SSGBCOET, BHUSAWAL.

GSM BASED REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM

Hardik Jasani

2012

NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY

Project Report On

GSM BASED REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM

Submitted by

JASANI HARDIK CHHAGANBHAI YADAV AKHILESH BAHADUR VIJAY KUMAR

In partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication Engineering) NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering SHRI SANT GADGE BABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, BHUSAWAL (2011 - 2012)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled GSM BASED REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. This is the result of the original research work and contribution by Jasani Hardik Chhaganbhai, Yadav Akhilesh Bahadur and Vijay Kumar under my supervision and guidance. The work embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the basis of the award of any degree of compatible certificate or similar title of this for any other examining body of university to the best of knowledge and belief.

Place:

Date:

Prof. S. D. Deshmukh Guide

Prof. G. A. Kulkarni Head of the Department

Dr. R. P. Singh Principal

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. List of Abbreviations II. List of Figures III. List of Tables 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Necessity 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Theme 1.5 Organization 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Home Automation 2.2 Mobile Communication 2.3 GSM Architecture 3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Design of Power Section 3.2 Design of Relay Section 3.3 Design of Main Controller Board 3.4 Circuit Layouts 3.5 PCB Layouts 3.6 System Software Design 4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 4.1 First Installation 4.2 Routine Operation 4.3 Control Words 4.4 Results 4.5 Timing States 5. CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Future Scope 5.3 Applications 5.4 Advantages 5.5 Limitations REFERENCE APPENDICES ACKNOWLEDGEMET Page No. i ii iii 1 2 2 2 3 4 10 12 18 19 21 35 36 39 46 47 47 48 49 50 50 51 51 52 54 A-1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC AMPS CAD CCTV CDMA CMOS CPU DIY DSP EEPROM EDGE ETSI EV-DO FPGA GMSK GPRS GPS GSM HA IDE ISP LAN LED LPC PCB PDA PEROM RAM ROM SIM SMS SMSC TCP TDMA TTL UART USIM Air Conditioner Advanced Mobile Phone System Computer Aided Designing Closed Circuit Television Code Division Multiple Access Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices Central Processing Unit Do-It-Yourself Digital Signal Processors Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution European Telecommunications Standards Institute Evolution Digital Only Field Programmable Gate Array Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying General Pocket Radio Service Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communication Home Automation Integrated Development Environment In System Programming Local Area Network Light Emitting Diode Linear Predictive Coding Printed Circuit Board Personal Digital Assistant Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory Random Access Memory Read Only Memory Subscribers Identity Module Short Messaging Service SMS Center Transmission Control Protocol Time Division Multiple Access Transistor-Transistor Logic Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Universal Subscriber Identity Module

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 Figure Name Basic project organization Sonos Wireless Music Centre Components GSM Architecture SIM card Circuit diagram of power supply section ULN 2803 pin configuration HKE make JQC-3FC/T73 12VDC Atmel AT89C52 89S52 Block Diagram Clock generation circuitry Pull-up network Reset circuitry Pin diagram of MAX232 Main controller board circuit Relay board circuit Power supply circuit PCB layout of main controller board PCB layout of Relay board PCB layout of power supply board Keil Vision IDE Flowchart of system code Page No. 3 6 14 16 19 19 20 22 24 32 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 38 40 41

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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 Table Name Relay characteristics Comparison of 89C52 with 89C51 89C52 pin functions Port 1 alternate functions Port 3 pin alternate functions Timer 2 operating modes Interrupt Sources Interrupt Enable (IE) Register Control words Results Timing states in the system Page No. 20 21 25 26 27 30 31 32 47 48 49

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION With increasing penetration of technology in day to day life, the number of electronic appliances, general to the most households, is increasing. Humans stride to achieve automation and desire to reduce efforts made to control these appliances led to various ways of controlling a large chunk of appliances with remote controls and remote control methods. Television sets were first to be controlled with a remote control, that made control of various functions such as channel selection, tuning and many more functions a lot more fast and convenient. Since then, remote control has expanded its spectrum by finding ways to ACs, CD/DVD players, microwave ovens, refrigerators, fans and many more home appliances. These remote control methods generally make use of infrared sensors and LEDs for communication between control unit and remote controller. More complex remote controllers that can control more than one appliance are in use too. Such remote controllers are frequently termed as Universal remote controller or simply Universal remotes. With the advent of home automation systems, switching control of some or all of commonly used appliances, such as light bulbs, fans, water pump, ACs and geyser is also explored. Such systems are capable of turning any appliance ON or OFF a particular appliance by controlling the power supplied to it from supply board. The control is actuated by sending control words with identification of particular appliances. The control signals can be sent by infrared remote controls or by other methods of signalling such as telephone call or through internet access. These systems can be designed to control more functions of each appliance than just controlling its power supply such as temperature of AC or speed of fan can be directly controlled by user. These control parameters are sent with control words. But these remote controllers are operational from within a limited radius of typically 10m. Also, it is not fully flexible, that is, once the system is programmed for a particular need of home, it cant be modified later. Our attempt to solve the above discussed problem is by using noble features of GSM cellular system for transporting control words to the control unit. This system exploits Short Messaging Service (SMS) feature of GSM, which is very simple to use and economic. GSM is ubiquitous and there are millions of mobile phone owners in India hence the system is more likely to see real life implementations in masses in near future.

1.2 NECESSITY Necessity of GSM based remote appliance control system stems from the fact that currently available methods of providing such services are too good to see any real life implementation. Internet based home automation system proves to be too much costly by considering the cost of broadband connection and the efficiency related with it. So called universal home remote controllers are sometimes too complex to configure and use. Also, they require a line-of-sight between infrared source and sensors. This limits its range between controller and appliance. While this system solves above mentioned problems, it also offers widespread operation range, practically wherever the GSM network has its reach. It is also very economic considering the costs of SMS services and GSM connection charges. 1.3 OBJECTIVES A task or project without a precise and well-defined objective has a least chance of success. It is of very importance that objectives of the project be outlined well in advance before considering solution to the problem. The objective of this project can be listed as follows: To study and implement the GSM techniques; To study the embedded systems; To study and implement microcontroller based systems; To study the assembly program development; To study the circuit design methods; To prepare a comprehensive project report. A modest effort has been made to complete the project according to the before mentioned objectives. However, there may be some gray areas due to unintentional errors on part of us. 1.4 THEME The basic theme of the project is to develop a simple remote appliance control system that fulfills the above objectives in cost-effective manner. The idea to use GSM in the remote appliance control method is originated by the combined objective of studying both of the fields of electronics system software development and hardware designing. Home automation products represent an important class of embedded systems that finds direct public uses. Home automation systems have made life easier for us, 2

thanks to the microprocessors and microcontrollers which are widely used in embedded system products. An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one and only one task. Our project is an embedded system application wherein there is an extensive interfacing of various relays and GSM module, which is an important part of the system. Usage of relays, relay drivers, voltage converter ICs and serial communication devices provide knowledge of interfacing these components. Basic wire wrapping knowledge together with familiarity of resistors, capacitors and other basic circuit is also gained. 1.5 ORGANIZATION The projects organization is based on the extensive interfacing of the GSM modem and relay drivers with the 8051 based AT89C52 microcontroller. The specifically selected version of microcontroller IC provides ample amount of ROM for program memory and RAM for basic decoding of control messages. The microcontroller communicates with GSM modem through serial communication by DB-9 connector with the aid of RS-232 voltage converter. The strong driving currents for relays are provided by ULN2803 relay driver IC. There are four relays; each being of solid state 1- relays. The necessary DC voltages of 5V and 12V are derived from 230V AC mains supply by bridge rectifier and fixed voltage regulator IC 7805. The organization in its simplest form can be modeled as below.

Relay
SMS

Relay
Relay

89C52
Level Converter

Driver

Relay Relay

Fig. 1.1 Basic project organization

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Aim of this report is to choose the appropriate technologies and methods when implementing a GSM based Home Automation System. To do this we will look at current Home Automation implementations and the technologies that are currently available for creating wireless remote switching systems. We should also look at other technologies that may be appropriate for our project that has potential to improve the existing available systems. 2.1 HOME AUTOMATION Home Automation is a concept that has been developing reasonably slowly when compared with the other technology such as televisions and computers. Whereas other technologies such as high-definition televisions have developed and become much cheaper, home automation is still generally quite an expensive and exclusive concept for most people. We have tried here to look into what Home Automation is and what current technologies exist. We shall look at how technologies were implemented in early years and its situation in present era and the groups of people that will use the technologies. We will look at the use of automation as a disability aid as well as it just being a luxury within a home. Home Automation (also referred to as Domotics) is the use of one or more computers to control basic home functions and features automatically and sometimes remotely, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home. Home Automation can be used for a wide variety of purposes; from turning lights on and off to programming appliances within a home and the programming of timers for these various devices. Home Automation is often used as a luxury convenience system within a home and often it is expensive to have installed due to their relative exclusivity in the current market. As Home Media devices become cheaper, Home Automation is a technology that more people will be looking into to install in their house. Home Automation (HA) is quite a broad area and therefore has a variety of uses. Some areas are very important and can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals, whilst other aspects of home automation are used for convenience rather than an essential item. Starting off with the more essential aspect of home automation are security aspects. Cameras and sensors can be connected to a home automation system. These can be used to monitor and record activity around a building/house and can make remote monitoring much easier. This can then make the technology of burglar 4

alarms much more complex as they not only recognize movement with sensors but they can also store and relay video images for the owner to then show the police if necessary. Another use for home automation is with the elderly and people with impaired physical mobility. Tasks that are simple for some people are much harder if you are less mobile can be made much easier using an automated system. Automated systems can be linked to motors and switches to perform tasks controlled on a simple control panel. For example the opening and closing of curtains in a room could be controlled by a remote control. The most dominant uses of home automation are with home lighting, multimedia and smart home appliance control. This tends to be the more exclusive market and often quite expensive. Home Automation will only be adopted if it is at least as easy to use as the original task in which it is replicating. For example if switching on a light via a home automation system is more complicated than pressing a button on a wall then there is arguably no advantage to having the device automated and it might just promote user aggravation. Home automation software in Australia is being used to shut down lighting and devices in homes from their computers and mobile phones. A pilot study from the company who produced the software showed that an office building was able to cut its energy consumption by 25 percent. With the constant strive to create a greener planet; Home automation could certainly help us in doing so. 2.1.1 Current Home Automation Systems In the past many distributed audio systems within a house have consisted with a large number of wired remote controls around a house which controls a central CD player or Radio. The problem with these systems is that there is one audio source for many rooms and each room cannot listen to a different CD concurrently. For this reason many of the more modern systems are computer based systems. Most of the HA solutions that are currently on sale use specialist hardware both to store the media and to distribute it. An example is the Sonos Wireless Music Centre. The Sonos system uses your current home computer, Sonos ZonePlayers in each of the rooms you require music which then have speakers attached and a graphical remote control for each device.

Fig 2.1 Sonos Wireless Music Centre Components

This system is designed so that it takes only basic computer skills to set up and therefore saves the user money in not having to pay for a professional installation of the product. It uses wireless technology for the ZonePlayers, Controllers and the Computer to communicate and therefore doesnt require the inconvenience of installation of network cabling to the building. The drawbacks with the Sonos system is that it only covers music streaming within a home and does not control lighting and other appliances. The other disadvantage is the system costs too much money for the smallest room package and that doesnt include the cost of the computer that acts as a server if you dont already have one. Another similar solution to the Sonos system is the

Cambridge Audio incognito system. This uses more dedicated hardware and has more wired components compared to the Sonos system. More of the components are integrated into walls which makes a cleaner finish but are harder to setup and move to a different room or house. The Cambridge Audio has optional modules to allow video to be streamed as well as music. Neither of these system offer remote web access to the system and they cannot control lighting or other appliances. The next few products I will look at offer increases functionality beyond the scope of music and video. One such company is Cyber Homes in UK. They offer tailored HA solutions for individuals and families. They consult with the client and discover their needs then come up with a selection of proposed solution and prices. They offer automation is Multiroom Audio and Visual, Automated Lighting, CCTV and Security, Heating and Airconditioning and Occupancy Simulation. Occupancy Simulation is achieved by using the other methods of HA they offer to achieve a realistic simulation that a house is being lived in, aiming to achieve a house that appears to be occupied, and therefore less of a target to burglary. The advantages with companies such as Cyber Homes, is that they can offer solution that are tailored to user need rather than having to adjust user home to work with 6

the technology. The problem is that using tailored solution gains considerable extra cost. A large proportion of this is paying for the design consultancy for designing your system and also the installation costs that user will incur. Although the bespoke systems are an expensive option, there is very little input required from the client apart from their wishes on what they want the system to do, not how they are going to do it. This is why very little technological experience is required for this option. At the other end of the spectrum, there is DIY (Do-it-yourself) Home Automation. This option is quite different to the tailored systems that companies such as Cyber Homes have to offer. These can still offer a vast range of control within the home, the difference being that this method is often very limited by a fixed amount of available funds to equip the home. It is also necessary to be technologically minded as the research into components needed and their

installation and maintenance all has to be carried out by the home owner themselves. Websites such as DIY Home Automation offer consumer advice to people trying to set up a system themselves. Sites like these are generally written to give friendly advice, rather than a business, so may not necessarily contain the most up to date information, or even the best practices in which to design a system. The authors of the sites are usually enthusiasts rather than experts in the field. This is why it is necessary for the home owner to have a fair amount of technical knowledge or be technically minded, to help them siphon out the best information to allow them to create a system that meets their needs. The type of HA that is usually referred to in DIY HA is usually controlled by a computer (usually an existing computer within the home) and signals are usually sent through both wired or wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). 2.1.2 Problems With The Current Systems The systems discussed above in the Current Home Automation Systems section all have their own advantages and disadvantages, but we mainly concentrated on their disadvantages. The purpose of this section is to outline some of the major downfalls to the systems and mark out key points that make a system efficient and useful and summarize these so as we can best address these issues when we come to develop our own Home Automation System. The first issue to look at is the ease of installation. Systems like the Sonos Media system are relatively straight forward to install. They dont require much (if any) additional wiring to be put in the house and this therefore limits disruption to the home 7

with installation. It also means that the system is not tied down to having to stay in the rooms in which it was initially installed as the components are relatively easy to relocate. Other systems such as the tailored systems on offer by companies such as Cyber Homes hardwire components and require cabling routed throughout a house. Often control panels are sunken into the walls to give a nice sleek finish. This does however limit the ease of relocating components significantly. DIY Home Automation usually consists of message receiver modules. The second clear disadvantages to some of the systems are cost. If a product is to become successful it needs to be financial accessible to the mass market. Tailored HA systems are not an option for a lot of people, therefore affordable plug and play and easily configurable solutions need developing, even if they do have slightly less functionality than the tailored systems. According to Kirchhoff and Linz they say that for HA to be successful home automation cannot require technicians come to the users home to integrate any kind of devices to home networks. The problem with current HA systems is that the HA standards are extremely fragmented. The problem with this is there is no universal standard, and lots of protocols and devices are proprietary and this makes it harder for new systems to be developed as quickly as one would like it to be. When we design our system we will either have to create something that encompasses all existing technologies or we need to create a system that can be integrated with existing technologies and standards. Being a project one of its kind, one more topic that needs to be discussed in this project is the evolution of the embedded system. An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Embedded systems contain processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are massproduced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers and the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use. Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data. Consumer electronics include personal digital assistants (PDAs), MP3 players, mobile phones, videogame consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers. Many household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, are including embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling. Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers that also have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors brushless DC motors, induction motors and DC motors are using electric/electronic motor controllers. Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles are increasingly using embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems include anti-lock braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP), traction control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive.

Medical equipment is continuing to advance with more embedded systems for vital signs monitoring, electronic stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging (PET, SPECT, CT, MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems are especially suited for use in transportation, fire safety, safety and security, medical applications and life critical systems as these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus be more reliable. For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have greater ability to handle higher temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be self-sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems. In addition to commonly described embedded systems based on small computers, a new class of miniature wireless devices called motes is quickly gaining popularity as the field of wireless sensor networking rises. Wireless sensor networking, WSN, makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced IC design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through IT monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self contained, and will typically run off a battery source for many years before the batteries need to be changed or charged. 2.2 MOBILE COMMUNICATION Mobile telecommunication technologies have developed in successive generations. The first generation (1G) appeared in the 1950s. The second generation (2G) or GSM technology is used massively, but challenged globally by the next (third) generation (3G) technologies. This sequence of generations is characterised by increasing capacity (higher transmission speeds) and richer content of the message. Further penetration of 3G depends critically on the integration of telecommunication services and multimedia services, which turned out to be more complicated than most experts predicted. Four obstacles on this expansion path can be distinguished: Firstly, after the weakened financial position of mobile network operators, it became more difficult to finance and construct the networks because the capital markets questioned the profitability of these investments. This resulted in regulatory measures to facilitate the financial viability of UMTS networks by allowing operators to share networks and delay implementation. Secondly, many of the futuristic product and service designs (for example computerised homes and mobile telephones functioning as credit cards or parking tickets) of the new economy turned out to be more difficult and costly to develop 10

and to market. Thirdly, many operators were drawn into costly license auctions and mergers that slowed down and scaled down their investments in the latest technology and new services. Fourthly, the operators underestimated the difficulties to develop new business models for voice and data in 3G compared with mainly voice in 2G. Despite these obstacles the markets for mobile data and mobile Internet has demonstrated a high and sustainable growth rate during last decade in India. Most noteworthy are the immense and surprising successes of private SMS or short messaging services, EMS or enhanced messaging services and the rapid growth of MMS or multimedia messaging services. Less spectacular have been the popularity of sports, news and weather information on the go. These markets leave ample space for a myriad of multimedia applications. So far, technology itself seems not to be an obstacle. Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication network and switching system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away. When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call. Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas. The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979

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with Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA. The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account. Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in 2001. They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services and include W-CDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of predesignated frequency bands determined by the network requirements and local regulations. In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehiclemounted antenna, and handset (known as car phones and bag phones) were limited to a maximum 3 watts Effective Radiated Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of transmission power. Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of the phone, which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 watt cellular booster. Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeater may be used, which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna that allows any cell phone within a few meters to function properly. 2.3 GSM ARCHITECTURE Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM (originally from Groupe Spcial Mobile), is the world's most popular standard for mobile telephone systems. The GSM Association estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. 12

GSM is used by over 1.5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. This ubiquity means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the world, enabled by international roaming arrangements between mobile network operators. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the system. The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment vendors. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature. Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM system. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). 2.3.1History In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) created the Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone system across Europe. In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase-I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. 2.3.2 Technical details GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top 13

level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers. There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.

Fig 2.2 GSM Architecture Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. 14

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference). 2.3.3 GSM carrier frequencies GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for firstgeneration systems. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all channels is 270.83 kbit/s and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. 2.3.4 Network structure The network is structured into a number of discrete sections: The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.

2.3.5 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators 15

while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking.

Fig. 2.3 SIM card 2.3.6 GSM service security GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one. On 28 December 2009 German computer engineer Karsten Nohl announced that he had cracked the A5/1 cipher. According to Nohl, he developed a number of rainbow tables (static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for known plaintext attacks. He also said that it is possible to build "a full 16

GSM interceptor from open source components" but that they had not done so because of legal concerns. Although security issues remain for GSM newer standards and algorithms may address this. New attacks are growing in the wild which take advantage of poor security implementations, architecture and development for smart phone applications. Some wiretapping and eavesdropping techniques hijack the audio input and output providing an opportunity for a 3rd party to listen in to the conversation. Although this threat is mitigated by the fact the attack has to come in the form of a Trojan, malware or a virus and might be detected by security software. 2.3.7 GSMs strength GSM is the first to apply the TDMA scheme developed for mobile radio systems. It has several distinguishing features: 1. Roaming in European countries 2. Connection to ISDN through RA box 3. Use of SIM cards 4. Control of transmission power 5. Frequency hopping 6. Discontinuous transmission 7. Mobile-assisted handover

17

3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
System development can be divided into sections as below: (1) Design of power section (2) Design of relay circuit (3) Design of main controller board (4) Circuit diagrams (5) PCB layouts (6) System software development. 3.1 DESIGN OF POWER SECTION The project requires DC voltage supply of +5V and +12V and a common ground which is derived from AC supply of 230V mains. 1) Selection of transformer We use bridge rectifier configuration because it has half PIV and higher rectification efficiency than other configurations. We need to select a transformer with a center-tapping on secondary. We need Vdc = 12V and 5V. So we select a transformer with secondary of 12-0-12.

2) Selection of diode Possible PIV across each diode is Vdc = 12V. So we have to select four diodes with PIV more than 12V. We select 1N4007 silicon diodes as D1 to D4 considering worst case scenario.

3) Selection of regulator IC To get 5V regulated supply out of 12V, we use fixed voltage monolithic regulator IC LM7805. It utilizes common ground for input and output. A capacitor C3 of 0.1uF is connected at output of LM7805 to improve the transient response. 4) Selection of filter capacitor To filter the ripple out, we use an electrolyte capacitor of value C1 = 1000uF.

5) Selection of indication circuit components To indicate power status of circuit, we have simply formed an LED indicator circuit. R1 = (Vdc - Vdrop) / Imax 18

= (5-0.7)/10mA = 430 We select a standard resistance value of 470 . An LED with drop 0.7V in series with R1 is connected across Vdc and GND. Lit LED indicates power ON condition.

6) Selection of heat sink IC LM7805 generates a large amount of heat, to dissipate that heat we have mounted heat sink.

Fig. 3.1 Circuit diagram of power supply section 3.2 DESIGN OF RELAY CIRCUIT 1) Selection of relay driver Select ULN2803APG from TOSHIBA as it serves our purpose well here. The ULN2803APG Series are highvoltage, highcurrent darlington drivers comprised of eight NPN darlington pairs. All units feature integral clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. Applications include relay, hammer, lamp and display (LED) drivers.

Fig. 3.2 ULN 2803 pin configuration 19

2) Selection of relays Relays are very important part of this project. It acts as a switch to turn a home appliance on or off. Usually the home appliances operate on AC mains which is 230V at 50Hz in India. So we have to choose relays with minimum switching voltage capacity of 240V AC and minimum switching current of 5A. We select HK make JQC-3FC/T73 model PCB mounted Sugar Cube relay. It has maximum voltage switching capacity of 250V AC and maximum current switching capacity of 7A. About relay: Bigger dot in this this corner Small dot in upper corner

Rectangular cut in middle top side of this face Fig. 3.3 HKE make JQC-3FC/T73 12VDC Characteristics of relay: Max. Switching current Max. switching voltage Dielectric strength Vrms Between open contacts Between coil and contacts Between contacts form Ambient temperature 7A, 10A 28V DC/ 250V AC 750VAC 1000VAC 1000VAC -40 - +85oC

Operation/Release time 10/8 ms Contact Capacity 10A 240VAC, 6.3A 28VDC Table 3.1 Relay characteristics 3) Selection of indication circuit components To indicate the status of the relay, an LED is connected to relay input. It acts similar to the indication circuit in the power supply section. R1 = (V - Vdrop) / Imax 20

= (5 - 0.7)/10mA = 430 We select a standard resistance value of 470 . An LED with drop 0.7V in series with R1 is connected across Vdc and GND. Lit LED indicates power ON condition. 3.3 DESIGN OF MAIN CONTROLLER BOARD 1) Selection of microcontroller Selection criteria: 1. The first and foremost criterion for selecting a microcontroller is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the need of a microcontroller based project we must see whether an 8 bit, 16 bit or 32 bit microcontroller can best handle the computing need of the task most efficiently. Among other consideration in this category are speed, power consumption, amount of on chip RAM and ROM, the number of I/O pin, and cost per unit. 2. Second is how easy is to develop product around it. Key considerations are the availability of an assembler, debugger, emulator, technical support. 3. Its readily availability in needed quantity, both now and in future. Though very slight difference between the features of AT89C51 and AT89C52, they are very similar in their pin configurations and operations. The differences between AT89C51 and AT89C52 have been tabulated below. Microcontroller RAM Flash Number of Timers/Counters Number of Interrupt Sources AT89C52 256 Bytes 8 KB 3 (16-bit each) 8 AT89C51 128 Bytes 4 KB 2 (16-bit each) 6

Table 3.2 Comparison of 89C52 with 89C51 Taking all the above considerations we have chosen ATMEL 89C52 microcontroller because it meets selection most appropriately. 3.3.1 Brief History of Microcontrollers: In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051, this microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4 bytes of on chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports (each 8-bit wide) all on a single chip. At this time it was referred to as a system on chip. The 8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bit at a time. Data larger than 8 bit have to be broken up into 8 bit 21

pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 now has a total of four I/O ports, each 8 bit wide. The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any flavor of the 8051 with the condition that they remain code compatible with 8051. This had lead to many versions of 8051 with a different speed and amount of on chip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. There are two other members of the 8051 family, they are 8051 and 8031. 8052 is a version of 8051 with higher RAM and ROM. Features of microcontroller Atmel 89S52: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel

3.3.2 Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pinout.

Fig. 3.4 Atmel AT89C52 22

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many, embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, onchip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt occurs. The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout.

23

Fig. 3.5 89S52 Block Diagram

24

Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Function External count input to Timer/Counter 2, clockout Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control

T2 T2 EX

Name P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 Reset P3.0 P3.1

8 bit input/output port (P1) pins

Reset pin; Active high Input (receiver) for serial RxD communication Output (transmitter) for serial TxD communication External interrupt 1 Int0 External interrupt 2 Int1 Timer1 external input T0 Timer2 external input T1 Write to external data memory Write Read from external data memory Read

8 bit input/output port (P3) pins

Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz) Ground (0V) 8 bit input/output port (P2) pins / High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory

Program store enable; Read from external program memory Address Latch Enable Program pulse input during Flash programming External Access Enable; Vcc for internal program executions Programming enable voltage; 12V (Flash programming) 8 bit input/output port (P0) pins Low-order address bits when interfacing with external memory

Supply voltage; 5V (up to 6.6V) Table 3.3 89C52 pin functions 25

P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Crystal 2 Crystal 1 Ground P2.0/ A8 P2.1/ A9 P2.2/ A10 P2.3/ A11 P2.4/ A12 P2.5/ A13 P2.6/ A14 P2.7/ A15 PSEN ALE Prog EA Vpp P0.7/ AD7 P0.6/ AD6 P0.5/ AD5 P0.4/ AD4 P0.3/ AD3 P0.2/ AD2 P0.1/ AD1 P0.0/ AD0 Vcc

3.3.3 Pin Description (1) VCC Supply voltage of 5V (or 12V for VPP) in programming mode. (2) GND This pin serves for ground connection of 0 volts. (3) Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high- impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification. (4) Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Existing P1.0 P1.1 Alternate Function T2 T2 EX Timer/counter 2 External Count input, clock out Timer/counter 2 Trigger input

Table 3.4 Port 1 alternate functions (5) Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. 26

Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During access to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. (6) Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port Pin P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Alternate Functions RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input) T1 (timer 1 external input) WR (external data memory write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe) Table 3.5 Port 3 pin alternate functions (7) RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. (8) ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.

27

In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. (9) PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. (10) EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected. (11) XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. (12) XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. A crystal of frequency 4 to 24 MHz is connected between pins XTAL1 and XTAL2. Special Function Registers (SFRs) A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in Table 1. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip.Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. Timer 2 Registers Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON (shown in Table 2) and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode. 28

Interrupt Registers The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register. Data Memory The AT89C52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. That means the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct addressing access SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. Timer 0 and 1 Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51. Timer 2 Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table below. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.

29

RCLK+TCLK 0 0 1 X

CP/RL2 0 1 X

TR2 1 1 1

MODE 16-bit auto reload 16-bit capture Baud Rate generator (Off)

X 0 Table 3.6 Timer 2 operating modes

In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle. Capture Mode In the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in T2CON. This bit can then be used to generate an interrupt. If EXEN2 = 1, Timer 2 performs the same operation, but a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EXcauses bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, like TF2, can generate an interrupt. The capture mode is illustrated in Figure 1. Auto-reload (Up or Down Counter) Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the SFR T2MOD. Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin. UART It is the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter. The UART in the AT89C52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51. It is used for serial communication with other compatible devices.

30

Interrupts The AT89C52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 6. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that Table shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89C51, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows. Symbol Position Function Disables all interrupts. If EA = 0, no interrupt is acknowledged. If EA = 1, each interrupt source is individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing its enable bit. Reserved Timer 2 interrupt enable bit Serial Port interrupt enable bit. Timer 1 interrupt enable bit. External interrupt 1 enable bit. Timer 0 interrupt enable bit External interrupt 0 enable bit.

EA

IE.7

ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

IE.6 IE.5 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0

Table 3.7 Interrupt Sources

31

(LSB) A T2 S T1 X1 T0

(MSB) X0

Enable Bit = 1 enables the interrupt Enable Bit = 0 disables the interrupt Table 3.8 Interrupt Enable (IE) Register 2) Design of clock generation circuit The 8052 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run it. Most often a quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin 19) and XTAL2 (pin 18). The quartz crystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 also needs two capacitors of 30pF value. One side of each capacitor is connected to ground as shown in figure below.

Fig. 3.6 Clock generation circuitry 3) Design of pull-up networks

Fig. 3.7 Pull-up network 32

In the 8051 based systems where there is no exrernal memory connection, the pins of port 0 must be connected externally to a 10K-ohm pullup resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain unlike P1, P2 and P3. With external pull-up resistors connected to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O port, just like P1 and P2. 4) Design of reset circuit Pin 9 is the reset pin. It is an input and is active high (normally low). Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. This is often referred to as a power-on reset. Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in the registers to be lost. It will set program counter to all 0s. Following figure shows the way of connecting the RST pin to the power-on circuitry. An 8.2K-ohm resistor and 10 uF capacitor forms the RST circuitry.

Fig. 3.8 Reset circuitry 5) Selection of line converter IC The 8052 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called as TxD and RxD and are part of the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1). Pin 11 of the 8052 (P3.1) is assigned to TxD and pin 10 (P3.0) is designated as RxD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip. This is discussed next. 3.3.4 MAX232 Since the RS232 is not compatible with 8052, we employ RS232 (voltage converter) to convert the signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the 33

8051s TxD and RxD pins. One example of such a converter is MAX232 from Maxim Corp. The RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa. Other advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is same as the source voltage for 8052. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data, as shown in the figure below. The line drivers used for TxD are called T1 and T2, while line drivers for RxD are designated as R1 and R2. In many of the applications only one of each is used. For example, T1 and R1 are used together for TxD and RxD of the 8052, and the second is left unused. The T1in pin is the TTL side and is connected to TxD of the microcontroller, while T1out is the RS232 side that is connected to the RxD pin of RS232 DB connector. The R1 line driver has a designation of R1in and R1out on pin numbers 13 and 12, respectively. The R1in (pin 13) is the RS232 side that is connected to the TxD pin of the RS232 DB connector, and R1out (pin 12) is the TTL side that is connected to the RxD pin of the microcontroller. MAX232 requires four capacitors ranging from 1 to 22 uF. The most widely used value for this capacitors is 22 uF.

Fig. 3.9 Pin diagram of MAX232 Applications of MAX232: 1. Portable Computers 2. Low-Power Modems 34

3. Interface Translation 4. Battery-Powered RS-232 Systems 5. Multidrop RS-232 Networks 3.4 CIRCUIT LAYOUT 1. Main controller board

Fig. 3.10 Main controller board circuit 35

2. Relay Board

Fig. 3.11 Relay board circuit 3. Power supply board

Fig. 3.12 Power supply circuit

36

3.5 PCB LAYOUTS

1) PCB Layout for Main Controller Board

Fig. 3.13 PCB layout of main controller board

37

2) PCB layout for Relay Board

Fig. 3.14 PCB layout of Relay board

3) PCB Layout for Power Supply Board

Fig. 3.15 PCB layout of power supply board

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3.6 SYSTEM SOFTWARE DESIGN As our project work involved the applications of software, on consulting with our project guide we came to the conclusion that we shall use Embedded C for programming utilizing the Keil software. Use of embedded processors in passenger cars, mobile phones, medical equipment, aerospace systems and defense systems is widespread, and even everyday domestic appliances such as dish washers, televisions, washing machines and video recorders now include at least one such device. There is a large and growing international demand for programmers with 'embedded' skills, and many desktop developers are starting to move into this important area. The applications of Embedded C are exploited through the Keil software. Keil was founded in 1986 to market add-on products for the development tools provided by many of the silicon vendors. It soon became evident that there was a void in the marketplace that must be filled by quality software development tools. It was then that Keil implemented the first C compiler designed from the ground-up specifically for the 8051 microcontroller. Need of programming in Embedded C The compiler produces HEX files that we download into the ROM of the microcontroller. The size of HEX file produced by the compiler is one of the main concerns of microcontroller programmers for the following 2 reasons: 1. Microcontrollers have limited on chip ROM. 2. The code space for 8051 is limited to 64 Kbytes. The choice of programming language can affect the compiled program size. While Assembly language produces a hex life that is much smaller than C programming, in assembly language it is tedious and time consuming process to write system program code. While in Embedded C it is much easier to write the system program code, but the hex files size produced is much larger if we need assembly language. The following are some of major reasons for writing C instead of Assembly: 1. It is easier & less time consuming to write in C than Assembly. 2. C is easier to modify & update. 3. You can use code available in function libraries. 4. C code is portable to other microcontrollers with little or no modifications. 5. It is easier to develop and understand. 39

KEIL Micro Vision is an integrated development environment used to create software to be run on embedded systems such as a microcontroller. It allows for such software to be written either in assembly or C programming languages and for that software to be simulated on a computer before being loaded onto the microcontroller. The code language used is C.

Fig. 3.16 Keil Vision IDE 3.6.1 ALGORITHM Before designing any program it is necessary to first develop its algorithm and basic flowchart. Algorithm is the set of simple and easily understandable statements that aims to solve the problem in few steps. An algorithm is a representation of a solution to a problem. If a problem can be defined as a difference between a desired situation and the current situation in which one is, then a problem solution is a procedure, or method, for transforming the current situation to the desired one. We solve many such trivial problems every day without even thinking about it, for example making breakfast, travelling to the workplace etc. 1. Initialize the receiver 2. Check for new commands 3. Read commands 4. Update status of relays 40

5. Delete message 6. Go to step 1 3.6.2 FLOWCHART Flowcharting is a tool developed in the computer industry, for showing the steps involved in a process. A flowchart is a diagram made up of boxes, diamonds and other shapes, connected by arrows - each shape represents a step in the process, and the arrows show the order in which they occur. Flowcharting combines symbols and flowlines, to show figuratively the operation of an algorithm. START

Initialize receiver

Request new command

Receive message from Modem

Check whether new message? No

Yes Get message

Switch relay Delete message

Fig. 3.17 Flowchart of system code 41

3.6.3 SYSTEM PROGRAM #include<reg52.h> #include<stdio.h> sbit RELAY1=P1^4; sbit RELAY2=P1^5; sbit RELAY3=P1^6; sbit RELAY4=P1^7; unsigned char z,ret; unsigned char MSGMODE[] = "AT+CMGF=1"; unsigned char MSGREAD[] = "AT+CMGS=1"; unsigned char MSGDEL[] = "AT+CMGD=1"; void send_rqst(void); unsigned char get_response(void); void relay(unsigned char); void del_msg(void); void carriage_return(void); void serial_init(void); void main(void); { serial_init(); RELAY1=0; RELAY2=0; RELAY3=0; RELAY4=0; while(1) { send_rqst(); ret = get_response(); relay(ret); del_msg(); } } // send request // get message // switch relay // delete message //text message mode //read 1st message //delete message // standard 8052 library // for using printf

42

/* set up serial link */ void serial_init() { SCON = 0x50; TMOD = 0x20; TH1 = 0xFD; TR1 = 1; } /* SEND MESSAGE REQUEST */ void send_rqst() { for (z=0;z<9;z++) { SBUF=MSGMODE[z]; while(TI==0); TI=0; } carriage_return(); for (z=0;z<9;z++) { SBUF=MSGREAD[z]; while(TI==0); TI=0; carriage_return(); } } /* Read message */ void get_response() { while(RI==0); ret=SBUF; RI=0; return ret; } 43 // send <CR> // send AT+CMGR=1 // send <CR> // send AT+CMGF=1 // 8-bit UART mode // timer 1 mode 2 auto reload // 9600 8-n-1 // run timer1

/* Switch relay according to input */ void relay(unsigned char ret) { switch(ret) { case '1': RELAY1=1; break; case '2': RELAY2=1; break; case '3': RELAY3=1; break; case '4': RELAY4=1; break; case '5': RELAY1=0; break; case '6': RELAY2=0; break; case '7': RELAY3=0; break; case '8': RELAY4=0; break; } }

44

/* delete message */ void del_msg() { for (z=0;z<9;z++) { SBUF=MSGDEL[Z]; while(TI==0); TI=0; } carriage_return(); } /* <CR> Carriage return for AT commands */ void carriage_return(void) { SBUF=0x0D; while(TI==0); TI=0; } /* End of the program */

45

4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
4.1 FIRST INSTALLATION The operation of complete unit with basic setup is explained here: 1. Prepare a rough map of the room or hall in which the appliance control is to be achieved. Detailing should be restricted to interested appliances and wiring or electric installations and fittings. 2. Check the appliances ratings for current consumption rating (I). If the current drawn is not mentioned then it can be reckoned from power rating as I (A) = Power (W) / 230 (V). 3. If the current rating is lower than or equal to 5A, then the appliance is readily compatible with the relays used. If not, relay(s) must be replaced with those having current rating higher than I. 4. Trace out the suitable central switchboard panel in the hall. This point can be easily selected as the switchboard that is equidistant from most appliances or from their respective supply points. 5. Open the switchboard panel and find out phase wire points in plug sockets. Phase lines are live conductors which can be identified by phase testers. Open the phase line connection to socket and connect the relay path wires to just opened terminals. 6. Now the connection of the mains supply to the appliances connected to these sockets are controlled by two switches physical make or break switches and the relay board switches. 7. Note the serial numbers of socket against relay numbers. 8. Plug the power connector of appliances to sockets and remember its serial numbers. 9. Turn on the switches of appliances to be used. 10. Connect the DC adapter of GSM modem and AC supply socket to switchboard. These plugs are to be connected where we have not connected relays, as they are always kept in ON condition. 11. Place the SIM card in GSM modem in the mentioned manner and lock it. 12. SIM card should be chosen to provide good coverage in the whole home. 13. Turn the modem and main controller board ON and switch them OFF only when system is not to be used for long time such as 1 day or more. 46

4.2 ROUTINE OPERATION 1. To control any appliance, its serial no. must be remembered first. 2. Select the write text message function from menu in the mobile phone. 3. Write the control word followed by # (brackets not to be included). If more than one action is required, write them serially, separated by ,. 4. Example: To turn appliance 1 on, write message 1#, to turn it off 5#. To switch appliance 4 on and turn appliance 2 off, write 4#,6#. 5. Send the message to the mobile phone number of the SIM by pressing SEND or CONNECT key. For frequent operation, this number should be stored in the phone directory. 6. When the message is received by modem, it is decoded and respective appliances are turned on or off. 7. If, for some reason, the system doesnt work, press RESET key on main controller board. That should turn all the appliances off irrespective of their initial conditions. 4.3 CONTROL WORDS Appliance Serial No. 1 2 3 4 1 and 2 1 and 3 1 and 4 2 and 3 2 and 4 3 and 4 1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 4 2, 3 and 4 1,2,3 and 4 To turn ON 1# 2# 3# 4# 1#,2# 1#,3# 1#,4# 2#,3# 2#,4# 3#,4# 1#,2#,3# 1#,2#,4# 1#,3#,4# 2#,3#,4# 1#,2#,3#,4# Table 4.1 Control words 47 Control Words To turn OFF 5# 6# 7# 8# 5#,6# 5#,7# 5#,8# 6#,7# 6#,8# 7#,8# 5#,6#,7# 5#,6#,8# 5#,7#,8# 6#,7#,8# 5#,6#,7#,8#

The control message sent to the system may contain any of the codeword given in the table 4.1 and other possible combinations. The order of the commands has no effect on the operation as will be seen soon in the results table 4.2. 4.4 RESULTS Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 SENT MESSAGE (INPUT) 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# 6# 7# 8# 1#,2# 1#,3# 1#,4# 2#,1# 2#,3# 2#,4# 3#,4# 5#,6# 5#,7# 5#,8# 6#,7# 6#,8# 7#,8# 1#,2#,3# 2#,3#,4# 5#,6#,7# 6#,7#,8# 1#,2#,3#,4# 5#,6#,7#,8# 1#,6# 2#,5# 1#,5# RESPONSE (OUTPUT) APPL 1 turns on APPL 2 turns on APPL 3 turns on APPL 4 turns on APPL 1 turns off APPL 2 turns off APPL 3 turns off APPL 4 turns off APPL 1 and APPL 2 turns on APPL 1 and APPL 3 turns on APPL 1 and APPL 4 turns on Same response as case 12 APPL 2 and APPL 3 turns on APPL 2 and APPL 4 turns on APPL 3 and APPL 4 turns on APPL 1 and APPL 2 turns off APPL 1 and APPL 3 turns off APPL 1 and APPL 4 turns off APPL 2 and APPL 3 turns off APPL 2 and APPL 4 turns off APPL 3 and APPL 4 turns off APPL 1, 2 and 3 turns on APPL 2, 3 and 4 turns on APPL 1, 2 and 3 turns off APPL 2, 3 and 4 turns off APPL 1, 2, 3 and 4 turns on APPL 1, 2, 3 and 4 turns off APPL 1 turns on and 2 off APPL 2 turns on and 1 off APPL 1 turns on and off in a moment

Table 4.2 Results (APPL = Appliance)

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4.5 TIMING STATE The various process undergoing in the system during its operation as a function of time are represented in a tabular form in table 4.3. It is important to note that the booting time of GSM modem is significantly high and can vary as high as 20 seconds in case of congested networks. TIME 00:00:00 00:00:12 00:00:15 00:00:21 00:00:22 00:00:22 Send control message Message received; decoding Relays switched; Delete message System ready and listening to new message Table 4.3 Timing states in the system EVENT Switch on the system STATE Main controller board ready; GSM modem booting System ready and listening to new message

49

5. CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSIONS Our motto to build and implement an SMS based remote controller, to control the home appliances has been accomplished by using GSM features and Network Architecture. The system uses GSM technology thus providing ubiquitous access to the system for automated appliance control. The success of this project rides on the SMS facility of the GSM system. This system can be used in every place and application where GSM network has its reach. A cost effective way of home automation can be achieved at a SMS cost which is very low and a lot more advantage can be gained from the existing GSM technology. Simple operation and ease of installation are the distinguishing features that make this system stand out amongst conventional approaches to solve basic home automation needs of common households. Sometimes it is better to rely on what is good in practice rather than thinking of what is good in theory. The project generally is aimed to achieve a simple and robust Home Automation system by exploiting wireless mobile telecommunication system. The entire project and studies involved in it can be concluded into various points as explained below. 5.2 FUTURE SCOPE The system design holds an immense scope of further development and real world practical implementations. Noting the ongoing developments in cellular telecomm technologies and constantly increasing number of mobile phone owners in India this system may meet groundbreaking success. The ease with which system is implemented also requires less technical knowledge. For operating or modifying the system to meet user needs is also reduced to a level that a user with elementary knowledge of operating mobile phone and sending SMS is able to use the system. Some of the many further applications are discussed here briefly. This system can be implemented built-in devices for taking immediate action in case of occurrence of an emergency. The concept would be to produce applicable appliances with GSM receiver inbuilt and can be integrated to operate the particular appliance not just to turn on or off but also to perform many more functions. We can integrate speech recognition system into various consumer electronic devices through a real time interfacing. The spoken commands are recognized by a 50

recognizer and sent in the form of text SMS to the control system and then the microcontroller on the basis of SMS takes a decision of a particular task for a particular appliance. 5.3 APPLICATIONS Some of the many possible applications are listed here:

Wireless Automation and Control Alarm & Notification Systems Remote Monitoring Machine Communication Telnet, email, text messaging communications Mobile Transport vehicles Network Monitoring and SMS reporting Data Transfer applications from remote locations Monitor and control of Serial services through GSM Network Switch any electrical device ON or OFF remotely via SMS phone text

5.4 ADVANTAGES GSM based medium for transport of command signals for achieving control of appliances breaks the barrier of infrared sensors limited ranges. Also, the cost of SMS i s much lower than the telephone or internet based techniques of basic home automation. SMS delivery is not direct but relays through an SMS Center (Short Message Service Center) that are computers within the operator's network that receive the messages and route them to the recipient with some flexibility. In fact usually an SMS is sent immediately but if the recipient phone is switched off or unreachable it is kept for delivery even for 24 hours that means that it is stored by the operator and sent whenever the recipient telephone registers to the network. This is a very powerful advantage for a remote device that has to send an alarm message before something (or somebody) breaks it or before power fails. Imagine this poor device trying to place a call without being able to find a free channel or maybe finding the recipient phone busy. With an SMS this cannot happen, even if all channels in the cell are busy, still the SMS will go, because it travels on the signaling layer, and even if the telephone that should receive the alarm is busy, still the SMS will reach it because SMS arrive even if you are on a call.

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 Ease of installation
The system is easy to configure and install. Even people with non-technical background are able to set-up and operate the system by following the easy steps given in section 4.1.

Multiple Recipients
With mobile SMS services a single message can be served to many subscribers simultaneously. This reduces the time required to type the message again and again for each user. Another advantage is that the same message can be sent once and delivered to many users.

SMS works well also in poor coverage areas

If the system is in an area poorly covered by the GSM network, it is very usual not to be able to establish a call connection. On the contrary an SMS will work, even with the lowest possible signal. This increases the application spectrum of the system to remote locations, moving vehicles, hilly areas, and marine ships.

Cheap cost of SMS

This is the cost effective alternative to the internet based real-time process controllers in that no exorbitant connection charges need to be paid to ISPs. SMS services are very cheap nowadays than the calling charges. SMS packages that provide large number of SMS for a fixed validity period are very popular.

Speed
If you have to send a small amount of data, it is much faster to do it with an SMS than with a data call, as the latter needs an initial modem handshaking procedure that may take up to 15 seconds. An SMS normally travels in 5 seconds. After sending the command message, within 7 seconds, the appliance(s) gets switched. 5.5 LIMITATIONS Of course there exist no technology that gives 100% throughput and this applies to SMS services also. In theory no operator will ever guarantee that the service will always work and they don't even guarantee the delivery of messages. As a matter of fact in the last 3 years there have never been any real problems with the SMS service. Without SMS service this system would be completely useless. On the contrary we face a lot of problems trying to place normal voice calls in moments of high traffic and making data calls as well. It should be remembered that the priority for operators is to serve the maximum amount of customers as they want to 52

maximize their profits, so they will scarify some data channel if there are no channels available for voice transmission. Lack of coverage area This project is completely reliant on the GSM services in the area in which it is being tested. Due to this the common problem which may occur is the lack of coverage in area. Due to this the SMS could not be transmitted as the GSM modem will not detect any available network. As a result of which we are unable to determine whether there was a fault in the component or the network. So care needs to be taken for selection of operator for cellular services. Selection of proper GSM network As mentioned above the project is completely based on GSM network. So the selection of the proper GSM network according to the area was the most important task of all. The mobility of the project is evident by its small size, but the selection of the proper service provider was equally important in this case. We first had to conduct a simple test to determine the network which suits the area the best, and in accordance to this survey we chose the service provider.

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REFERENCES

[1]

Steve Heath, Embedded System Design, EDN series for design engineers (2 ed.), Newnes , p. 2. Telecom India Daily, Indian Telecom History, Vol.1, (30 April 2008). http://www.telecomindiaonline.com Michael Barr, Embedded Systems Glossary, Neutrino Technical Library, 2007, pp. 3-5. Theo Dunnewijk & Staffan Hultn, A Brief History of Mobile

[2]

[3]

[4]

Telecommunication in Europe, 2006, pp. 5-11. [5] Meurling J. and R. Jeans, The Mobile Phone Book - The invention of the mobile phone industry, Communication Weeks, 1994, pp 33-35. [6] Mohamad Ridhwan Rodzi, Home Automation Using X-10 Technology, UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG, 2008, pp. 21-26. [7] Linz, Michael Kirchhof & Sebastian, Component-based Development of Webenabled eHome Services, Vol. 9, Pers Ubiquit Comput, 2005, pp. 323-332. [8] SimplySonos, Multi-room Wireless Music, (9th November 2009).

http://www.simplysonos.co.uk/?kw=sonus&fl=31602&gclid=CKDOm4ut_p0CFZoU4 wodezW4pw. [9] John Avenson, List of Home Appliances Energy Usage, Energy Star Ltd., 2008, pp.1-4. [10] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education, 3/e, 2006, pp. 9-45. [11] Thiagarajan Viswanathan, Telecommunication and Switching Systems, 2/e, Prentice-Hall India, 1986, pp. 1-20. [12] William C. Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Communications, 2/e, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp. 463485. [13] J. Brown, The Cable and Wireless Communications of the World, Pitman, 1927, pp. 342-446. [14] M. J. Pont, Embedded Systems, Addison-Wesley, 4/e, 2002, pp. 120. [15] MultiTech Systems, AT Commands Reference Guide for GSM/GPRS wireless modem, Multi-Tech Systems, Inc., Revision C, 2003, pp. 60-61 [16] ATMEL, Datasheet for AT89C52, 1999. http://www.atmel.com. 54

[17] TOSHIBA,

Datasheet

for

ULN2803,04

APG/AFWG,

20/08/2011.

http://www.toshiba.com [18] MAXIM Integrated Products, Datasheet for MAX220/222/232A/233A/242/243, 2010, http://www.maxim-ic.com/packages. [19] Fairchild Semiconductor, Datasheet for LM78XX/LM78XXA, September 2011, http://www.fairchildsemi.com. [20] HKE, Datasheet for JQC-3FC/T73 and HK19F-DC12V-SH relays, 27/04/2012, http://www.datasheets.com [21] Wikipedia, http://www.en.wikipedia.com/wiki/embeddedsystems (27/04/2012). [22] Embedded System Supersite, http://www.microcontroller.com (27/04/2012). [23] Engineers Garage, http://www.engineersgarage.com (27/04/2012).

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APPENDICES
A. ATMEL AT89C52

A-1-

A-2-

A-3-

A-4-

A-5-

A-6-

A-7-

A-8-

A-9-

B. MAXIM MAX232

A - 10 -

A - 11 -

A - 12 -

A - 13 -

A - 14 -

C. TOSHIBA ULN2803

A - 15 -

A - 16 -

A - 17 -

D. HKE RELAY

A - 18 -

E. FAIRCHILD LM7805

A - 19 -

A - 20 -

A - 21 -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Rounding up, working on this project has been very educative, informative and challenging experience for us. The successful completion of our project can be attributed to the concerned effort made by us and the contribution made in one form or the other by the individuals. We would like to express profound gratitude to our guide Prof. S. D. Deshmukh for his invaluable support, encouragement, supervision and useful suggestions throughout this project work. His moral support and continuous guidance enabled us to complete our work successfully. We are grateful to our honorable Head of Department Prof. G. A. Kulkarni for co-operation and constant encouragement from him. His regular suggestions made our work easy and proficient. Also, we express our appreciation to Dr. R. P. Singh for his motivation and support. Finally we express our deepest appreciation to partners, friends and our parents for their patience and understanding while we spent many hours in preparing the project. Last but not the least; we are thankful and indebted to those who helped us directly or indirectly in completion of this project report.

Hardik Jasani Akhilesh Yadav Vijay Kumar Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication Engineering)