, receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

acquisitaon,

GMT

5 2 3 4 5 2 3

109 109 109 110 110 110 110

Dec.

13

03:49 12:13 12:04 18:15

13:31 22:20 22:10 05:00 13:31 22:16

--151.5 --150. 6 Two-way lock 17:06-17:43, Command-loop --149.5 --152.3 --150.6 Two-way lock at 12:27. tine Venus encounter. RTC-7 verified initiated initiated at at at 13:35:57. 20:32:00 13:35 and Rouand verifrom 12:13-13:06, 19:30-22:10. tests conducted.

Dec.

14

01:36 12:16 12:24

RTC-8

fied at 20:32:57. 4 111 18:10 05:00 --149.7

5 2

111 111

Dec.

15

01:37 12:17

13:27 22:12

--152 --151.4 Two-way conducted modulator lock at 12:17. Tests deand on telemetry threshold. at 13:25

111

12:07

22:10

RTC-2 verified initiated at and RTC

initiated

at 13:25:56; at 13:40 and Between

again verified 13:50

13:40:56.

22:06:30, a 0 commands

total of 165 transmitted.

4 5 2 3

112 112 112 112 Dec. 16

18:29 03:00 12:12 12:34

04:30 13:26 22:15 21:50

--149.1 --152.2 --151 Two-way Between of 25 mitted. lock 13:08 RTC--0 at 12:34. and 13:50, commands a total trans-

4 5 2 3 4

113 113 113 113 114 Dec. 17

18:31

04:00

--150.6 Not scheduled. lock at 12:34.

12:08 12:02

22:08 21:55

151

Two-way Not

scheduled.

274

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Table 7-111.--Summary

of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of mission--Continued

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisition, GMT

of

Time

of loss,

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

GMT

5 2

114 114

Dec.

18 13:20 22:06 --151.5 Two-way lock tion delayed feed line. Total of 7 transmitted 21:08. threshold at 17:39. Acquisibecause of water in RTC-0 between commands 21:02 and

114

17:39

21:55

Spacecraft transponder tests conducted.

4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3

115 115 115 115 116 116 116 116 Dec. 20 12:27 11:58 22:01 21:50 -- 152. 4 Dec. 19 12:07 11:59 22:05 21:45 --150. 6

Not Not

scheduled. scheduled. lock at 12:07.

Two-way Not Not

scheduled. scheduled.

Two-way lock at 12:27. Total of 6 RTC-2 commands transmitted 17:20. between 16:05 and

4 5 2 4

117 117 117 118

Not Dec. 21 02:09 12:00 --154.2 Not Not Dec. 22 02:06 19:00 Dec. 23 12:00 05:00 --156 Not --153.8

scheduled.

scheduled. scheduled.

5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5 2 4

118 118 119 119 119 120 120 120 121 121 121 122

scheduled.

Not Not 18:58 05:00 --153.7 Not Not Not

scheduled. scheduled.

Dec.

24

scheduled. scheduled. scheduled. scheduled. scheduled. scheduled.

Dec.

25

Not Not Not

275

MARINER-YENUS

1962

Table 7-111.--Summary of DSIF operations, midcourse to end of minion--Continued

Maximum

DSIF station Pass

Date, 1962

Time acquisitaon, GMT

of

Time

of loss, GMT

receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

122 122 123 5 2 4 5 2 3 123 123 124 124 124 124

Dec.

26

01:54 18:48

12:00 05:00

--154.5 Not --153.9 Not Not scheduled. scheduled. scheduled.

Dee.

27 18:53 05:30 --155

Dec.

28 12:00 12:10 21:30 21:30 --154.2

Not

scheduled. lock out times of at 12:10. two-way because of to obtain lock sevsynthevehicle

Two-way In and eral sizer. sync

Unable

for transmission

of RTC--2.

4 5 2 4 5 2 3

125 125 125 126 126 126 126

Dec.

29 04:41 17:52 08:22 02:00 -- 156

Not Not --155.3 Not 12:01 12:30 21:35 21:35 --155.5

scheduled. scheduled.

Dec.

30

scheduled.

Two-way lock at 12:30. Demodulator and decommutator continuously termination craft 4Fs had Not scheduled. dropping made dropped that lock; de-

spaceby 13cps.

127 5 2 4 127 127 128 128 128 129 129 129 130 23:15 02:00 -- 157.1 Dec. 31 02:45 12:00 --156.6

Not

scheduled.

Jan.

1 19:10 20:00

Not

scheduled.

One-way lock. ,Not scheduled.

Jan.

09:51

13:02

156.4 Not Not scheduled. scheduled.

276

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

Table 7-111.--Summaryof DSIF operations, midcourseto end of missionmConcluded

Maximum DSIF station Pass Date, 1963 Time acquisition, GMT of Time of loss, receivedsignal strength, dbm Remarks

GMT

5 2 4

130 130 131

Jan.

03:54

07:00

-157

Last signal craft. Not scheduled.

received

from

space-

Spacecraft from 20:58 no success.

signal through

searched 03:15

for with

5 2

131 131

Jan.

Secured

from

mission. searched 20:46 with for no

Spacecraft signal from 12:00 to succ_. Secured Jan. Jan. Jan. 5 6 7 Not Not Not from

4 2 2 2

132 132 133 134

mission.

scheduled. scheduled. scheduled.

135

Jan.

Spacecraft from 17:10 received.

signal

searched

for

to 21:00.

No signal total sent. of 40 Start-

135

Starting RTC--2

at 18:30, commands

ing at 19:12, total commands sent. 2 136 .Jan. 9

of 10 RTC-I

Station placed date.

relieved on

of

tracking until

and later

standby

The around January 4 started January

DSIF the

continued 7-III.

to track After radiometer 5 completed

on

a reduced-time periods, time the

basis in an being

after schedule

December was at

16,

as indicated a calibration.

in table spacecraft DSIF the

December calibration its

30, the DSIF tracking 3 and

planned to obtain 07:00 on

attempt period -157

scheduled at that from on January signal

3, 1963, 4, without

received-signal track success. The last

level

dbm. until therefore,

DSIF 03:15, was

its scheduled

at 20:58

searched

spacecraft,

MARINER-YENUS

1962

received by DSIF 5 at 07:00, January from 12:00 through 20:46 on .January DSIF from mitted override) There upon standby 4 and 5 were secured. 17:10 until 21:00 without 40 were by the status RTC-2 commands no (clockwise indications On which

3, 1963. DSIF 2 searched for the signal 4, again with no success. On January 5, for the signal DSIF 3 trans10 RTC-1 hinge were mission. received (roll angle. on

On January 8, DSIF 2 searched success. Dur;ng the same period, hinge override) to update any of the 9, the purposes the commands space'craft commands Goldstone terminated and were stations the antenna

in an attempt that

or acted placed

spacecraft.

January

for all practical

CENTRAL
The was

COMPUTING
Central Computing

FACILITY
Facility (fig. 7-24) located atJPL, Pasadena, Calif.,

composed of three installations: 1. The Primary Computing Facility, Station C, located in Building 125. 2. The Secondary Computing Facility, Station D, located in Building 202. 3. The Telemetry-Processing It was the function of the Station, located in Building 125. CCF to reduce the tracking and telemetry orbital and calculations magnetic tapes and command of telemetry data data ac-

from could

Mariner be made.

II so that After

the required the teletype

decisions

quired and recorded by the the raw data into the form and normal non-real-time

DSIF had been received at JPL, the CCF processed required by the user. All real-time data processing data were processed in the CCF.

Primary Computing Facility, Station C Tracking and Station C, which telemetry included data received both real- and from the non-real-time DSIF were processed in data (fig. 7-25). The equipment). The IBM 7090

processing equipment at Station C included: 1. IBM 7090 computer (and associated card handling is a large, high-speed, had a 32 168-word channels 2. seven IBM with Telemetry channels format, and each

general-purpose, digital computer. core memory, and was equipped channel data containing seven 729 IV tape data tape This converted tape translator. (asynchronously), them on magnetic This

The JPL installation with two input-output units. accepted data into the the IBM up to these into blocked 7090

to magnetic of digital recorded

translator for entry

computer. 3. Teletype 278

tape to magnetic

tape translator.

device

took

bit configura-

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

tion

of a five-level

teletype

character character. The normal was from 600 IBM

and

put

it into channels magnetic tape in this mode was The tape. computer and a card The device rate

A, 8, 4, 2, and

1 of

an IBM magnetic tape 1026 of these characters. and the maximum paper rate tape of punching 4. IBM IBM which with tape 7090. would handlers. card

One rate

record comprised 300 characters/sec was also capable was to the unit in this mode

characters/sec. magnetic This

60 characters/sec. 1401 computer It was relieve The (two units). acted input-output functions. reader, and by magnetic as on-line as a satellite processing two tape, functions primarily printer, punching, a bookkeeping a card card punch, and

the 7090 of these 1401 communicated

time-consuming with the 7090 listing

It was equipped magnetic thereby of the

a 600-line/rain

eliminating 7090.

reading,

5. Stromberg Carlson 4020 printer-plotter. The SC 4020 microfilm recorder. It was intended to record on microfilm tion supplied plotter and "Quick-look" provided one the SC 4020. The quick-look by the 7090 computer. printer, and was available copy, permitted in the Standard options extended off-line operation form of a hard-copy of each frame

was a high-speed real-time informaits capabilities as a tape. which by

from magnetic camera option generated

7.5 by 7.5 inches,

of information

The copy was developed at the site in the F85 oscillogram processor. copy was available within 30 rain of processing the raw data. (IBM 047) and card-to-paper-tape (IBM 063). These for the tracking the data points these points operation of Mariner were entered into the on cards, human computer. accomplished IBM 7090 relieved II. For computer the initial as quickly

6. Paper-tape-to-card devices were used orbit determination, as possible. errors 7. Digital of telemetered prime complex and specifically storage, channel, accept the a. two data Prepare data was made

By putting possible. Equipment data handling and for

checking The with was still

of transmission handling as the perform designed of core tape to buffer to perform which were 279 to

Corporation Mariner equipment. analysis, II but The tape and line.

PDP-I was The was PDP-1 units punch,

computer the PDP-1 used

reduction for data Plotter from a paper-tape

of bookkeeping, fast computer 18-bit with 4096 and was

quick-look, words

near-real-time

monitoring. processing. 906 II reader

was a small,

It was

equipped connected

through PDP-1

a high-speed a word able

a typewriter, the

a telephone tape

Generally,

following

functions

simultaneously: file of all telemetered measurements,

a magnetic

788-02_5

0--65--20

MARINER-VENUS

1962

"o

Iz,

I
C4 f

280

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

d
,.,_

281

MARINER-VENUS 1962

used

as input

to the

IBM

7090

for the

analysis, IBM

and 1401

for printer.

preparing

final

report. b. Prepare 8. Sending

magnetic

tapes

to drive

and receiving teletype equipment.

Secondary Computing Facility, Station D The basic tional facilities for this backup function in case facility of Station of a failure was and data D (fig. 7-26) was to provide in Station C. The normal the effort of Station backup computamode of operation the D critical was used at Station

to parallel

C during Station equipment

phase of flight--launch for processing other D duplicated that

initial orbit determination. as needed. The processing C.

of Station

Telemetry Processing Station (TPS) It was the tapes DSIF responsibility DSIF were of the TPS (fig. 7-27) to process telemetry magnetic (including telemetry signal was

recorded at the station functions) signal. on this tape

sites. All signals recorded processed by the TPS except spacecraft for processing telemetry

on the tape the spacecraft composite

composite recorded

The

decoded

by the DSIF

by the TPS.

Ground Communications Net The ground communication net which was used during the Mariner II mission, is shown in figure 7-28. Teletype lines were the primary communication links for the mission and were used for transmitting data from the DSIF stations to the diction, available any other links were taining Central and for Computing administrative high-priority Facility real-time and for passing to the communications command, The during acquisition, voice the circuits launch prewere and information stations.

critical phase of the Mariner operation. monitored and controlled by DSIF Net mission passed through or originated

All these communications Control. All messages perfrom Net Control.

to the

Data Circuits Communication Links The for data Communications transmission Center to or from had the three Echo half-duplex Station. teletype There were circuits two available half-duplex

282

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

53 '

--V-

J;J
[P_
m _-_" 2 _ CPU CHANNELS 7607 7100 1 MULTIPLEXER .__ /--CARD PUNCH S/--CA TAPE BINETS 729 TAPE TRANSPORTS CONSOLES 729 DATA 7606 CHANNEL I J 72t

_Ro I
READER

I
[I
_J

I TAPETRANS___OR*,
-J __

[-_
CONSOLE

STATION ROOM

' D ' 108

716

J
TAPE CABINETS 729 -_

I
64'

READER

PROCESSING UNIT_ _

14oiI
PUNCH -_

REPERF.

TRANSMITTER

DISTR IRU fOR

U
HALF - DUPLEX 0

l
ft.

II

063

TELETYPE

ROOM

110

PRINTER

SCALE,

UPEIFOeATOe/ nU_NsMrrt_/
DISTRIBUTOR "_

_0._o.T,_T,_-_'-_o--

FIGURE 7-26.--Secondary

Computing

Facility,

Station

D.

283

MARINER-VENUS 1962

NOOIOIA

Zw EO Eu 0 0 a

0 0 E

z 0 I,fh

I.el) (..9 Z _J

"o

UJ U 0 n." Q. >.. n_ I'UJ

_E
UJ --I U.J

Iro I

o o

a,

It ]

NlU

Viii

,1IZ

284.

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

o4 I

285

MARINER-VENUS 1962

circuits circuit were on

between available available

the Pioneer for one-way for full-time

and usage

Echo

Stations, from

and Data

one wideband to JPL. transmissions

telephone These were

data circuits

transmission

Goldstone

as required.

restricted (Woomera to each failed. of the ot

any one circuit One full-duplex on a limited to the necessity path,

to transmission in one direction only. circuit was available to each of the overseas on a full-time basis both during circuits of utilizing basis. critical radio were not A second periods teletype over circuit was or when

stations available

and Johannesburg) station Due

primary

circuits portion

a significant reliable

transmission

100-percent

during

periods

poor high-frequency radio propagation. Therefore, to gain a measure of redundancy, the primary and secondary circuits were routed over different paths. Data transmission over these circuits took place simultaneously in both directions. The Mobile Tracking circuits Station were These for data utilized available the to same Cape teletype Canaveral circuits during as the the Johannesburg Station. Two half-duplex Mariner II the mission JPL

launch period. and were used Center

circuits were flow between Calif.

available two weeks the launch complex

prior to and the

Communications

at Pasadena,

Voice Circuits Two ing voice circuits telephone with toll were circuits other call voice was available capable circuits placed to Goldstone. of being were that These conferenced used as prior part circuits at JPL of the consisted BuildDSIF

of four-wire

125 (SFOC)

operations. A commercial operation. Voice on a noninterference

to Johannesburg

to each

Mariner

communications to Woomera used either the Mercury Net basis or a commercial toll call. These circuits were used as operating basis. Station were days used the after same the launch voice of Mariner circuits period the Central II and were

required for the first three not available on a full-time The burg Mobile Tracking circuits Station. Two voice with

as the Johannesfor communiComputing used 125) Flight

available One

during circuit

launch

cations

the launch

complex.

connected

Facility with to coordinate Numerous with the

the Cape Canaveral Computing Facility, and the second was the DSIF and launch activities (data and status lines). circuits interconnected the DSIF Net Control (JPL Building and other personnel within the Building 125 Space

test director

286

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

Operations

Center,

and

with

the

Communications hot lines,

Center an intercom system

in JPL system,

Building and

190. a con-

These circuits included two ventional telephone system. Four-wire 125 computer conference to the SFOC

four-wire and

circuits and

an intercom Building

connected

the Building facility.

the JPL

202 computer

SPACE Tracking In

FLIGHT

OPERATIONS

Data Analysis preparation for

Group
the Mariner II mission, precalibration testing was per-

formed at all DSIF tests. The calibration error corrections The whenever monitoring monitoring there was procedures and

stations, including star tracks and boresight-vs-polarization data obtained from these tests contained angle systematicboresight-shift of raw data information. assumed of the before major validity the importance of the flight proved on several tracking data. occasions Because in

a question as conceived

to be inadequate

providing the sensitivity and puter at Goldstone Tracking near-real DSIF invaluable Determination Monitoring except between in and forth, the measure, from was that time. 3 was This form to both taking assistance Group. of reduced closer Data complexity precision

speed of monitoring Station was utilized of monitoring two-way the Tracking data teamwork Analysis and proceeded than Group newness had and became Doppler Data

required, to provide data every

the IBM 1620 comsuch monitoring in procedure and and the when provided Orbit 8 days, Group

a standard Analysis

according been the Orbit This orbit the

to

preflight proved resulted,

planning, necessary Group in large program of and so

somewhat

envisioned need program.

the Tracking interpretation from the the variety data, quickly

Determination determination on-times,

of tracking-data of options including available VCO

residuals. of the within job.

Correlation

supplementary

frequencies,

transmitter

recognized

as a full-time

Spacecraft The and SDAT one

Data Analysis Team Spacecraft or more Data cognizant primary Analysis engineers function Team (SDAT) was from composed of the analysis of the spacecraft. director The

for each

subsystem

director's

was to coordinate,

of the telemetry 287

MARINER-VENUS 1962

data

received,

the

efforts

of the

SDAT

in determining

the

performance

of the

spacecraft It was

in flight. initially planned that the SDAT would all data Facility convene daily during cruisereceived since would monitor the previous all incoming engineer in monitoring, mechanized low-rate stations. the change the SDAT in the characteristic tracking a

mode periods to examine and evaluate session, and that the Central Computing data the

during nonstandard working hours and notify the cognizant event that an alarm situation developed. This method of proved in an was data of the the of the inadequate on-line primarily as received computer with noisy on a spacecraft's early fashion. due by in the The operation, computer's from low-rate and effort the since failure overseas data to it was not

however, to operate

to identify

measurements of most The inability

to discontinuous teletype

transmission, hampered

to identify performance simultaneous data.

in evaluating method capability Rather measurements, teletype data were in effect, commutating page the

necessitated improve

of operation, of processing than the printers technician the data. supplied rely

computer's for low-rate the Printed therefore, of de-

computer-generated assigned a technician these page one printers of the

tabulated to the

listings task measurements.

SDAT

of monitoring form;

to identify assumed

subcommutated computer's

by the teletype

in commutated initial

functions

In addition, an engineer was made available examine and evaluate the data identified and This arrangement of the mission. worked satisfactorily and

24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to decommutated by the technician. was continued for the remainder

Orbit and Trajectory Determination The spacecraft's path with

Group respect to the Sun, the Earth, and the target Deterwhich was emerprior

planet was computed by the Orbit and Trajectory Determination minations were made at least once a day during the encounter encompassed supplied and spacecraft the period other from and An December groups attitude, important 8 to 18. on orbital for purposes contribution Up-to-date elements, of data to the operational

Group. phase, information

target analysis and

parameters, and both Trajectory

trajectory planning. Group to the

gency-action Determination and 288 subsequent

of the Orbit

was establishment midcourse

of the target-miss

parameters,

maneuver.

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

Midcourse Maneuver In order cours to fulfill

Commands Group its responsibility for generating Commands the commands during for the that mid-

maneuver,

the Midcourse

Maneuver

Group,

portion

of the flight preceding the maneuver, maintained Analysis Team, the Scientific Data Group, and Information scientific obtained objectives from these sources with was coordinated

liaison with the Spacecraft Data the Communications Coordinator. to spacecraft status and by the information developed

pertaining additional

group itself; this, in turn, was correlated with an analysis of the operational situation. The resulting study was presented to the test director in the form of a recommended midcourse maneuver maneuver on the accomplishment and a detailed analysis of the mission objectives. of the effect of such a

ScientiFic Data Group The Scientific Data Group of the JPL cognizant scientists the remaining out the The lation Flight data the Mariner into group mission JPL a format began cognizant II operation, permitting to function was composed of the project for data handling. As the scientists the their early served in a consulting the and by the space 1962 was group translated scientist occasion capacity. scientific flight active and certain demanded, Throughaspects of the test director. in the formuin the Space the scientific aiming the point trajectory

utilization in May

of the scientific requirements Operations Plan. This effort requirements, and to bring permitted correction by

of the mission, served, primarily, determination the constraints

as reflected to establish of the imposed planet on during

to the

optimal

by the scientific instrumentation. Procedures modes of operation were also formulated. The The first cruise-science was analyzed was found telemetry by the was

to be followed about Group,

nonstandard on August 29.

received Data

16:14:00 and The

telemetry

Scientific

all cruise-science first/-nagnetometer

instrumentation

to be performing

as expected.

calibration occurred at 00:06:00 on August 30. Since the spacecraft was rotating about its roll axis, important magnetometer information was obtained and an independent check was made on the roll rate. The first radiometer calibration sequence The times of possible recurrence were for circulation events. Until among encounter, the DSIF 130 scheduled occurred predicted at 10:49:00 on September and supplied to the test to assure coverage and of 23 289 calibrations

14. these

director

stations

in order

magnetometer

MARINER-YENUS 1962

radiometer

calibrations These in the average, 27,

were

obtained, were of the

all

but

two

of the

latter

occurring

at

predicted times. great importance primary occurred, calibrations On that longer usually certain than planetary on the every September

calibrations assessment The every the

carefully followed, since extrapolated operational radiometer and the calibration scheduled nonstandard times on sequences. and one or

they were of status of this sequence magnetometer operation, extended more Certain in for axes, minor

experiment. 15 hr 46 min.

microwave

5 to 6 days,

magnetometer began Scale end of these

evidenced at unscheduled occurred unscheduled changes

calibration normal

sequences intervals. and

at the beginning

nonstandard aspects of operation and the cosmic dust experiment November obtained electrical power 26 and from power failure, the degrading during three the further first October

were observed in the solar plasma suffered a decrease in sensitivity, on December 8 because power changed signature panels. was Jet axes magnetic the solar liaison at the 14. No science necessity At the scale of the failure.

experiment, starting on telemetry time by the the was of this of redisof conserving because

31 to November magnetometer

solar-panel

to the high occasioned

the larger change in the spacecraft tribution of electrical current from During experimenters, operation. information as nearly telephone handling printout. stituting encounter some coordinator. in real-time link with maintained An his analysis only An extensive (mode of whom series as the III),

maintained Propulsion reports II and

with were III permitted.

associate for the to the analyzed a for data translator conOne

were

Laboratory provided was

of spacecraft telemetry availability

science

Science

in modes of printouts

Through

Goldstone Echo Station, a real-time surveillance of this printout information was real-time relative

the cognizant scientist of the scientific data furnished to the test to the planetary

director, scan.

approximately diametrical scan and two chordal scans obtained, with corresponding changes in the readings radiometers. periments No were changes which could be correlated observed in the readings of the other

of the planetary disk were on both channels of both with scientific the radiometer exexperiments.

Immediately after return to mode II operation at 20:43:00 on December 14, a radiometer calibration sequence occurred. During the period of telemetry degradation observed, Science the 29O and just one telemetry mentioned, final gradually nine additional calibration, slowly lost at 07:00 magnetometer which at first, on January occurred then 3. calibrations on December more The rapidly, quality were 28. until of the radiometer

degraded,

spacecraft

signal

was finally

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

telemetry meaningless. During team. The was closely and Bureau mission; Alert

at the end the

of the mission close

was such was

as to render

any with

analysis the SDAT

practically scientific Service activity National during the

mission,

liaison

maintained Atlantic reporting solar

AGIWARN followed.

service of the North (This is a world-wide phenomena, class 3 or class 2 flares of following for continuous No purpose larger the

Radio service by flares the

Warning on solar U.S.

associated

geophysical

administered was reported AGIWARN coverage

of Standards.) Program. The

occurred alert was

only one of the several to be alerted

through should

the AGIWARN to enable solar a significant

the DSIF stations event occur. CENTRAL The of data Mode and Mode 7-30

COMPUTING data-processing

FACILITY operation,

OPERATIONS as presented the three and and mode here, modes III tracking is divided (or types) (encounter). data. into three Figures modes data: 7-29

acquisition, I (launch), illustrate

patterned mode II

after (cruise),

of telemetry

the flow of telemetry Days) processing at both in

I (L to L+2

Tracking-data the sequence data However, telemetry ments.

Station the on

C and meeting pressure

Station the at initial

D closely mission C,

followed with requireFrom until accomno

of events imposed because generated

specified no of

SFOP.

Computer-time Station

sharing

constraints operational

predictions for complete

for the DSIF, Station start

at Station D performed hr,

D, were parallel Station The hr

used

for the first view periods. computations flight at of tracking days data Station on-line using was 33-BPS processed specified Goldstone, results operations was

L to L+ 12 hr, Station C backup. of the midcourse

tracking D discontinued

At L+12 maneuver. from Lq-12 data by

processing L-k-2

plished twice daily operational difficulty. Telemetry rain puter. both in Because real PDP-1 to L-5 After quick-look of the time, min; and the

through AMR Africa, were

C, with from L-180

teletype acquisition inability was

from was South

processed format,

processing

in quick-look formats

the-PDP-1

comon-line in rate on-line mode. 291

telemetry at the intervals the from link and

full-reduction of teletype used with wideband

in the SFOP. with in this

to transmit positive

telemetry-data

data-phone

processing,

significant

MARINER-YENUS

1962

=c___ _o

_lil

292

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

I
I
.)

o!I

"?,

I
I
p...

293

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Mode II (L+2
Tracking-data

Doys to L+108
processing

Days)
and midcourse maneuver studies were conducted

on a daily basis until occurrence of the midcourse maneuver after, tracking data were processed once each week until (L+105 Public days), information and DSIF pertaining predictions to the at E-3 in PDP-1 and a week, days, mode analysis on the were spacecraft tracking II generated trajectory data consisted every IBM 7090 of engineering

at L+ 8 days. Thereencounter (E)-3 days for periods processed of quick-look 24 and hours scientific of 10 days. on a until on-line a day. data daily was also released

weekly basis. encounter. Telemetry-data processing, Until were

Beginning

were

processing of the 7 days full daily, processing

by means

computer,

3 hours, computer.

encounter, performed

Mode III (Encounter, I.+109

Tracking-data throughout after until processing After

Days)
was this conducted time, in day, processing day, near-real December was telemetry time done data at every were line. tapes Station daily sixth D day

the Goldstone

pass on encounter

14, and

there-

until L-t-2 days. mission termination. During the were Goldstone PDP not

pass on encounter using the in this mode.

processed Quickgenerated

on-line look data

by the

1 computer, available

wideband However,

data-phone magnetic

by the PDP-1 computer and containing scientific by the IBM 7090 compmer every 30 min. The in this mode tion, required from 4_ to 7 rain. was similar After telemetry-data processing to that

encounter processing mode Ill for mode

data were processed and delivery of data until II. mission termina-

Major Problem Areas in Flight Data Processing

Down negligible. times on the two IBM 7090 computers and the PDP-1 computer Never during the mission were all three machines inoperative and again during 7090's for several during the a critical necessary were at the

same time. During September, resulted in the loss of both IBM affected. launch, Had this event occurred the capability

December, power fluctuations hours, but the PDP-! was not phase functions of the mission, such as in a tilnely fashion

of performing

would have been seriously jeopardized. This possibility need for an auxiliary power source. Maintenance of the 294

pointed to a definite PDP 1 and associated

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

equipment requirement modes were

was

difficult

to schedule normal to permit

under data

the flow.

24 hr/day Fortunately,

postlaunch-operation adequate backup

without available

disrupting

mininmm

maintenance.

DATA-HANDLING
Recovery to place begins station haustiw:ly senl useful at the

PROCESSES
data comprises stations and In in both those in the ends the procedures hands when Mariner raw and the lI and data processes users. have required Recovery been the form. as exDSIF The

of telemetry data DSIF data from

the spacecraft

of the final

tracking to the

analyzed

as is practicable. laboratory

operation,

demodulated

raw form was stored on magnetic tape lated form sent via teletype in near-real were printed computer presented to the operations teletype from page operational of science on a modified printouts

and served as a backup to the demodutime. Data received at the laboratory in a comnmtated and also in the form Analytical were used to obtain but readable form, of decommutated programs, meaning more

personnel printer, telemetry,

programs.

computer

particularly in the area from the received data. The coverage telemetry after was hour transmitted processed

DSIF, prior to launch, was for only part of the mission. as possible from the from the spacecraft, conservatively during teletype spacecraft. via the It has been spacecraft time from in real

scheduled However, continuous

to give continuous telemetry in an effort to get as much coverage that was recovered; was provided 95,/0 of the more to analysts total than within until data 85,o7o an

encounter.

estimated this time and was

available

of transmission

Engineering Telemetry The utilized for each Mode provided Mode telemetry by JPL. of the only I--Launch. system The three on board of the mode data, mode science This mode the Mariner three defined for the II was data first rate major data, the first all-digital modes 57.3 of operation, hc_urs of flight system one and

system phases This

encompassed flight, was used

as follows: of 33}3 / BPS. portion transmitted 7 hours of the 129-day rate at the

engineering This both

transmitted was and used

at the for the

II--Cruise.

flight. It furnished of 8}3 / BPS. Mode III--Encounter.

engineering

was used for approximately

at planet

MARINER-YENUS

1962

encounter. Mariner urements and

It yielded II the

only

science telemetry of the

data, data four

transmitted consisted registers. event

at

the

rate

of 8 '//a BPS. or measmeasurewhereas data data encoder for transone subencoder to Proper tracking identified

engineering contents

of 44 parameters Engineering dc voltages, spacecraft's

ments were in analog form and were read as variable from the event counters were in binary form. The (A through F) sampled, encoded, and mission by converting it into a continuous carrier generated word and of the transmitted a unique bit sync, and signal. The pattern of pulses prepared binary each signal

measurement that modulated in the data period, subcarrier.

pseudo-noise during each

generator word on a separate

in addition

this was also transmitted signals on the of data words.

combination of the two binary stations enabled the reconstruction and decommutated by locating The data were then converted transmission The paper in two was bit. with ner, The tape by with the teletype was

ground by the DSIF The words were then

certain data words containing unique into a suitable format for telephone data word form. paper fifth encoder. to punch The level the standard word first level columns

bit patterns. or teletype

teletype

encoder data

designed

Baudot was was

five-level containing column

an engineering in binary columns indicator;

consisting tape.

of seven The

bits in a format

the commmated five-level a word-sync

engineering of both

accommodated an even-parity

on the the

of the first

The seven remaining positions contained the data word in binary form the most significant bit in the second level of the first column. In" this mantwo teletype characters were a time used was PDP-1 to designate accomplished computer. that had of telemetry been of outputs: equivalent as an input The similar IBM to that one engineering-data 5-min CCF from by the was at the The data word. intervals. using normally DSIF the listing binary realso but a encoder also inserted tag in the data at approximately PDP-1 adapted of the of the 7090 number

Telemetry-data Digital used by means five-level (quick-look) number, duction generated also and Equipment on-line tape.

decommutation Corporation real-time PDP-1 of the IBM

to receive of a high-speed The by address in the the

transmission reader number computer. listing

paper-tape generated decimal tape 7090

to read

two types

(1) a tabular received engineering computer PDP-1, with

(2) a magnetic

to be used

program

two outputs:

(1) a tabulated equivalent

of the

containing

engineering

of the

decimal

interpo-

lated time tags, and (2) a magnetic Carlson 4020 plotter: The output specified 296 measurements, grouped

tape to be used as an input to the Strombergof the 4020 plotter was a series of curves of by subsystems.

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

In addition and used from the on-line DSIF.

to the

two

computers,

two

teletype

page

printers

were data in the

modified received printing line. data until identify most of numbers, listing of reduced presenta-

to provide immediate access to the commutated The modification of the page printer resulted for each of the 64 characters in a given became the primary that the computers It also became

of lower-case

characters

teletype

These page prints it became evident the low-rate data. the personnel rather than of decimal data tion for Figures during user

source of the subcommutated frequently did not adequately apparent early in the with The widely flight that the decimal decommutated used used form for data

involved preferred with the equivalent numbers analysis. to 7-37 Mariner 7-31 the (quick-look)

to work directly engineering unit. became the most

are representative II mission.

of the formats

61 6S

IZ5 IZ5

_ _

21 21

5_*

125

21

O_

125

_*

21

125

_,

27

6_ 5_

125 12S

_, _

2r 2T

66 6_,

125 125

_ 5

2T 2_

55 51

[2S 12S

_* _

27 2T

F_OUR_ 7-31.--Example

of quick-look

engineering

data. 297

MARINER-VENUS

1962

100,00

90.00

80.00

70,00

P 60,00
I N 50.00

C O
U N _0.00 T S

30.00

20.00

10.00

.00 0 5 I0 15 30 35 _0 k5 50

MARINER ANALYSIS TOMETER

R-II SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM MAGNEPLOTTING PROGRAM

(S/C)

TIME IN MINUTES NO. 2 TRANS. DATE 282 DSIF TIME INTERVAL IN HOURS 19 TO 20

TELEMODE

PAGE lq' PLOT k

Fmur_E

7-32.--Typical

graph

of analyzed

science

data

produced

by Stromberg-Carlson

4020

plotter.

298

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

_oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

_oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

_O00_ooooocoDoooooo0oooo0oo

._

c,

,_

.3

4" <

4"

4"

4"

_"

4"

.r

4"

4"

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i 1 7' i i i i I i _ i i i _ t I i i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i _/ i t i I i I, i I I i i I I I i i i i i

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o

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o'

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o

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c

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o

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o

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299

MARINER-YENUS

1962

B.

R
c_

I
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3OO

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

;i_

i
'4"

! i
i

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I

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Ip.. ro

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i
: =

b9

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:;.-,

_g

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I

,o C3

==I zz:
Io C

i i !

i i
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i_,_-_=, i zz_=: io o1_o:

,,
1 jcc

_o',

,i
P -.'P',4- #,,,14"!4" ,,IP_,4" 4"

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tr ,_-_4,

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'C _:_ _ _ _"_ _:_"_'

nre '4 _'_i,",,I :',fIN r_ sl_l

,_,i._ J..o o
NIN _;N t_i

301

MARINER-VENUS

1962

, , ,

, , , , , , , , $_$

, , , '

_2_24_2242242_224222222 3Z

...........................

i
3" _J _Z z

---=

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302

TRACKING AND DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

Zc

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_ ._._*_;.._._._._._.*._.,_.__

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIitlit111111t1111111111111t1111111tll

303

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Scientific Telemetry The craft A first telemetry line from vember 225 000 consists flow analysis of information experimenters was over during performed the from was the scientific above the the from instruments under quality DSIF August and on board the space-

to the

described to determine from periods

Data-Handling quantity and over stations

Processes. of science the phone No31 and

transmitted Goldstone

teletype

30 to October

8 to December 14. During this science subframes were generated of the 168 bits data every of data that

100-day period, slightly more than on the spacecraft. (A subframe the telemetry BPS.) were processed encoders, transdaily later pattern partially set if link with 140 bits of 8.334

time-share

of engineering

36 957 sec, at the rate

Approximately 87.7% of in excellent condition through mitters, was recovered of science they and JPL in terminal figure tapes readout radiometer sources; 1403 these was printer. DSIF reflected from the 7-38. station was

the generated 37.8 million bits the DSIF demodulators, teletype (PDP-1 classified and the cruise No existed Errors or IBM as effort 7090). Data tapes, missing were were

computers

The

to reconstruct classified experiments was made between those

an optimal as significant or any the to distinguish spacecraft which

computer

continued. of the have periods calibrations.

affected error IBM

of any may The

science attempt anywhere

of the

23 pre-encounter between and the

considered

were

during

the

DSIF station concerned redundant decommutation mode the III, day 100% of Venus of the

actually committed to track Mariner. By using and transmission equipment at Goldstone during data were recovered in excellent condition on

planetary

encounter.

INFORMATION SDAT Reports

COORDINATION

tion day. after

Initial spacecraft-status coordinator at L-t-2 flight reports reports date, summary were SDAT that

information hr, L-t-3 hr, made thereafter

was provided by SDAT to the informaLq-12 hr, L-t-14 hr, and L-bl8 hr. A of flight weekday reports symbol approach weekday SDAT was (1600 provided until were E, and at L-t-1 1; until at 2300) provided on each each phase, November

preliminary

for tl_e first 24 hours provided the encounter twice

were

Venus E--25 should 304

encounter.

During

hr, E-10 hr, be interpreted

Enu4 hr, and Ent-23 hr. (The as encounter or time of closest

as used here, to the planet.)

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

%'NOI/laNO3

J.N37730X3

NI 03AI303W

VIVO

3_)N31OS
0 0

(.0

0D

(D

"o

7_

e_

q=

od
m r_

I
I

al

%'S_01::li::13

1NV:31_-IIN_)IS

HII_

03AI333t::1

WO

9NI5SII/4

VlV(]

3DN31_)S

305

MARINER-FENU$

1962

Following encounter, hr/day DSIF coverage for each mission. The only that tracking reports

SDAT provided was discontinued. (approximately by SDAT status by short the SDAT

reports twice each weekday Thereafter, an SDAT report once per day) and until September the

until 24 was made end of the

period provided

between was

launch normal

18 indicated abnormal con-

spacecraft-subsystem

or abnormal;

ditions were accompanied September 18, however, spacecraft-subsystem CC&S data current antenna locations pulse number, for each times, antenna solar

explanations report form The nitrogen hinge and power

of the situation. Beginning on was changed to include specific measurements and usage, and and angle, battery given voltage at were and power, 18 Earth-brightness available

measurements. attitude-control hinge panel, angle, spacecraft mode

specific supply reference data rate,

consumption

RF power, telemetry on the spacecraft.

temperatures

Trajectory Information The nominal period maneuver trajectory initial and just prior trajectory information spacecraft first-through-sixth to the was midcourse reported information trajectory orbit was on information computations issued September at maneuver. provided run Predicted 25 (fifth was from nominal based launch on to the the

midcoursePostmidcourse

midcourse.

postmidcourse-orbit

computation), on November 8 (twelfth postmidcourse-orbit weekly thereafter until Venus encounter. During information type of report reports were received no longer reports spherical, encounter at E-25 provided. received Earth and conic, radiometer from and launch on scan hr, E-10 hr, was then

computation), and encounter, trajectoryand E+45 min. This 25 report

Trajectory-information contained Beginning contained Earth-fixed with both Venus trajectory

through conic November

September coordinates. 8, the

heliocentric parameters.

information

received

The JPL Office of Public Education and Information with data on August 29, September 4, 8, 24, November These at JPL, counter, to Earth 306 data blocks and data the and Sun, contained AMR, blocks distance spacecraft information and contained from latitude Earth and for 6-hour and updating spacecraft increments, Venus, and NASA, also contained

(OPEl) 28, and display from board distances

was provided December 10. boards and launch velocity coordinates. located speed. to enrelative

Specifically,

of spacecraft

spacecraft

longitude,

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION OPERATIONS

DSIF Information Every transmitted 20 min during status the first day of flight, by each station to the Net in the DSIF net

real-time

information

teletype

Control

Room

in the Space Flight Operations Center. record of the mission functions at each available to the information coordinator.

The messages station, and

represented their content

a comple.te was made

Central Computing Facility Information During data communication encounter equipment the remainder test director, phase, status the hours project system these board of launch, engineer in the conditions located midcourse reported Space were in the Flight Space maneuver, equipment additionally Flight Operations presented Operations and encounter, over on the Center. Center. the the During computerDuring with the CCF voice the

processing

conditions

of the mission, CCF operations the DSIF operations manager,

were directly coordinated and CCF users.

Communications Status Similarly, the status ot communications with the DSIF stations during the by was

hours involving launch, midcourse maneuver, and encounter the communications coordinator over the voice communication additionally reported during status board. During the coordinated directly with the

was reported system and

the encounter phase, via the DSIF communications remainder of the mission, communications were test director and the DSIF operations manager.

Science Status Reports were August 29, when 19 to Venus scientific reports received from the Scientific Data Group science was first turned on, until October a report received was received hr, until E daily. -10 the end During hr, E -2 of the were at E -25 Thereafter, each 19. weekday from From October encounter, E +45 rain, scientific hr,

encounter,

Venus mission,

E -4-4 hr, and E +23 hr. reports were received daily. Each regarding also

report received prior the condition of the included to

to October 19 contained a general statement scientific instruments. A short statement was explain any unusual condition. Beginning on 307

occasionally

IviARINER-YENUS 1962

October cerning data. reports follows:

19, Specific

the

daily

scientific of each

status experiment produced 10.

report by

contained each

a short condition

statement of the were reported included was

conreceived in as

the condition received after

as well as the Typical

measurements

experiment information

November

Solar

plasma: Plasma range, kev level Calibration Maximum digital level discriminator time, hr counters: steel, counts/sec sec

Ion

chamber: Recharging Milliroentgens,

Geiger-Mueller Stainless

Beryllium, counts/see Anton 213, counts/see Magnetometer: Calibration Temperature, Interplanetary-field Radiometers: Calibration Microwave Microwave times signal baseline voltage, voltage, position temperature, both channels each channel channel each o F o F times o F condition

Microwave scan Infrared housing Infrared Voltage condition, Cosmic dust: Experiment Hits COMMUNICATIONS recorded,

calibration-plate

temperature,

condition if any

COORDINATION the Space television,

During the system tests and the flight of the Mariner I I spacecraft, Flight Operations Complex was provided with telephone, teletype, and 3O8 high-speed data-communications support.

TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

The

long

duration concepts

of the and

Mariner hardware

II

mission

provided with

a proving

ground

for

the engineering this period, firmed the deficiencies engineering units tions that

associated

communications.

During

systems and subsystems underwent basic soundness of the engineering in study had component was initiated II operation The concept for to be highly throughout in the The revealed heavy proved subassemblies. to provide As

a proving-out concepts, while a result and of

process that conrevealing certain these findings, an of those

for redesign

reconstruction

unsatisfactory. also provided a testing ground of Communications Control communications Staffing Complex and constant in the and during training use of effective. procurement deficiencies of additional personnel. requirements the for communicaas a central cowas tested, long were course evaluated of a required equipment that and the

The Mariner procedures. point and and

ordinating modified, for for have training mission throughout resulted effective

mission-dependent

services

found operation will the

be used flights. mission

of personnel teletype equipment procedures

subsequent

maintenance

in the

procurement

maintenance

of more

maintenance OF

DISSEMINATION The disseminated Information Agency Their status usual after hr, content reports, events. launch, E-9 hr, was until E-6 then following

INFORMATION outline the manner in which information was

paragraphs and

to users Coodinator Status was and summary Agency at 2400 Venus hr,

to the public

throughout

the mission.

Reports drawn DSIF

were from

composed reports, Each with were and when E-k-1 hr, the at the and until

by Agency

the

information information, Report Status

coordinator. scienceintended or unroutine at on were E-24 each based was

SDAT status,

trajectory emphasis published, 1600 each reports E-t-6

information. of mission Status Reports weekday hr, and prepared

as a current

on any Monday. were hr.

abnormal This

beginning published Publication of the

immediately

each E-1

continued weekday

encounter,

resumed

continued by

completion

mission. reports, detailed had their 309

Technical

Bulletins,

information

coordinator,

on the content of the SDAT reports, trajectory information, and DSIF information. The Technical Bulletins, which than Agency Status Reports, were not published

science-status were more and

as frequently

MARINER-FENUS

1962

own

distribution Status the and

list at JPL. Reports. midcourse weekly The

Off-lab bulletins until

distribution were weekly the published until end

was Venus

the each

same weekday

as that from daily

for

the

Agency through encounter, Office

launch during

maneuver, thereafter,

encounter,

of the mission.

of Public Education and Information data were with press transmitted display receipt releases by the of the were to the to data cognizant The blocks personnel of the from for these Orbit the and purpose transmissions Trajectory and of

OPEI updating corresponded Determination

trajectory Group.

boards.

frequency

All OPEI after final the information

submitted JPL press.

to the and

information NASA

coordinator,

approval

cognizant

management

personnel

was released

DisplaySystem
The Center through mainder The on the The of lights, at the stations, Space (Pasadena) midcourse Flight were Operations maintained and spacecraft, report. status the being line, board spacecraft, used and the to was used the to display, ground of each mode with the by means existing DSIF line. tracking lines the boards were maneuver status during and boards Venus scientific (fig. time, during status 7-39) in the Operations from working were launch the rehours. revised

in near-real maintained

24 hr/day, regular boards

encounter.

During

of the mission, basis DSIF the station, the use of each and DSIF the

trajectory-information, status station teletype

Communications

communicate condition

of each

teletype and DSIF

teletype

This board was remotely was controlled fromthe status was controlled

indep qdently Net Control

controlled; room and Center. showed for the notify

thus, the DSIF portion the communications-line

from

the Communications status The control could board panel

The equipment CCF, personnel The spacecraft periods, 310

computer-equipment in the of their events, CCF. local computer

condition was Space

and Flight

use of the in the Operations to display tracking loss times.

this display

located

so that

personnel conditions. board

remotely

postlaunch-event relative

was maintained and strength, and

throughout DSIF DSIF

the mission view and and

distances

velocities,

received-spacecraft-signal

acquisition

TRACKING

AND

DATA

ACQUISITION

OPERATIONS

c_

"0

2
0

0 F-,

I
m I

311

MARINER-YENUS 1962

Current shown.

Greenwich

mean board date

time,

Pacific

standard

time, with

and entries

flight made

times

were

also

A special-events tion of the events, Fence. Four (1) flight flight midcourse clock, clock GMT digital and

was also The board

maintained, was used and

at the

discre-

test director.

to display numbered Space clock, (3) used a

all significant day-of-the-year Flight used six-digit Operations during

spacecraft of occurCenter: launch,

of occurrence, were and maintained encounter the and

clocks (2)

in the periods, and seconds),

a GMT

clock, maneuver, used (days,

a countdown-countup mission,

the

total-minutes-oftotal-seconds-ofthe flight.

throughout hours,

(4) a four-digit throughout

minutes,

312

CHAPTER

Scientific Results
Several data results ciently derived detailed definitive years from will be required the Mariner in this chapter to establish to analyze II mission. must a profile in each and In that of the fully evaluate sense, the as preliminary, experimental all the scientific and suffi-

measurements although areas.

be regarded

INTERPLANETARY
The Mariner over II

MEASUREMENTS
instruments the range of were designed several not only to provide between observations 1.5X10 s and

in the vicinity environment 1.1 X 108 km The persistent over in the urable bulk were 1 day data

of Venus (9 X 107 and recorded

but also to measure heliocentric 7 >( 107 miles). the 2_,. to have within

properties

of the interplanetary

distances

during

interplanetary field The the averaging interplanetary expected During the

flight about spiral flight

of Mariner 4, r with field appeared form, there of the and the Sun's although was Sun. level

II indicated rms fluctuations to lie mainly there The was a measplasma's There which period). Sun. terrestrial cosmic

interplanetary of approximately plane and fluctuating

magnetic

ecliptic

substantial velocity strong

component. from

always

flow of plasma correlations

10 of the direction the plasma velocity showed (equal during with the near

was in the range Both (peaks) reading Figures astronomical excursions dust detector and that

of 320 to 770 km/sec quantities tendency not not change a gradient During major only

(199 to 478 miles/sec). pronounced to the visible flight; the Earth cosmic there associated impacts that were with during near variations rotation however, features on the

between of these could did

of terrestrial

magnetic displayed These The data rays about The

activity. a 27-day variations

recurrence

be identified

ion chamber indicated increased. 9% cosmic per

the ionization indicated unit. two recorded particles

level produced

by galactic rayintensity several solar the

in galactic this period

of minor flares. flight,

radiation-flux indicating

excursions two definite

a flux of such

of magnitude

10 -4 times

the Earth.

788-025

0--65----22

3 13

MARINER-VENUS

1962

Magnetic The

Fields magnetic field observed by the triaxial fluxgate magnetometer was a

superposition of the The two components direction when about and the the were interplanetary Sun-spacecraft variation arguments over results and presence. field of the the result main long

interplanetary field and a nearly constant spacecraft field. of the spacecraft field perpendicular to the Sun-spacecraft by examination field axis. with periods regarding of time. here 1962, magnetic region has were obtained from in interplanetary the Earth were obtained space either during inside space. beliefs and One is rarely always obThe fields late by the the far enough of the to be unaffected was fairly was the A tentative made of the steady estimate magnetic the of the of the readings spacecraft entire the above at a time was spacecraft data rolling field with field and

determined

its slow

time

by combining

plausibility averaged The August Earth's

configuration

interplanetary

described No data

September

measurements verified of prior a number and

geomagnetic Analysis confirmed important empty served,

or in the features

transition less that

to interplanetary of widely complete interplanetary accepted space

observations.

is the

convincing

evidence

or Eeld-free. and transient

Magnetic fields of at least a few gamma were nulls were too brief to be recorded as such.

varied irregularly with characteristic periods ranging limit (40 sec) to several hours. A typical average rms fluctuations Figures magnetic-field 8-1 over to 1 day 8-3 were the approximately 1-day 2%

from the observable lower field strength was 4% and

show with

averages fields

of the subtracted

three

interplanetary case. The

components

spacecraft

in each

three figures depict, outward from the in the direction

respectively, the radial component Sun), the tangential component to planetary motion), and toward the north). intervals: 3.7 min

(positive in a direction (in the ecliptic, positive the normal component The lower plot shows (bottom curve), 30 min

opposite

(perpendicular to the ecliptic, positive standard deviations for different time (circles), The the 3 hr (crosses), field was corresponding plasma

24 hr (top curve). field to the and The in the early constant) spiral normal radial pattern outward. components and portion of the flight and (during was which directed large, a apparently flowing lay in the expected Field tangential ecliptic

long-time

average

spacecraft

in a manner in solar-wind however, than 314 the

for field lines immersed fluctuations greater components were disturbance showed

radially

with the tangential radial component.

showing

SCIENTIFIC

RESULTS

DAYS OF SOLAR 3 5 8
I

ROTATION I0 15 20
1 I

PERIOD 25
1

I0
I

15 20
I I

25
I

5
I

10
I

15
I

4
<BR>

gamma 2

-2

'/ ' ' ' ' 'W'[I

<OR>

gamma
9/'17 9/27 10/7 10/17 10/27 1

/28

9/7

240

250

260

270 DAYS

280

290

300

310

FIOURE 8-1.--Corrected

interplanetary

magnetic

field,

radial

component,

1-day

average.

315

MARINER-VENUS

1962

DAYS 6
3 5 "-I" I0 I

OF SOLAR
25 I

ROTATION
5 I0 ]--l-T-_ 15 20 --/1

PERIOD
25 [

15 20 I'---'q

5
I

I0
l---

<BT> 0 gamma

-2

-4

-6

--

4 <O'T> gQmma 2

0 e/2e 240 9/7 ?.50 9/17 260 9/27 270 DAYS

FIGURE 8-2.--Corrected interplanetary magnetic field, tangential component, 1-day average.

io/7 2eo

IO/17 290

io/27 300

316

SCIENTIFIC

RESULTS

DAYS 35
I

OF 20
I

SOLAR 25
1

ROTATION 5
I

PERIOD 25
I

I0
I

15
I

I0
I

15 20
I I

5
I

I0
I I

0 gamma

nr_

n_

-2

-4 8

1 I

I I

I 1

I I

I I

I I

6-

gamma

4 2 x= xx

<_N>

__

8/28 240

9/7 250

9/17 260

9/27 270 DAYS

10/7 280

10/17 290

10/27 300

FIGUR_

8-3.--Corrected

interplanetary

magnetic

field,

normal

component,

1-day

average. 317

MARINER-gENUS

1962

recognizable The normal of the in the For the The

Sun.

27-day recurrence pattern component did not show field generally 1 month field with throughout seemed there the wind velocity.

(associated with the rotation of the Sun). such an effect. Peaks in the fluctuations to occur was flight during periods southward of rapid increase of on. the

magnetic solar

approximately magnetic flux observed

a definite was

component later from outward

solar net

magnitude

about

1_,; it seemed consistently

to vanish

Solar Plasma Approximately planetary period plasma August 29, 40 000 were 1962, spectra through of the from the January positive-ion solar 3, plasma 1963. component instrument The data of the during reception interthe was

obtained

practically continuous except ber 8, when all the scientific December During 15 through the period January

for the period from November instruments were turned off, 3, when reception there was was always

1 through Novemand the period from large flow

intermittent. a measurably was pointing within of about 4-10 . not constant in changed times time; so obwhen

of observation,

of plasma from the direction of the Sun. The instrument 0.1 of the center of the Sun and had an acceptance angle The it not rapidly served velocity only that an varied the apparent of the positive over which ions in this requires in velocity. plasma of days 3.7 min Although was but

gradually instrument,

a period

occasionally there were

to obtain

a spectrum,

discontinuity

distorted spectra were obtained because the it is usually possible to find several consecutive or exactly The in agreement, peak of the so that the spectra

plasma was changing readings that were are physically the

rapidly, essentially meaningful.

obtained was always

ion-energy

spectrum

between

third

and

the

eighth energy channels of the spectrometer (out of a total of 10 channels). 8-I is a summary of the percentage of the time during which the peak measured are based The ature," The flow was 318 was many spectrum width fell within each peak of the was taken times channels; the numbers in this on an analysis as would mean velocity supersonic. times the of approximately in a frame many also supersonic 88% of the total data as indicative the "thermal" sense velocity. moving that received.

Table of the table

of the spectral be measured was always It was expected

of a plasma with the the velocity;

"temperplasma. is, the velocity that

of reference in the wave

mean

hydromagnetic

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

Table 8-I.mEnersy distributionof peak of solar plasma spectrum

Channel number Proton energy, ev Proton velocity, km/sec Percentage of

time peak fell within channel

516 751 1124 1664 2476 3688

314 379 464 563 690 840

4.5 23. 2 27. 9 26. 6 16.9 0.8

The in figure

mean 8-4.

velocity The plasma. Kp index

and plot These

the shows

"temperature" 27-day correlate magnetic

are quite

plotted peaks well

as a function ("streams") 27-day velocity with

of time of hot,

recurrence activity.

high-velocity peaks tween ture" Figure (assuming velocity varied leading of this in the

peaks

recurrence varied be-

of terrestrial

The

320 and 770 km/sec, with varied between 3X104 and 8-5 shows radial streams between A detailed edge event time flow). or at the 0.2 and analysis of a stream as the variation The leading

an average of 505 km/sec. 6105 K with an average and the calculated to be The highest 3-hour was 3. and magnetic 7 gives shock parameters a consistent front, found

The "temperaof 1.5X105 K. proton between average recorded density highdensity in the of conof the same and

of the velocity density edge

of a stream.

70 protons/cm of the plasma observed

on October

interpretation

passage

of a collisionless controversy flux density particle plasma

a phenomenon the square the

siderable interest As expected, radius from was plasma the while dependence, the Earth The charge explanation ponents-protons bulk velocity. pothesis mean that velocity

and some the plasma Sun. the The average

in plasma physics. varied inversely with showed between peak velocity the

density

approximately orbits

of Venus

roughly spectra

constant. showed twice a secondary at the the at a value peak. contained two of energy-per-unitThe most probable comthe same hythe with equal positive-ion the value is that principal

approximately of the

two peaks

plasma

and alpha particles--which The detailed spectral shapes the mean velocity of the spread of the that spread protons;

had approximately were most consistent alpha particles was is, the alpha "temperature"

to the was four 319

MARINER-FENUS

1962

i 700

Ill A

II

It

i I 1767

I/_l f]

'

I A

500 400 300 7" 7"

6,0 55 5.0

-,4.5 200 800 700 6.5 600 v 500 5.5 400 5.0 300 4,5 E _._ 200 !66 700 600 0 ..J uJ > <_ u) _..i (3_ 300 200 I 293 1 I I I I l [ I I i I 300 l I I I I ] I I I I I I I I I I J I 310 l I I I I I I I I i I I I I I t -4,5 l 320 I t,..O 0 ,J 6.0 500 5.5 400 5.0 =E I.i.I I'-',_ n," t I l I 270 I I I I I I I I I I 280 I i I I I I L l I I 290 [ o 6.5 u,I n,' 6.0 I Z39 I I I I I I i I 1 I I i t I t ] _ I i 250 I I I i I I I _ I I t I i i _ I [ 260 I I I I I L t I I - 7.0 I

I i 1768

1 l

700

_1 i

[ ] 1770

400 300 20C 8001= i 320 I h I _ I I i I i I / L I I I i 330 I t i I i I _ i i I i I I 1 [ I 340 I I I 1 I L i I I [ I

V
5.5 5.0 4.5 l 347 _1

/
r

= 1

T _ I

700

6.5 v 1771 t7'0 6.0

400,/,
300

ooo k
347

TI,,,F'_
L I 350 I

/,_,,
I I

T,
I

v
I 1 360

i _r I I [ I I I 5 I [ I 9

5.5
5.0

TIME, doys FIGURE 8-4.--Three-hour averages of the calculated proton velocity and "temperature."

320

SCIENTIFIC

RESULTS

9SO gOC 830 OOC 730

---

DENSITY VELOCITy

_30 _00

JO0

4OO 33O 3C0 25239 8OOL i L J 2_ 4 _ L _ L _ Z _gJ I I J i I Z _4h I r L I L k 2_9 i i i , _ k 2em O_ I 0

to00

7oo 65O 600 _50 500 IO0 -

400 _._o 300 2_0

io

_ 2_S 271 27_ _I 286

L 793

n_

800 _o 700 _Trrl1_ll1"ir_1,,irTl_ T_I_O _

600 350 500 ujJ > 45o 400 350 3OO

tao

k/
_ 3 _08 3_3

_ ,o
3_

ZSOz93 8001rrrrrrrll111Frf_llPlriTll_O

6_0 _0 3_0 500 45C 40C 350 // W vV _ r 25_320 _L_III_IilLII_LIILIIIIIIll 325 03 3_ 33_ 340 347 ,0 '0 0

600

,oo .
_50 ,0 i J _ _,i 2 I i L I i 3S_" i L I I i 362 days i I L I _ J J _ J , , O3 TIME ,

45O 400 350 500

2S034;'

FIGURE 8-S.--Three-hour

averages

of the calculated

proton

velocity

and

density.

321

MARINER-VENUS 1962

times data. A spreads action ture

the The

proton indicated

"temperature." alpha particle of the spreads density,

Temperature density, equality independent

equality of the drift of the

was velocity and are

ruled

out

by

the

according

to preliminary alpha-

calculations, of the plasma. proton-velocity by intertemperadensity equality, random on

was 4.6%

of the proton is that these

possible with

explanation velocity

("temperatures") rather than proton calculated

determined energy

the magnetic-field Comparison

disturbances of the

by interparticle thermal

relaxation.

with the consistent motions the Sun

indicated magnetic with the speculation and were the magnetic to extrapolate unsuccessful.

field energy density (Be/8_ -) shows a rough of equipartition of energy between plasma the The velocity peaks back to recognizable of departure away from to associate 2 days plausible

field. features (assuming the longthem. extrapolated points

Attempts

constant velocity) lived plage regions Radiation Four detectors

generally appeared to be about with which it would have been

were

chosen

for the

high-energy

radiation

experiments:

(1) a

gas-filled integrating ionization chamber with a 0.2-g/cm 2 stainless steel wall; (2) a thin-walled cylindrical glass Geiger-Mueller (GM) tube (RCL 10311), shielded with stainless steel so that the total thickness of the wall matched that of the ionization chamber; (3) an identical glass GM tube, shielded with beryllium so that it admitted protons and heavier nuclei of the same energies (Ep_ 10 Mev; E_ >0.5 Mev) as did the stainless-shielded tube and the ion chamber; and (4) a thin-window energies X-rays. X-rays above GM tube (Anton and Type 213) above which responded to protons against for counting by the were three data corrected the effect 3 sec/STP I/F gives with solar the highon and points of each for of 0.5 Mev electrons 40 kev, and was baffled

The two shielded GM tubes had different efficiencies produced in the wall by nonpenetrating electrons. 8-6 shows with values Venus. graph of flux between The 6-hour and ionization are The it has flux 2 see. measured detectors approximate shown on the of the values the time points intervals. at the left. mass, but and the instruments averages The data been were: The statistical have

Figure the taken point the encounter over are presence Typical atmosphere 322

energy-threshold

turned

of individual uncertainties not been that pairs/cm

spacecraft of the 2.90

estimated 670 ratio ion

this mass

did not exceed of air, and

a few percent. ionization particles/cm of these values

SCIENTIFIC

RESULTS

323

MARINER-VENUS 1962

an average specific ionization of 231 ion pairs per cm of STP air, times the amount produced by a minimum ionizing proton in ionizing The particles data and are the consistent energy with the known charge measured spectrum in 1961, spectrum of protons

which is 2.9 interactions. of relativistic flux of all from comfor the cosmic

if the

particles is presumed to have increased, because of declining the value of 2.2 cm 2 sec measured in 1961 to the level of the The data in figure 8-6 show an interesting variation

solar activity, 1962 results. time. For

with

parison, the counting rate of the Deep River Neutron Monitor is shown same time period. It responds only to neutrons produced by primary rays with energies above 1 Bey. the ionization rate in a chamber balloon altitudes near the north the was tion level in space around variation in this ionization rate. of'the with Comparison (effectively magnetic pole of the neutron-monitor identical to that on (taken as representing

rate with Mariner) at the ioniza-

Earth) shows that during 1961 2.36 times the variation in the

and 1962 the neutron count

Using this figure, it was possible to use the neutron count rate as a measure ion chamber rate that would be obtained near the Earth and compare it that of the spacecraft. The Mariner ion chamber rate did not vary sig(except during disturbed intervals) when averaged for the first four of the Sun. During this time the increase in the neutron count rate was a solar unit. of the system During gradient ion chamber gradient the became in galactic rotation, the negative. with neutron counter spacecraft correlation that zones" reading became moved of ray decrease as the last rotation the suggests of "trapping interconnectedness by drifted 3% with and cosmic-ray the intensity of rate astronomical the correlation last solar reading ion chamber

nificantly rotations such rose 9o-/o per The during farther sharply readings particles

as to indicate so that

apparent

a solar rotation from the Earth. upward is not but also again. merely depends rates the

showed a general However, in the This a matter on the increased efficiency irregular of the magnetic size

behavior

correlation for cosmic between 10%. It various

regions of space. The GM tube likely, however, that

systematically of the tubes

seems

increasing

tempera-

ture, or that the length of time during which the data conditioning the tube counts changed enough during the mission to produce shift in flux. The did penetrating 324 fluxes measured significantly. electrons by the berylliumconcluded by these and stainless-steel-shielded that counters. there were not differ It was

system sampled this apparent GM enough tubes non-

not

to be detected

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

The than the

thin-window ion chamber

GM and

tube the

measured matched

a nmch GM tubes.

more

variable

flux

of particles shows

In figure

8 7, which

data obtained in September and October, each point is the average of five data points, and the minimum counting rate of 0.6/see corresponds to the omnidirectional tubes. period. hanced flux (galactic cosmic rates that were these varies rays) measured were bv caused the seven by more times charged heavily during shielded the GM enEnhanced Assuming observed counts from at least this 2-month

particles,

flux of particles

0 to 30/era 2 sec sterad. consisted of protons of energies 0.040 and 0.5 Mev. It is also rate, but the and detector decay of magdiswith The trapped slow in the A-index counting has not been buildup

It is not known whether this enhanced flux between 0.5 and 10 Mev or of electrons between possible does not that look X-rays at any that also data produced known charged shows the the source increases of X-rays. are

of counting

the flux suggests netic field. Figure turbance. disturbed 8-7 The periods

particles planetary that the

interplanetary of geomagnetic rates coincide firmly

magnetic increased

suggest

at the Earth,

but this correlation

established.

Cosmic Dust The objective of the cosmic dust experiment carried on Mariner II was to

make a determination of the direct-measurement techniques For that the resented the sensitive particles were more the first 950 hours

flux of dust particles in interplanetary similar to those used in recent satellite that were studied, all information

space by experiments. indicated repto

of data

experiment functioned properly. by these data, the detector plate plane and facing in the direction to particles in retrograde in direct heliocentric orbits During this momentum channel.

During the portion was approximately of flight. Thus,

of the flight perpendicular it was

ecliptic

primarily

heliocentric with the two An

orbits, although impacts from proper relative collision velocities definite hits of the were flux recorded can on the by be made

a possibility. sensitive

period,

estimate

computing the flux necessary time of the measurement.

for a 0.9 probability

of at least

two impacts

for the

With an area-time product of 1.2X10 m 2 sec sterad is obtained. If an average retrograde flux is assumed, 1.24-0.3 )10 -1 g. the mass

_ m 3 see, a flux collision velocity of the minimum

of 1.2X10 -_ particles/ of 55 km/sec for this detected particle is

325

MARINER-VENUS

1962

. D ,oo o

,<J'_;;

;.:,.' ,. ;',,
.: ...::.. :..:.........: o

..D _J 0

Pr 4*'

......................... _
0 0,1 -,or ...:.......:

'i!.
E 0 _.', 0 *j, .,,. .

...:]:[:]:]i]:]:]:i:]:]:]:]:]:]:]:[_:i:i:i:i:i:i:]: "c= _!i!i[i!!!i]!i]]!i]i!!]!!!]]!i] !]iiiiiii]!]!]i!! ]i!i]!!i!i!!!i! -_

,1}-. oc uJ h 0 n," ILl I'Z LU 0 =E 0 rr" LL

0 0 --

: t,._.
.,l "_i i% s, * ":, ,,:" te*t ,J

iiiiiiii!ili!ii.:
i:::i:21_:i_. 121112_122122:ii: _:_:i;i:::i:ii_:

e
_

0 0;-"'B.Id ' .

iiiiii!iiii?ii[i! !i!i?iiiiiiiiiiii _
::.,:::.,..

0 -0

.*/3 0

: ;o ".

,:.,::::: "::i':'::.':-:']'2';'2'2":'2" "..1111111121 :i:;:_i_:122_1_:2

IJJ 0 Z <[ FU3 Q .J C3 <_

_: ;:-=. "_'r

--0 _r m _'o

_:

*o

......
o_

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: _ iiii!iiiiiiii!!i!i!i!iiiiiiiiii _

;;iiiiiii!iiiii

00s

/ S.LNI'IO3

X3QNI-V

326

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

A few remarks

can

be made

concerning

the direct

measurements

from

earlier

satellites and the preliminary results from the cosmic dust experiment on Mariner II. If an assumption is made that the flux of the dust particles in interplanetary space Earth from Dubin obtained II flux After axis, the particles is omnidirectional, is found the Mariner from value. near the reported II the flux of dust 104 times of dust measurements experiment. From is 102 times particles than a similar measured the by satellites on space. near Pioneer The Mariner dust the I, flux to be about a measurement this measurement These the Earth. scheduled plate 180 rotation was primarily of the sensitive spacecraft to particles about the Sun-probe heliocentric previous to in direct direct greater particle greater suggest preliminary experiment than measurement

flux in cislunar a concentration

the preliminary

of small

detector

orbits. During this period, which was somewhat shorter than that the rotation, there were two possible hits but no definite impacts. Near to that there Venus, near the there Earth, was and no indication it was density of a concentration that the the Earth. density near estimated

of particles of such

similar particles

is less than

2 X 10 -4 of their

VENUS

MEASUREMENTS
the dark Venus encounter radiometer planet; phase three of the scans Mariner roughly (dark II equal side, flight, the response on light of the side)

During the light 19-mm and

microwave

indicated

temperatures terminator,

sides of the

indicated temperatures of 460 , 570 , and 400 K, respectively. ing, observed with both microwave and infrared radiometers, the the high temperatures planet. In both radiation that that and than Venus, These The sphere data the dark-side the rest there plasma there originating the 8u and was little deep in the 10u channels dioxide were qualitatively the southern flux. that Venus that suggest

Limb-darkenis consistent with of the im-

atmosphere or at the surface of the infrared instrument, of 240 K. absorption those the part of The thick same. of the apparent light clouds. A region terminator in the path,

central suggested plying lightcooler Near

temperature measured was

was of the order carbon were on temperatures

equality Again, 10 K scan. change field. moment 327

temperatures indicated was no indication

of a magnetic particle the premise

field or of appreciable has no magnetic the that Venus its dipole

in the solar

flux or the charged with to the data, out interpreted

are consistent extend

charged-particle did not

as indicating orbit,

magneto-

spacecraft

MARINER-FENUS

1962

is less than interpreted

18%

of that

of the that

Earth. the

The spacecraft

magnetic did

field not

and

solar

plasma the

data,

as showing

penetrate

transition

region outside the Venus magnetosphere, indicate that its dipole moment is less than 10e/cj of that of the Earth. No cosmic dust particles were detected, suggesting that their density near Venus is less than 2 10 .4 of their density near Earth.

Microwave

Radiometer measurements temperature of the radio emission of Venus have indicated in excess

Earth-based that the planet's

is approximately may be contrasted somewhat less than to our which

600 K for wavelengths

of 3 cm. This temperature Venus which yield values The ment, radio rest data, on which terrestrial

with infrared measurements of half those obtained by radio. of the Venusian lack of spatial environresolution from

are critical observations

understanding suffer

and insufficient and resolution was instrumented lengths The

precision. Flyby planetary with modest radiometers. with a two-channel 19.0 mm.

probes offer the possibility of precision Accordingly, the Mariner II spacecraft radiometer operating at wave-

microwave

of 13.5 and

The pertinent equipment performance effective antenna gain was calibrated whose angular size was designed

parameters are given by using a black disk to be approximately

in table of known

8-II. tem-

perature,

the size of Venus

Table 8-11.--Microwave radiometercharacteristics

Channel Parameter

Center

wavelength, frequency, rms,

Go/see mm ............... .............. Go/see ................... ......... K

15.8 19 1.5 15 1500 40 2. --23 5

13.5 2_.2 2.0 15 800 4O 2.2 -- 23 1050

Predetection Sensitivity,

bandwidth,

Calibration signals, K ............... Time constant, see .................... Beamwidth, Side lobes, deg ....................... db ........................

l eferen i req__ e__"c" cps ..... : ......... _910

328

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

at encounter. wood, Calif., During base-level, en route. The about made and

This calibration in March 1962. the 109-day flight, time-constant were scan next

was

performed

on Table were

Mountain made; could motion an

near thus,

Wrightthe gain,

23 noise performance

calibrations

of the radiometers the antenna scan motion The GMT scans scan had

be monitored was activated extent of first were

radiometers 6}/2 hours a nominal

energized, rate

and The

before

encounter. Venus 35 rain,

angular time)

123.5 and contact 14, 1962. obtained,

of 0.1 deg/sec. at 18:59 three

microwave the

radiometer disk

with the planet

(spacecraft across

on December

During the as follows:

planetary

Scan

Approx. extent,

angular deg

Aft,

at midkm

Location

scan,

10 15 10

40200 37 750 35 850

Dark Near Light

side. terminator. side.

Telemetered corrected microwave were

digital

data

points

constituted they across the

the could planet.

basic

data, Among

which these and

had

to be the

for a number temperature important

of effects distribution effects

before

be considered time constant made

as yielding corrections

the more

of the post-detection en route

a detailed to

consideration of the antenna pattern. The noise tube calibrations obtained

to Venus

it possible

determine the in-flight time constant and gain of the radiometers. The gain of both channels decreased during the cruise, and the zero levels had systematic variations. These effects were more serious in the 13.5-mm radiometer. Preliminary were: side), the of the liminary Scan effects 400 K. quoted results on estimates side), The of the peak-brightness 2 (near based are and there estimated is no on temperatures terminator), calculations time The of the which constant. analysis in the three account The of the scans 3 (light for errors prea of 1 (dark 460 K; scan beam are that 570 K; scan

temperatures

of the antenna temperatures suggests

the postdetection to be 15%. significant of the cooler of

difference planet. The temperatures the Venus

microwave

temperatures limb-darkening, the planetary

the light and dark sides an effect which represents The ionosphere

results suggest near the edge

disk.

model

atmosphere,

which

788-o25

0-65--23

329

MARINER-VENUS 1962

permits On the the atmosphere

Earth-like temperatures, other hand, the observed environment or at the Mariner is little of the surface II found difference planet. which

appears to' be ruled out by these observations. limb-darkening is consistent with a model of has high planet. temperatures originating deep in the

Venusian

of the

Thus, that there sunlit side

an unquestionable limb-darkening and also found in temperature on the dark side compared with the On the basis of the radiometer appears scans, to have the surface of radiation originates, a temperature

Venus, where the 19-mm of about 400 K.

Infrared Radiometer The the these was infrared the radiometer radiometer infrared on the and which was was from flown to Venus dioxide centered with the on Mariner II in conjunction with while The high regions. infrared radiometer executed the with One of

microwave was centered mounted preceding

designed

measure, band, at 8.4u. microwave therefore,

geographical was selected radiometer described same scan

resolution, to correspond in the

radiation

in two wavelength

10.4u carbon window Both boresighted

the other

to an infrared upon section.

instruments,

pattern caused by the combined radiometers in a plane normal the planet, The while the five pairs side, radiometer other a was of radiation and was varied check a plate, eight five on the sunlit two cylindrical addition, radiometer ature tures. absorption The data This

effects of the probe motion and a rotation of the to the probe-Sun line. From the three scans of temperatures along at the the Jet were obtained on the Laboratory nitrogen temperature encounter structure, by dark by range. causing whose side, using In the the terminator. Propulsion at liquid planetary during spacecraft maintained expected obtained on the temperature,

calibrated one was over was located with

blackbodies; one-point

to view

tempertemperadioxide temperaessentially the 20 K are

was independently are consistent apparent in the light

measured. an equality indicate implications of the 8u and that are there that quite both 10u radiation was little the thick, and carbon that measured equality path. would The that from

tures were cloud temperatures, no radiation was transmitted A radiation between 330 definite the limb-darkening

the clouds were the surface. observed limbs. in

was and the

spectral

channels; temperatures

temperatures central

showed region

a monotonic

decrease Central

of approximately. radiation

SCIEHTIFIC RESULTS

estimated evidence southern temperatures cooler or more than interpretation

to be on part of the were expected

the

order in the

of 240 K. limb-darkening, scan. the In same.

The

data except

do

not for the

show an lightwas were

any and about One locally

clear-cut on 10 the K dark-side obvious higher,

of asymmetry

anomaly

terminator qualitatively on the basis

particular, The is that

anomaly limb-darkening. the clouds

of symmetrical anomaly

of this temperature or both.

opaque,

Magnetic

Field
data obtained as Mariner II passed Venus gave no evidence

Magnetometer of a Venusian value which was about the detected observed. planetary

magnetic

field at any point

on the trajectory.

No rise in the average

of the magnetic field above the value could be attributed to the planet. such that (l-r= 30000-r). a field change as large the change field, no was 10 -'_ oersted; During this magnetic There magnitude should because detection

of the interplanetary field was detected The sensitivity of the magnetometer 4_, on any axis field than the would at the about character have equator change been is in of a with of the Earth's no larger not have

as about

encounter,

a slow change it did of the

10"r was

However, field.

be attributed

to a temporal

interplanetary

continuous

fluctuations,

periods from 1 sec to 1 min and amplitudes istic of the transition region just outside measurements associated the since flow These the with of solar results solar by other plasma. do not would necessarily confine indicate that the distance 41 000 kin. mean a weak Mariner field, a planetary such

of the order of 3% that the geomagnetic field. also failed particles Venus has

are characterSimultaneous any effect in field, to the

experiments as trapped that field

to reveal

or a modification no magnetic close

wind

to a limited

region

planet. The ner trajectory, Venus with field was the does

observations for which approximately that out

the field does not extend out to the Mariof closest approach from the center of The results are consistent, however, field. Since the planetary only an upper limit for the Theoretical models of the field, including a crude the magnetosphere, indicate to the measure331

possibility not extend

Venus has no magnetic to the Mariner trajectory, of Venus can be estimated. wind with a dipole magnetic disturbed region outside

magnetic interaction estimate

dipole moment of the solar of the extent

of the

that the dipole moment of Venus, if it is approximately perpendicular Sun-Venus line, is less than 0.1 that of the Earth. Comparison of the

MARINER-YENUS 1962

ments made near to the conclusion Earth. tude a more muhipoles Earth's jectory particles cosmic of the surface are field

Venus with those made by other spacecraft near that the dipole moment of Venus is less than moment field magnetic the value. with and the the geomagnetic aurora, on Venus polar are field, likely may regions. because such to be increasing of Venus 10% structure surface the strength is the than field dominant the of the Earth could field along field is less than of the geomagnetic in places field.

the Earth leads 0.l that of the the magniIf Venus higher-order than the traof The Mariner trapping modified, field. correspond has

If the dipole complicated without

source,

so that the as the greatly

important,

be larger

to an observable associated in radiation ray flux level at the found

Phenomena less important, to the high

belts

or completely on Earth

absent only

of its weaker everywhere

top of the

Venus

atmosphere

in the

Solar Plasma The following Venus: (1) probe The plasma had entered with the conclusions have been drawn from the plasma data obtained if the is in wave

near

flux was not observed to vanish, the magnetosphere of Venus. results of the magnetic field clear evidence of passage

as would be expected This negative finding through a bow shock

agreement

measurement.

(2) There was no associated with Venus. (3) velocity such believed (4) dyne

There was a gradual increase as the spacecraft approached variations that this momentum were one unlikely The average Since was

and and

subsequent decrease later receded from during with wind value, amount solar high Mariner's the near the

of the Venus. flight and

plasma Many it is g

short-period

observed associated

proximity Venus Venus was

of Venus. 3.8X10 field

flux in the an unusually

cm -2.

this is not an unusually

magnetic

was probably

not compressed

large

at the time of encounter.

Charged Particles This trapped experiment in the vicinity was designed planet to search Venus for charged and, if such particles particles magnetically were found, to

of the of their (Anton

obtain measurements Geiger-Mueller tube 332

spatial distribution 213) was the most

and intensity. The thin-window sensitive of the radiation instru-

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

ments used for this purpose. the axis of the detector's 704-1 and to the spacecraft-Sun and was spacecraft, In the upper plotted as well approach. L,,,_ and

Throughout conical field line, lay 8-8, on the of figure Earthward

the flight, including the planetary flyby, of view (90 full angle) was directed at in the side true the plane of the counting containing spacecraft. rate R of the detector encounter the time period, of closest angle During is the Sun, Earth,

portion

as a function of universal as during periods of about

time during the 30 hours before

planetary and after

Also shown on the same time the radial distance from the probe

scale are the Sun-Venus-probe to the center of the planet R,,.

the interplanetary, number of counts each during figure of about discernible This to the mode, 0.28 887 8-8 sec. a 9.60-see 25_.

or cruise, mode of operation of the spacecraft, from the detector during a 9.60-see interval the encounter was read sample rate more For the striking mode, out once and feature during quantitative 50 samples deviation expected differed than out borne had from by only than and has, the the each accumulated 484 sec. 8-8 interval The most is made

the accumulated was read out once number of counts point in uncertainty of any and was plotted absence 8-IIt rate

During

Each is the

represents increase impression

a single in counting

therefore, passage obtained from value the the _, and the

a statistical by Venus. to table during mean rate differed chamber statistics exceeded deviations the counting

of figure

by reference

following the observed

discussion.

encounter

root-mean-square the statistically rates was equal of the whicb, Anton the to or greater data counter, mean. Both although 50 sample

count Fifteen

sec -1, and of the feature the

was 0.33 count mean none ion better

sec -_ counts as shielded higher Of and to by as much and

of 1.125

sec -1 by an amount 2a. Geiger energy those six were This counters, than which

responsive as or more positive

to particles

of much overall. the

significantly

differed

by as much

a, nine negative

mean

less than

appeared

be randomly appears that as complete The less than mean that

distributed the absence as was during counling

through the period of the encounter of a discernible effect in the vicinity on statistical during the prior grounds. mode rate the encounter period

mode. Thus, it of the planet was significantly extent, the effect: operato the

possible either There effect

was actually or, to a lesser

of flight

subsequent period. (1) An instrumental tion; planet; (2) an incidental space, and such planetary

are three conceivable peculiar to the encounter in the having intensity no relationship

explanations for this mode of spacecraft particles proximity by the planet. to the effect

decrease decrease

of low-energy

in inter-

(3) a geometric

or magnetic

"'shadowing"

333

MARINER-VENUS

1962

i
II

[ t
II

i
II

i
II

i
II

I
II

i i
II

i
III

t [

oJ ',
<1:

II

...v, o t2o
._?a. 90 60"
m

Z
I I I

i i
I I

A!
I

I I

I '
T

' '
I I

' '
I I

' '
I I

i
1

i
I

i
I

X5
v

o_
t---_

--

mM-

_o

wO
: o 18 i 0 I 6 A I 12 i I 18 I i, 0 I I 6 _ [ 12 l t 18 i t L 0 U.T.

DEC

1:5
rate

DEC

14
213 GM detector

DEC

15

1962
of Venus.

FIGURE 8-8.--Counting

of the Anton

in the vicinity

334

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

The engineering foundation table UT

first

explanation

has

been

examined

with

reference

to the

telemetered

data and other knowledge for this explanation has show the that cruise the mode sharp and drop over

of the spacecraft's operation. No plausible been found. Moreover, figure 8-8 and in counting an hour rate before occurred the at about mode 1220 was encounter

8-III during

actuated. or the end

No discontinuity of the encounter

in counting mode. Hence,

rate occurred at either the beginning the first explanation has been rejected.

Table 8-111.--Summaryof count-rate data in vicinity of Venus

Mean counting rate and statistical uncertainty, count see -1

Time

period,

UT

(1962)

Radial range,

distance 10 s km

Spacecra_ mode

16:03, 12:33, 13:35, 20:55, 03:19,

Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.

13, to 12:15, 14, to 13:14,

Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dee.

14 14 14 15 16

569 161 140

to 167 to 147

2. 097:t:0. 1.15 +0.

058 17 049 086 031

Cruise Cruise Encounter Cruise Cruise

14, to 20:40, 14, to 03:07, 15, to 11:51,

to 41 to 45 48 to 160 to 809

1. 1250. 1. 3664-0. 1. 3294-0.

163

For magnetic proposed. solar

acceptance "shadowing"

of the third effect, one

explanation, some might expect

that

the planet physical on the

had

a geometrical must of particles or antisolar,

or be side of the radii) in the

reasonable dimensions

mechanism

For example, within a region

a reduced

intensity leeward,

wind

of finite

of a nonmagnetic planet. But the rapid reduction in the counting rate Mariner II detector occurred at a position 164 000 km (26.4 planetary from the referenced was center of the declination generally unlikely cross of the greater planet at a Sun-Venus-probe of +19 . At this time, the away from the even planet. if the Thus, planet there was possibility, section. rate counting

angle of 133 and a planetdetector's cone of acceptance such were a "shadowing" magnetic and seems had an

directed

to be a most effectively quent return

Moreover,

no evidence value.

for a subse-

to its "unshadowed"

For the reasons cited, it is judged there was an incidental decrease in the planetary changes space--is in counting acceptable. rate of similar

that only the second intensity of low-energy of some observed were

explanation--that particles in interthat other sharp times 335 at several

It is a matter magnitude

reassurance

MARINER-FENUS

1962

during galactic It planet The distances

the

2V2months very remote rays the

of interplanetary from here conical that field either alone

flight Earth time

under or Venus. during

constant The the the

operating counting

conditions rate flyby due did to the

at positions may

cosmic fall within absence

was 0.6 sec -1. at no planetary planet of the detector. associated the Sunward with side Venus planet at radial is taken to on of the

be noted

of charged magnetosphere most plausible

particles

as small

as 41 000 km

mean that the distance. The and The ME are results are

of Venus, if any, does interpretation is that moments Mv/M_.=O. one. of Venus Certain

not extend to that great a M_,/M_.<O.18, where Mv and Earth, respectively. prevent this qualifications

the from

dipole consistent being

magnetic with a definitive

interpretation

MASS

OF VENUS

AND

OTHER SOLAR

CONSTANTS
is unique the planet in that Venus. it was dominated On December 14, of Venus, 129-day station allowed a period measured and its In addiperiod II the of an to an acof 1/_ of in the of the

first flight tion, from an Deep hour.

The orbit of the Mariner II spacecraft by the Earth, then the Sun, and finally came within by about data 3, 1963. had been about were path precise launch atomic Space was deflected two-way to January reference frequency Instrumentation

1962, the spacecraft

35 000 km (22 000 miles) of its close throughout prior this piece to the Goldstone one part obtained at the and than

40 because Fortunately,

encounter. the launch tracking

Doppler

of Mariner

installed Facility, to better

of equipment in 10 _l over signal was

transmitter

to be held the Doppler 0.03 rate

Equivalently,

shift in the received

accuracy of about curacy of the range cm/sec A certain in the at a received combination constants past.

cps. In terms of velocity units, the corresponding between the probe and station was on the order and a cycle count time of 60 see. factors allows the determination accuracy that has been

frequency of 960 Mc of the aforementioned solar system at least to an an

of the

unobtainable

In particular,

order

of magnitude

improvement

mass of Venus appears possible because of the close approach same order of improvement should be obtained for the mass the about The from 336 periodic component of mass in the data which results from recent from the data, NASA/JPL the the center astronomical the tracking or barycenter to that of the of the Earth-Moon

to the planet. The of the Moon because motion system of the Earth should is appreciable. determinations

unit can also be obtained of Venus (149 591 412

and

its accuracy

eventually

be comparable

radar

4- 482 km).

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

Correlations However, matter, and the

of the mass of Venus in the of the calculation mass value

with the position of the with

of the probe near from data because: in the a Venus-centered

are fairly

high.

inaccuracy

trajectory

Venus

is a serious integration equations be realized least-squares low-thrust in the of the the results

determined error Mariner data present the

could easily fall outside the probable associated with this solution. The until forces vicinity Earth without the are and reduction. full scientific heliocentric This of Venus, Venus a detailed neglected, and value and (2) of the at encounter the

as computed II tracking are of the time

the normal will not in one (1) the

combined trajectory

is impossible (3) the

calculation effects

is inaccurate ephemerides with

of uncertainties three sources

are unknown. investigation will model, and

It is unacceptable of these be accomplished a Venus-centered an inclusion

to be satisfied of error.

It is expected

that the final reduction reasonable low-thrust motion Venus during encounter, as additional

with the inclusion of a physically integration of the equations of of orbital elements of the Earth and

free parameters

in the solution. a preliminary calculation of the mass of an error probability of 0.015%. Since the 5.977 1054 kg, Venus' mass becomes

Pending final reduction of data, Venus is 0.81485 that of Earth, with Earth's mass is known 4.870 approximately 10 a kg.

to be approximately

337

APPENDIX

Abbreviations

A-to-D AFETR AFSSD AGC AMR AU BECO BPS CCF CC&S CW CCW DCS D-to-D DN DSIF DO ECR ESA GD/A GE GM GMT GN_ GSE IPP IR J-FACT

analog-to-digital Air Air Force Force Eastern Space gain Missile unit cutoff Facility and sequencer Test Systems control Range Range Division

automatic Atlantic astronomical booster-engine

bits per second Central Computing central computer clockwise counterclockwise data data Deep data conditioning number Space

system

digital-to-digital

Instrumentation reference requirement

Facility point

synchronization change safe area

engineering explosive General General

Dynamics/Astronautics Electric

Geiger-Mueller Greenwich gaseous ground impact infrared joint flight acceptance composite test mean nitrogen support prediction equipment point time

338

APPENDIX A

JPL L LOD LMSC MSFC MTS NASA NITR ODP OPEI PCA PN PSK PTM RF RTC SC SDAT SFOC SFOF SPS SRO SSD STC STP TDEP TFV TPS USAF VCO

Jet

Propulsion

Laboratory

launch Launch Lockheed Marshall Mobile National National orbit Office Operations Missiles Space Tracking Institute Directorate and Space Center (later Company LOC)

Flight Station

Aeronautics

and

Space

Administration Research

of Telecommunications program Education assembly and Information

determination of Public

pyrotechnic pseudo noise

control

phase-shift proof radio real stored test time

key model command

frequency command Data Analysis Team Complex Facility

Spacecraft Space Space scientific Flight Flight

Operations Operations switching of range Division Complex and

power

superintendent Space Systems standard Tracking Twin United Falls Systems Test

operations

temperature Data Editing

pressure

Program

Victory Processing Air

Ship Station Force oscillatcr

Telemetry

States

voltage-controlled

339

APPENDIX

Subcontractors
Thirty-four subcontractors ware for Mariner II: to JPL provided instruments and other hard-

Aeroflex American

Corporation, Electronics,

Long Island Inc.,

City,

N.Y. Calif. Div., Mon-

Jet vane actuators Transformer-rectifiers cations Tape recorders data-handling for flight telecommunitelemetry encoders and for

Fullerton,

Ampex Corporation, Instrumentation Redwood City, Calif. Applied Development terey Park, Calif. Astrodata, Inc., Anaheim, Corporation, Calif.

for ground equipment

Decommutators and teletype ground telemetry equipment Time code translators, and spacecraft signal telemetry equipment

time code generators, simulators for ground planet simulator electronic

Barnes Conn.

Engineering

Company,

Stamford,

Infrared

radiometers: and

Bell Aerospace Corporation, Div., Cleveland, Ohio Computer Control ham, Mass. Conax Corporation, Company, Buffalo,

Bell Aerosystems Inc., FramingN.Y. Corp., PasaMonroMonMissile Pasadena, Angeles,

Accelerometers modules Data conditioning

associated

systems explosive valves ; squibs

Midcourse-propulsion Oscillographs

Consolidated dena, Calif. Consolidated via, Calif.

Electrodynamics Systems

for data reduction operational support operational

Corporation, Company,

Scientific instruments; equipment

Dynamics Instrumentation terey Park, Calif.

Isolation amplifiers for telemetry; support equipment Spacecraft Spacecraft batteries power conversion

Electric Storage Battery Company, Battery Div., Raleigh, N.C. Electro-Optical Calif. Fargo Rubber Calif. Glentronics, Groen Systems, Corporation, Inc., Los Calif. Calif.

equipment bladders system

Midcourse-propulsion Power supplies

fuel-tank

Inc., Glendora, Sun Valley,

for data

conditioning

Associates,

Actuators

for solar panels

340

APPENDIX

Houston Calif.

Fearless

Corporation,

Torrance, Inc.,

Pin pullers Gyroscopes Magnetometers and support equipment Power supplies associated operational

Kearfott Division, General Los Angeles, Calif. Marshall Laboratories,

Precision, Calif.

Torrance,

Matrix Research ration, Nashua, Menasco Calif. Midwestern

and Development N.H. Company, Tulsa, Mining Calif.

CorpoBurbank,

for particle

flux detectors and nitrogen

Manufacturing Instruments,

Midcourse-propulsion tanks Oscillographs Tape recorders data-handling Spacecraft for data

fuel tanks reduction

Okla. & ManuDiv.,

Mincom Div., Minnesota facturing, Los Angeles, Motorola, Inc., Military Scottsdale, Ariz.

for ground equipment

telemetry

and trans-

Electronics

command

subsystems, operational

ponders, and associated equipment Corporation,

support

Nortronics, Div. of Northrop Palos Verdes Estates, Calif.

Attitude-control gyro electronic, autopilot electronic, and antenna servo electronic modules; long-range Earth sensors and Sun sensors Verification and ground command tion equipment modula-

Ransom Research, Div. of Wyle Laboratories, San Pedro, Calif. Rantee Ryan Div., Corporation, Aeronautical San Diego, Calabasas, Company, Calif. Calif. Aerospace Inc., Iowa ComDivision,

Transpondcr circulators and monitors Solar-panel structures Solar cells and their installation connection on solar panels Geiger counters Calibrated arid electrical

Spectrolab, Div. of Textron North Hollywood, Calif. State University of Iowa,

Electronics, Iowa City,

Sterer Engineering & Manufacturing pany, North Hollywood, Calif. Texas Instruments, Dallas, Tex. Trans-Sonic, In tributed addition to the Inc., Inc., Apparatus

Valves and regulators for midcourse-propulsion and attitude-control systems Spacecraft data encoders and associated ground operational support telemetry demodulators equipment;

Burlington, to these

Mass. subcontractors, Project.

Transducers over 1000 other industrial firms con-

Mariner

341

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344
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