Sie sind auf Seite 1von 35

Potential of Jatropha curcas L.

Joint Task 40 /ERIA workshop, Tsukuba, Japan 28 October 2009 Soni Solistia Wirawan
Institution for Design Engineering and Technology System Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Bldg. 480 Serpong, Tangerang 15314 Indonesia. Phone: 62-21-7563213/17. Fax.: 62-21-7563273 E-mail address: soni@ceo.bppt.go.id

Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L. Jatropha Curcas L. as a biofuel Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. In Indonesia Jatropha Curcas L. Development

1. Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L

Jatropha
Jatropha is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs, and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas L.), from the family Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from (Greek iatros = physician and trophe = nutrition), hence the common name physic nut. The mature small trees bear separate male and female flowers, and do not grow very tall. As with many members of family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic.

Species of Jatropha

Jatropha cuneata Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Jatropha integerrima Jatropha multifida Jatropha podagrica Ricinus communis Jatropha moluccana Jatropha glandulifera Jatropha tonjorensis

Origin of Jatropha
Jatropha is native to Central America and has become naturalized in many tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Africa, and North America. Originating in the Caribbean, Jatropha was spread as a valuable hedge plant to Africa and Asia by Portuguese traders.

Jatropha Curcas L.
Division Class Family Genus Botanical name : Spermatophyta : Dicotyledonae : Euphorbiaceae : Jatropha : Jatropha Curcas L.

Other common names:


Phyisic nut (English) Purgiemuss (German) Pignon dlnde (French) Bagbherenda (Hindi) Jarak Pagar (Indonesian) Sabuu dam (Thai) Xiao tong zi (Chinese) Nanyo aburagiri (Japanese)

Jatropha curcas L.
is a drought resistant species which is widely cultivated in the tropics as living fence. Jatropha Curcas widely adapted to various soil and climatic condition. Climate Requirement
Rainfall: 200 - 2000 mm/yr (Heller, 1996) 480 - 2380 mm/yr (Jones and Miller, 1992) > 250, optimal 900 1200 mm/yr (Becker & Makkar, 1999) > 600 mm/th: normal growth (Henning, 2004)
Rainfall to high: less fertilization

Long summer: fall of leaves, less growth Very dry area: plant growth only 2 3 m high On dry climate need watering/irrigation Altitude: 0-1700 m in above sea level Temperature: 11-38 deg. C

Leafs, fruits and dried seeds of Jatropha Curcas

Every seed consists of shell ( 42 %-w) and kernel ( 58 %-w). Part that contain oil : the kernel, 55 %-w (33 % by weight of seed).

State of the art of knowledge :


Harvest yield of Jatropha (2500 tree/ha) is 4 5 ton seed/ha/year, from 4th year onward, although the tree is already productive since the 1st year of cultivation ( ton seed/ha/year). If all of the oil can be extracted, theoretical oil yield starting from the 4th year : 1,32 1,65 ton oil/ha/year.

Literature indication :
The productivity per hectare of Jatropha curcas given in the widespreed ranges up to 12 ton seed/ha/year. The real productivity will vary depending on the cultivated region, climate, soil quality, management, and othet conditions. R & D to realize this potential has still to be carried out.

Value Added Product


Exploitation of J. curcas components (adapted from Guibitz et all, 1997) Jatropha curcas L. Water conservation/Erosion control Hedge/Living fence Fire wood / Combustibles Green manure

Fruits Fertilizer

Leaves Medicinal uses Anti-flammatory substance Fertilizer

Latex Wound healing protease (curcain) Medicinal uses

Fruit coats Medicinal uses Anti-flammatory substance Fertilizer

Seeds Insecticide Food/Fodder (low toxic accessions)

Seed oil Soap production Biofuel Insecticide Medical uses

Seed cake Organic fertilizer Biogas production Fodder (low toxic accessions)

Seed shells Combustibles Organic Fertilizer

Value Added Product


Making soap (from jatropha oil) to supply local need/demand. utilizing jatropha press cake to generate biogas that could be use locally as household cooking fuel; the farmers are thus freed from expenses to buy kerosene or fuelwood. The use biogas is also more comfortable than that of kerosene and fuelwood. If the farmer cooperative itself owns the oil expelling unit/factory, the press cake can be utilized to generate biogas (for use as local fuel) and the residue (that contain soil mineral matters) can be recycled to maintain the fertility of the land. If the jatropha press cake could be detoxified, then this proteinaceous cake would be an excellent feed for cattle. This (cattle breeding) is another potential economic chain that may be exploited from Jatropha curcas seed. The cattle dung would then serve as feedstock for biogas generators/digesters. Researches on detoxification of Jatropha curcas press cake are urgently needed to further increase the economic viability of Jatropha curcas cultivation.

2. Jatropha Curcas L. as a Biofuel

Jatropha to Biodiesel Process


Dry Jatropha Seed Jatropha Oil

Jatropha Fruit Seed Pressing

Biodiesel Production

Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester Meet Standard

Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO) Production


JATROPHA CURCAS SEEDS
REMOVAL of CAPSULES CLASSIFICATION DEHULLING MEATS PRESSING CJO (CRUDE JATROPHA OILS)

CAKE Bio Bricket Organic Fertilizer Animal Feed Biogas

Jatropha Oil (JO) Production


CRUDE JATROPHA OILS

Fatty acids content of Jatropha Curcas oil


CLARIFICATION ________________________________________________ Fatty acids (%m/m) (1) (2) ___________________________________________ Palmitic acids 14-15 14.2 Stearic acids 7 6.9 Oleic acids 34-45 43.2 Linoleic acids 31-43 34.3 Others fatty acids 1.2 1.4 ________________________________________________ (1) Foidl et al., 1996 (2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung. The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia

PRESSED OIL

DEGUMMING

JATROPHA OIL (JO) 1. PPO/SVO

2. Feedstock of Biodiesel Production

Physicochemical properties of Jatropha Curcas oil.


Property Density at 15oC Kinematic viscosity at 30oC Flash Point Cetane Number Sulphur (S) content Carbon residu Fluid point Water content Acid value Iodine value Saponification value Unsaponifiable matter Phosphor (P) content Calcium (Ca) content Magnesium (Mg) content Fe content
(1) (2)

Unit g/cm3 mm2/s oC ppm %m/m oC ppm mg KOH/g mg KOH/g %m/m ppm ppm ppm ppm

Value (1) 0.930 52.0 210-240 40-45 0.64 0.9 190-198 1 290 56 103 2.4 (2) 0.9177 49.15 236 <1 0.34 -2.5 935 4.75 96.5 -

Foidl et al.(1996), Kumar et al. (2001), Pramanik (2003) (2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung. The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia.

Properties of Biodiesel fuel from Jatropha Curcas oil


Properties Density at 15oC Kinematic viscosity at 30oC Flash Point Cetane Number Carbon residu Phosphor (P) content Calcium (Ca) content Magnesium (Mg) content Fe content Unit g/cm3 mm2/s oC %m/m ppm ppm ppm ppm Methyl Ester (1) 0.879 4.84 191 51 0.02 17.5 6.1 1.4 0.9 Ethyl Ester (2) 0.886 5.54 190 59 17.5 4.4 0.8 0.3

(1)Foidl et al.,(1996), Gubitz et al., (1999) (2)Foidl et al., (1996)

3. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.

Distribution Jatropha around the world (Jatropha Belt)

Projected area of Jatropha curcas L. cultivation in each region in 2017

Note: 1. The figure of the worldwide Jatropha Curcas L cultivation plan announced by The International Jatropha Organization Will be 32.72 million ha, producing 160 million tons of seed in 2017 31.25 million ha of land in Asia The development potential is especially high in India, China and Indonesia

2. 3. 4.

Source:Chew Chong Siang, IEEJ, 2009

Projected production of Jatropha curcas L. in Asian Countries in 2017


Note:
1. Assumming 5 tons of seeds/hectare 2. China 19.05 millions tons 3. India 16.5 million tons 4. Indonesia 6.75 millions tons 5. Myanmar 4.25 millions tons

Source:Chew Chong Siang, IEEJ, 2009

4. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. In Indonesia

National Energy MIX


Targeted Energy MIX 2025#
Biofuel 5% Geo thermal 5%
Nuclear

Energy MIX 2003


Hydro 3.4% Coal 14.1% Geo thermal 1.4% Others 0.2% Oil 54.4%

Coal 33%

Others 7% Gas 30% Oil 20%

Gas 26.5%

Biomass Hydro Solar Wind Liq. Coal

Biofuel will have at least 5% share of


total National Energy MIX 2025

#Presidential

Decree No. 5/2006

BIOFUEL FOR FUEL SUBSTITUTION (2010) FUEL


TRANSPORTATION (31,7 Million kL) ELECTRICITY (7,6 Million kL) KEROSENE (10 Million kL)

3,8 Million kL PREMIUM (18,529Million kL) 1,85 Million kL ADO (12,4 Million kL)

1 Million kL

4,8 Million kL 1,24 Million kL

BIOETANOL

BIODIESEL

BIO OIL

RAW MATERIAL
CASSAVA 11 Million tons MOLASSES 600 Million tons PALM OIL 30,2 Million tons JATROPHA OIL 3,84 MIllion tons

Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. Cultivation area distribution in Indonesia

Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)

Source: Allorerung et al., 2006

Potential of Jatropha Curcas L cultivation area distribution in Indonesia


PROVINCE Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Sumatera Utara Sumatera Barat Riau Jambi Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Lampung Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Jawa Barat Jawa Tengah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Jawa Timur Banten Bali S1 180,139 215,393 4,269 80,718 218,284 530,207 718,823 156,319 231,011 494,630 35,227 960,595 134,484 19,892 S2 160,764 66,023 445,022 74,416 33,999 574,121 116,576 51,423 S3 836,001 1,390,475 781,189 1,600,844 993,134 3,229,784 602,022 706,931 947,881 306,989 338,824 8,454 255,722 36,646 24,265 TOTAL 1,176,904 1,605,868 785,458 1,681,562 1,211,418 3,759,991 602,022 1,491,777 1,104,200 983,022 907,870 77,680 1,790,438 287,706 95,580

Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)

Source: Allorerung et al., 2006

Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. Cultivation area distribution in Indonesia


PROVINCE Nusa Tenggara Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur Sulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Maluku Maluku Utara Papua TOTAL S1 37,877 595,421 67,463 171,063 833,745 3,643,059 143,760 506,887 435,483 1,015,825 290,146 766,888 809,470 980,457 14,277,535 S2 428,539 833,293 984,340 48,559 680,468 122,407 27,248 13,701 162,982 711,030 5,534,911 S3 124,466 322,174 3,897,005 3,632,324 623,326 2,878,161 538,555 373,638 613,780 177,833 316,223 716,909 3,445,699 29,719,254 TOTAL 590,882 1,750,888 4,948,808 3,803,387 1,505,630 7,201,688 682,315 880,525 1,171,670 1,220,906 303,847 1,246,093 1,526,379 5,137,186 49,531,700

Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)

Source: Allorerung et al., 2006

5. Jatropha Curcas L. Development

Why Jatropha?
- Non edible oil (toxic), not conflicting with food
- Able to grow in arid zones - Inter cropping to increase land productivity - Optimize use of marginal land, decentralized solutions for remote area per hectare yields (ton) - Potential for biofuel production Jatropha Curcas L. gained a worldwide reputation as a plant that can be grown in wasteland and infertile land, does not require much water, fertilizer, management and has high oil content. When development of Jatropha Curcas L. Started later on a commercial basis, these exaggerated characterizations were cause of numerous misunderstanding

R & D still needed !!!

Problems
The cultivation of Jatropha curcas in Indonesia is short of high quality clones. There is huge variation in seed yield capacity and oil concentration in the seeds among the seedling used for cultivation or plantation.

Jatropha tree with the fruits number of 10-15 in one brunch is considered as the above average quality mother plant (high productivity). However that kind of trees are rare.

Problems
Fruits of Jatropha in one brunch ripe at different time. It causes difficulty during harvesting, that farmer has to select ripening fruits only. This makes harvesting time slow and high cost. Uniformity of maturity will reduce harvesting cost. Some diseases and insects affect the growth of Jatropha Disease and insect resistance clones is needed to maintain high productivity
Spots on leaf

Insect in Jatropha

Curly leaves

Problems
Jatropha oil has moderate-high viscosity, reducing its viscosity may extend its utilization to all diesel engines.

Jatropha Oil (JO) was tested into car engine. Converter has to be added into machine to warm up and reduce JO viscosity

The oil contains toxic substances. Does it also lead to toxic emissions ?.

Development:
On Farm Technology
DNA Marking and breeding Clones with superior Characters Vigor and high seed yield High seed oil content and seed composition Fruit uniformity of maturation Disease and insect resistance Environmental stress resistance Harvesting method Etc.

Processing Technology and Product Testing


High quality of Jatropha oil/biodiesel By product procesing Investigation of jatropha biodiesel emission Etc.

Jatropha Curcas R&D: Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD)

Source: Prastowo B., ICERD, 2008

References
Allorerung, D., Mahmud, Z., Arivin, A. R., Effendi, D. S., Anny M. 2006. Teknologi dan Benih Unggul Harapan Indonesia, Lokakarya Status Teknologi Budidaya Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.): Jakarta, 11 12 April 2006. Becker, K., and H.P.S. Makkar. 1999. Jatropha and Moringa. Source of renewable energy for fuel, edible oil, animal feed and pharmaceutical products- ideal trees for increasing cash income. Presented at Daimler Chrysler/The World Bank Environment Forum, Magdeburg. Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.). Promoting the conservation and use of underutilised and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research. Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Henning, R. K. 2004. The Jatropha System. Economy and Dissemination Strategy. International Conference of Renewable 2004. Bonn 1-4 June 2004, Germany. Prastowo, B. 2008. New Development in Jatropha Curcas R&D in Pakuwon. Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD), Pakuwon. Sukabumi. Siang, C.C. 2009. Jatropha Curcas L. Development of a New Oil Crop for Biofuel. The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. Soerawidjaja, T.H. 2007. Increasing Economic Viability of Jatropha Curcas Cultication Through Integrated Processing, Jatropha Curcas Conference, IPB, Bogor, June 19, 2007. Tajuddin,T. And Bolu, W.O.H. 2009. Improvement of Jatropha Curcas L. Through MarkerAssisted Breeding for High Seed Yield and Oil Content. Biotechnology Center BPPT. Wirawan, S.S. 2007. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (Case of Jathropa Curcas L Feedstock). Konferensi Nasional 2007 Jarak Pagar Menuju Bisnis Jarak Pagar Yang Feasible. Gedung MMA IPB Bogor, 19 Juni 2007.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen