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General Bibliography about Alexander the Great File source: http://www.1stmuse.com/alex3/bibliography.

html ANCIENT SOURCES AESCHINES ( 397-322 BC) Athenian orator and statesman, filomacedon, had opposite views of Demosthenes. ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) Philosopher and tutor of Alexander ARRIAN of Nicomedia (second century A.D. - 180 A.D.), ( Flavius Arrianus) Anabasis and Indica, In Anabasis Arrian describes Alexander's achievements in seven volumes; while the eighth volume the Indica, records Indian customs and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. Arrian is the definitive source for information on Alexander The Great. Though written five hundred years later, it is taken directly from the history written by Alexander's halfbrother and general Ptolemy. It is important literature for any serious research. DEMOSTHENES (384 BC, Athens-Oct. 12, 322, Calauria, Argolis), Athenian statesman, recognized as the greatest of ancient Greek orators. The enemy of Philip and later Alexander. His speeches give to us important information on the life of 4th-century Athens. DIODORUS of Sicily [Diodorus Siculus] (First century B.C.) , Universal History ; The Universal History of Diodorus contains the earliest work on Alexander preserved. It is contained in Volume 16 (Philip & Alexander) and Volume 17 (Alexander Reign). ISOCRATES (436-338 B.C.) , Athenian orator best known for his widely read pamphlets. Isocrates has been unfortunately dismissed as senile for his attempts to unite Greece under one leader (Philip of Macedon). Isocrates urged Philip to lead the Greeks in a war against Persia. JUSTINUS' abridgement of TROGUS; PAUSANIAS (second cen.B.C.) Description Of Greece contains information of minor importance for Alexander studies. PLUTARCH of Chaeronea, (A.D.45-120) Life of Alexander (in his Parallel Lives of the Noble Greeks& Romans) Plutarch work Moralia contains two essays on Alexander . POLYBIUS (203-121?), The value of Polybius is his criticism of the historical battle of Issus as written by Callisthenes which is lost for us. QUINTIUS CURTIUS RUFUS, The History of Alexander; Curtius gives essential and important information, it was written in the early days of the Roman Empire (CLAUDIUS AGE). PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES, 5th-century Armenian version of the Historia Alexandri Magni , composed in Greek, probably in the 4th century AD, by an unknown poet, falsely ascribed to Callisthenes. Pseudo Callisthenes is a fictitious name for the writer of The Alexander Romances. It is more fantastic then historic text about Alexander's adventures.The most valuable of the surviving histories of Alexander the Great is Arrian's Anabasis and Indica. He relies mainly on one of the contemporary sources: Ptolemy Lagos, founder of the mighty dynasty of the Ptolemy in Egypt. Ptolemy's credibility is greatly enhanced because it based his writting on the Ephemerides, or official daily log of Alexander's army. Plutarch, was not a critical historian, but, as he himself says, his purpose was to draw the moral lessons from the life of Alexander and the other figures whose biographies he wrote. Plutarch leaves out a great deal of military and other details. Among the other surviving narratives of Alexander's career we have: ARRIAN, Quintus Curtius RUFUS, DIODORUS, PLUTARCH, and JUSTIN. None of the authors is contemporary with the events they describe. For us, the earliest preserved source is Diodorus, who lived and wrote in the time of Caesar and Augustus. Q. C. Rufus and Plutarch lived in the first century AD., while Arrian lived in the second century AD, and had high military position 1

during Hadrian's reign. Justin had lived in the third century AD, but his work is an extract and compilation of an earlier writer. There were vast number of narratives or memoirs contemporary or near-contemporary with Alexander, but none of them survived. (CALLISTHENES , has written the official historiography of the campaign till 331 B.C., PTOLOMEI LAGOS, had written his memoirs, ARISTOBULOS, architect and engineer had written his memoirs, NEARCHOS, admiral of the fleet, has written his memoirs CLITARCHOS, has written the history of ALEXANDER in 12 volumes ) Q. C. Rufus, Justin, and in some scale Diodorus and Plutarch are representatives of what is often called the Vulgate (Popular narrative tradition). Curtius is its most colorful author of Vulgate tradition. The vulgate's main value is that, where Arrian's text depends on biased sources describing Alexander in non critical manner, it portrays him often loosing selfcontrol, hard drinking, etc.. It is interesting that for some episodes the vulgate is more adequate than Arrian, but its descriptions have to be weighed carefully, while it is simply not correct to rely on one author and ignore the other sources. LOST BIBLIOGRAPHY

CALLISTHENES, has written the official historiography of the campaign till 331 B.C. PTOLOMEI LAGOS, has written in advanced age his memoirs ARISTOBULOS, architect and engineer has written his memoirs NEARCHOS, admiral of the fleet, has written his memoirs CLITARCHOS, has written the history of ALEXANDER in 12 volumes

ANCIENT DOCUMENTS

Phillip Harding (ed.) From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus (NY: Cambridge 1985) [Translated Documents of Greece& Rome, 2] [Library: DF 214] M.M. Austin (ed.) The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation (NY: Cambridge 1981) [Library: DF 222] A. J. Heisserer, Alexander the Great and the Greeks. The Epigraphic Evidence (Norman: U. Oklahoma Press 1980) [Library: DF 232.5 .H44]

Modern Bibliography

JOHANN GUSTAV DROYSEN, Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen, 1890 Berlin MARTA SORDI, Alessandro Magno tra storia e mito, 1984, D. Lassandro, F. Landucci Gattinoni ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ARRIAN, Anabasis and Indica, especially in the edition FLAVIUS ARRIANUS, Arrian (1976- ), a revised text and translation with introduction, notes, and appendixes by P.A. BRUNT, in the "Loeb Classical Library" edition. PETER GREEN, Alexander the Great (1970), a complete biography,with genealogy and an annotated bibliography; WILLIAM W. TARN, Alexander the Great,(1948), a survey of ancient sources and a favourable portrait of Alexander; E. BADIAN, Studies in Greek and Roman History (1964) J.R. HAMILTON, Alexander the Great (1974), a historical study that treats Alexander as an efficient politician;

ANDREW R.BURN, Alexander the Great and the Middle East (1947, reissued 1963), a biographical study that is both scholarly and popular. GUY T.GRIFFITH (ed.), Alexander the Great: The Main Problems (1966), in the series "Views and Controversies About Classical AntiquityLionel Pearson, The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great A. BRIAN BOSWORTH, A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander Vol. 1 (Oxford 1980). HELMUT BERVE, Das Alexanderreich, auf prosopographischer Grundlage 2 vols. (1926; reprint: NY Arno 1973). LIONEL I.C. PEARSON, The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great (1960); JOHN F.C. FULLER, The Generalship of Alexander the Great (1960, reprinted 1981); ERIC W. MARSDEN, The Campaign of Gaugamela (1964); R.D. MILNS, Alexander the Great (1969); DONALD W. ENGELS, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army (1978); N.G.L. HAMMOND, Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman (1981). PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES, The Romance of Alexander the Great, trans. by ALBERT M. WOLOHOJIAN (1969), is the English translation of a 5th-century Armenian version of the Historia Alexandri Magni, composed in Greek, probably in the 4th century AD, by an unknown poet, falsely ascribed to Callisthenes. NANCY J. BURICH, Alexander the Great (1970), an annotated bibliography. CARLA ALFANO, from the article at ARCHEO(131): Alessandro Magno: La Storia e il Mito; CARLA ALFANO, Alessandro Magno: La Storia e il Mito , Guda e Catalogo della Mostra a Palazzo Ruspoli, 1996 ; BAUMER - WEBER, Zum Freies des "Philippgrabes" von Vergina, 1991; PAOLO MORENO, Vita e Arte di Lisippo, Milano 1987. PAOLO MORENO, L' immagine di Alessandro Magno nell'opera di Lisippo e di artisti contemporanei, Roma 1993. PAOLO MORENO, Lissipo. L'arte e la fortuna, Roma-Milano 1995. SCHMIDT, Persepolis I & II: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions, OIP 68/69, 1957. CITATI-SISTI, Alessandro Magno, Rizzoli, Milano 1985. M. A. LEVI, Alessandro Magno, Rusconi, Milano 1977. M. ANDRONIKOS, VERGINA: The Royal Tombs, Athens, 1984. P: MORENO, Archeo Monografie, De Agostini - Rizzoli, 1996. HATZOPOULOS - LOUKOPULOS, Philip of Macedon, Athens, 1980

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