Nonlinear Dyn (2013) 72:789801

DOI 10.1007/s11071-013-0753-7
ORI GI NAL PAPER
The effects of horizontal singular straight line
in a generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model equation
Lijun Zhang Li-Qun Chen Xuwen Huo
Received: 21 December 2012 / Accepted: 2 January 2013 / Published online: 17 January 2013
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract In this paper, we investigate bounded travel-
ing waves of the generalized nonlinear KleinGordon
model equations by using bifurcation theory of planar
dynamical systems to study the effects of horizontal
singular straight lines in nonlinear wave equations. Be-
sides the well-known smooth traveling wave solutions
and the non-smooth ones, four kinds of new bounded
singular traveling wave solution are found for the rst
time. These singular traveling wave solutions are char-
acterized by discontinuous second-order derivatives at
some points, even though their rst-order derivatives
are continuous. Obviously, they are different from the
singular traveling wave solutions such as compactons,
cuspons, peakons. Their implicit expressions are also
studied in this paper. These new interesting singular
L. Zhang ()
School of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
e-mail: li-jun0608@163.com
L.-Q. Chen
Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,
Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
e-mail: lqchen@staff.shu.edu.cn
L.-Q. Chen
Department of Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai
200444, P.R. China
X. Huo
School of Information and Electronic, Zhejiang Sci-Tech
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
solutions, which are rstly founded, enrich the results
on the traveling wave solutions of nonlinear equations.
It is worth mentioning that the nonlinear equations
with horizontal singular straight lines may have abun-
dant and interesting new kinds of traveling wave solu-
tion.
Keywords Horizontal singular straight lines
Singular traveling wave solutions Nonlinear wave
equations Bifurcation theory of dynamical system
1 Introduction
There is an enormous literature on the study of nonlin-
ear wave equations, in which the existence, dynamical
stabilities and the bifurcations of solitary waves, kink
waves, periodic waves and other traveling waves are
discussed. A lot of methods have been developed to
nd these exact traveling wave solutions for nonlinear
wave equations, such as the inverse scattering method,
Backlund transformation method, Darboux transfor-
mation method, Hirota bilinear method, tanh method,
invariant subspace method and so on. Some special
functions or integrable ODEs are well applied to study
the solutions of nonlinear wave equations [1820, 23].
The general solutions to linear ODEs with variable
coefcients was studied in [27] helps us better un-
derstand about the solutions of nonlinear ODEs and
PDEs. Moreover, the superposition principle has been
790 L. Zhang et al.
used to construct subspaces of solutions to Hirota bi-
linear equation [25] and generalized bilinear equa-
tions [26]. More recently, the subspaces of solutions to
linear ordinary differential equations is skillfully taken
as invariant subspaces of nonlinear evolution equation
to study the exact solutions by Ma [21, 24]. Not only
the smooth solutions but also some singular solutions
such as compacton, peakon [35] and complexiton so-
lutions [22] have attracted much attention. There have
been some excellent works on the explicit solutions of
some nonlinear evolution equations (see [1830] and
references therein).
To study the traveling wave solutions of a nonlinear
equation
F(u, u
t
, u
x
, u
xx
, u
xt
, u
t t
, . . .) =0 (1.1)
let = x ct, u(x, t ) = (), where c is the wave
speed. Substituting them into (1.1), we have
F
1
_
,

, . . .
_
=0 (1.2)
Here, we consider the case that (1.2) can be reduced to
the following planar dynamical system:
d
d
=y,
dy
d
=F
2
(, y) (1.3)
by integrals and let

= y, that is to say, (1.3) is the

corresponding traveling wave system of the nonlin-
ear equation (1.1). That means that to study the trav-
eling wave solutions of the nonlinear equation (1.1)
we only need to study the corresponding traveling
wave system (1.3). Recently, Li and Liu [6], Liu [12],
Zhang [16, 17], Li and Chen [9], Li and Dai [10], Chen
and Huang [2] and Shen [14, 15] studied the travel-
ing wave solutions of some classes of nonlinear equa-
tions, which analysis is based on the bifurcation the-
ory of dynamical systems [1, 13]. However, almost all
nonlinear equations have the same class of traveling
wave systems which can be written in the following
form [11]:
d
d
=y =
1
D
2
()
H
y
,
dy
d
=
1
D
2
()
H

=
D

()y
2
+g()
D
2
()
(1.4)
where H = H(, y) =
1
2
y
2
D
2
() +
_
D()g() d
is the rst integral. It is easy to see that (1.4) is actually
a special case of (1.3) with F
2
(, y) =
1
D
2
()
H

. If
there is a function =
s
such that D(
s
) = 0, then
=
s
is a vertical straight line solution of the system
d
d
=yD(),
dy
d
=D

()y
2
+g() (1.5)
where d = D() d for =
s
. The two systems
have the same topological phase portraits except for
the vertical straight line =
s
and the directions of
the time. Consequently, we can obtain bifurcation and
smooth solutions of the nonlinear equation (1.1) by
studying the system (1.5), if the corresponding orbits
are bounded and do not intersect the vertical straight
line =
s
in its phase portraits. However, the orbits
which do intersect the vertical straight line =
s
or
those are unbounded but can go near enough to the
vertical straight line correspond to the non-smooth sin-
gular traveling waves which were proved by many au-
thors [2, 6, 10, 14, 16, 17, 29, 30]. This class of non-
linear equations was classied as the rst class of non-
linear wave equations by Li in [11]. And it has been
pointed out that traveling waves sometimes lose their
smoothness during the propagation due to the exis-
tence of singular curves within the solution surfaces
of the wave equation.
However, most of these works are concentrated on
the rst class of nonlinear equations, the relationships
between the traveling waves of the nonlinear equa-
tions with a vertical singular straight line and the orbits
of the corresponding traveling wave systems are well
known [10]. But till now there have been few works
on the integrable nonlinear equations with other types
of singular straight line, that is to say, there are only
few primary works [79, 11, 14, 15] on the following
types of wave equation:
d
d
=y,
dy
d
=F
2
(, y) =
f (, y)
g(, y)
(1.6)
where the functions f (, y) and g(, y) satisfy
y(g(, y)/) + f (, y)/y 0. It is worth to
point out that a more general procedure to study the so-
lution of nonlinear equations which possess specied
Frobenius integrable decompositions including (1.3)
and (1.6) was presented in [23]. Obviously, g(, y) =
0 denes a set of real planar curves such that the right-
hand side of the second equation of system (1.6) is not
well dened on these curves which were named as sin-
gular curves of the corresponding nonlinear equations.
What kinds of traveling wave solution will appear with
the appearance of the singular curves for a given non-
linear wave equation still needs a further study.
The effects of horizontal singular straight line in a generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model 791
In this paper, we study a generalized nonlinear
KleinGordon model equation as a special concrete
example to investigate the effects of horizontal sin-
gular straight line of integrable nonlinear wave equa-
tions. A nonlinear equation (1.1), which we named
a nonlinear wave equation with horizontal singular
straight line, possesses a singular straight line y = y
0
which is a horizontal straight line in the phase por-
trait of its corresponding traveling wave system (1.3),
if (1.3) can be reduced to (1.6) and g(, y) in the right-
hand of the second equation satises g(, y
0
) 0 for
some real constant y
0
. We nd that the appearance of
the horizontal singular straight line makes the whole
work more complicated and some new types of sin-
gular traveling wave solution to a nonlinear equation
with a horizontal singular straight line appear, includ-
ing the recently known kink compacton solutions in
the following work.
To clarify the characters of the corresponding trav-
eling wave solutions of the orbits near or intersected
with the horizontal singular straight line, we study the
following generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model
equation:

t
2

_
C
2
0
+3C
n1
_

x
_
2
_

x
2
+
2
0
V
RP
()

=0
(1.7)
which is a typical nonlinear equation with a horizontal
singular straight line. In the continuum limit, a one-
dimensional chain model of particles with identical
mass manharmonically coupled to their nearest neigh-
bors and subjected to a nonlinear periodic double-well
one site potential V
RP
() are governed by the above
Eq. (1.7). (x, t ) is the scalar dimensionless displace-
ment of particles, the parameters C
2
0
and
2
0
are the
characteristic velocity and frequency, respectively. V
0
represents the amplitude of the substrate potential. For
the background materials of model equation, we refer
to the paper [3] and references therein.
We consider this model equation with the external
potential V
RP
() =
V
0
2
(1
2
)
2
, that is, we have the
equation

t
2

_
C
l
+3C
n1
_

x
_
2
_

x
2
2
2
0
V
0
_

3
_
=0 (1.8)
We also study the dynamical behaviors of its trav-
eling wave solutions under various parameter condi-
tions. Here, we are interested in the singular travel-
ing wave solutions such as kink compactons and try to
point out the relationship between these singular trav-
eling wave solutions and the appearance of horizontal
singular straight lines in their corresponding traveling
wave system.
As we discussed above, the corresponding traveling
wave system of (1.8) is
_
c
2
C
l
3C
n1

2
_

2
2
0
V
0
_

3
_
=0 (1.9)
where the prime denotes differentiation with respect
to , and =x ct , c is the wave speed. When c
2

C
l
3C
n1

2
=0, i.e.
2
=
c
2
C
l
3C
n1
, (1.9) is equivalent
to the following two-dimensional planar system:
d
d
=y,
dy
d
=
2
2
0
V
0
(
3
)
c
2
C
l
3C
n1
y
2
(1.10)
When c
2
C
l
3C
n1
y
2
= 0, making the time scale
transformation =
(c
2
C
l
3C
n1
y
2
)
2V
0
, (1.10) becomes
d
d
=
_
a by
2
_
y,
dy
d
=
3
(1.11)
where a =
c
2
C
l
2
2
0
V
0
, b =
3C
n1
2
2
0
V
0
. Obviously, when
c
2
C
l
3C
n1
< 0, system (1.10) and (1.11) have the same
topological phase portraits (with opposite directions
when c
2
C
l
<0), then we can obtain various kinds of
traveling wave solution of (1.8) by the study of the bi-
furcations of (1.11) and its portraits under various pa-
rameter conditions. However, when
c
2
C
l
3C
n1
0, (1.10)
has the same topological phase portraits with (1.11)
except the horizontal singular straight lines y =
_
a
b
,
i.e. y =
_
c
2
C
l
3C
n1
. The corresponding traveling wave
solutions of those orbits which intersect the horizontal
singular straight lines of (1.11) have gigantic differ-
ences with others and have many complicated proper-
ties and thus need further careful research.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we
study the bifurcation sets and phase portraits of (1.11).
In Sect. 3, we consider the existence of the smooth
solitary and periodic wave solutions of (1.8). We
prove the existence of the non-smooth wave solutions
of (1.8) not only including the kink compactons and
breaking wave but also some new types of non-smooth
traveling wave in Sect. 4. The numerical simulation re-
sults show the consistence with the theoretical analysis
given at the same time.
792 L. Zhang et al.
2 Bifurcation sets and phase portraits of (1.11)
It is easy to see that (1.11) is a Hamiltonian system
which has the following Hamilton:
H(, y) =
1
4
_
2ay
2
by
4
2
2
+
4
_
=h (2.1)
O(0, 0), A

(1, 0) are three equilibrium points

of (1.11) and B

(1,
_
a
b
), O

(0,
_
a
b
)D

(1,

_
a
b
) are also six other equilibrium points of (1.11)
which lie on the horizontal singular straight line
y =
_
a
b
or y =
_
a
b
when the parameters a and b
satisfy ab > 0. By the symmetry of (1.11), we can
easily know that the equivalent points B

(1,
_
a
b
)
and D

(1,
_
a
b
) have same properties. A

(1, 0)
and O

(0,
_
a
b
) also do. Therefore, we only need
to know the types of these four equivalent points
O(0, 0), A
+
(1, 0), B
+
(1,
_
a
b
) and O
+
(0,
_
a
b
). The
determinate of coefcient matrix of the linearized sys-
tem (1.11) at the equilibrium point is
J =

0 a 3by
2
1 3
2
0

=
_
a 3by
2
__
3
2
1
_
Consequently, O(0, 0), B

(1,
_
a
b
) and D

(1,

_
a
b
) are saddles and O

(0,
_
a
b
) and A

(1, 0)
are centers when a > 0 and b > 0; B

(1,
_
a
b
)
and D

(1,
_
a
b
) are centers and O

(0,
_
a
b
) are
A

(1, 0) saddles when a <0 and b <0; when a =0

and b = 0, O(0, 0) and A

(1, 0) are three higher

order equilibrium points. O(0, 0) is a center, while
A

(1, 0) are saddles for b >0 and O(0, 0) is a sad-

dle, while A

(1, 0) are centers for b < 0. However,

when a, b have opposite signs or when a = 0, b = 0,
the system has only three simple hyperbolic equiv-
alent points. O(0, 0) is a saddle and A

(1, 0) are
centers when a > 0, b 0; while O(0, 0) is a center
and A

(1, 0) are saddles when a <0, b 0.

By careful calculations, we obtain the Hamilton of
each point as H(O) =0, H(A

) =
1
4
, H(O

) =
a
2
4b
and H(B

) =
a
2
4b

1
4
from which we get the bifurca-
tion curves as follows:
L
1
: b =a
2
, a >0; L
2
: a =0, b >0;
L
3
: a =0, b <0; L
4
: a >0, b =0;
L
5
: a <0, b =0; L
6
: b =a
2
, a <0.
These curves partition the (a, b) parameter plane
into six regions and the phase portraits in each region
and on the bifurcation curses are shown in Fig. 1.
3 Dynamical behaviors and smooth traveling
wave solutions of (1.8)
Suppose that (x, t ) = (x ct ) = () is a smooth
solution of a traveling wave equation with smoothness
for (, ), ()
+
= and ()

=
. It is well-known that it is a smooth solitary wave if
= and it is a smooth kink (or anti-kink) if =.
Usually, a solitary wave solution of (1.8) corresponds
to a homoclinic orbit of (1.11). A kink (or anti-kink)
wave solution (1.8) corresponds to a heteroclinic or-
bit of (1.11). Thus, to investigate all bifurcations of
solitary waves and kink waves of (1.8), we shall nd
all periodic annuli and their boundary curves of (1.11)
depending on the parameter space of this system. The
bifurcation theory of dynamical systems [1, 13] plays
an important role in our study.
By the bifurcations and phase portraits obtained in
Sect. 2 and above analysis, we can get the smooth soli-
tary wave, kink and periodic wave solutions of (1.8)
under various parameters conditions which are de-
scribed in the following theorem.
Theorem 3.1 Under different parameter conditions,
(1.8) has the smooth traveling wave solutions as fol-
lows:
Case (1). When b = a
2
, a > 0, b > 0, i.e. C
n1
=
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(1)), for h (
1
4
, 0)
in (2.1), there are two families of periodic orbits
of (1.11) which corresponds to two families of un-
countable innite many smooth periodic traveling
wave solutions of (1.8). And as h increases continu-
ously from
1
4
to 0, the amplitudes of these periodic
traveling waves increase from 0 and tend to

2.
Case (2). When b > a
2
, a > 0, b > 0, i.e. C
n1
>
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(2)), for h (
1
4
,
a
2
4b

1
4
) in (2.1), there are two families of periodic or-
bits of (1.11) which corresponds to two families of
uncountable innite many smooth periodic traveling
wave solutions of (1.8). And as h increases contin-
uously from
1
4
to
a
2
4b

1
4
, the amplitudes of these
The effects of horizontal singular straight line in a generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model 793
Fig. 1 Phase portraits of
(1.11) in each bifurcation
region and on the
bifurcation curves
periodic traveling waves increase from 0 and tend to
(
4a
2
b
)
1/4
.
Case (3). When 0 < b < a
2
, a > 0, i.e. 0 < C
n1
<
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(3)), for h (
1
4
, 0)
in (2.1), there are two families of periodic orbits
of (1.8) which corresponds to two families of uncount-
able innite many smooth periodic traveling wave so-
lutions of (1.11). And as h increases continuously from

1
4
to 0, the amplitudes of these periodic traveling
waves increase from 0 and tend to

2; for h = 0,
there are two homoclinic orbits of (1.11) which cor-
responds to a peak-form solitary wave solution and a
valley-form solitary wave solution of (1.8). For 0 <
h <
a
2
4b

1
4
in (2.1), there are two families of peri-
odic orbits of (1.8) which correspond to a family of
uncountable innite many smooth periodic traveling
wave solutions of (1.8). And as h increases continu-
ously from 0 to
a
2
4b

1
4
, the amplitudes of these peri-
odic traveling waves increase from 2

2 and tend to
2(1 +
1
2
_
a
2
+3b
b
)
(1/2)
.
Case (4). When a < 0, b 0, i.e. C
n1
0 and
c
2
<C
l
(Fig. 1(4)), for h (
1
4
, 0) in (2.1), there are
two families of periodic orbits of (1.8) which corre-
sponds to two families of uncountable innite many
794 L. Zhang et al.
smooth periodic traveling wave solutions of (1.8). As h
decreases continuously from 0 to
1
4
, the amplitudes
of these periodic traveling waves increase from 0 and
tend to 2; for h =
1
4
, there are a kink wave solution
and an anti-kink wave solution of (1.8).
Case (5). When a > 0, b 0, i.e. C
n1
0 and
c
2
>C
l
(Fig. 1(5)), for h (
1
4
, 0) in (2.1), there are
two families of periodic orbits of (1.11) which corre-
sponds to two families of uncountable innite many
smooth periodic traveling wave solutions of (1.8). And
as h increases continuously from
1
4
to 0, the ampli-
tudes of these periodic traveling waves increase from 0
and tend to

2; for h = 0, there are two homoclinic
orbits of (1.11) which correspond to a peak-form soli-
tary wave solution and a valley-form solitary wave so-
lution of (1.8); for h > 0, and as h increases continu-
ously from0, the amplitudes of these periodic traveling
waves increase from 2

2 and tend to innity nally.

Case (6). When 0 > b > a
2
, a < 0, i.e. 0 >
C
n1
>
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
< C
l
(Fig. 1(6)), for h
(
1
4
, 0) in (2.1), there are two families of periodic
orbits of (1.11) which corresponds to two families of
uncountable innite many smooth periodic traveling
wave solutions of (1.8). And as h decreases contin-
uously from 0 to
1
4
, the amplitudes of these peri-
odic traveling waves increase from 0 and tend to 2;
for h =
1
4
, there are two heteroclinic orbits of (1.11)
which corresponds to a kink wave solution and an anti-
kink wave solution of (1.8).
Case (7). When b < a
2
, a < 0, i.e. C
n1
<

(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(7)), for h (
a
2
4b
, 0)
in (2.1), there are a family of periodic orbits of (1.11)
which correspond to a family of uncountable in-
nite many smooth periodic traveling wave solutions
of (1.8). And as h decreases continuously from 0 to
a
2
4b
, the amplitudes of these periodic traveling waves
increase from 0 and tend to 2(1
_
ba
2
b
)
(1/2)
.
Case (8). When b = a
2
, a < 0, i.e. C
n1
=

(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(8)), for h (
1
4
, 0)
in (2.1), there are a family of periodic orbits of (1.11)
which correspond to a family of uncountable in-
nite many smooth periodic traveling wave solutions
of (1.8). And as h decreases continuously from 0 to

1
4
, the amplitudes of these periodic traveling waves
increase from 0 and tend to 2.
We calculate the expressions of these smooth trav-
eling wave solutions as follows.
1. When a > 0 and b > 0, for every h (
1
4
, 0),
corresponding to H(, y) = h i.e.
4
2
2
= by
4

2ay
2
+ 4h, there is an orbit of (1.11) which inter-
sects with the x-axis at four points with x-coordinates

0
=
_
1 +

1 +4h,

1
=
_
1

1 +4h. The
expressions of these two orbits are
y =
1

b
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
,

0
< <

1
or
+
1
< <
+
0
(3.1)
Inserting (3.1) into the rst equation of (1.10), we
obtain the parametric representation for two families
of periodic orbits as
_

0
d
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
=
1

b
| 2nT
1
|, | 2nT
1
| T
1
(3.2)
where
T
1
=
_

+
0

+
1

b d
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
and
h
_

1
4
, 0
_
Specially, when b = a
2
, two families of periodic
orbits can be expressed as
_

0
d
_
1
_
(
2
1)
2
4h
=

a| 2nT
1
|,
| 2nT
1
| T
1
(3.3)
When 0 <b <a
2
, the two homoclinic orbits of (1.11)
corresponding to h =0 can be expressed as
_

2
d
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
) +a
2
=
1

b
(3.4)
and a family of periodic orbits of (1.11) corresponding
to h (0,
a
2
4b

1
4
) can be expressed as
_

0
d
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
=
1

2nT

2nT

1
(3.5)
The effects of horizontal singular straight line in a generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model 795
where
T

1
=
_

+
0

bd
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
2. When a <0, b <0, the periodic orbits surrounding
the center O(0, 0) can be expressed as
y =
1

b
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
_
0 <h <max
_

1
4
,
a
2
4b
__
(3.6)
which intersect the x-axis at two points with the
x-coordinates

1
=
_
1

1 +4h respectively.
From (3.6) and the rst equation of (1.10), we ob-
tain the parametric representation for the correspond-
ing periodic orbits as
_

1
d
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
=
1

b
| 2nT
2
|, | 2nT
2
| T
2
(3.7)
where
T
2
=
_

+
1

b d
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
3. When a < 0 and b > 0, we have a family of peri-
odic orbits surrounding the center O(0, 0) that can be
expressed as
y =
1

b
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
h
_

1
4
, 0
_
(3.8)
which intersect the x-axis at two points with the
x-coordinates

1
=
_
1

1 +4h respectively.
From (3.8) and the rst equation of (1.10), we ob-
tain the parametric representation for the correspond-
ing family of periodic orbits as
_

1
d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
=
1

b
| 2nT
3
|, | 2nT
3
| T
3
(3.9)
where
T
3
=
_

+
1

b d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
The kink wave solution and the anti-kink wave solu-
tion corresponding to h =
1
4
can be expressed, re-
spectively, as
_

0
d
_
a +
_
b(
2
1)
2
+a
2
=
1

b
(3.10)
4. When a >0, b <0, the two families of periodic or-
bits corresponding to h (
1
4
, 0) can be expressed,
respectively, as follows:
y =
1

b
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
(3.11)
which intersect the x-axis at four points with x-
coordinates

0
=
_
1 +

1 +4h and

1
=

_
1

1 +4h, respectively. From (3.11) and the

rst equation of (1.10), we obtain the parametric rep-
resentation for the corresponding two families of peri-
odic orbits as
_

0
d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
=
1

b
| 2nT
4
|, | 2nT
4
| T
4
(3.12)
where
T
4
=
_

+
1

b d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
The two solitary wave solutions of (1.8) corresponding
to h =0 can be expressed, respectively, as
_

2
d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
) +a
2
=
1

b
(3.13)
and a family of periodic orbits corresponding to h >0
can be expressed as
_

0
d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
=
1

2nT

2nT

4
(3.14)
where
T

4
=
_

+
0

b d
_
a +
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2
796 L. Zhang et al.
5. When a < 0, b = 0, i.e. C
n1
= 0, a family of peri-
odic orbits surrounding the center O(0, 0) and corre-
sponding to h (
1
4
, 0) can be expressed as
y =
1

2a
_

4
2
2
4h,

1
< <
+
1
(3.15)
which intersect the x-axis at two points with x-
coordinates

1
=
_
1

1 +4h respectively.
From (3.15) and the rst equation of (1.10), we ob-
tain the parametric representation for two families of
corresponding periodic orbits as
_

1
d

4
2
2
4h
=
1

2a
| 2nT
5
|,
| 2nT
5
| T
5
(3.16)
where
T
5
=
_

+
1

2a d

4
2
2
4h
The kink wave solution and the anti-kink wave solu-
tion corresponding to h =
1
4
can be expressed, re-
spectively, as
=tanh
_
_
V
0
C
l
c
2

_
(3.17)
6. When a > 0, b = 0, i.e. C
n1
= 0, the two families
of periodic orbits surrounding the center A

(1, 0)
respectively and corresponding to h (
1
4
, 0) can be
expressed as
y =
1

2a
_

4
+2
2
+4h,

0
< <

1
_
or
+
1
< <
+
0
_
(3.18)
which intersect the x-axis at four points with x-co-
ordinates

0
=
_
1 +

1 +4h and

1
=

_
1

1 +4h respectively. From (3.15) and the

rst equation of (1.10), we obtain the parametric rep-
resentation for two families of corresponding periodic
orbits as
_

0
d

4
+2
2
+4h
=
1

2a
| 2nT
6
|, | 2nT
6
| T
6
(3.19)
where
T
6
=
_

+
0

+
1

2a d

4
+2
2
+4h
.
The two solitary wave solutions corresponding to h =
0 can be expressed, respectively, as
=

2sec h
_
_
2V
0
c
2
C
l

_
(3.20)
A family of periodic wave solutions corresponding to
h >0 can be expressed as
_

0
d

4
+2
2
+4h
=
1

2a

2nT

2nT

6
(3.21)
where
T

6
=
_

+
0

2a d

4
+2
2
+4h
4 Non-smooth traveling wave solutions of (1.8)
In this section, we will study the traveling wave so-
lutions which correspond to the orbits of (1.8) which
intersect the singular straight lines.
Case (1). When a =0, b >0, i.e. C
n1
>0 and c
2
=C
l
,
for h (
1
4
, 0) in (2.1), there are a family of pe-
riodic orbits of equation (1.8) which are separated
up into two parts by the singular straight line y = 0
(Fig. 1(10)); for h =
1
4
, there are two heteroclinic
orbits of (1.11) which intersect the singular straight
line at two equilibrium points of (1.11), and thus their
corresponding traveling wave solutions are distinctly
different with others.
When h (
1
4
, 0), the orbits satisfy
by
4
2
2
+
4
4h =0 (4.1)
with 1 < < 1 and
d
2

d
2
=

3
by
2
=

3

b(
4
2
2
4h)
.
Consequently, along this orbit when

_
1

1 +4h,
d
d
0,
d
2

d
2
, and thus
d
d
ap-
proach to 0 rapidly. The corresponding traveling waves
break and come into being breaking waves. By same
calculations, we can prove that the traveling waves
which correspond to the orbits intersecting with hor-
izontal singular straight lines at regular points break,
that is to say, the orbits intersecting with horizontal
singular straight lines at regular points correspond to
the breaking waves.
For h =
1
4
, (1.11) has two heteroclinic orbits
which intersect the horizontal singular straight lines
The effects of horizontal singular straight line in a generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model 797
only at the two equilibrium pointsA

(1, 0). These

two orbits satisfy (
d
d
)
2
=
1

b
(1
2
),
d
2

d
2
=

b
.
Consequently, along these two orbits when 1
(1 < < 1),
d
d
0,
d
2

d
2

1

b
. And thus,
along these orbits reaches 1 in a nite time (time
variable ). Since A

(1, 0) are equilibrium points

of (1.11), (1.8) has a kink and an anti-kink wave so-
lution. While unlike the well-known kink waves, they
achieve equilibrium state in a nite time. Actually, the
expressions of these two special solutions can be writ-
ten as
=

sin[b
1/4
(
0
)] |
0
|

2
b
1/4
1
0


2
b
1/4
1
0

2
b
1/4
(4.2)
And the corresponding traveling waves of (1.8) which
were named kink compactons [3] can be expressed as
=

sin
__
2V
0
3C
n1
_
1/4
(x
_
C
l
t
0
)
_
|
0
|

2
_
3C
n1
2V
0
_
1/4
1
0


2
_
3C
n1
2V
0
_
1/4
1
0

2
_
3C
n1
2V
0
_
1/4
(4.3)
Remark These two kink compactons (4.3) are dif-
ferent from the well-known smooth kink that they
are weak solutions which have one-order continuous
derivative, but the second-order derivatives on the two
points
0
+

2
(
3C
n1
2V
0
) and
0


2
(
3C
n1
2V
0
) do not exist.
That is to say that these kink compactons are non-
smooth singular traveling wave solutions of (1.8).
Case (2). When a =0, b <0, i.e. C
n1
<0 and c
2
=C
l
,
(1.8) has six families of breaking wave.
Case (3). When b = a
2
, a > 0, b > 0, i.e. C
n1
=
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
>C
l
(Fig. 1(1)), for h (0,
1
4
) in (2.1),
there are two families of periodic orbits of (1.11)
which intersect the singular straight lines, respectively,
and thus correspond to four families of breaking wave
solutions of (1.8); while for h =0, the corresponding
orbits of (1.11) satisfy
_

2
+ay
2
2
__
ay
2

2
_
=0 (4.4)
and the two corresponding heteroclinic orbits

which join to two equilibrium points on the horizontal

singular straight lines, respectively, satisfy
=
_
2 ay
2
(4.5)
We can also prove that approach to 1 (along

) in a nite long time as above. The straight lines

y =
1

a
, 0 < < 1 and the arch y =
_
2
2
a
,
1 < <

2 encompass a fan-shaped region. Integrat-

ing along its boundary, we obtain a new singular soli-
tary wave solution. By same calculating, another sym-
metrical singular solitary wave is derived and can be
described as
=

exp
_

a
_
|
0
|

a
4
__
|
0
|

a
4

2cos
_
|
0
|

a
_
|
0
| <

a
4
(4.6)
Remark The singular solitary waves (4.6) are different
from the well-known smooth solitary waves or cuspon
waves that are weak solutions of (1.8) which have one-
order continuous derivative, but their second-order
derivatives at points =
0

a
4
do not exist. That is
to say that the singular solitary waves above are some
new non-smooth traveling wave solutions of (1.8).
The expressions of these solutions can be obtained
by the limitation of the expressions of the periodic
wave solutions when h (
1
4
, 0) and h 0. Actu-
ally, let h 0 in (3.1)(3.2), then
_
1
_
(
2
1)
2
4h
_
1 |
2
1|,

2,

1
0, T
1

_

2
0

a d

1|
2
1|
= , and thus
let h 0 in (3.3), then
_

2
d
_
1 |
2
1|
=

a|| (4.7)
After further calculations on (4.7), (4.6) is obtained
again. The process just is simulated by Maple and is
shown in Fig. 2(1)(3).
798 L. Zhang et al.
Fig. 2 When b =a
2
,
a >0, b >0 (a =1, b =1),
as h tends to 0, the smooth
periodic wave evolves into
a singular solitary wave
In addition, there exists a smooth curve
2
+
ay
2
2 =0 corresponding to the energy curve h =0
which intersects with both the two horizontal singu-
lar straight lines. Without the effect of the horizontal
singular straight lines, there should be a periodic wave
=

2cos(

a
) corresponding to this closed curve.
Obviously, =

2cos(

a
) is a smooth periodic solu-
tion of (1.8) in mathematic and thus is a classical peri-
odic solution. It is well known that a smooth periodic
wave solution is always lies in a family of periodic
wave solutions, that is to say, it is always continuous
respect to the initial conditions. However, this periodic
solution is not so. What is its physical meaning? This
strange phenomenon needs more attention and further
research.
Case (4). When b > a
2
, a > 0, b > 0, i.e. C
n1
>
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(2)), for h =
a
2
4b

1
4
in (2.1), the corresponding orbits of (1.11) satisfy
_

2
+

by
2
1
a

b
__

by
2

2
+1
a

b
_
=0 (4.8)
Along the heteroclinic orbits

by
2

2
+1
a

b
=
0,
_
1
a

b
|| 1, when
2
1,
2

a
b
and
|

| 1. Consequently, approaches 1 in a nite

long time. Actually, integrating along their orbits, re-
spectively, we can obtain the time from one end of the
orbit to another 2T
1
and 2T
2
, where
T
1
=b
1/4
arcch
_
1
a

b
_
(1/2)
,
T
2
=b
1/4
arccos
_
1 +
a

b
_
(1/2)
(4.9)
Therefore, two periodic solutions are obtained as fol-
lows:

_
1
a

b
cosh
_
b
1/4
_
2n(T
1
+T
2
)
_

2n(T
1
+T
2
)

T
1
_
1 +
a

b
cos
_
b
1/4
_
(2n +1)(T
1
+T
2
)
__

(2n +1)(T
1
+T
2
)

<T
2
(4.10)
where n is any real integer. Obviously, these two pe-
riodic solutions are non-smooth weak solutions which
have a continuous rst-order derivative. Actually, we
can get these solutions by letting h
a
2
4b

1
4
in the
two families of periodic orbits of (1.11) with h
(
1
4
,
a
2
4b

1
4
) as above.
In addition, one can nd that there exists a smooth
curve
2
+

by
2
1
a

b
=0 corresponding to the
energy curve h =
a
2
4b

1
4
which intersects with both
the two horizontal singular straight lines. Without the
effect of the horizontal singular straight lines, there
should be a periodic wave =
_
1 +
a

b
cos(b
1/4
)
corresponding to this closed curve. Obviously, =

2cos(

a
) is a smooth periodic solution of (1.8) in
mathematic and thus is a classical periodic solution.
Case (5). When 0 < b < a
2
, a > 0, i.e. 0 < C
n1
<
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(3)), or h (
1
4
,
a
2
4b
)
in (2.1), there are two families of periodic orbits
of (1.11) which intersect the singular straight lines, re-
spectively, and thus correspond with four families of
breaking wave solutions of (1.8).
In addition, let h
a
2
4b

1
4
(h (0,
a
2
4b

1
4
))
in (3.5), then the corresponding periodic orbits of
(1.11) approach a closed curve which intersects with
each horizontal singular straight line at two points, re-
spectively. That means this closed curve has four non-
smooth points. We can also derive this non-smooth
periodic wave solution of (1.8) by integrating along
this closed curve. In the same way, we also can derive
The effects of horizontal singular straight line in a generalized nonlinear KleinGordon model 799
it by letting h
a
2
4b

1
4
(0 < h <
a
2
4b

1
4
) in (3.5).
Actually, when h
a
2
4b

1
4
(h (0,
a
2
4b

1
4
)) in (3.5),
_
a
_
b(
4
2
2
4h) +a
2

_
a

b|
2
1|
and T

1


T

1
+

T

1
, where

1
=2
_
1
0

b d
_
a

b(1
2
)
,

1
=2
_
_
1+
a

b
1

b d
_
a

b(
2
1)
,
and thus the limit of this family of periodic wave solu-
tions is obtained as

_
1+
a

b
d
_
a

b(
2
1)
=
1

2n
_

1
+

T

1
_

2n
_

1
+

T

1
_

1
_

1
d
_
a

b(1
2
)
=
1

2n
_

1
+

T

1
_

2n
_

1
+

T

1
_

1
+

T

1
(4.11)
It is easy to prove that there are four non-smooth points
| 2n(

1
+

T

1
)| =

1
or | 2n(

1
+

T

1
)| =

T

1
at
which the rst-order derivative of this solution is con-
tinuous, but the second-order derivative breaks. Con-
sequently, this periodic solution is a singular solution.
Case (6). When 0 > b > a
2
, a < 0, i.e. 0 > C
n1
>

(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
< C
l
(Fig. 1(6)), for h (
a
2
4b

1
4
,
a
2
4b
) in (2.1), there are four families of periodic or-
bits of (1.11) intersecting with the horizontal singu-
lar straight lines which correspond to eight families of
breaking waves of (1.8).
Case (7). When b <a
2
, a < 0, i.e. C
n1
<
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
>C
l
(Fig. 1(7)), for h (
a
2
4b

1
4
,
1
4
) in (2.1),
there are seven families of periodic orbits of (1.8) in-
tersecting with the horizontal singular straight lines
which correspond to 14 families of breaking waves
of (1.8); for h =
a
2
4b
, there is a boundary curve of
a periodic annulus around the center (0, 0) which
corresponds to a non-smooth periodic wave solution
of (1.8). Integrating along this boundary curve, we
have the implicit integral representation
_

0
d
_
a
b

_

2
(2
2
)
b
=| 2nT |,
| 2nT | T (4.12)
where
n Z,
0
=

_
1
_
1 +
a
2
b
and
T =2
_

0
0
d
_
a
b

_

2
(2
2
)
b
.
This is a non-smooth periodic wave solution of (1.8)
which is 2T-period and has continuous rst-order
derivative but has discontinuous second-order deriva-
tive when =2nT
T
2
.
Case (8). When b =a
2
, a <0, i.e. C
n1
=
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
(Fig. 1(8)) for h (
a
2
4b

1
4
,
a
2
4b
) in (2.1),
there are ve families of periodic orbits of (1.8) in-
tersecting with the horizontal singular straight lines
which correspond to 10 families of breaking waves
of (1.8); for h =
a
2
4b
, there is a boundary curve of a
periodic annulus around the center (0, 0) which con-
nects two equilibrium points. Each part of this bound-
ary curve above or under the abscissa axis corresponds
to a non-smooth peak-form solitary wave solution or a
valley-form one of (1.8) which second-order deriva-
tive has a discontinuous point at its peak or valley.
Integrating along this boundary curve, we have the
implicit integral representations. Similarly, integrating
along its orbits, respectively, the implicit integral rep-
resentations are derived as
_

0
d
_
1
_

2
(2
2
)
=|| (4.13)
Actually, this solution can be obtained by letting h
a
2
4b
in (3.7) with b =a
2
and a <0.
Remark When , 1, and () has
continuous rst-order derivative, but discontinuous
second-order derivative at = 0 ( = 0). Conse-
quently, (4.13) is a non-smooth singular solitary wave
solution which is rst referred here.
800 L. Zhang et al.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, we studied a particular nonlinear wave
equation with horizontal singular straight lines. By in-
tegrating along the orbits of its corresponding travel-
ing wave system or by calculating the limit of a fam-
ily of smooth periodic wave solutions, we obtained
some non-smooth singular traveling wave solutions in-
cluding not only the well-known kink compactons but
also some new ones. There are two classes of new
singular periodic wave solutions which are expressed
as (4.10), (4.11) or (4.12) when C
n1
>
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and
c
2
> C
l
, 0 < C
n1
<
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
or when
C
n1
<
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
>C
l
; there are a class of new
singular solitary wave solutions which are expressed
as (4.6) when C
n1
=
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
; there are
two kinds of singular kink wave solution which are
expressed as (4.3) and (4.13) when C
n1
=
(c
2
C
l
)
2
6V
0
and c
2
> C
l
or when C
n1
> 0 and c
2
= C
l
. These
singular traveling wave solutions are characterized by
possessing discontinuous second-order derivatives at
some points, even though their rst-order derivatives
are continuous.
It is easy to nd that nonlinear wave equation with
horizontal singular straight lines has some new types
of singular wave, which has not been found in any
nonlinear wave equations with the vertical singular
straight lines. By the analysis on the generalized non-
linear KleinGordon model equations in this paper,
we know that the orbits of the nonlinear wave equa-
tions traveling wave system, if intersecting with its
horizontal singular straight lines at its regular points,
correspond to breaking waves, and if intersecting at
its equilibrium points, correspond to traveling waves
which achieve equilibrium state in a nite time in the
positive direction or the negative direction. Whether it
is available for other nonlinear equations needs further
proofs.
By now, whether there are some other new types
of singular traveling wave other than what has been
known is open, which still needs a great deal of in-
depth understanding of the system dynamics and un-
remitting efforts in the study of nonlinear equations.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the Nature
Science Foundation of China (No. 11101371, 10871181) and
Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (ZSTU)
under Grant No. 0813820-Y. We would like to thank the anony-
mous referees for their suggestions and comments which made
the presentation of this work better. And the rst author also
wants to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Linghai Zhang
for his kind help.
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