Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Joint Task 40 /ERIA workshop, Tsukuba, Japan 28 October 2009 Soni Solistia Wirawan
Institution for Design Engineering and Technology System Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Bldg. 480 Serpong, Tangerang 15314 Indonesia. Phone: 62-21-7563213/17. Fax.: 62-21-7563273 E-mail address: soni@ceo.bppt.go.id
Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L. Jatropha Curcas L. as a biofuel Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. In Indonesia Jatropha Curcas L. Development
Jatropha
Jatropha is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs, and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas L.), from the family Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from (Greek iatros = physician and trophe = nutrition), hence the common name physic nut. The mature small trees bear separate male and female flowers, and do not grow very tall. As with many members of family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic.
Species of Jatropha
Jatropha cuneata Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Jatropha integerrima Jatropha multifida Jatropha podagrica Ricinus communis Jatropha moluccana Jatropha glandulifera Jatropha tonjorensis
Origin of Jatropha
Jatropha is native to Central America and has become naturalized in many tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Africa, and North America. Originating in the Caribbean, Jatropha was spread as a valuable hedge plant to Africa and Asia by Portuguese traders.
Jatropha Curcas L.
Division Class Family Genus Botanical name : Spermatophyta : Dicotyledonae : Euphorbiaceae : Jatropha : Jatropha Curcas L.
Jatropha curcas L.
is a drought resistant species which is widely cultivated in the tropics as living fence. Jatropha Curcas widely adapted to various soil and climatic condition. Climate Requirement
Rainfall: 200 - 2000 mm/yr (Heller, 1996) 480 - 2380 mm/yr (Jones and Miller, 1992) > 250, optimal 900 1200 mm/yr (Becker & Makkar, 1999) > 600 mm/th: normal growth (Henning, 2004)
Rainfall to high: less fertilization
Long summer: fall of leaves, less growth Very dry area: plant growth only 2 3 m high On dry climate need watering/irrigation Altitude: 0-1700 m in above sea level Temperature: 11-38 deg. C
Every seed consists of shell ( 42 %-w) and kernel ( 58 %-w). Part that contain oil : the kernel, 55 %-w (33 % by weight of seed).
Literature indication :
The productivity per hectare of Jatropha curcas given in the widespreed ranges up to 12 ton seed/ha/year. The real productivity will vary depending on the cultivated region, climate, soil quality, management, and othet conditions. R & D to realize this potential has still to be carried out.
Fruits Fertilizer
Seed cake Organic fertilizer Biogas production Fodder (low toxic accessions)
Making soap (from jatropha oil) to supply local need/demand. utilizing jatropha press cake to generate biogas that could be use locally as household cooking fuel; the farmers are thus freed from expenses to buy kerosene or fuelwood. The use biogas is also more comfortable than that of kerosene and fuelwood. If the farmer cooperative itself owns the oil expelling unit/factory, the press cake can be utilized to generate biogas (for use as local fuel) and the residue (that contain soil mineral matters) can be recycled to maintain the fertility of the land. If the jatropha press cake could be detoxified, then this proteinaceous cake would be an excellent feed for cattle. This (cattle breeding) is another potential economic chain that may be exploited from Jatropha curcas seed. The cattle dung would then serve as feedstock for biogas generators/digesters. Researches on detoxification of Jatropha curcas press cake are urgently needed to further increase the economic viability of Jatropha curcas cultivation.
Biodiesel Production
PRESSED OIL
DEGUMMING
Unit g/cm3 mm2/s oC ppm %m/m oC ppm mg KOH/g mg KOH/g %m/m ppm ppm ppm ppm
Value (1) 0.930 52.0 210-240 40-45 0.64 0.9 190-198 1 290 56 103 2.4 (2) 0.9177 49.15 236 <1 0.34 -2.5 935 4.75 96.5 -
Foidl et al.(1996), Kumar et al. (2001), Pramanik (2003) (2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung. The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia.
Note: 1. The figure of the worldwide Jatropha Curcas L cultivation plan announced by The International Jatropha Organization Will be 32.72 million ha, producing 160 million tons of seed in 2017 31.25 million ha of land in Asia The development potential is especially high in India, China and Indonesia
2. 3. 4.
Coal 33%
Gas 26.5%
#Presidential
3,8 Million kL PREMIUM (18,529Million kL) 1,85 Million kL ADO (12,4 Million kL)
1 Million kL
BIOETANOL
BIODIESEL
BIO OIL
RAW MATERIAL
CASSAVA 11 Million tons MOLASSES 600 Million tons PALM OIL 30,2 Million tons JATROPHA OIL 3,84 MIllion tons
Why Jatropha?
- Non edible oil (toxic), not conflicting with food
- Able to grow in arid zones - Inter cropping to increase land productivity - Optimize use of marginal land, decentralized solutions for remote area per hectare yields (ton) - Potential for biofuel production Jatropha Curcas L. gained a worldwide reputation as a plant that can be grown in wasteland and infertile land, does not require much water, fertilizer, management and has high oil content. When development of Jatropha Curcas L. Started later on a commercial basis, these exaggerated characterizations were cause of numerous misunderstanding
Problems
The cultivation of Jatropha curcas in Indonesia is short of high quality clones. There is huge variation in seed yield capacity and oil concentration in the seeds among the seedling used for cultivation or plantation.
Jatropha tree with the fruits number of 10-15 in one brunch is considered as the above average quality mother plant (high productivity). However that kind of trees are rare.
Problems
Fruits of Jatropha in one brunch ripe at different time. It causes difficulty during harvesting, that farmer has to select ripening fruits only. This makes harvesting time slow and high cost. Uniformity of maturity will reduce harvesting cost. Some diseases and insects affect the growth of Jatropha Disease and insect resistance clones is needed to maintain high productivity
Spots on leaf
Insect in Jatropha
Curly leaves
Problems
Jatropha oil has moderate-high viscosity, reducing its viscosity may extend its utilization to all diesel engines.
Jatropha Oil (JO) was tested into car engine. Converter has to be added into machine to warm up and reduce JO viscosity
The oil contains toxic substances. Does it also lead to toxic emissions ?.
Development:
On Farm Technology
DNA Marking and breeding Clones with superior Characters Vigor and high seed yield High seed oil content and seed composition Fruit uniformity of maturation Disease and insect resistance Environmental stress resistance Harvesting method Etc.
Jatropha Curcas R&D: Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD)
References
Allorerung, D., Mahmud, Z., Arivin, A. R., Effendi, D. S., Anny M. 2006. Teknologi dan Benih Unggul Harapan Indonesia, Lokakarya Status Teknologi Budidaya Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.): Jakarta, 11 12 April 2006. Becker, K., and H.P.S. Makkar. 1999. Jatropha and Moringa. Source of renewable energy for fuel, edible oil, animal feed and pharmaceutical products- ideal trees for increasing cash income. Presented at Daimler Chrysler/The World Bank Environment Forum, Magdeburg. Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.). Promoting the conservation and use of underutilised and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research. Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Henning, R. K. 2004. The Jatropha System. Economy and Dissemination Strategy. International Conference of Renewable 2004. Bonn 1-4 June 2004, Germany. Prastowo, B. 2008. New Development in Jatropha Curcas R&D in Pakuwon. Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD), Pakuwon. Sukabumi. Siang, C.C. 2009. Jatropha Curcas L. Development of a New Oil Crop for Biofuel. The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. Soerawidjaja, T.H. 2007. Increasing Economic Viability of Jatropha Curcas Cultication Through Integrated Processing, Jatropha Curcas Conference, IPB, Bogor, June 19, 2007. Tajuddin,T. And Bolu, W.O.H. 2009. Improvement of Jatropha Curcas L. Through MarkerAssisted Breeding for High Seed Yield and Oil Content. Biotechnology Center BPPT. Wirawan, S.S. 2007. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (Case of Jathropa Curcas L Feedstock). Konferensi Nasional 2007 Jarak Pagar Menuju Bisnis Jarak Pagar Yang Feasible. Gedung MMA IPB Bogor, 19 Juni 2007.