Proceedings of the ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2012 July 1-6,

2012, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

OMAE2012-83772

Experimental Evaluation of Vortex Induced Vibration Response of Straked Pipes in Tandem Arrangements
Matthew Blumberg 2H Offshore Engineering Perth, WA, Australia Elizabeth Tellier 2H Offshore Engineering Perth, WA, Australia

Dhyanjyoti Deka 2H Offshore Inc Houston, TX, USA

Tongming Zhou The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia

ABSTRACT Vortex induced vibration (VIV) due to steady current flow can be a significant driver in the design of offshore riser systems, affecting riser global configuration, component details and overall subsea architecture. Helical strakes are known to reduce VIV but the degree of effectiveness can vary considerably depending on strake pitch, fin height and more importantly, current flow regime. In addition, the amplitude of VIV and the effectiveness of VIV suppression strakes depends on the inclination of flow to the riser (incidence angle) and presence of wake effects from adjacent risers. Test and field data regarding suppression of riser VIV by strakes is not extensively available in the public domain. This is primarily due to the proprietary nature of the tests conducted in industry. In this paper, a program of testing is devised to better understand strake effectiveness as a function of current incidence angle and the presence of adjacent risers. Experiments have been conducted on single and tandem pipe arrangements in air in order to evaluate strake suppression efficiency. Aluminium cylinders are tested in a wind tunnel in the structures laboratory of The University of Western Australia (UWA). Two sets of experiments are conducted: the first to evaluate cylinder VIV response at angles of incidence ranging from 30 to 90 degrees and the second to evaluate VIV response of the downstream pipe in a dual pipe arrangement with varying spacing between the pipes. In both cases the bare cylinders are first tested at varying flow speeds. Helical strakes are then added to the single cylinder, and downstream cylinder

in the tandem pipe test, and the vibration response is recorded at varying flow speeds. From the experimentation, it can be seen that downstream cylinder motions are amplified by wake induced instability. This phenomenon is of particular concern for tightly spaced top-tensioned risers (TTR) in wellbays of tension leg platforms (TLP) and deep draft floaters. The VIV motion of the downstream, bare, wake-affected pipe, is magnified to approximately 1.3-2 times the motion of a single bare pipe. When strakes are added to the downstream cylinder, the magnification factor of the downstream cylinder response is largely increased due to the wake of the upstream bare cylinder. However, the actual VIV motions of the downstream cylinder are largely reduced when strakes are incorporated. The present work demonstrates that helical strakes provide an effective means of suppressing vortex induced vibrations of risers in riser arrays, though the degree of effectiveness is reduced in a downstream tubular compared to suppression levels for single pipes. INTRODUCTION Vortex shedding occurs when fluid flow passes over a bluff body. This occurs at the vortex shedding frequency, and can lead to potentially severe riser fatigue from repeated cyclic loads at the riser natural frequency. A common method of suppressing vortices is the installation of helical strakes. Strakes act by disrupting the correlation of the fluid forces

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along the length of the structure and hence reducing the strength and frequency of the vortices [1]. Extensive research regarding VIV suppression has been carried out in both academia and the offshore oil and gas industry. However, due to the proprietary nature of these tests, significant amounts of data are not available in the public domain. This is particularly true if one wants to obtain information on specialized experiments such as VIV suppression efficiency in tandem pipe arrangements. Similarly, there is limited test data to prove the effectiveness of strakes at varying angles of flow incidence. This aspect is of particular importance to inclined offshore riser systems as current direction is continuously changing with time. While undertaking an experiment involving a straked multi pipe system, Allen et al. [2] found that the amplitude of vibration of the downstream riser is magnified by a factor of 210 when compared with the upstream riser. This magnification is potentially caused by wake effects. Tightly spaced top tensioned risers are common in the offshore industry, which makes wake induced motion amplification an important interference and fatigue concern. The experimental results provided in this paper evaluate strake effectiveness in various incident angles of flow and also in the wake of an upstream tubular. The paper explains the need to reduce VIV to cope with lower tensions, and other issues such as clashing between multiple risers. NOMENCLATURE VIV Vortex Induced Vibration UWA The University of Western Australia PVC Polyvinyl Chloride LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transformer GoM Gulf of Mexico TTR Top Tensioned Riser TLP Tension Leg Platform WIO Wake Induced Oscillations FFT Fast Fourier Transformation OBJECTIVE OF UWA EXPERIMENTATION The objectives of the experiments are to provide an understanding of the suppression mechanism of helical strakes for varying flow conditions and for pipes in a tandem arrangement. The experiment has 4 distinct parts, which are summarized in the test matrix in Table 1. The single pipe experiments are performed in order to confirm the efficiency of the helical strakes, both perpendicular to the flow and at differing angles to the flow. The tandem pipe experiments aim to look at how the presence of an upstream pipe affects the vibration of a downstream pipe at varying separation distances. Both the downstream strake efficiency and the downstream vibration amplification are measured.

Test No. 1 2 3 4

Test Set Up Single bare and straked cylinders (perpendicular to the flow) Single bare and straked cylinders at different angles of 30, 45, 60 and 75 degrees to the flow Bare cylinder downstream of another fixed bare cylinder (both perpendicular to the flow) Straked cylinder downstream of a fixed bare cylinder (both perpendicular to the flow) Table 1 Testing Matrix

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY Wind Tunnel The VIV research is undertaken in a wind tunnel located in the structures laboratory of the Civil and Mechanical Engineering Building at the University of Western Australia. The wind tunnel flow is anticlockwise, and all experimentation is done in the low speed section. A plan view of the wind tunnel is shown below in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Plan View of Wind Tunnel Pipe Material and Dimensions The bare cylinder in the experiment is made of polished aluminium. It is 1600mm in length, with a diameter of 80mm. The mass of the bare cylinder is 3.035kg. The VIV suppressing device is made using 3mm thick polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The three start strakes are rectangular in shape, with a height of 0.12D, width of 0.04D and a pitch length of 10D. PVC is used because it is very easy to mould around the pipe, has sufficient stiffness, and strong durability. The strakes are installed on the bare cylinder, identical to the one described above. The weight of the straked pipe is 3.495kg (strake total weight is 0.46kg). The geometry of the straked cylinder is shown below in Figure 2.

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Figure 2 Pipe Fitted with Helical Strakes Experimental Setup Two different experiments are set up in order to evaluate strake efficiency. In order to model the systems, the bare or straked pipes are mounted onto two identical A-frames with four identical springs, as shown in Figure 3. When subjected to a transverse air flow, the cylinder mounted to the A-frame vibrates vertically as the high spring stiffness effectively fixes the cylinder horizontally, and allows it to vibrate in the crossflow direction. Risers have 2 degrees of freedom, hence by fixing the cylinder in 1 degree of freedom, the results will act as an indication of behaviour more than as a definitive response mechanism. The base case test is set up for an incidence angle of 90 degrees. For the inclined pipe experiments, the A-frames need to be repositioned. This involves dismantling the horizontal part of the frame, and then reassembling it onto the top of the A-frame as shown in Figure 4. The A-frame is positioned to account for angles of incidence ranging from 30 degrees to 90 degrees. Figure 4 shows the straked cylinder at an incidence angle of 60 degrees to incoming flow. In the figure =30 degrees. In order to install cylinders working in tandem, the downstream cylinder is flexibly mounted onto the A-frame, while the upstream cylinder is fixed to two metal poles at varied distances away from the frames. First, a downstream bare cylinder is tested at distances of 1.5D, 2D, 3D and 4D away from a fixed upstream bare cylinder. Following this, a downstream straked cylinder is tested in tandem with the fixed upstream bare cylinder, at similar separation distances. Figure 5 shows the straked and bare cylinder in a tandem arrangement, with a gap between them of S=2D.

Figure 3 Base Case Straked Pipe Perpendicular to the Flow

Figure 4- Straked Pipe at an Incidence Angle of 90-

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Limitations of Experiment The tests are done in air in the wind tunnel, which will lead to a smaller lock-in region due to added mass effects. The experimentation considers a single degree of freedom, which is limited as risers respond in multiple degrees of freedom. The support equipment will block the flow but this should be relatively insignificant. The spacings considered in the tandem pipe arrangements range from 1.5D to 4D, whereas typical spacing between risers in an array of TTRs can vary from 6D to 12D depending on the wellbay layout. The experiments in air aim to be a comparison of suppression level; hence the experimental results are more indicative than definitive estimates of behaviour.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Figure 5 Tandem Pipe Arrangement with Gap of S (Note: Straked Cylinder is Downstream) Single Pipes Perpendicular to Flow The response of the bare cylinder in a perpendicular flow of 3m/s is recorded using LVDTs. A flow of 3 m/s corresponds to a Reynolds number of approximately 15,000 which is in the sub-critical zone. It is observed that the vibrations require 55s to stabilize. The transient section of the vibration plot is not shown here. Once the vibrations stabilize, a 20 second test is performed to illustrate a constant level of vibration. This is shown in Figure 7. Vibrations of approximately 10mm in amplitude are observed. Performing a fast fourier transformation (FFT) of the displacements shown in Figure 7, the dominating response frequency is found to be 6.4Hz. The structural damping factor is calculated to be 0.000813. The displacement of the straked cylinder, under the same flow velocity and also perpendicular to the flow, is shown in Figure 8. The figure shows that the amplitude of vibration is 0.5mm. Strake efficiency is calculated to be approximately 99%. A comparison between the straked pipe response and the bare pipe response, using a range of reduced velocities, is shown in Figure 9. Reduced velocity is the wind velocity normalized by the diameter of the pipe and its natural frequency. The vertical axis shows normalised vibration amplitude, which is the vibration amplitude of the pipe, divided by its diameter. The straked cylinder results, which are necessary to compare VIV suppression, are not as readily available as the bare cylinder results. VIV suppression response at right angles to the flow is in line with previous work [3], [4]. Hatsuo et al. [3] tested strakes with a pitch height of 0.1D, and a pitch length of 5D, and found VIV suppression to be 97%. Korkischko et al. [4] found that when the flow is perpendicular to the pipe, VIV is reduced by approximately 96% by the strakes with a pitch height of 0.2D and a pitch length of 10D. Hence, VIV suppression of 99% found in this study, when the flow is at a right angle to the cylinder, is in line with previously reported results.

Measurement Equipment and Data Acquisition The displacement of the various pipes on the A-frame is recorded using linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) to record displacement. The LVDTs are located 140mm above and below the top of the cylinder. A cardboard datum, which is installed on the cylinder, picks up the distance away from the LVDTs. Data from the LVDTs is recorded using software called DigiDAQ. The LVDTs are shown below in Figure 6. Using a pitot-static tube the wind speed in the low speed section of the wind tunnel is measured. The wind speed is directly proportional to the frequency of the fan controller of the wind tunnel. The wind speed measured is all normal to the pipe and is used in all inclined and tandem experiments presented.

Figure 6 LVDTs Taped to the A-Frame

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Figure 7 20 Second Stability Test for Bare Cylinder at U=3m/s

summarized in Table 2, and presented in Figure 10 to Figure 13. Bare pipe risers are known to experience reduced velocities in the range of 4 to 6. It is noted that the reduced velocity throughout the single pipe experiments is between 6 and 7. The experimentation is done in air and with 1 degree of freedom, which explains differences in reduced velocity. The results show that the strakes are effective at suppressing vibrations at different angles. However, as the incidence angle (angle between the flow direction and cylinder) reduces, the level of VIV suppression reduces. At a 30 degree incidence angle VIV suppression is 69.4%, while at a 90 degree incidence angle VIV suppression is 98.8%. At an incidence angle of 60 degrees the results veer slightly away from the trend as the maximum normalized displacement amplitude of the bare cylinder increases up to 0.52, possibly due to interference in the laboratory. All straked cylinders tested at different incidence angles demonstrate a response that starts with a similar reduced velocity to the equivalent bare cylinders but then only starts vibrating at a higher reduced velocity. For the higher incidence angles, the oscillations have almost been completely suppressed. As the incidence angle decreases and the flow is more slanted with respect to the pipe, the lock-in region becomes more defined for the straked cylinder responses. The data which is obtained for this experiment is in line with data from the aforementioned work by Korkischko et al. [4]. Other literature by Brankovic and Bearman [5] and Trim et al. [6] further support the present experimental results, using similar strake dimensions. Max Max Normalised Normalised VIV Incidence Displacement Displacement Reduction of Bare Angle of Straked (%) Cylinder Cylinder (A/D) (A/D) 90 degrees 0.52 0.006 98.8 75 degrees 0.48 0.07 85.4 60 degrees 0.52 0.11 78.8 45 degrees 0.39 0.11 71.8 30 degrees 0.36 0.11 69.4 Table 2 VIV Reduction at Various Incidence Angles

Figure 8 Vibration Amplitude for Straked Cylinder at U=3m/s

Figure 9 Comparison of Straked and Bare Cylinder VIV Amplitude with Cylinders Perpendicular to the Flow

Single Pipes - Varying Angles of Incidence Due to the variability of flow direction in the field, it is important to test the effectiveness of helical strakes with varying incidence angles. Incidence angles of 30, 45, 60 and 75 degrees are considered. The corresponding results are

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Figure 10 Comparison of Bare and Straked Cylinder Vibration Amplitude with an Incidence Angle of 75 degrees

Figure 13 - Comparison of Bare and Straked Cylinder Vibration Amplitude with an Incidence Angle of 30 degrees

Figure 11 - Comparison of Bare and Straked Cylinder Vibration Amplitude with an Incidence Angle of 60 degrees

Figure 12 - Comparison of Bare and Straked Cylinder Vibration Amplitude with an Incidence Angle of 45 degrees

Tandem Pipes In the offshore industry, closely spaced multi pipe or riser arrangements are common. A widely seen example of a tandem pipe arrangement is the production TTR and drilling riser wellbay arrangements in TLPs and spars. Other examples are closely spaced hybrid riser towers and catenary risers. The second phase of the experiments examines the effectiveness of strakes on the downstream riser when two cylinders are in a tandem arrangement. Initially, two bare cylinders are tested, and the downstream cylinder vibrations are measured. Then strakes are installed on the downstream cylinder, and its vibrations are measured. The cylinders are placed at spacings of 1.5D, 2D, 3D and 4D. The vibration amplitude measurements are given in Table 3 and shown in Figure 14 to Figure 17 for the same reduced velocities as the single pipe experiments. The downstream bare cylinder normalized displacement in the single pipe case is 0.52. It is observed that the normalized displacements of the downstream bare cylinder in the tandem pipe arrangement case are higher than the single pipe case. Also, as the distance between the two cylinders is increased, the downstream tubular displacement increases. The maximum downstream bare cylinder displacement is 35% higher than the single bare pipe case when the separation distance is 1.5D. When the separation distance is 4D, the downstream cylinder displacement is 85% higher than the single bare pipe case. The downstream straked pipe also vibrates with a higher amplitude when compared to the single straked pipe case. In addition, the strake efficiency is lower than the single pipe case (99%). The placement of strakes on the downstream cylinder reduces VIV by 88.5% for 1.5D spacing. Strake effectiveness decreases with increasing spacing. An important learning from these experiments is that design of riser arrays should consider bare as well as straked riser VIV response amplification with an increase in separation distance. In order to correlate the tandem pipe experiment to the bare pipe results, the tandem straked pipe VIV amplitudes are compared with the perpendicular single bare pipe VIV

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amplitudes in Table 4. The VIV suppression of the downstream straked cylinder is lower when you compare its vibration amplitude, at different spacings, with the vibration amplitude of a single bare cylinder. The VIV suppression of a single straked cylinder, when compared with a single bare cylinder, is approximately 99%. When a straked cylinder in a dual cylinder arrangement is 1.5D downstream, the vibrations of the single bare cylinder are suppressed by 84.6%. The suppression decreases as the gap between the cylinders is increased, as the downstream cylinder is more affected by the wake of the upstream cylinder. For a gap of 4D, VIV of the single bare cylinder is suppressed by 63.5% for the straked cylinder in a tandem arrangement. The reason for the amplified motion of the downstream tubular is wake and proximity effects from the upstream cylinder. When the flow is at a right angle to the system, the magnification factor of the bare downstream cylinder compared to the bare single cylinder is given in Table 5. The increasing magnification factor of the downstream bare pipe is shown in Figure 18. Separation distances above 4D are beyond the scope of the present paper. However, there is an expectation that the displacement of the downstream cylinder will decrease after a critical separation distance. Wu et al. [7] described similar findings, and highlighted that VIV is the primary design concern for TTRs. These authors used cylinders to model the risers, and found that the downstream cylinder has multiple equilibrium positions causing stability issues. Once the modeled flow exceeds a critical reduced velocity of the system, there are no equilibrium positions, which indicated that clashing between the cylinders is likely. The present study demonstrates the efficiency of strakes, and the benefit of employing strakes to mitigate interference in addition to VIV fatigue. Max Max Normalised Normalised Displacement Displacement Distance of Bare of Straked VIV Between Downstream Downstream Reduction Cylinders Cylinder in a Cylinder in a (%) Tandem Tandem Arrangement Arrangement (A/D) (A/D) 1.5D 0.7 0.08 88.5 2D 0.78 0.11 85.9 3D 0.91 0.16 82.4 4D 0.96 0.19 80.2 Table 3 VIV Reduction for Straked Downstream Cylinder at Different Spacings

Max Normalised Max Displacement Normalised Distance of Straked VIV Displacement Between Downstream Reduction of a Single Cylinders Cylinder in a (%) Bare Cylinder Tandem (A/D) Arrangement (A/D) 1.5D 0.08 84.6 2D 0.11 78.8 0.52 3D 0.16 69.2 4D 0.19 63.5 Table 4 VIV Reduction for Straked Downstream Cylinder Compared to a Single Bare Cylinder at Different Spacings Max Normalised Max Displacement Normalised Distance of the Displacement Magnification Between Downstream of a Single Factor Cylinders Bare Cylinder Bare Cylinder in a Tandem (A/D) Arrangement (A/D) 1.5D 0.7 1.4 2D 0.78 1.5 0.52 3D 0.91 1.8 4D 0.96 1.9 Table 5 Magnification Factor of Downstream Cylinders Vibration Compared with a Single Bare Cylinder Vibration (Perpendicular to the Flow)

Figure 14 Comparison of VIV amplitude of Tandem Straked Cylinder Arrangement to Tandem Bare Cylinder Arrangement at 1.5D Spacing

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2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4

Figure 15 - Comparison of VIV amplitude of Tandem Straked Cylinder Arrangement to Tandem Bare Cylinder Arrangement at 2D Spacing

Magnification Factor

0.2 0 1.5D 2D 3D 4D

Tandem Pipe Spacing

Figure 18 Magnification Factor of Downstream Bare Pipe Compared to Single Bare Pipe In tandem pipe arrangements, the frequency response of the cases having different separation distances is relatively consistent while the amplitude of vibration increases with increasing separation distance. The lock-in region is found to be around 6<VR<8, which is the lock-in region for the experiment in air and would be different in water. Contrary to the single cylinder cases, the tandem pipe tests show that the downstream straked cylinder oscillates significantly more than the single straked cylinder. Allen et al. [2] made another significant observation, by looking at the magnification factor of the downstream cylinder compared with the upstream cylinder in a tandem pipe arrangement, with a straked-straked formation. It was found that for all spacings, response of the downstream pipe is larger than the upstream pipe response. The present study also finds magnification factors, shown in Figure 18, which are lower than the results found by Allen et al. [2], at times by up to a factor of 5. The present study considers a barebare tandem pipe arrangement. The two studies both look at a proportional increase in downstream cylinder vibrations, which are comparable. However, the Allen et al. [2] study has lower vibration amplitudes due to the strakes, which could cause differences in the comparison. A further possible reason for the disparity is the present study is performed in a wind tunnel, with a low Reynolds number and lower separation distances, while the study by Allen et al. [2] is performed in water. The present study considers a bare cylinder upstream of a straked cylinder, in a tandem arrangement. In real world applications, both cylinders would either be bare or straked. If both cylinders were straked, the vortices shed off the upstream cylinder would be weaker and less frequent, meaning the downstream cylinder would also vibrate less. However, the strakes could also act to make the structure unstable and buffet the downstream cylinder. Hence, the present experiment is

Figure 16 - Comparison of VIV amplitude of Tandem Straked Cylinder Arrangement to Tandem Bare Cylinder Arrangement at 3D Spacing

Figure 17 - Comparison of VIV amplitude of Tandem Straked Cylinder Arrangement to Tandem Bare Cylinder Arrangement at 4D Spacing

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potentially conservative in having an upstream, fixed bare cylinder. CONCLUSIONS Single degree of freedom experiments on bare and straked pipes have been conducted in the University of Western Australia wind tunnel. Bare pipes and straked pipes are subjected to perpendicular as well as inclined flow and the pipe VIV amplitude is measured. In another set of experiments, tandem pipes are subjected to perpendicular flow and the response of the downstream pipe is assessed. The following conclusions are drawn: The efficiency of the 10D pitch and 0.12D height PVC strakes used in this study is 99% in perpendicular flow; A/D of the bare pipe decreases from 0.52 to 0.36 when the incident angle decreases from 90 degrees to 30 degrees; With a decrease in incidence angle from 90 degrees to 30 degrees, strake efficiency decreases from 99% to 69%, when comparing a straked and bare cylinder; Lock-in usually occurs in the reduced velocity range of 4 to 6 for the experiments in air. The lock-in range will be larger for corresponding experiments done in water; The amplitude of vibration of the downstream pipe in the tandem pipe arrangement is magnified to a large extent. This is due to wake and proximity affects from the upstream pipe; Downstream pipe amplitude of vibration increases with separation distance up to 4D; Strake efficiency reduces from 99% in the single pipe case to 89% for the downstream cylinder with 1.5D separation and to 80% for the downstream cylinder with 4D separation; Comparing the downstream straked cylinder vibrations with a single bare cylinder shows lower suppression reductions. Strake efficiency reduces to 85% for a tandem arrangement with a gap of 1.5D and to 63% for a gap of 4D.

needs to be considered is a straked-straked case as this is more common than a bare-straked scenario. An important factor is the presence of marine growth on riser strakes that can have a significant debilitating effect on strake effectiveness. The present paper does not take marine growth into account. Riser design for moderate to high current environments such as in the Gulf of Mexico or Brazil often utilise helical strakes. Although this adds another cost parameter in field design, strakes are quite effective at suppressing VIV in perpendicular and inclined flows. Suppression is in the range of 69% to 99%. In the case of tightly spaced pipes, where there are two or more pipes in tandem, strakes remain effective. With spacings of 1.5D to 4D, VIV suppression ranges from 80% to 89%. If comparisons are made between the downstream cylinder with a single bare cylinder, VIV suppression ranges from 63% to 85%. Hence, in a single pipe or a tandem pipe arrangement, where vibrations can be compounded by riser wake effects, the use of helical strakes can reduce VIV. REFERENCES [1] Wong, HY & Kokkalis, A 1982, A comparative study of three aerodynamic devices for suppressing vortex-induced oscillation Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 10, no.1, pp. 21-29. [2] Allen, DW et al, 2004, Performance comparison of helical strakes for VIV suppression of risers and tendons, Offshore Technical Conference 16186. [3] Hatsuo, I et al. 1984, The efficiency of helical strakes for the suppression of vortex-excited oscillation of steel stacks Engineering structures, vol. 6, no.4, pg. 334-351. [4] Korkischko, I & Meneghini, JR 2010, Experimental investigation of flow-induced vibration on isolated and tandem circular cylinders fitted with strakes. Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 611-625. [5] Brankovic, M & Bearman, PW 2006, Measurements of transverse forces on circular cylinders undergoing vortex-induced vibration, Journal of fluids and structures, vol.22, no. 6, pp. 829-836. [6] Trim, AD et al. 2005, Experimental investigation of vortex-induced vibration of long marine risers Journal of fluids and structures, vol. 21, no.3. pp. 335-361. [7] Wu, W, Huang, S & Barltrop, N 2002, Multiple Stable/Unstable Equilibria of a Cylinder in the Wake of an Upstream Cylinder Applied Ocean Research, vol. 24, pp. 287-297.

This study reinforces the oil industrys understanding of strake effectiveness and provides information for riser behavior when the flow is not perpendicular. Furthermore, the tandem pipe arrangements demonstrate wake induced magnification of the downstream pipe motions. Strakes mitigate downstream pipe VIV to a large extent but strake efficiency decreases with separation distance up to 4D, from 89% to 80%. The experiments have deficiencies which need to be considered. The experiments are conducted in air in low Reynolds number conditions and the behavior of strakes may be different in turbulent flows. The vibration magnification of the downstream cylinder is expected to drop after a certain separation distance. Separation distances greater than 4D are out of scope for this experiment but are recommended for future experiments. Another tandem pipe arrangement that

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